Name __________________________________________________________ No ________

Worksheet 7
Probability (2)
Equally likely
• A coin is considered fair if the outcomes of head or tail are equally likely which means the
chance to occur head and tail are equal.

• A fair die is one for which the outcomes from rolling it are equally likely. If the die for which
one outcome is more likely than the others is called a loaded die.

Mutually exclusive event

• Two events E and F are said to be mutually exclusive if 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 =.

▪ For example, suppose that you perform an experiment of rolling a die.

Then let E={1, 3, 5}, F={2, 4, 6}, G={1, 3, 6}

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

E and F are mutually exclusive.

E and G are NOT mutually exclusive.

Probability
• If the sample space can be divided into mutually exclusive and equally likely outcomes, it can
define the probability of an event.

• Mutually exclusive – if one occurs, the other cannot occur.

• Equally likely – the chance to occur of each outcome is equal.

• Experimental Probability
Number of times an event occurs
𝑃(𝐸) =
Total number of trials
• Theoretical Probability
▪ If an experiment can occur in any of n mutually exclusive and equally likely ways, and if s
of these ways is considered favorable, then the probability of an event E, denoted by
P(E), is
Number of outcomes favorable to 𝐸 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) = =
Number of all possible outcomes 𝑛(𝑆)

• For a huge number of trials in an experiment, the experimental probability will approach (or
approximately equal to) the theoretical probability.
Probability is the number that refers to how large or small the chance of occurrence is. For example,

𝑃(𝐸) = 0 means _______________________________________________________

𝑃(𝐸) = 1 means _______________________________________________________

1
𝑃(𝐸) = 2 means _______________________________________________________
1 2
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 5, 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 5 means _____________________________________________

Properties of probability
1. Probability of any event always has a value from 0 to 1 that is 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1.
2. Probability of sample space 𝑆 1 that is 𝑃(𝑆) = 1.
3. Probability of an empty set is 0 that is 𝑃(∅) = 0

Example
1. If we random a family with 2 children, find the probability of the following event.

a. The first child is a boy, and the second child is a girl.

b. The family has at least one boy.
c. The family doesn’t have a boy.
2. Use the definition probability to find the probability of white and the probability of black, using the
spinner shown and assuming that the arrow will never lie on a borderline.

3. From rolling two fair dice one time, find the probability of the following events

a. The sum of the score is more than or equal to 10.

b. The sum of the score is divisible by 3.

4. Suppose we randomly select two numbers from {1,2,3,4,5} one by one without repeating a number.
Find the probability that the sum of two numbers is 6.

5. A teacher randomly chooses 3 students from 10 students consisting of 6 male students and 4 female
students to perform a show. Find the probability that the teacher randomly selects 2 male students and
1 female student.
6. Suppose that a single card is selected from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find

a. P (ace)

b. P (heart)

c. P (face card)

7. Suppose that two cards are randomly selected from an ordinary deck of 52 cards by selecting one by
one and without returning the card before selecting the second card. Find the probability of the
following events.

a. The first card is red and the second card is black.

b. Both of them are king (K).
c. Two of them are two of spade (2).

8. Suppose we randomly pick two pieces of paper from a box containing 4 pieces labeled numbers 1, 2,
3, and 4, respectively. Find the probability of the event that two pieces labeled even numbers when we
set the experiment as the following.

a. Pick 2 pieces at the same time.

b. Pick the papers one by one without returning the first one before picking the second one.
c. Pick the papers one by one and return the first paper before picking the second one.
9. Suppose that, in a certain study, 46 out of 155 people showed certain behavior. Assign a probability
of this behavior.

10. Consider two spinners as shown. You and an opponent are to spin a spinner simultaneously, and the
one with the higher number wins. Which spinner should you choose, and why?

11. Suppose you are just beginning a game of Monopoly (see the figure). You roll a pair of dice. What is
the probability that you land on a railroad on the first roll of the dice?
12. Suppose that a single card is selected from an ordinary deck of cards.

a. What is the probability that it is a two or a king?

b. What is the probability that it is a two and a heart?

c. What is the probability that it is a two or a heart?

d. What is the probability that it is a two and a king?

Exercises

1. Consider a jar that contains marbles, as shown in the figure. Suppose that each marble has an equal
chance of being picked from the jar and one marble is randomly picked. Find

a. 𝑃(black) b. 𝑃(blue) c. 𝑃(white)

2. Suppose that one name is randomly picked from the names of 30 students consisting of 18 boys and
12 girls. Find the probability of the following events.

a. The name selected is the boy’s name.

b. The name selected is the girl’s name.

3. A box contains 6 balls labeled the numbers 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, and 11, respectively. If we randomly select
one ball from the box, find the probability of the following events.

a. The ball has a prime number.

b. The ball has a number that is divisible by 3.

c. The ball has a number that is divisible by 6.

d. The ball has a perfect squared number.

4. A bag contains 100 coins labeled numbers 1,2,3,…,100, respectively. If a coin is selected, find the
probability that the coin has

a. the integer number

b. the even number

c. the number that is divisible by 5.

d. the number that is indivisible by 5.

5. Yimwan randomly selects one ping-pong ball from a bag that contains 15 red balls, 1 white ball, 1
yellow ball, 1 green ball, 1 blue ball and 1 black ball. Find the probability of picking

a. red ball

b. not black ball

c. black ball or white ball

6. There are 5 lightbulbs in a box, containing 3 good lightbulbs and 2 bad lightbulbs. Suppose 2 lightbulbs
are randomly selected. Find the probability of the event that 1 good lightbulb and 1 bad lightbulb are
selected.

7. From rolling two fair dice one time, find the probability of the event that the product of the scores is
even.

8. There are 4 pairs of socks in a drawer which are 2 pairs of black socks and 2 pairs of white socks. If we
randomly pick 2 pairs of socks, find the probability of these 2 pairs of socks having the same color.
9. Boeing picks 2 balls from a bag containing 2 red balls and 2 green balls. Find the probability of picking
one red ball and one green ball when

a. he picks 2 balls at the same time.

b. he picks the balls one by one without returning the first ball before the second ball is picked.
c. he picks the balls one by one and returns the first ball before the second ball is picked.

10. A company has the list of purchase orders in one month from the zones of the country shown in the
table.

Part Numbers of orders

Northern 212
Central 389
Eastern 124
Northeastern 105
Southern 170

If the manager randomly selects one purchase order to check the correctness, find the probability of the
selected order from

a. Northern
b. Central
c. Eastern
d. Northeastern
e. Southern
12. Suppose 100 students wear different sizes of shoes, as shown in the table.

Size no. 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of students 3 12 35 27 16 7

Find the probability of a student wearing shoe size

a. no. 7
b. smaller than no. 8
c. no. 8 or 9
d. no. 5 or 10
e. larger than no. 10

13. The table shows the numbers of salespersons in a company classified by salesperson’s selling
amount.

Selling amount (baht) No. of salespersons

less than 10,000 30
10,000-19,999 50
20,000-29,999 80
30,000-39,999 70
more than or equal to 40,000 20
Find the probability that a salesperson can sell the product

a. from 10,000 to 19,999 baht

b. less than 20,00 baht
c. less than 10,000 baht or at least 40,000 baht

14. Find the probability that two persons have the exact date and month (Suppose 1 year has 365 days.)
15. If we randomly select the family with 3 children, find the probability that

a. three children are girls.

b. at least three children are boys.

c. the first child and the last child are boys.

16. A hall has six doors. Find the probability that an audience enters and exits via the different doors

17. The multiple-question test has five choices for each question and one choice is the correct answer. If
a student does the test without knowledge, find the probability that the student chooses the wrong
answer.
18. Suppose there are 30 students in the class, which are 12 boys and 18 girls. If a teacher randomly
selects 2 students to do the problem in front of the class, find the probability that two students have the
same gender.

19. To select 2 management committees to replace the previous ones, the president randomly selects 2
committees from 10 candidates (that are 7 men and 3 women), find the probability that the chosen
committees are

a. one man and one woman

b. at least one woman

c. at least one man

20.There are 4 rambutans, 3 oranges, and 5 rose apples. So, if we randomly pick 4 fruits, find the
probability that we get 2 rambutans, one orange, and one rose apple.
21. There are 52 cards in the ordinary deck of cards. If we randomly pick 2 cards, find the probability
that

a. two cards are reds.

b. we get spade and heart cards.

c. Two cards are Jack (J).

22. A box containing five tickets with a number labeled on it and the numbers are 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If we
randomly select 2 number-tickets by picking one by one where the first ticket is returned to the box
before the second ticket is picked. Find the probability that

a. two tickets have the same numbers

b. two tickets have the different numbers
c. two tickets are even numbers
d. the sum of the numbers is an even number.

23. A club has 20 members. Somsri and Sompong are in the club. The club’s committees consist of a
president, vice president, secretary, and treasurer positions, with only one seat for each position. If the
committees are randomly selected, find the probability that Somsri is president and Sompong is vice
president.
โจทย์ปัญหาเพิ่มเติม
1. ให้ 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , และ 𝐸4 เป็ นเหตุการณ์ท่นี กั เรียนจะดื่มนา้ ส้ม นา้ เก๊กฮวย นม และนา้ อัดลม ตามลาดับ จากการสารวจ
ความนิยมของนักเรียนในโรงเรียน พบว่าความน่าจะเป็ นที่นกั เรียนจะดื่มเครื่องดื่มแต่ละชนิดเป็ นดังนี ้
1 3 2 2
𝑃(𝐸1 ) =
6
𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
10
𝑃(𝐸3 ) =
5
และ 𝑃(𝐸4 ) = 15

จากความน่าจะเป็ นที่กาหนดให้ ถ้าร้านค้าต้องการนาเครื่องดื่มมาขายเพียง 3 ชนิด ร้านค้าควรนาเครื่องดื่มชนิดใดมาขายบ้าง

2. กล่องใบหนึ่งบรรจุลกู บอล 8 ลูก เป็ นลูกบอลสีแดง 2 ลูก สีเขียว 3 ลูก ถ้าสุ่มหยิบลูกบอลครัง้ ละ 1 ลูก 3 ครัง้ โดยหยิบแล้ว
ไม่คืนใส่ก่อนหยิบลูกบอลถัดไป จงหาความน่าจะเป็ นที่ครัง้ ที่ 1 ได้ลกู บอลสีแดง และครัง้ ที่ 2 และ 3 ได้ลกู บอลสีเหลือง

3. ชายคนหนึ่งมีจดหมายอยู่ 3 ฉบับ ถ้ามีตจู้ ดหมายอยู่ 5 ตูจ้ งหาความน่าจะเป็ นที่ชายคนนีจ้ ะใส่จดหมายในตูท้ ่ไี ม่ซา้ กันเลย

4. กล่องใบหนึ่งบรรจุสลาก 10 ใบ โดยมีหมายเลข 1, 2, 3,..., 10 กากับไว้ ถ้าแหวนสุ่มหยิบสลาก 2 ใบ โดยแหวนหยิบสลากที

ละใบ และต้องการให้ผลบวกของหมายเลขบนสลากทัง้ สองเท่ากับ 10 จงพิจารณาว่าแหวนควรจะใส่สลากคืนหรือไม่ใส่คืน
ก่อนจะหยิบสลากใบที่สอง จึงมีโอกาสมากกว่ากัน เพราะเหตุใด

5. ทอดลูกเต๋าที่เที่ยงตรงสองลูก 1 ครัง้ จงหาความน่าจะเป็ นที่

1) ผลบวกของหน้าลูกเต๋าทัง้ สองมากกว่า 3

2) แต้มบนหน้าลูกเต๋าทัง้ สองไม่ซา้ กัน

6.หมุนวงล้อที่มีเลขโดด 1-7 เขียนไว้ดงั รูป ถ้าหมุนแต่ละครัง้ โอกาสที่ลกู ศรจะชีท้ ่ชี ่องใดช่องหนึ่งมีค่าเท่าๆ กัน ทาการหมุนวง
ล้อหนึ่งครัง้ จงหาความน่าจะเป็ นที่ลกู ศรในรูปจะชีท้ ่ี

1) ช่องที่มีเลขโดดเป็ น 1

2) ช่องที่มีเลขโดดเป็ น 6

3) ช้องที่มีเลขโดดเป็ นจานวนคู่

4) ช่องที่มีเลขโดดเป็ นจานวนคี่

5) ช่องที่มีเลขโดเป็ นจานวนเฉพาะ

6) ช่องที่มีเลขโดดเป็ นจานวนที่นอ้ ยกว่า 8

7. ในการโยนเหรียญที่เที่ยงตรง 1 เหรียญ 5 ครัง้ จงหาความน่าจะเป็ นที่เหรียญขึน้ หัวในการโยนครัง้ แรก