\l Review the concept of C Program C isa general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dennis Ritehne for the UNIX operating system, It was first implemented on the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-I1 Computer in 1972. C isa general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dennis Ritehie for the UNIX operating system. It was first implemented on the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 Computer in 1972. Cisa general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie for the UNIX operating system. It was first implemented on the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 Computer in 1972. Cisa general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie for theUNIX operating system. Jt was first implemented on the Digital Equipmen; PDP-11 Computer in 1972. C is a general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dz for the UNIX operating system. It was first implemented on the Digital Equipment « PDP-11 Computer in 1972. C isa general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dennis for the UNIX operating system. It was first implemented on the Digital Eqy; Corporation PDP-I1 computer in 1972. The C language is highly efficient progra, language and easy to understand. It has both the properties of high level and low language, so it is also term as Middle level language. Input /Output Function The C programming language provides standard library functions to read any given and to display data on the console. The printf() and scanf() functions are knox formatted /O functions because they can take any type of format of data from th devices. Formatted 1/0 Functions Formatted 1/O functions are used to take various inputs from the user and dis multiple outputs to the user. These types of I/O functions can help to display the 0. to the user in different formats using the format specifiers. These I/O supports all: types like int, float, char, and many more. printf): printf() function is used in a C program to display any value like float, integer, charac: string, etc on the console screen. It is a pre-defined function that is already declare’ the stdio.h(header file). Syntax print{(“Format Specifier”, varl, var2, ..., varn); seanf(): scanf() function is used in the C program for reading or taking any value from i keyboard by the user, these values can be of any data type like integer, float, charac string, and many more. This function is declared in stdio.h(header file), that’s why it is a? 4 pre-defined function. In scanf() function we use &(address-of operator) which is used!" store the variable value on the memory location of that variable. Syntax: scanf(“Format Specifier”, &varl, &var2, ..u, &varn);formatted Input/Output functions unformatted I/O functions are used only for character data type or character array/string and cannot be used for any other datatype. These functions are used to read single input from the user at the console and it allows to display the value at the console. The following are unformatted I/O functions 1) getch() 2) getche() 3) getchar() 4) putchar() 5) gets() 6) puts() 7) putch() getch: getch() function reads a single character from the keyboard by the user but doesn’t display that character on the console screen and immediately returned without pressing enter key. This function is declared in conio.h(header file). getch() is also used for hold the screen. Syntax: getch); or variable-name = getch(); 2) getche(): getche() function reads a single character from the keyboard by the user and displays it on the console screen and immediately returns without pressing the enter key. This function is declared in conio.h(header file). Syntax: getche(); or uel variable_name = getche(); 3) getchar(): The getchar() function is used to read only a first single character from the keyboard whether multiple characters is typed by the user and this function reads one character at one time until and unless the enter key is pressed. This function is declared in stdio.h(header file) Syntax: Variable-name = getchar(); 4) putchar(): The putchar() function is used to display a single character at a time by passing that character directly to it or by passing a variable that has already stored a character. This function is declared in stdio.h(header file) Syntax: Co Frogramming [ESE roved by CDC, Nepal5) 6) 7) putchar(variable_name); gets(): gets() function reads a group of characters or strings from the keyboarq by i these characters get stored in a character array, This function allows us to y, separated texts or strings. This function is declared in stdio.h(header file), Syntax: char strflength of string in number}; /Declare a char type variable of any lenyy, Bets(str); puts(): In C programming puts() fun which is already stored file). Syntax: puts(identifier_name ); Let's sce an example to read a string using gets() and print it on the console using puts #include #include it main() mn is used to display a group of characters or a character array. This function is declared in stdio.h+- { char name[50]; printf("Enter your name: "); gets(name); //reads string from user printf("Y our name is: "); puts(name); //displays string return 0; i putch(): Putch() function is used to display a single character which is given by the user and ae Prints at the current cursor location. This function ig declared in conio.h(be* ile) Syntax: putch(variable_name); Control Structures / Statements In C Language The structure which regulate the order in which control structure. (i) Toalter the flow of a program (i) Test the logical conditions (ii) Control the flow of execution as per the selection these condi oe program using decision-making statements, tions can be placed in Program statements are executed are call Computer Science [Grade ~ XII) = Approved hoyLUPPORTS MAINLY THREE TYPES OF CONTROL STATEMENTS. wage SI aking statements ang! " pecision simple if ‘Statement 3 if-else Statement ) Nested if-else statement 9 else - if Ladder °) switch statement simple if statement Tt is the most simple decision making statement. It is used to decide whether a certain statement or block of statements will executed or not. The general syntax is = ifftest expression) { Statement block } Statement ») if-else statement The if ... else statement is an extension of the simple if statement. It is used when there are two possible action, It is used to select one alternative action among two alternative based on result of condition. The general form is : ifftest expression) { Statement] ; } else { Statement2; } ©) Nested if-else statement Nested if statements mean if statement inside if (condition!) { // Executes when condition] is true if (condition2) { // Executes when condition2 is true } i C= Programming rowed by CDC, Nepal another if statement. ]Am: pape) ett wma A Pttmmcet 4 om Can BNE CNC M Feed + phos ot peed | / athe Aho My t 4A ptf pete 40 HY powell | totaled Band Hp 1 aad ad « eehmsanad OIA sth bt Powabal M Aetmnrwad paoors het det PAA) He pataelad Ponet 1 | bot op tot PAR | bt pr noted Hane |), ‘ potato bi, } Opel 14 aetetlled theoed 19 Le rotated howe UI howe whe Hhadder We prorat etnwonng, Wehbe heletted 10 whee beeen #8 Hrten Hl beddet Move moet aot wr4 weds totes bie proetha wetiend brewedd 11 Hellot ond paoradsnane ere Crened sh epbdee fit Weahaae dt Aadethetd be Uta diol ) / folalarnntd |) ) hee NL condition l) ‘ Maoherneid]) ! Hee Mt onuldon) {statement; \ else Definult_ Statements } {OTHE program to Find largest fom three numbers given by user to explain working of i °) else-if statement or ladder Hincludesstdio.h> int main) { int a,b,c; printf("Enter three numbers: \n"); seanf("%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c); iffa>b && a>c) { printf("Largest = %d", a); } else if(b>a && b>c) { printf("Largest = %d', b); } else { printf("Largest = %d", c); return(0); } switch statement The switch statement in C is an alternate to if-else-if ladder statement which allows us to execute multiple operations for the different possibles values of a single variable called switch variable. Here, We can define various statements in the multiple cases for the different values of a single variable. The syntax of switch statement in c language is given below: switch(expression) { case valuel: /code to be executed; break; //optional case value2; Approved by CDC, Nepal T-Programming [QEON‘eode to be executed; break; //optional default: code to be executed if all cases are not matched; } ' Loop control statements a) for Loop b) while Loop ©) do-while Loop Loop Type Description 1.| While In while loop, a condition is evaluated before processing 1 body q Loop the loop. If a condition is true then and only then the body of a loop iy executed, 2] Do-While | Ina do...while loop, the condition is always executed after the body’ Loop ofa loop. Itis also called an exit-controlled loop. 3] For Loop [in a for loop, the initial value is performed only once, then the) condition tests and compares the counter to a fixed value after each) iteration, stopping the for loop when false is returned, While Loop The syntax of while loop in c language is given below: while(condition) { Ieode to be executed } Deno #include int main() { int i=1; while(i<=10) { printf("%d \n",i); im; } return 0; ‘Computer Science [Grade XII)p) ° while syntax of do-while loop do { //Statements }while(condition test); Program to add numbers until the user enters zero Hinclude int main() { double number, sum = 0; // the body of the loop is executed at least once do { printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%lf", &number); sum += number; } while(number != 0.0); printf("Sum = %.2If",sum); return 0; } for loop The syntax of the for loop is: for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) { I statements inside the body of loop } (RETPrint numbers from 1 to 10 #include int main() { inti; for (i= 1; i< 11; +4) { printf("%d ", i); } return 0; } Approved by CDC. Nepal Co Programming ESSNested For Loop in C Loop inside another loop is called Nested Loop Hinclude int main) { for (int i=0; i<2; i++) { for (int j=0; j<4; j++) { printf("%d, %d\n",i i); } } return 0; } Output: 0,0 01 0,2 0,3 1,0 11 1,2 1,3 3. Unconditional control statements a) goto Statement b) break Statement ©) continue Statement a) goto It is used after the normal sequence of program execution by transfering te: some other part of program. The syntax for the goto statement is as follows — ‘Syntax Forward jump ‘backward jump goto label; —___ bbe stmt = abel ; stmt, _ ‘goto label: ss [I Caepae Se [oe ainclude stilio, Le maint) { print("Hello"); goto Hy print{("How are"); 1: printi("you"); } Output Hello you by break It is a keyword which is used to terminate the loop (or) exit from the block. The control jumps to next statement after the loop (or) block. break is used with for, while, do-while and switch statement, When break is used in nested loops then, only the innermost loop is terminated, The syntax for break statement is as follows ~ Syntax ' ‘Stmtl: ‘Sumr; break; ‘Stmt3; ‘Sunt; Following is the C program for break statement ~ #include main() i++) printf ("%d", i); if (i==3) ws : } PeoeT by CIN, NepalOutput When the above program is executed, it produces the following output ~ 123 continue The continue statement in C programming works somewhat like the brea, Instead of forcing termination, it forces the next iteration of the loop to ty skipping any code in between, The syntax for the continue statement is as follows — Syntax i — Stmtl; ‘Stmt2: continue; — ‘sumt3; Sunt: Following is the C program for the continue statement — #include main() { inti; for (i=1; i< t if j==2) continue; printf("%d", i) 3 } Output ‘When the above program is executed, it produces the following output — 12345 Revision for Lab 1. Write a program to check whether a number is odd or even 2. Write a program to read the radius of a circle and display its area, 4. Write a program to find smallest among the three numbers. 5. Write a program to find sum of first N natural numbers. 6. 7. Write a program to print all prime numbers between 1 to 100. ‘Write a program to sort N integer numbers into ascending order,write a program to find the factorial of a number. ‘write a program to check whether a word is palindrome or not. 10. Write a program to read marks in computer of 40 students and count number of student with marks greater than or equal 80. 11. Write a C program to input 10 numbers and display the largest and smallest among them. 12. Write a program to display the name of the day in a week, depending on the number entered through the keyboard using the switch-case statement. 13. Write a program to enter elements for 3x3 matrix and find the sum horizontally and vertically. 14, Write a program to count the numbers of vowels and consonants in a given text. 15. Write a program to input the name of 30 students and arrange them in alphabetical order. We can construct a program from smaller pieces or components. These smaller pieces are called modules such that each piece is more manageable than the original program. In C, these modules are functions. These modules are building blocks of C and the place where all program activity occurs. Programs combine user-defined functions with library functions to develop a complete program and C standard library has a wide variety of functions What is Function? ‘A function is a named, independent section of a program that performs a specific, well- defined task and can optionally return a value to the calling program. Each function has a unique name and has can perform its task without interference from or interfering, with other parts of the program. Every C program consists of one or more functions. One of these functions is the main function. Execution of a program will always begin by carrying out the instructions in main, If a program contains multiple functions, their definitions may appear in any order, though they must be independent of one another. A function will carry out its action whenever the function is called from some other portion of the program. Same function can be called fom several different parts of the program. Generally, a function will process information that is passed to it from the calling portion of the program and return a single value. Information is passed to the function via special identifiers called arguments and returned via the return statement Advantages of Functions a) Manageable Program Development b) Allows a program to be broken down into a number of smaller, self- contained components which makes simple in coding = C= Programming©) Reduce complexity of program coding d) Large program can be easily developed using it. ©) Many programmers can work on a single project at same time. f) The debugging process becomes easy. We can debug program function, debugged functions are glued to develop bugs free program development, rode written only once f function used void main() void main() { { function(); Fede writin twice Fig: Proper use of function in a program How a Function Works? AC program does not execute the statements in a function until the function is another part of the program. When a function is called, the program can send the & information in the form of one or more arguments. An argument is program data nex the function to perform its task. The statement is the function then execute, pera whatever task each was designed to do. When the function statements have fin execution passes back to the same location in the program in the form of retum value Following figure shows a program with three functions, each of which is called on. time function is called, execution passes to that function. When the function is ft execution passes back to the place from which the function was called. The functs called as many times as needed, and function can be called in any order. Fig: How function works? ‘Computer Science [Grade - XID,ctured Programming PFe term ‘structured programming’ has come to mean a collection of principles and practices that are directed towards developing correct programs which are easy to understand and maintain. Some programmers insist that they have been using this technique for a long time. This may well be true, but the recent emergency of this technique has evolved from an attempt pt to formalize the process of designing programs in the same manner as the logic design has been formalized. The techniques used are, in general, not new but the formal basic definitely is. Advantages of structured programming language are given below: a) It is easy to write a program because complex problems are broken into a number of smaller tasks. b) _ It is easy to debug a program. The objectives of structured programming are to provide methodologies such as: a) Programs are developed quickly and with fewer mistakes. b) Programs are read and understand easily. c) A portion of a program can be modified without upsetting the functions of other portions. The principles of structured programming are as follows. a) Structuring of control flow. b) Decomposing a program into ‘modules’ or ‘partitions’ c) Top down approach towards program designing. The Top Down Approach The process of designing a program consisting of a hierarchical structure of modules can be viewed as top down. The top-down approach towards program design starts with the specification of the function to be performed by a program and then breaks it down into progressively subsidiary function. The division of the function progress with increasing levels of details. Each function at each level is ultimately realized in the form of a module. The top down structure can be viewed as a tree structure, a typical example of which is shown below. Each box in this figure is a module. The topmost module denoted by 1 represents the program which can be called the main-line module or main-control module. In this case, the main control-module is divided into three subordinate modules denoted by 2,3 and 4, The modules 2 and 4 require further divisions and in this process, the terminal modules are 5, 6, 7 and 8. The functions of these terminal modules are assumed be simple enough to be easily programmed in the source language.Module] 5 [Mes Module Mole] 1 8 fig: A typical top down approach The top down approach has the following advantages. Icimitates the human tendency to solve a problem by outlining the broad concepts. then subsequently going into the details. The details of a module can be worked out with no (or minimum) change of the pr, outlined concepts regarding its functions. The programmer never losses sight of the assumptions made at the previous lev, development of modules can take place in parallel. Writing a Function Writing a function is depending upon the program but actual defining a function, ; body of function and calling function are given below: = Function prototype = Function definition = Call the function Function Prototype (Function Header) Function prototype is a declaration statement that specifies the function name, the and types of its arguments and the return type of the function. Prototype only nee function definition comes after use in program. They are generally written at the beg ofa program, ahead of any user-defined function. It is written in the following form. Data_type function_name(argl, arg2, arg3, ..., argn); Where Data_type is the type of data that may return value or not. The return type char, int, long, float, double. The non-return type is void. Function_name is the ma function and argl, arg2, arg3,.... , argn are types of arguments that are to be passed in function. For example, the function with the prototype double power(double x, int n); Takes in one doubleand one intargument and returns a double. Function prototype is identical to the function header, with a semicolon 2 Argument name can be different than that of the function definition. double power(double val, int exponent), Parameter names can be omitted [double power(double, iat}, ewjon Definition he main functioning body of function is called Function definition, It has two parts: «Function header + Body or Function block Function header is same as function prototype without semicolon. The body or function block contains statements within curly brackets, It declared by the following way. data_type function-name( parameter-list) { declarations and statements; Details of syntax is as follows: function-name: any valid identifier data_type: data type of the result (can be omitted, defaults int), void — indicates that the function returns nothing parameter-list: comma separated list, declares parameter variables. A type must be listed explicitly for each parameter The function body will contain the statements that define the action to be taken by the function. The statements inside the body can be expression statements, compound statements, control statements and so on. Variables can be declared inside blocks (can be nested). All variables declared inside functions are local variables (Known only inside the function). int area(int length , int breadth) /*Function header*/ { statements; } Thoname of Theparamers dene the pes of ree Ot tefunction values passedito the function when Soe |scalled, and they identify their names inthe body ofthe function doubTe power (double x, int n) { double result = 1.0; ‘The function. ‘inti; body's between ‘the braces for (i =0; i 10) { EY Computer Science Gate=xm Approved bye!" |gome Examples of Program The program to find the cube of given number is given below. [#include #include long cube(long x); /* function prototype */ int main() { long answer, input; printf("Enter an integer value: "); scanf("%ld", &input); answer = cube(input); /* function call */ printf("\nThe cube is %ld.\n", answer); return 0; } long cube(long x) long x_cubed; Co x cubed =x "x "x; ("Function definition’ return x_cubed; } - Program to find the area of circle #include #include #define pi 3.14 float area(float); void main() { clrser(); float a,r; printf(“Enter radius of circle\n”); scanf(“%f",&r); a=area(r); printf(“‘\nArea=%d”, a); getch(); } float area(float r) { float A; Apitr*r; return(A);torial of a given number sacha Program to find th | Hinelude #include | int factorial(int); | void main() . | clrser(): im a.f: | printi(*\nEnter a number to find factorial:"); | scanfi“%ed".&a); | ffactorial(a); | printf(“\nFactorial of given number=%d",f); getch(): int factorial(int x) t int i, fact; | fact=| | for(i=lsi<=x;it+) return fact; } The Return Keyword ‘The return keyword is used to return the program control from a function to th: function. In general terms, the return statement is written as return expression; ‘The value of expression is returned to the calling function of the program. No exe present if'a function return type is void. A function definition can contain multiple return statements. However, only + executed. void func(int n) f if(n<1) { printf("Number is not posit return; } if (n%2 == 0) printf(""Number is even"); else ‘Computer Science [Grade — XI) aTputs("Number is odd"); 1 int maximum(int a, int b) if(a>b) return a; clse return b; 1 Argument The mechanism used to convey information to a function is the argument Actual Argument and Formal Argument Any variable declared in the body of a function is said to be local to that function. If the variables are not declared cither or arguments or inside function body are considered “global” to the function and must be defined externally. Arguments defined inside the function are called formal arguments where as the argument from which the arguments have been passed to a function is known as actual arguments. The arguments are placed between parentheses following the function name in the call printf("%glt", power(8.0, i); __] When a function is called the value of the arguments is copied to parameters in the function definition. je correspondins parr eate 20, 23), Teagumentsinatuncsoncainan'> PrintfC'xa\t", Power(6.0, 2)) esses isarintan double power(double x, intn) | { | double result = 1.0; Thevaiuestois | int 43 Trecodeininedady ole reumedvinenthe funcaenesecaes nine funcben completes . ‘upumentvatves paced execuiton for (i= 0; 1 #include void add(int,int); void main()int a,b; clrser(); printf("Enter the value of a:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf("Enter the value of b:"); scanf("%d",&b); add(a,b); getch(); } void add(int x, int y) ‘ { int ¢; c=xty; printf{"The value of sum is:%d",c); } Body of function; } Program to find the sum of two numbers by this method is given below. tassing Arguments Return Value In this method, the arguments are passed inside a function, the arguments may be any type and it returns value. It is written in the form: return_data_type function_name(arguments) i Body of function; int myfunction(arguments) { Body of function; } Program to find the sum of two numbers by this meth #include #include int add(int, int); 4 ‘tproved by CDC, Nepal od is given. below.vou! maind) ANE AS olrser() printt("Enter the value of a"); seantt dl" ayy printt("Enter the value of b:"); soantt od"); | weadd(a.b); print" Phe value of sum is:od",x); } int add(int x, int y) Returning values from function Function can return value but arguments are pass inside a function or not depa upon the characteristics of function that is described by the followings. No Passing Arguments no Return Value In this method, the arguments are not passed inside a function, and it does not retum) All necessary declarations, input, process and output are written inside a function written in the form: non_return_data_type function_name() t } Body of function; #includesstdio.h> H#include void add(void); void main() { clrser(); add(); getch(); } void add(void) { int a,b,c; rrprinti"Enter the value of scanf("%d",&a); printf("Enter the value of b: scanf("%d" ,&b); c=atb; printf("The value of sum is:%d",c); } void myfunction() { Body of function; } } Program to find the sum of two numbers by this method is given below. No Passing Arguments and Retura Value In this method, the arguments are not passed inside a function, and it returns value. All necessary declarations, input, process are written inside a function. It is written in the form: Retum_data_type function_name() Body of function; } Example: int myfunction() { Body of function; } Program to find the sum of two numbers by this method is given below, Finclude #inelude int add(void); void main() { int x; clrscr(); x=add(); Red by COC NET C= Programing EMgetch(); } int add(void) | { | int a,b,c; | printf{"Enter the value of a:"); scanf("%d" &a); printf{"Enter the value of b:"); scanf("%d",&b); c=atb; return ¢; 1 } Recursion Recursion is the process by which function calls itself repeatedly until some py condition has been satisfied. it is possible for the functions to call themselves. A funy called ‘recursive’ if a statement within the body of a function calls the same fay Sometimes called ‘circular definition’, recursion is thus the process of defining son, in terms of itself. A program to demonstrate factorial function using recursion. #include #include Jong int factorial(long int n); ‘void main() t Jong int answer,n; clrser(); printf("Enter the num seanf("%ld" &n); answer=factorial(n); printf("The factorial of %ld! is %ld",n,answer); getch(); } Jong int factorial(long int n) { long int fact=1; if{as=1) return n; else; return n*factorial(n-1); } [oeam to find the product of any two numbers using recursion. Finclude | #include i int product(int,int); void main() { | | int a,b.x; | | | progt clrser(); printf("Enter the value of a:"); scanf{"%d" a); | printf("Enter the value of b:"); scanf("%d",&b); x=product(a,b); printf("The value of product is:%d",x); } int product(int x, int y) { if(¥=1) return x; else return x+product(x,y-1); ). What if I need to return more than one value from a function? {n.Many times you will need to return more than one value from a function, or, more commonly, you will want to change a value you send to the function and keep the change afier the function ends. . How do I know what a good function name is? ins.A good function name describes as specifically as possible what the function does, (. When variables are declared at the top of the listing, before main(), they can be used anywhere, but local variables can be used only in the specific function. Why not just declare everything before main()? ‘ns,Variable scope is discussed on previous chapter (. What other ways are there to use recursion? Ans.The factorial function is a prime example of using recursion, The factorial number is needed in many statistical calculations. Recursion is just a loop; however, it has one difference from other loops. With recursion, each time a recursive function is called, a new set of variables is created. This is not true of the other loops that you will learn about in the next chapter. ‘wowed by CDG, Nepal ToPreammng EONQ Does main() have to be the first function in a program? Ans.No. It is a standard in C that the main() function is the first function to execute; j,, can be placed anywhere in your source file. Most people place it first so that jy locate. Q. What are member functions? Ans.Member functions are special functions used in C++ and Java. They are part o which is a special type of structure used in C+ and Java. Will you use structured programming when writing your C programs? 1. 2. How does structured programming work? 3, Howdo C functions fit into structured programming? 4. What must be the first line of a function definition, and what information does it co, 5. How many values can a function return? 6. Ifa function doesn't return a value, what type should it be declared? 7. What's the difference between a function definition and a function prototype? 8. Whats a local variable? 9, How are local variables special? 10. Where should the main() function be placed? roca iS 1. Write a header for a function named do_it() that takes three type char argumen: returns a type float to the calling program. Write a header for a function named print_a_number() that takes a single type int ar and doesn't return anything to the calling program. 3. What type value do the following functions return? a) int print_error( float err_nbr); b) long read_record( int rec_nbr, int size ; 4, BUGBUSTER:What's wrong with the following listing? Hinclude void print_msg( void ); main() { v print_msg( "This is a message to print") return 0; } void print_msg( void ) { ‘Computer Sciputs( "This is a message to print") return 0; ' BUGBUSTER: What's wrong with the following function definition? int twice(int y); return (2 * y); } Rewrite Listing 5.4 so that it needs only one return statement in the larger_of() function. Write a function that receives two numbers as arguments and returns the value of their product. Write a function that receives two numbers as arguments. The function should divide the first number by the second. Don't divide by the second number if it's zero. (Hint: Use an if statement.) Write a function that calls the function? |. Write a program that uses a function to find the average of five type float values entered by the user. . Write a recursive function to take the value 3 to the power of another number. For example, if 4 is passed, the function will return 81. Yes! (Well, OK, this is a trick question, but you better answer "yes" if you want to become a good C programmer.) Structured programming takes a complex programming problem and breaks it into a umber of simpler tasks that are easier to handle one at a time. After you've broken your program into a number of simpler tasks, you can write a function to perform each task. The first line of a function definition must be the function header. It contains the function's name, its return type, and its parameter list. A function can return either one value or no values. The value can be any of the C variable types. A function that returns nothing should be type void. ‘A function definition is the complete function, including the header and all the function's statements, The definition determines what actions take place when the Function executes. The prototype is a single line, identical to the function header, but it ends with a semicolon, The prototype informs the compiler of the function's name, return type, and parameter list. 4. A local variable is declared within a function. 3. Local variables are independent from other variables in the program. '0. main) should be the first function in your listing. ein