Introduction - C Programming
1. What is C?
C is a programming language developed at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories
of USA in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie.
Any programming Language can be divided in to two categories.
1) Problem oriented (High level language)
2) Machine oriented (Low level language)
But C is considered as a Middle level Language.
C is modular, portable, reusable.
2. Feature of C Program
1) Structured language
It has the ability to divide and hide all the information and
instruction.
Code can be partitioned in C using functions or code block.
C is a well-structured language compare to other.
2) General purpose language
Make it ideal language for system programming.
It can also be used for business and scientific application.
ANSI established a standard for c in 1983.
The ability of c is to manipulate bits,byte and addresses.
It is adopted in later 1990.
3) Portability
Portability is the ability to port or use the software written .
One computer C program can be reused.
By modification or no modification.
4) Code Re-usability & Ability to customize and extend
A programmer can easily create his own function
It can can be used repeatedly in different application
C program basically collection of function
The function are supported by 'c' library
Function can be added to 'c' library continuously
5) Limited Number of Key Word
There are only 32 keywords in 'C'
27 keywords are given by ritchie
5 is added by ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
The strength of 'C' is lies in its in-built function
Unix system provides as large number of C function
Some function are used in operation .
Other are for specialized in their application
6) C program structure
pre-processor directives
global declarations
main()
{
local variable deceleration
statement sequences
function invoking
}
7) C Keywords
Keywords are the words whose meaning has already been
explained to the C compiler. There are only 32 keywords available
in C. The keywords are also called ‘Reserved words’.
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
8) C Character Set
A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special symbol used to represent
information. Following are the valid alphabets, numbers and special
symbols allowed in C.
Alphabets - A, B, ….., Y, Z a, b, ……, y, z
Digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Special symbols - ~ ‘ ! @ # % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = | \ { }
[]:;"'<>,.?/
9) Rules for Writing, Compiling and Executing the C program
C is case sensitive means variable named "COUNTER" is different
from a variable named "counter".
All keywords are lowercased.
Keywords cannot be used for any other purpose (like variable names).
Every C statement must end with a ;. Thus ;acts as a statement
terminator.
First character must be an alphabet or underscore, no special symbol
other than an underscore, no commas or blank spaces are allowed
with in a variable, constant or keyword.
Blank spaces may be inserted between two words to improve the
readability of the statement. However, no blank spaces are allowed
within a variable, constant or keyword.
Variable must be declared before it is used in the program.
File should be have the extension .c
Program need to be compiled before execution.
10) Data types & Placeholders
C has 5 basic built-in data types.
Data type defines a set of values that a variable can store along with a
set of operations that can be performed on it.
A variable takes different values at different times.
General form for declaring a variable is:
type name;
An example for using variables comes below:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int sum;
sum=12;
sum=sum+5;
printf("Sum is %d",sum);
}
printf function will print the following:
Sum is 17
In fact %d is the placeholder for integer variable value that
its name comes after double quotes.
11) Common data types are:
int - integer
char - character
long - long integer
float - float number
double - long float
12) Other placeholders are:
Placeholders Format
%c Character
%d Signed decimal integer
%i Signed decimal integer
%e Scientific notation[e]
%E Scientific notation[E]
%f Decimal floating point
%o unsigned octal
%s String of character
%u unsigned decimal integer
%x unsigned Hexadecimal (lower)
%X unsigned Hexadecimal (upper)
%p dispaly a pointer
%% print a %
12) Control characters (Escape sequences)
Certain non-printing characters as well as the backslash () and the
apostrophe('), can be expressed in terms of escape sequence.
\a - Bell
\n - New line
\r - Carriage return
\b - Backspace
\f - Formfeed
\t - Horizontal tab
\" - Quotation mark
\v - Vertical tab
\' - Apostrophe
\\ - Backslash
\? - Question mark
\0 - Null
13) Receiving input values from keyboard
scanf function used to receiving input from keyboard.
General form of scanf function is :
scanf("Format string",&variable,&variable,...);
formate string contains placeholders for variables that we intend
to receive from keyboard. A & sign comes before each variable
name that comes in variable listing. Character strings are
exceptions from this rule. They will not come with this sign before
them.
Note: You are not allowed to insert any additional characters
in format string other than placeholders and some special
characters. Entering even a space or other undesired
character will cause your program to work incorrectly and
the results will be unexpected. So make sure you just insert
placeholder characters in scanf format string. The following
example receives multiple variables from keyboard.
float a;
int n;
scanf("%d%f",&n,&a);
Pay attention that scanf function has no error checking
capabilities built in it. Programmer is responsible for validating
input data (type, range etc.) and preventing errors
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("Hello world\n");
getch();
}
/****************
Output -
Hello world
****************/
Write a program to print a integer
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
printf("Enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &a);
printf("Integer that you have entered is %d\n", a);
getch();
}
/************************************************
Output -
Enter an integer
2
Integer that you have entered is 2
************************************************/
Write a program to add two number
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr();
printf("Enter two numbers to add\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c = a + b;
printf("Sum of entered numbers = %d\n",c);
getch();
}
/************************************************
Output -
Enter two numbers to add
2
3
Sum of entered numbers = 5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf( "Please enter a number: " );
scanf( "%d", &number);
printf( "You entered %d", number );
return 0;
}
/*
Output
Run1 -
Please enter a number: 10
You entered 10
Run2 -
Please enter a number: 20
You entered 20
*/
