Reading Test 65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS ‘Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this ection. a ach passage or pair of passages below i followed by a number of questions. After reading teach passage or pal, choose the best answer to each question based on whats stated or Implied inthe passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or ‘raph. Questions 1-10 are based on the following ‘This passages excerpted from Robert Lous Stevenson, Trersre land, ovignally published in 1883. The narrator and hisparent own aninnon the Engh cast “The stranger kept hanging about just inside the inn «door, peering round the corner like a cat waiting for mouse, Once [stepped out myself into the road, but he immediately called me back, and as I did not obey {quick enough for his fancy, a most horrible change ‘came over his tallowy face, and he ordered me in with anoath that made me jump. As soon as I was back again he returned to his former manner, half fawning, half sneering, patted me on the shoulder, told me T \was a good boy and he had taken quite a fancy to me. "Thave a son of my ovin? said he as like you as two blocks, and hei all the pride of my ‘att. But the great thing for boys is discipline, sonny—discipline. Nov, if ‘you had sailed along of Bill, you wouldnt have stood thereto be spoke to twice—not you, That was never Bil’s way, nor the way of sich as sailed with him, And here, sure enough, is my mate Bill, witha spy-glass ‘under his arm, bless his ld art, to be sure. You and ‘mall just go back into the parlour, sonny, and get behind the door, and well give Bill little surprise— bles his art, I say again” So saying, th stranger backed along with me into thepariour and put me behind him in the corner so that we were both hidden by the open door. Iwas very ‘uneasy and alarmed, as you may fancy, and it rather ded to my fears to observe tha the stranger was certainly frightened himself, He cleared the hilt of his 2382 | SPoctice Tests forthe SAT © 2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. ss cutlass and loosened the blade in the sheath; and all the time we were waiting there he kept swallowing as if he felt what we used to call alump in the throat. A last in strode the captain, slammed the door behind him, without looking to the right or lef, and marched straight across the room to where his breakfast awaited him, “Bill” said the stranger ina voice that | thought he hnad tried to make bold and big, ‘The captain spun round on his heel and fronted us; all the brown had gone out of his fae, and even his nose was blue; he had the look of «man who sees @ ‘ghost, or the evil one, or something worse, if anything ‘can be; and upon my word, [felt sorry to sce him all in 4 moment turn so old and sick. “Come, Bill, you know me; you know an old shipmate, Bll, surely” said the stranger. “The captain made a sort of gasp. “Black Dog!” said he. “And who else?” returned the other, getting more this ease. "Black Dog as ever was, come for to see his old shipmate Billy. at the Admiral Benbow Inn. Ah, Bill, Bill, we have seen a sight of times, us two, since I Jost them two talons,” holding up his mutilated hand, “Now, look here” said the captain; “you've run me ‘down; here I am; well, then, speak up; what ist?” That’ you, Bll? returned Black Dog, "you're Inthe right of it, Billy. havea glass of rum from this dear child here, as I've took such a liking to; and ‘well sit down, ifyou pleas, and talk square, lke old shipmates?”‘When I returned with the rum, they were already ‘60 seated on either side ofthe captaiis breakfast-table— Black Dog next tothe door and sitting sideways so as to have one eye on his old shipmate and one, a5 1 ‘thought, on his retreat. He bade me go and leave the door wide open. 65 "None of your keyholes for me, sonny" he said; and I left them together and retired into the bar. Fora long time, though I certainly did my best to listen, I could hear nothing but alow gattling: bt at Iast the voices began to grow higher, and I could pick 70 up aword or two, mostly oaths, from the captain No, no, no, no; and an end of it!" he cried once, And again, “fit comes to swinging, swing all, say 1? a aaa ‘Which choice isthe best synopsis of what happens in the passage? A) ‘Two characters make a plan to surprise a third character, B) One character shows another character how to properly behave ina parlour. ©) One character unpleasantly surprises another character with an unexpected reunion, D) Two characters reminisce about their time together on a ship. ‘Which choice best describes the developmental pattern of the passage? |A) A detailed analysis of an enthi B) An inaccurate dictation ofa notable conference sic encounter ) An apprehensive account of a contentious meeting D) A dismissive description ofan important homecoming, a 1| Asitis used inline 5 and line 10, "fu A) elaboration, B) impatience. ©) Imagination. D) preference. xy” most nearly a Which emotion does the narrator most sense from the stranger regarding his imminent meeting with the captain? ‘A) The stranger I fearful about the captain’ reaction to seeing him, B) The stranger is overjoyed to reunite with the captain, ©) The stranger is worried the captain won't remember him, D) ‘The stranger is concerned the captain will be more interested in his breakfast than in conversation, ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer tothe previous questions? A) Lines 24-27 ("I was... himself") B) Lines 31-34 ("At last... him") ©) Lines 43-44 ("Come, Bll... stranger”) D) Line71 (*No, no... once") In the passage, the stranger addresses the narrator with A) respect but not friendliness, B) Violence but not anger. ©) disgust but not hatred, D) affection but not trust. [ conTINUE rrectce Tests | 308a “The main purpose of the first paragraph is to A) introduce a character. BY’ criticize a belief ©) describe relationship. 1 ‘Why does the narrator describe the captain’ face as something from which “all the browa had gone out of” (ine 387° |A) The captain has grown pale after being on land so Tong. cp ‘As tis used in line 51, “talons” most nearly means A) weapons. B) claws. ©) fingers D) hooks, ‘306 | Practica Tats forthe SAT © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. 'B) The captain has washed his face before the mel ©) The captain has become il during his walk. D) The captain has gone pale with fright. oO ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer tothe previous question? A) Lines 22-24 ("So saying... door") B) Lines 39-42 ("he had ... sick") ©) Lines 52-83 ("Now, look... isi”) D) Lines 59-63 ("When I... retreat)‘Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage ‘and supplementary material, “This passage is edopted from Ruse Belk, t's the Thought that Counts”© 1976 by Univers oflinis at Urbana Champaign, “The phenomenon of selecting an objector service "X" to present a a gift to pe-son "Y" on accasion "Z” is a unique and important act of consumer behavior tine Not only must the git giver attempt to infer the recipients tastes, needs, desires, and reactions, the gift selection may also be afected by the information ‘which it would appear to convey about the giver and the giver-recipient relationship. The ancient practice of| gift-giving i tll pervasive and significant in modern 1 cultures. For instance, Lowes, Turner, and Wills (1971) cite a series of British Gallup Polls from 1963. 1967, in which it was found that over 90 percent of the ‘adult population did some Christmas gift-giving each ‘year. Another limited sample of middle and upper 15 income families in Montreal, Caron and Ward (1975) found that third- and fifth-grade children received an average of between five and six gifts for Christmas. oth because ofits prevalence and because of is strong {interpersonal meanings, gift giving offers a potentially 20 rich area for consumer behavioral explanation. Gift-giving has been treated from a variety of related theoretical perspectives, focusing primarily on the functions and effects of giving. The preeminent theoretical analysis ofthe gift-giving process isan essay 25 by French anthropologist sociologist Marcell Mauss (1923). Based on his examination of gift-giving among, ‘numerous primitive, remote, or ancient societies, ‘Mauss concluded that gift-giving is a sef-perpetuating system of reciprocity. More specifically, Mauss outlined 420_three types of obligations, which perpetuate gift-giving: 1. The obligation to give, 2. The obligation to receive, 3. The obligation to repay. ‘The obligation to give may be based on moral 35-or religious imperatives, the need to recognize and status hierarchy, the need to establish or peaceful relations, or simply the expectation of reciprocal giving. These motives, which do not admit purely selfless giving, become insttutionalized 40 in asociety so that under appropriate conditions an individual is socially obligated to give. Receiving is seen as similarly obligatory, and avoiding or refusing, © 2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. » “ 1 gifts is construed as an unfriendly or even hostile act. ‘Mauss noted however that there isa certain tension created in receiving agit since acceptanceis an implicit recognition of dependence on the give. This tension may then be reduced by fulfilling the third obligation, the obligation to repay. Failure to repay or failure to repay adequately results in alos of status and self-esteem. Adequate or overly adequate repayment, on the other hand, creates an obligation to repay on the part ofthe original giver, and :he eyele is. reinitated Schwartz (1967) noted that beyond the functions served by the general process of gift exchange, the characteristics of the gift itself also act asa powerful statement ofthe givers perception ofthe recipient. He also suggested that acceptance of a particular gift constitutes an acknowledgment and acceptance of the identity that che gift is seen to imply. Among children this may lead to lating changes i sel- perceptions, but presumably gift have ess influence on the self-concept ofan adult Nevertheless, the importance ofthis symbolic function of gift selection appears clear enovgh in gift shop’ recent advertisement, which asks, “Do you want your gifts to tell someone how creative you. are, how thoughtful you ae, or just how big your Christmas bonus was? Do you buy with a specific price ora specific personality in mind?” While the answers to such basic questions about gift selection may be personally evident, the underlying behavioral {questions have not been addressed by empicical research, “There can be litle doubt that gift-givingis a pervasive experience in human life and consumer behavior, Despite the additional variables which gift-giving introduces to conceptions of consumer behavior (eg, characteristics ofthe recipient, gfter- receiver similarity, nature ofthe occasion), the present findings suggest that preference for cognitive balance is concept which can go far toward explaining gift selection and evaluation,1 1 ‘arrears as comotuntcstioN Bitimaewema R et) Which choice provides the best evidence forthe answer tothe previous question? > [REBRG] —> [GF] — (BRON) —> RST] A) Lines 5-8 (the gift... relationship") B) Lines 34-38 (“The obligation... giving” — Lines 50-53-(4 ated) — 1D) Lines 60-63 (‘Among children... adult”) aoc «ER Schwartz, mentioned in paragraph 4 (lines 54-62), “The author most likely uses the examples in lines 4-17 nee, of the passage ("Not only ... Christmas") to highlight. the A) stressful AA) recent increase in consumerism around Christmas B) unnerving. time. ©) fimtentional. B) lscrepancies in gift-giving between ancient nd ee modem times, Dee )_ apprehension betnoen ift-givers deceiver. D) pervadivencisf git giving on mec occsins, | EES ‘Thefourth paragraph (lines 54-63) indicates that the eee er SSS A) considerate. Inline 20, the word “tich” most nearly means B) influential, A) opulent. ©) authoritative, B) embellished. D) immutable. ©) fertile. D) saccharine. ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the BGR TI answer to the previous question? ‘The author indicates thatthe sel perpetuatingsystem A) Lines 58-60 (‘He also... imply”) afreciprocy 3) Lines 60-63 among chen. ada” {A} te form of communication been giver iced cea and recipient. cl Seams e D) Lines 75-77 (“There can ... behavior") 1B) functions asa form of status hierarchy. ©) can wreak havoc on a child's concept of him- or herself, D) requires equal participation ina relationship. | aPactice Tests fore SAT © 2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.Eimear ‘As its used in line 65, “function” most nearly means A) purpose. B) tradition, ©) occasion, D) occupation, ‘The author refers toa gift shop's recent advertisement (lines 65-66) in order to A) question a former claim, B) offer motive. ©) introduce a counter explanation. D) support an argument. © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. 1 ‘The graph and the passage offer evidence thatthe communication process of gift-giving predicts that a ‘gift will demonstrate A) the receivers self-concept. B) the amount the gift-giver spent. ©) encoded meaning. 1D) the thoughtfulness ofthe gi-giver. “The author would likely atribute the encoding and decoding phases of communication as represented in the graph to A) an emerging form of conditional approval B) an inability to communicate effectively ©) an increasing amount of pressure on git-gving, D) component of implicit evaluation, [ conTinuE Posto Ts | 387a0 | ‘Questions 22-31 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from Nis Ekholm “On the Variations ofthe Climate ofthe Geological and Mistoriel Past nd ‘TheirCauses"© 1901 by Quarterly Journal ofthe Roe ‘Meteorological Society. Eko’ stcles are based on new ‘mathematial calculations that show discrepancies among euler slentist findings inthe study of historical changesin climate ‘The atmosphere plays a very important part of a double character as to the temperature at the earth's surfece. Firstly, the atmosphere may act ike the glass of ‘a green-house letting through the light rays ofthe sun relat vely easily, and absorbing a great part ofthe dark ‘ays emitted from the geound, and it thereby may raise the mean temperature ofthe earths surface. Secondly, the atmosphere acts as a heat store placed between the relatively warm ground and the cold space, and thereby lessens in ahigh degree the annual, diurnal, and local variations ofthe temperature. “There are two qualities ofthe atmosphere that produce these effects. The one is that the temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases withthe height above the ground or the sea-level, owing partly to the dynamical heating of descending air currents nd the dynamical cooling of ascending ones, as is cexpkined in the mechanical theory of heat. The other {s thet the atmosphere, absorbing but little of the insolation and most ofthe radiation from the ground, receives a considerable part of ts heat store from the ground by means of radiation, contact, convection, and conduction, whereas the earth’ surface is heated principally by direct radiation from the sun through the transparent ar, Itfollows from this that the radiation from the carth into space does not go on directly from the ‘ground, but on average fram a layer of the atmosphere having @ considerable height above sea-level. The height ofthat layer depends on the thermal quality of the atmosphere, and will vary wit that quality. The greater is the absorbing power ofthe ar for heat rays emitted from the ground, the higher will that layer be. But the higher the layer, the lower i its temperature relatively to that ofthe grounds and as the r from the layer into space isthe less the lower its {temperature is, it fallow that the ground will be hotter the higher the radiating layer is. ‘Prag Tess forthe SAT © 2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. 1 Now if we are able to calculate or estimate how 40 much the mean temperature tat layer is lower than the mean temperature of the ground, we may apply “Table I for calculating the mean temperature of the sound, as soon as we know by direct measurements the quantity of solar heat absorbed by the ground. Owing tothe clouds and dust oting in the atmosphere, this heat is probably only about a third of that derived by using Langley’s solar constant; and is, thus about 360 calories per square centimeter during twenty-four hours This gives, by means of Table I, 50. a temperature of -31°C to the radiating layer. But, according to Arrhenius’ estimate, this isa a height ‘of about 7600 meters and assuming a corresponding ‘decrease of 06°C per 100 meters, we find its temperatre to be 46°C lower than that ofthe ground, 55_and thus the mean temperature ofthe ground equal 15°C, sit is aceording to observations. “The table shows the loss of heat by radiation into space from a perfectly black body of the temperature centigrade. In gram-calories per square centimeter per 6 4 hours at 7600 meters. + | towof | + | Losof] 1 | Lossor | Heat Heat Heat 100 | 2023 | 20 | 770 | -o | 215 | a0 | ise | o | sei | -80 | us 0 | 1285 |-20 | 428 |-100 | 94 40 | 1003 [-1o0 | 308 [120 | 57 a ‘A student claims that over half of solar radiation influences the ground temperature on the earth’s surface. Which ofthe following statements in the ‘passage contradicts the students claim? AA) Lines 3-7 "Firstly, the... surface") B) Lines 13-18 ("The one. .. heat") ©) Lines 45-49 ("Owing to... hours”) 1D) Lines 49-50 (“This gives. layer”) mn»1 In thefist paragraph (Lines 1-11), what does the author claim isthe atmosphere’ importance tothe temperature ofthe earths surface? A) The trapping of all hot sr and energy from the ') Controlling the heat energy that is admitted and released ©) The enclosure ofall thecarth heat-producing mechanisms D) The free passage of heat energy to and from the surface a m ‘The author uses the word “geeen-house” inline 4to Indicate that 'A) the heat on the ground and in the atmosphere ofthe earth is provided exclusively by solar radiation. B)_ most ofthe heat in the atmosphere comes from radiation from the ground. ©) the agricultural and botanical sectors ofthe ‘economy are those most affected by climate fuctuations, D) solar heat enters the atmosphere relatively ‘unobstructed but the same does not apply as it leaves. a Based on the passage, the author's statement “the ‘earth's surface is heated principally by direct radiation from the sun throagh the transparent ait” (ines 23-25) implies that ‘A) when the sun is obscured by clouds the ground is heated principally by other sources of energy. B)_heat generated independently by the ground and. by the sun i held in the atmosphere and released a8 cool a. (©) the heat from the sun that warms the ground must be partially absorbed by the earth atmosphere ) the solar heat reflected tack from the earth does not account forall the heat in the atmosphere. a . z ‘The author's use ofthe words “if” “may.” and "as soon as" in lines 39-43 functions mainly to |A) provide definitive evidence thatthe author's ‘mathematical calculations predict thespan of slobal warming with accuracy. B) demonstrate that many ofthe author’ conclusions tely on both observable and non-observable factors. support the hypothesis that ground temperatures are warmer than higher temperatures, D) warn against the indiscretion of earlier scientists who made incorrect claims with insufficient evidence. ° The author's main purpose in noting the cbservations ‘of ground temperature is A) indicate that the mathematical calculations given inthis paragraph correspond to data recorded by others. B)_ show the limitations of mathematical iormmlas in providing precise measurements of observable phenomena, ©) provide an example of one place in which the slobal temperature has risen because of human activity, 1D) underline the importance of mathematical calculations in determining the influence of solar i 12: Based on the table and passage, which choice gives the correct temperature on the ground when the loss ‘of heat is approximately 300 gram-calories per square centimeter for 24 hours? A) 0c BR oc Q 6c D) -40%C El» rrcte Tess | 308 © 2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.1 Do the data in the table support the author's claim regarding the atmosphere asa heat store? A) Yes, because at each given temperature, as the temperature decreases, the heat loss decreases as ‘well but by larger and larger intervals ‘BY -Yes;becat rgiver temperarare; as th temperature decreases, the heat loss decreases as ‘well but by smaller and smaller intervals. ©) No, because at each given temperature, as the temperature decreases, the heat loss fluctuates according to an irregular pattern and series of intervals, D) No, because at each given temperature as the temperature decreases, the heat loss increases by larger and larger intervals, According to the table, which of the fellowing pairs of heat-loss values at different temperatures provide ‘evidence in support ofthe answer to the previous ‘question? A) 2023 to 1624 and 2023 1057 B) 1003 to 581 and 581 to 94 ©) 1003 10 770 and 770 o $81 D) 308 to 94 and 581 to 57 1 Based on the passage and the table, does the temperature ofthe atmosphere ofthe earth stay the same or does it vary with distance from the earth, and which statement made by the authors is most consistent with this data? — A) The same; “Firstly th face” sea-level” (lines 26-28) B) “The same; “I follows (©) Itvaries; "Now if... ground? (lines 39-44) D) Itvaries; "But, according... . observations” (lines 50-56) 390 | 9Prauice Tests or ihe SAT © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.‘Questions 32-41 are based on the following passage. ‘This passage is adapzed from Frederick Douglass speech "On Women’ Surge” delivered in 1888 oa gathering of women’ sufage ais ‘Mrs. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Icome to this platform wih unusual diffidence, Although 1 have long been identified with the Woman's Suffrage ‘movement, and have often spoken in its favor, !am somewhat at alossto know what to say on this really {great and uncomiaron occasion, where so much has been sud, ‘When ook around on this assembly, and see the ‘many able and eloquent women, fll of the subject, ready to speak, and who only need the opportunity te impress this audience with their views and thrill them with “thoughts that breathe and words that ‘burn,’ Ido not feel like taking up more than a very small space of your time and attention, and shall not. | would not, even now, presume to speak, but for the ciccumstance of my easly connection with the cause, and of having been called upon to do so by one whose voice in this Council we all gladly abey: Men have very litle business here as speakers, anyhow; and if they come here at all they should take back benches and wrap themselves in silence. For ths isan International Council, not of men, but of women, and ‘woman should have all the say in it. This her day in court. I do not mean to exalt the intellect of woman above mans; but [have heard many men speak on this subject, some of them the most eloquent to be found anywhere inthe country; and I believe no man, however gifted with thought and speech, can voice the wrongs and present the demands of women with the kill and effect, with the power and authority of woman herself The man struck is the man to cry out. ‘Woman knows and feels her wrongs as man cannot ‘know and fee! them; and she also knows as well as he can know, what mesures are needed to redress them, 5 T.grantall the claims at this point. She is her own best representative, We can neither speak for her, nor vote for her, nor act for her, nor be responsible for her; and the thing for men to doin the premises is just to get ‘out of her way and give her the fullest opportunity to exercise all the powers inherent in her individual © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. 1| personality, and allow her to doit a she herself shall lect to exercise them. Her right to be and todo is as fall, complete and perfect asthe right of any man on earth, I say of her, as I say ofthe colored people, “Give hier fair play, and hands off There was atime when, perhaps, we men could help alittle. It was when this ‘woman suffrage cause was in its cradle, when it was not big enough to go alone, when it had to be taken inthe arms ofits mother from Seneca Falls, N.Y. t0 Rochester, N.Y, for baptism. I then went along with it and offered my services to help it, for then it needed help; but now it can afford to dispense with me and all cof my sex. Then its friends were few-—now its friends are many Then it was wrapped in abscurity-now itis lifed in sight of the whole civilized worid, and people ‘ofall lands and languages give it their hesrty support. ‘Truly the change is vast and wonderful ‘There may be some well-meaning people inthis audience who have never attended a woman suffrage convention, never heard a woman sulfrage speech, never read a woman suffrage newspaper, and they may be surprised that those who speak here do not argue the question, It may be kind to tell them that our cause thas passed beyond the period of arguing. The demand ofthe hour is not argument, but assertion, firm and inflexible assertion, asertion which has more than the force ofan argument. Ifthere is any argument tobe made, it must be made by opponents, not by the friends of woman suffrage. Let those who want argument examine the ground upon which they base ‘their claim tothe right to vote. They will find that there isnot one reason, not one consideration, which they can urge in support of mans claim to vote, which does not equally support the right of woman to vote. ‘The main purpose of the passage isto A) qualify the credentials ofa speaker. B) provide support forthe suffrage movement. ©) argue forthe equal rights of women, D) compare the sufferings of women to those of African-American, mi» fran ots | 391‘The central claim of the passage is that A) women should have the floor at this assembly. )__men should act for women in this movement. (©) women and men have the same justification for ting, 1) the suffrage movement should be less obscure, LJ i Douglass uses the word “cause” throughout the passage mainly to |A) clarify his early connection to the sufrage movernent. B) explain why the suffrage movement deserves support )_ compare the suflrage movement toa baby in a cradle. D) describe the sulfrage movement. According tothe passage, Douglass ‘A) wants to give a great speech, because he has been identified with the suffrage movement. BB) ishesitant to speak, even though he has been ‘identified with the suffrage movement. ©) does not want to speak, though he has been identified with the suffrage movement, D) ishesitant to give a lengthy speech, since he has been identified with the sufrage movement. nh Douglass indicates that men, A) should not be speakers in such « movement. B) should not take too much time and attention. (©) should primarily listen at such a gathering. D) should voice the wrongs of women publicly. 2392 | 9 Picton Tat fer the SAT © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. 1 Bea eam teeeNe Which choice provides the best evidence fr the answer tothe previous question? AA) Lines 14 ("When I ..not) B) Lines 15-18 (“I would . .. obey”) (©)_Lines 18-21. ("Men have...silence”) herself”) 1D) Lines 24-31 ("Ido Douglass characterizes the “demands of women’ in line 29 as related to injuries that A) women can best describe and suggest solutions for. B)__men should speak about more eloquently. ©) the civilized world should support heartily. 'D) men and women should both be responsible for EPson anor Which choice provides the best evidence forthe answer to the previous question? A) Lines 25-27 (tL. county”) 3B) Lines 32-34 ("Woman knows... them") (©) Lines 42-84 CHer ight. cath) D) Lines 45-86 (There wa... ite")1 1 Which choice most closely captures the meaningof ‘The surprise refered to in nes 58-74 mainly serves the figurative “cradle” referred to inline 472 | twemphasizehow A) Nest AA) some attendees may have expected diferent sorts B) Rock of speeches. © Hold 3B) mal atendess may have expected more arguments than assertiens. ©) audience members may not have expected speeches on women’ suffrage. D) speakers may have presented unexpected arguments for the rightto vote, D) Beginnings mE!» Priest | 389 © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT ‘This exam is not licensed for commerciQuestions 42-52 are based on the following passages. Passage 1 lsadapted from Michael, McElroy and XL “racking Future" © 2013 by Harvard Monthy. Passage 2s adapted from Natural Resources Defense Councl "Unchecked Fracking Threatens Health, Water Supplies © 2015 Passage 1 Supplies of natural gas now economically recoverable from shale in the United States could accommodate the country’s domestic demand for ine natural ga at current levels of consumption for more 5 than hundred years: an economic and strategic boon, nd, a least in the near term, an important stepping: stone toward lower-carbon, greener energy. “The first step in extracting gas feom shale involves drilling vertically to reach the shale layer, typically 8 10. kilometer or more below the surface. Drilling then continues horizontally, extending a kilometer or more from the vertical shaft, and the vertical and horizontal ‘components of the well are lined with stel casing, ‘cemented in place. The horizontal extension of the 15 casing is then perforated, using explosives; thereafter, ‘water, carrying sand and proprietary chemicals, is injected into the well t igh pressure, The water encounters the shale through the perforations, generating a series of small fractures in the rock (hence 20 the nickname, “fracking”) the sand inthe water keeps the cracks open, while the chemicals enhance release of gas from the shale. The injected water flows back up to the surface when the pressure inthe well i released following completion ofthe fracking procedure. Then. 25 the well starts to produce natural ga. ‘As many as 25 fracture stages (per horizontal Jeg) may be involved in preparing a single site for production, each requiring injection of more than 400,000 gallons of water—a possible total of more than 20 10nillion gallons before the wel is fully operational. portion of the injected water flows back tothe surface, heavily contaminated with the fracking chemicals and ‘others it has absorbed from the shale. Depending on the local geology this “return water” may also include a5 radioactive elements, Drillers developing a well must take exceptional care to minimize contact between the wellbore and the surrounding aquifer—ofen the source of nearby residents’ fresh water, Serious problems have arisen 40 in the past from failures to isolate the drilling liquids, 386 | 9 Practice Tests forthe SAT © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. 6 including cases where well water used for drinking became so contaminated that human and animal health was threatened. It is essential that monitoring be In place to ensure the continuing integrity of the seal isolating the wel from the aquifer even after the well has been fully exploited and abandoned, Passage 2 “The oll and gas industry i rapidly expanding production across the nation, as new technology ‘makes it easier (o extract oll or gs from previously inaccessible sites. Over the last decade, the industry has drilled hundreds of thousands of new wels all across the country. These wells are accompanied by massive new infrastructure to move, process, and deliver oil and gas, together bringing full-scale industrialization to often previously rural landscapes. ‘The sector’ growth is spurred by the use of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, in which oft dangerous chemicals are mixed of water (or other base fluid) and sand and injected Into wells a extremely high pressure, Unconventional development using advanced fracking methods poses threats to wate, ais land, and the health of ‘communities. Studies have shown dangerous levels of toxic air pollution near fracking sites; and il and {gas extraction have caused smog in rural areas at Ievels worse than downtown Los Angeles. Oiland {gas production have been linked to increased risk of cancer and birth defects in neighboring areas; as well as toa risk of increased seismic activity, Constant massive truck trafic associated with large scale development disrupts communities and creates significant hazards. The millions of gallons of water ‘used in fracking operations not only strain water resources, but end up as vast amounts of contaminated ‘wastewater Fracking has been reported as a suspect in polluted drinking water around the country. And ‘methane—a potent climate change pollutant leaks rampantly throughout the extraction, processing, and distribution of ol and gas. ‘Weak safeguards and inadequate oversight have allowed oil and gas producers to run roughshod over ‘communities across the country with their extraction, and production activities for too long, resulting in mE»contaminated water supplies, dangerous air polation, 45 destroyed streams, and devastated landscapes. Our state and federal leaders have failed to hold them to account, leaving the American people unprotected ‘Many companies don't play by the few rules that do exist; and industry has used its political power at every. 90 turn to gain exemptions from environmental lav designed to protect our air and water. EL Sa BSE | In lines 26-30, the author of Passage 1 mentions the numberof gallons of water primarily to A) war of the inevitable dangers of industrial fracking in small communities. B) show the variety of ways that natural gas and ol ‘can be extracted from shale. (©) expand upon the idea that fracking uses only few dbase elements D) establish the size and scope ofthe industrial ‘equipment required for fracking, 3] ETRE “The author of Passage 1 indicates that fracking could hhave which positive effect? A) Itcould support small, local economies that do not have other sources of income. B)_Itcould alter the way scientists understand the shale layer ofthe Earth. ©) Itcould provide resources that meet the needs of contemporary consumers, D) Itcould lower the price that large-scale industrial firms pay for natural gos. gq ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer tothe previous question? A) Lines 1-5 (Supplies of... years") B) Lines 17-22 ("The water... shale”) ©) Lines 22-25 (“The injected... gas”) D) Lines 30-35 ("A portion. elements") © 2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. 1 ‘What function does the discussion of the aquifer in lines 36-46 serve in Passage 1? ‘A) Itoutlines one significant risk involved in the process described in earlier paragraphs. 1B) Itaddresses and disputes the concerns of those ‘whose attitude toward fracking is cautious. ©) Itextends a discussion of a significant term that begins in the previous paragraph, ) Itpresents an unexpected new finding that ‘undermines industry arguments for a certain practice. Estate ae TT: ‘As used in line 4, “integrity” most nearly means A) morality, 1B) impermeabilty. ©) moisture D) confidence, Dir Sa Se) ‘The central claim of Passage 2s that fracking mines useful resources but |A) the wells that have been built are not suficiently productive to justify all the cost. B) some experts believe that natural gas can be acquired just as easily from other sources. © it may lead some industry executives to believe ‘that they can mine resources from any place they choose D) itis currently not sufficiently regulated in a way that is safe for local populations, Er» racine | 3981 1 gq wl a ‘As used in line 1, “roughshod” most nearly means Which choice pravides the best evidence for the A) productive. answer to the previous question? B) rapid. A) Lines 47-52 (“The ol... country") ©) unregulated. B) Lines 56-60 (“The sector's... pressure” = © ines. 66-72.(Oil and --rhazarde”) ) Lines 80-85 (“Weak safeguard. landscaps") mo i =e ‘Which statement best describes the relationship i between the passages? Which point about the potential effects of fracking is implicit in Passage 2 and explicit in Passage 1? A) Passage 2 undermines the optimistic confidence of the author of Passage 1 A) The pollution caused by fracking can affect both B) Passage 2 expands upon some ofthe concerns the water and the ait. ‘expressed less explicitly in Passage 1. B) The process of fracking requires the use of many ©) Passage 2 argues fr certain regulations of which bilions of gallons of water. the author of Passage 1 does not approve ©) The process can contaminate drinking water and 1D) Passage 2 describes the process discussed in heise bot enimala snd basa, Passage I but does so with more detail and D) The economic cost of preparing wells can often statistics, cost more than the profits gained from mining @ ‘The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the discussion of dellers in Lines 36-46, Passage 1, by claiming that these drillers A) cite their successes in having grown the mining industry throughout the country 3) ofien come from small towns themselves and are not likely to abuse the lan. C) have already caused irreparable harm tothe ‘American landscape. ) canbe dificult to contact when their work is conducted so far underground. STOP It you finish before time Is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test. 896 | Practice Tests forthe SAT © 2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.No Test Material On This Page Practice Tet 5 | 397 ©2017 The College Board. College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Section 2of your answer sheet to answer the questions inthis section. Ean ach passage below is accompanied by a numberof questions, For some questions, you «ill consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For ‘ther questions, you wll consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied bby one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions Some questions wil direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will, direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. [After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively Improves the quality of writing inthe passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a‘NO CHANGE" option, Choose that option ifyou think the best choice isto leave the relevant portion ofthe. pevagesitin ‘Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. a Alor ots Diet Doctor 4) No cHaN though eta ness made gto 2) raat ates teat ental unsaning nary parse ba heen es)‘ dierng atone logy (kind of mystery. A heart attack, for instance, is much easier D) disorders that show a variety of differences tosiyand pent hn bn rk. dent iness aside, IM the variety of neurological disorders a 3 A) NO CHANGE B) broader public acceptance (©) something elusive from the public 1D) public to give the thumbs up can make specific brain diagnoses complicated and often unreliable. As a result the therapeutic resources available to neurologists and those with neurological disorders must, necessarily be as vast and diversas the patient base lself Disciplines lice att therapy, aromatherapy, and horticultural therapy have begun to ain om traction in the popular imagination. Some fs, however, ae sll avalting EB the okay from the people, although thei achievements and successes are just as igfcant One such fli that of ma» hippotherapy. 398 | 9Proctce Tests forthe SAT © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.Hippotherapy postions itself tthe intersection of physical occupational, an speech therapy. In this lscipline, the charecteristc movements of a horse Chippo- in Greek) Is used to build foundation for improvements in human neurological functions and sensory processing, s main difference from therapeutic horseback ridings that hipptherapy uses the movement ofthe horseas away to treat a specifi ailment “Thus, itis more concerned with learing skill stand establishing bond between rider and horse © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. A) NO CHANGE B) hasbeen used ©) are used D) used ‘At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. ‘Therapeutic horseback riding teaches riding skills and is more concerned with emotional and behavioral disabilities. Should the writer make this addition here? 'A) Yes, because it makes the argument that hippotherapy isthe more effective of the two disciplines B) Yes, because it further clarifies the difference ‘between the two disciplines discussed in this paragraph, ©) No, because it undermines the point the author is trying to make about the validity of hippotherapy. D) No, becatse a discussion of therapeutic horseback riding has no place in this particular paragraph, ia» praca Toss | 3981 1 [1] Many fields use the basic tenets ofhippotherapy, AED but they eich provide a unique spin on the practice. Which choice provides a supporting example that reinforces the main point of the sentence? A) NO CHANGE [2] Physical therapists may incorporate hippotherapy ‘to managea variety of disabilities and, hopefully, cure diseases. 3] Occupational therapist use many ofthe 3B) se the therapy to develop the cognitive and fine tor skill ©) work on different maladies and different parts of similarly plagued by the lack of laboratory support. [4] the body. same Features of the horses movement, bat they HE are ‘The research on the effectiveness ofhippotherapy is till in D) fiftes wate dltiren sefotretpirerneatv and the early tages of development, but therapists ina variety backgrounds. of fields, even including speech and language patholog ‘regularly achieve success with this technique and Pe KG eagery to recommended itt their patients, {5} As the 'A) NO CHANGE these therapists are concerned mainly with “ cager recommending of the moverent ofthe hors ast relates to physical aspects Geen canes such as balance, posture, and strengthening the core. El aeeomer The American Hippotherapy Assocation can prove certification fr those wishing to work nthe discipline a Physical thapists, occupational therapists, and speech abs IU GEA pag MG EMSs language pthologsts must have practiced forat least shouldbe placed three yearsand had 100 hours of hippotherapy practice A) where tis now. before they canst for the Hippotherapy Clinical Specialty 3B) before sentence 3. Certification Exam, and the certification last for five years ©) bere sentence 4 ified, D) at the beginning ofthe paragraph. hippotherapists have stringent requirements for staying Because the disciplines relatvely EM] new, ce current on the research within the field, ag A) NO CHANG B)_new, certified ©) new, and certified D) new; certified | 9Precio Tests forthe SAT © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.1 1 Just as medical scerceis constantly evolving, o - ¢ i Id so areits alternatives. Hippotherapy may seem abit ‘A) NO CHANGE ‘out of the ordinary, but fit provides effective relief or 3) so too are its alternatives. treatment fr people in psn, the skeptics II] between ) its alternatives also are. doctors and researchers vill not hesitate to embrace it D) its alternatives are, too. TEI Becoming a hippotherapist is pretty hard, as evidenced by al hose hours one has to ypend Keeping up gy ‘with the literature. ONG CHARGE B) above ©) withio D) among “The writer wants a concluding sentence that restates the main argument of the passage, Which choice best accomplishes that goal? A) NOCHANGE B)_Hippotherapy has positioned itself atthe «crossroads of many disciplines, and it may just ‘be the practice to provide relief in ways the other therapies have not done yet ©) Many people used bloodletting and raéiation regularly before the medical establishment showed how unsafe these practices were. 1D) Itmakes you wonder whether the medical profession is ready for such a crazy discovery mm» proce ots | 408 © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use.jebased on the following passage and supplementary material. nnoGinee ‘The Call ofthe Wilderness Bedi egies = : ©) ict responses ine way science extbooks teach about different ae Bi ly fom our visual and tactile senses. Wehave all cen pictures ofthe silent sands ofthe desert and can almost feel the heat radiating AED from the sands. We ll know the ballet of fsh and marine A) NOCHANGE life coursing through the vast ocean. Some recent stulis, B) Marco Polo crossed the desert however, have expanded our ideas about these ecosystems ©) They called him Marco Polo, he who crossed the desert by incorporating another one of our senses sound Ceara D) As Marco Polo crossed the desert IBV it was Maree Polo who crossed the desert ‘on his way to China, he described the sound he heard a oa asa varety of musica instruments” Researchers now INO CREE ‘understand thatthe curious sound that Polo heard, that pice ‘odd congluence of pipe organ and BEM cello, probably ua resulted from the wine blowing across the sind dunes. In Sar eens D) clo: it has a study conducted in the deserts of California, scientists found that the “singing” dunes had dry, tightly packed ijeeduniwikateitte relied dened | Ml This variation creates an effect similar to that of a musical A) NO CHANGE, HB inetrument «tonal quality coming fom the trapping B) instrument: tonal quality coming from the and release of certain Fequencies. trapping and release of certain frequmncics. ©) instrument, a tonal quality tat is said to be coming from the trapping and release of certain frequencies, ) instrument, this quality comes from the trapping 402 | 9Pectce Tess fr thesAT © 2017 The College Board, College Board, SAT This exam is not licensed for commercial use. and release of certain frequencies.