SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH,

TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,

BHOPAL
Department of Electronics & Communication

LAB MANUAL FOR SOFTWARE LAB (EC-306)

(List of Experiments (MULTISIM based)
Note: Select any 10 out of the following:
1. Study of various commands of MULTISIM & PSPICE.
2. To study the output waveforms of half wave & Full wave Rectifiers.
3. To study the Circuit & output waveforms of various Clippers &
Clampers Configuration.
4. To determine node voltages and branch currents in a resistive
network.
5. To obtain Thevenin’s & Nortons equivalent circuit of a resistive
network.
6. To obtain transient response of a series R-L-C circuit for step
voltage input.
7. To obtain transient response of a parallel R-L-C circuit for step
current input.
8. To obtain output characteristics of CE NPN transistor.
9. To obtain frequency response of a R-C coupled CE amplifier.
10.To obtain frequency response of an op-Amp integrator circuit.
11.To obtain transient response of a series R-L-C circuit for alternating
square voltage waveform
12.To obtain frequency response of a series R-L-C circuit for sinusoidal
voltage input.
13. To plot magnitude, phase and step response of a network function
14.To study the waveforms & circuits of various Oscillators.
15.To study the Circuit & output waveforms of various Filters.

EXPERIMENT -1
OBJECTIVE :
The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize with the Multisim
component of the popular Windows-based Electronics Workbench
circuit simulation software program and the use thereof in analyzing
simple circuits.

INTRODUCTION:
SCHEMATIC CAPTURE AND SIMULATION
The process of drawing a circuit on the screen of a monitor is called
schematic capture. This process is rendered very simple by the GUI
(graphical user interface) feature of Windows.
The menu and tool bars of the Multisim program The Multisim
Master and Instruments tool bars are movable and are conveniently
shown placed horizontally within the workspace of the program in
order to highlight their important components. These tool bars by
default placed vertically on the left and right sides of the workspace.
Some of the most basic components of the Multisim Master tool bar
include Sources (DC and AC sources, Ground, etc.), Basic
Components (resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, etc.),
Diodes, Transistors, and Indicators (voltmeter, ammeter, 7-segment
LED display, etc.). The pull-down menu obtained by clicking any one
of the icons on the Microsim Master tool bar for the Sources, Basic
Components and Indicators options.The icons in the Instruments tool
bar include Multimeter, Function Generator, Oscilloscope, etc.
The effect of double-clicking any one of these icons for the
Mutimeter, Function Generator and Oscilloscope icons. The resulting
Function Generator symbol shows the availability of sinusoidal,
triangular and square-wave generators. The oscilloscope symbol
shows that the oscilloscope has two channels A and B so that two
signals can be displayed on the screen.
The first step in performing a schematic capture is to place
components and meters on the screen within the workplace.As
pointed out above, the standard DC and AC sources are grouped
under the SOURCES section of the Multisim Master tool menu. Click
at the SOURCES icon in the Multisim Master tool menu, and perform
drag and drop of the chosen source onto the workplace. The
parameters of the sources, e.g., the voltage of a DC battery or the
voltage, frequency and phase of a sinusoidal voltage source, are
readily changed by clicking at the default values and typing out the
desired values.
The standard meters such as the voltmeter and the ammeter are
grouped under the INDICATORS section of the Multisim Master tool
menu. Simply place your meter or meters of choice appropriately,
remembering that a voltmeter is a shunt element and an ammeter
is a series element. Also, keep in mind that the DC voltmeter and DC
ammeter have polarities + and –, with current entering an ammeter
at the + terminal and leaving it at – terminal, and the + terminal of
the voltmeter connected to a point of more positive electrical
potential than the – terminal.
The interconnection between elements is performed next by simply
clicking at one end of a component, thereby anchoring there, then
going up or down and left or right along grid lines and clicking at the
end of the other component of interest. Note that the program will
not execute unless a GROUND is placed in the circuit. The ground is
one of the components making up the SOURCES group in the
Multisim Master tool menu.
After the circuit is connected up on the screen, simply click at the
toggle switch labeled RUN located at the top right corner of the
Multisim screen from 0 to 1 position or equivalently click at Simulate
on the top menu bar and then Run on the resulting pop-down menu.

DISPLAYING TIME VARIATION OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF A

SIGNAL GENERATOR ON AN OSCILLOSCOPE
1. Click on the Sources button on the Multisim Master menu, and

select your source, e.g. AC_VOLTAGE_SOURCE

2. Set up the circuit in Fig. E4.4 including an oscilloscope and a

ground.
3. Double click on the oscilloscope. Adjust the scale on the
timebase, and then scale for voltage on Channel A so that the
display is optimized

Fig Oscilloscope display of a 2V ptp sinusoidal voltage signal with a DC

shift along the –Y axis of
0.8 x 500 mV/div, i.e., 0.4V

4. In the above display of the waveform of the output voltage of

the signal generator, the DC level of the signal is negative, i.e.,
the display is shifted down on the voltage scale. The default
display is centered about the time axis. The shift can be made
by simply clicking on Y POSITION on Channel A settings box
and applying a value.
5. Repeat the above for a square wave signal by selecting
CLOCK_SOURCE from the Multisim Master menu. You will
notice that you can adjust the DC component of the square
wave signal, e.g., the square wave signal can be from –10V to
+10V or, in general, between any two level values. A sample
 waveform of a square wave signal ranging between –10V and
+20V is shown below.

Fig. . Oscilloscope display of a square-wave voltage signal with a DC component of +5V.

II. DISPLAYING TIME VARIATION OF TWO SIGNALS IN A

CIRCUIT
In the RC circuit shown in Fig. E4.7, there are three signals one can
display, i.e., voltage across the resistor which is output at node 2,
voltage across the voltage source which is the voltage at node 1,
and the voltage across the resistor which is the difference between
these two voltages.
Fig. Series RC Circuit
SIMULTANEOUS DISPLAY OF TIME VARIATION OF VOLTAGES
AT NODES 1 & 2:
1. Set up the above circuit.
2. Click SIMULATE on the top menu line, then click RUN.
3. Double-click on the oscilloscope icon.
4. First fix the time base by clicking on the scale box, and
then increasing or decreasing the time scale until the
display is optimized along the time scale. Make sure that
the Y/T box is selected. (If you select ADD, you will get a
single signal which is the sum of the two signals. If you
select A/B or B/A, you will plot A vs. B or B vs. A)
5. Now address the CHANNEL A settings. First click on the
SCALE box and increase or decrease the voltage scale in
Volts/division until the display is optimized. By default, the
Y POSITION setting is 0 and in the bar below it the DC box
is selected. By selecting DC display, you get the total
signal consisting of both DC and AC components.With the
Y POSITION setting, you can shift the display up and down.
6. Freeze the signal trace by clicking SIMULATE, PAUSE at
the appropriate instant.
Fig: A sample display is shown for the given RC circuit

DISPLAY OF DIFFERENCE SIGNAL:

If you want to display the time variation of the signal vA – vB , follow the preceding
instructions for simultaneous display of two signals, and apply the following
additional steps:
1) In the TIMEBASE settings, select ADD instead of Y/T.
2) In the CHANNEL B settings, select – (MINUS) instead of DC.

III. GENERATING FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR A

CIRCUIT
It was explained in the class that the frequency response of an output signal
(voltage across resistor here) relative to an input voltage (.
The procedure for displaying the amplitude and phase responses is as follows:
1. Set up the circuit shown in Sect II above (Displaying two signals in a circuit)
2. Click on SIMULATE, ANALYSIS, AC ANALYSIS
3. Specify the STARTING and ENDING frequencies FSTART and FSTOP.
4. Click on the OUTPUT VARIABES tab. The output variable is # 2 and the input
variable is # 1. Click on both but one at a time followed for each one by clicking
on PLOT DURING SIMULATION.
5. Click on SIMULATE at the bottom of this windows. This will generate the
desired amplitude and phase responses shown in Fig. E4.9. The blue curve is the
plot of the input voltage as a function of frequency while the red curve is the plot
of the output voltage as a function of frequency.

Fig: Amplitude and phase response for the RC circuit with the output signal being
the voltage across the resistor and the input signal being the voltage across the
signal generator

EXPERIMENT-2
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate a half wave Rectifier circuit
and study the output waveforms.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
STEP A: Placing the Components
1. Place an AC voltage source (AC Source)
(a) Bring a dc source in the Multisim workspace:
Open the Multisim program if it is not open. In the Component Toolbar,
select Sources icon . This will open another window with several types of dc
sources and other components . Click on “AC Voltage Source” in this new window
 Now bring your cursor in the workspace area and notice the change in the shape
of cursor to click at any point in the workspace. This will put the voltage source as
ac source.
(b) Change the value and name of voltage source:
Double click on the voltage source that you just placed in the workspace, a new
window with the name Sources will appear, Select Value in the source menu, if it
is not already selected. Change the value from 10 to 100. Keep the
unit as Volts in this menu. Now select Label in this menu and change the
Reference Click on OK.

2. Place a Resistor
(a) Bring a resistor in the Multisim workspace:
In the Component toolbar, select Basic icon .This will open another
window with several basic components .
Click on “Resistor”, this will open the Browser-Basic window Scroll through the
Component List, select 100 ohm, and click OK. The cursor shape
will change again. Click in the workspace and this will put the resistor .
(b)Rotate the resistor:
Select resistor ‘R1’ and press Ctrl-R to rotate the resistor or select Edit90
Clockwise from the Main Menu. This will make the resistor vertical. Labels and
values of all the components can be dragged individually. Drag the label ‘R 1’ and
value ‘100 ohm’ individually to put them at a proper place.
3. Place Ground:
In the Component Toolbar, select Sources icon. Now click on
Ground icon in the new window Click in the workspace to put the
Ground symbol
4. Place Diode :
In the Component Toolbar, select Diode icon. Now click on Virtual Diode
icon in the new window Click in the workspace to put the Diode symbol .

STEP B: Connecting the Components

1. Arrange the components properly:
Arrange the components according to the circuit given in Figure below. You
can select and drag the component to any place in the workspace. Select the
components and drag them one by one to proper places as shown in Figure
2. Connect AC Voltage Source “Vs” to “Diode D1”:
Bring the cursor close to upper pin of “Vs”; cursor shape will change to a plus
sign. Click and move a little upward. A wire appears, attached to the cursor. Click
again at a small distance above the “Vs” source. Notice that the line will change
direction. Control the flow of the wire by clicking on points as you drag. Each
click fixes the wire to that point In this way, when the cursor reaches the pin of D1
click again, this will connect “Vs” to “D1” in a nice manner. Notice that a node
number is automatically given.
3. Connect “D1” to “R1”:
In the same way connect D1 to R1 .
4.Making use of Junction to connect Ground:
In the similar manner connect ground with Vs and R1. Notice that a small black
circle appears just above the ground, this is called junction. When 2 or more
components are connected at one point, a junction is created. A junction can also
be placed manually by pressing Ctrl+J or selecting EditPlace Junction. This can
be used to control the connection points manually. Also notice the ground node is
automatically given node number 0. Do not alter it. This completes the connection
STEP C: Placing a CRO to view the I/P & O/P
waveforms
Place a CRO in the workspace as we did in Step B. Connect the ‘+’ terminal of
channel A of the CRO towards R1 and the ‘-‘ leave as such . similarly Connect the
‘+’ terminal of channel B across voltage source to view the I/P waveform.
STEP D: Simulate the circuit.
1. Save the file.
Select FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the workspace.
Select ViewSimulate Switch.
3. If the properties window is not open, double click the CRO. Click to
‘1’ position

 (ON) of the simulation switch to start simulation. Results will appear

in the properties window of CRO..
 Compare your result with those in Figure Below and Trace
them as result obtained.

EXPERIMENT-3
OBJECTIVE :
 To design and simulate a full wave Rectifier circuit and study
the output waveforms.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

STEP I: Placing the Components

1. Place an AC voltage source (AC Source)
i. Bring a dc source in the Multisim workspace
ii. Change the value and name of voltage source
2. Place a Resistor
i. Bring a resistor in the Multisim workspace
ii. Rotate the resistor

3. Place Ground

4. Place Diode(FWR Bridge)

STEP II: Connecting the Components

1. Arrange the components properly
2. Connect AC Voltage Source “Vs” to “Position 2 & 3 ”
3. Connect “Position 1 & 4” to “R1”:
4. Making use of Junction to connect Ground
STEP III: Placing a CRO to view the I/P & O/P
waveforms

Place a CRO in the workspace as we did in Step B. Connect the ‘+’ terminal of
channel A of the CRO towards R1 and the ‘-‘ leave as such . similarly Connect the
‘+’ terminal of channel B across voltage source to view the I/P waveform.

STEP IV: Simulate the circuit.

1. Save the file.
Select FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the workspace.
Select ViewSimulate Switch.
If the properties window is not open, double click the CRO. Click to
‘1’ position
 (ON) of the simulation switch to start simulation. Results will appear
in the properties window of CRO..

 Compare your result with those in above waveform and

Trace them as result obtained.
 EXPERIMENT-4
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate various Clipper circuit and
study the output waveforms.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
STEP I: Placing the Components
1. Place an AC voltage source (AC Source)
i. Bring a dc source in the Multisim workspace
ii. Change the value and name of voltage source
2. Place a Resistor
Bring a resistor in the Multisim workspace
3. Place Ground
4. Place two Diodes D1 & D2 parallel & rotate to align
them vertically.
5. Place a dc voltage source along with first diode D1.

STEP II: Connecting the Components

1. Arrange the components properly
2. Connect AC Voltage Source “Vs” to “R1”
3. Connect “D1” to “V3”:
4. Making use of Junction to connect Ground
5. Make D2 parallel to Branch containing D1 & V3
STEP III: Placing a CRO to view the I/P & O/P
waveforms

Place a CRO in the workspace as we did in Step B. Connect the ‘+’ terminal of
channel A of the CRO towards R1 and the ‘-‘ leave as such . similarly Connect the
‘+’ terminal of channel B across voltage source to view the I/P waveform.

STEP IV: Simulate the circuit.

1. Save the file.
Select FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the workspace.
Select ViewSimulate Switch.
If the properties window is not open, double click the CRO. Click to
‘1’ position
 (ON) of the simulation switch to start simulation. Results will appear
in the properties window of CRO

 Compare your result with those in above waveform and Trace

them as result obtained.
Double ended Clipper
RESULT
 .. (ON) of the simulation switch to start simulation. Results will
appear in the properties window of CRO

 Compare your result with those in Above waveform and

Trace them as result obtained.
 EXPERIMENT-5
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate various Clamper circuit and study
the output waveforms.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

STEP I: Placing the Components

1. Place an AC voltage source (AC Source)
i. Bring a dc source in the Multisim workspace
ii. Change the value and name of voltage source
2. Place a Capacitor
3. Place Ground
4. Place Diode D1 in vertical position
5. Place a dc voltage source along with first diode D1.
STEP II: Connecting the Components
1. Arrange the components properly
2. Connect AC Voltage Source “V1” to “C1”
3. Connect “C1” to “D1”:
4. Connect to V4.
5. Making use of Junction to connect Ground
STEP III: Placing a CRO to view the I/P & O/P
waveforms

Place a CRO in the workspace as we did in Step B. Connect the ‘+’ terminal of
channel A of the CRO towards D1 and the ‘-‘ leave as such . similarly Connect the
‘+’ terminal of channel B across voltage source to view the I/P waveform.

STEP IV: Simulate the circuit.

1. Save the file.
Select FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the workspace.
Select ViewSimulate Switch.
If the properties window is not open, double click the CRO. Click to
‘1’ position
 (ON) of the simulation switch to start simulation. Results will appear
in the properties window of CRO

Double ended Clipper

 .. (ON) of the simulation switch to start simulation. Results will
appear in the properties window of CRO
Compare your result as it is desired, trace them as result
obtained.
 EXPERIMENT-6
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate Voltage Regulator circuit using Zenner
Diode.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Theory:
The purpose of a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant
voltage across a load regardless of variations in the applied input
voltage and variations in the load current. A typical Zener diode
shunt regulator is shown in Figure 2. The resistor is sized so that
when the input voltage is at VINmin and the load current is at
ILmax that the current through the Zener diode is at least IZmin.

Then for all other combinations of input voltage and load current
the Zener diode conducts the excess current thus maintaining a
constant voltage across the load. The Zener conducts the least
current when the load current is the highest and it conducts the
most current when the load current is the lowest.
So a Zener diode, in a forward biased condition acts as a
normal diode. In reverse biased mode, after the break down of
junction current through diode increases sharply. But the voltage
across it remains constant. This principle is used in voltage
regulator using Zener diodes.

For regulation:
· VL = VZ
· IL ≤ IS = VZ / RLmin
· RS = VS – VZ / IS
· PDmax = IS * VZ (at RL = ∞

STEP I: Placing the Components

1. Place an DC voltage source (DC Source)
 iii. Bring a dc source in the Multisim workspace
iv. Change the value and name of voltage source
2. Place a Resistor Rs in series with DC Voltage Source.
3. Place Zenner Diode D1 in vertical position
4. Place a Resistor Rl in Parallel with diode D1.
5. Connect an Ammeter in Every Branch
6. Connect Voltmeters in Parallel to Zenner Diode & Load
Resistance RL
STEP II: Connecting the Components
1. Arrange the components properly
2. Connect DC Voltage Source “Vs” to “Rs”
3. Connect “Rs” to “D1”:
4. Connect to RL.
5. Making use of Junction to connect Ground

STEP III: Simulate the circuit.

1. Save the file.
Select FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the workspace.
Select ViewSimulate Switch.
RESULT:
A Voltage Regulator By a Zenner Diode is Designed & simulated.
The Line voltage Regulation is Calculated.
Line Regulation = Change in O/P/Change in I/P
VZ VIN

• Rload = 2 kΩ ; Izener =
• Rload = 3 kΩ ; Izener =
• Rload = 4 kΩ ; Izener =
• Rload = 5 kΩ ; Izener =
 EXPERIMENT-7
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate the circuit that explains Superposition
Theorem.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
STEP I: Placing the Components
1. Place two DC voltage source V2 & V3.
2. Place three resistances R1,R2,R3.
Place Ground.
3.
Place multimeter for each branch.
4.
STEP II: Connecting the Components
1. Arrange the components properly
2. Connect DC Voltage Source “V2” to “R2” & multimeter U2.
3. Connect DC Voltage Source “V3” to “R3”& multimeter U3.
4. Connect R1 to multimeter U1.
5. Making use of Junction to connect Ground
STEP III: Simulate the circuit.
1. Save the file.
Select FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the workspace.
Select ViewSimulate Switch.

Case 1:
When both the voltage sources V2 & V3 are connected in
the network.
Calculate the three branch currents & also note down the
multimeter reading after simulation.

Case 2:
When V2 is made short circuited & the circuit is simulated
with only V3 connected.
Calculate the three branch currents & also note down the
multimeter reading after simulation.

Case 3:
 When V3 is made short circuited & the circuit is simulated
with only V2 connected.
Calculate the three branch currents & also note down the
multimeter reading after simulation.

RESULT:
The algebraic sum of currents in Case-2 & Case -3
is equal to the respective branch currents in Case-1 thus holds the
Superposition theorem.

EXPERIMENT-8
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate the circuit that explains the
Kirchhoffs Current Law.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
STEP I: Placing the Components
1. Place two DC voltage source V2 & V3.
2. Place three resistances R1,R2,R3.
Place Ground.
3.
Place ammeters for each branch.
4.
STEP II: Connecting the Components
1. Arrange the components properly
2. Connect DC Voltage Source “V2” to “R2” & ammeter 1.
3. Connect DC Voltage Source “V3” to “R3”& ammeter 2.
4. Connect R1 to ammeter 3.
5. Making use of Junction to connect Ground
STEP III: Simulate the circuit.
1. Save the file.
Select FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the workspace.
Select ViewSimulate Switch.

RESULT:
Compute the three branch currents manually by
applying mesh analysis in the network & the compare the results
with the values of branch currents I1,I2,I3 obtained after
simulation. Thus KCL is verified.
 EXPERIMENT-9
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate the circuit that explains
Source Transformation Rule.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
STEP I: Placing the Components
1. Place two DC voltage source V1 & V2 and rotate them.
2. Place three resistances R1,R2,R3.
Place Ground.
3.
Place two multimeters.
4.
STEP II: Connecting the Components
1. Arrange the components properly
2. Connect DC Voltage Source “V1” in series with R1.
3. Connect DC Voltage Source “V2” in series with R2.
4. Connect R3 parallel with R1 & R2.
5. Making use of Junction to connect Ground
 EXPERIMENT-10
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate the circuit that explains
Thevenin’s Theorem.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 EXPERIMENT-11
OBJECTIVE :
To design and simulate the circuit that explains Norton’s
Theorem.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES