TCP/IP Model
1. Introduction
The TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is the foundation of
the Internet. It describes how data is transmitted across networks and is more practical than
the OSI model.
It has 4 layers, which roughly match the OSI model’s 7 layers.
2. Layers of TCP/IP Model
1. Application Layer
○ Provides network services to users.
○ Combines OSI’s Application, Presentation, and Session layers.
○ Examples: HTTP (web), SMTP (email), FTP (file transfer).
2. Transport Layer
○ Ensures reliable data delivery between applications.
○ Uses TCP (connection-oriented, reliable) and UDP (faster but less reliable).
○ Provides error detection and flow control.
3. Internet Layer
○ Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets.
○ Defines IP (Internet Protocol).
○ Examples: IP, ICMP, ARP.
4. Network Access Layer (Link Layer)
○ Deals with physical transmission of data.
○ Includes hardware addressing (MAC) and network interfaces.
○ Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi.
3. Difference Between OSI & TCP/IP Model
OSI Model (7 Layers) TCP/IP Model (4 Layers)
Theoretical, academic Practical, Internet-based
7 layers 4 layers
Rarely used in real networks Widely used in real networks
4. Importance of TCP/IP Model
● Basis of the Internet and modern networking.
● Provides standard protocols for communication.
● Ensures interoperability among devices.
