DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SMART GUIDE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED

PEOPLE
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

CHETHAN M (727721EUMT025)

DINESH B (727721EUMT030)

GANESH K (727721EUMT032)

GANESH KUMAR S (727721EUMT033)

in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree

of

BATCHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University Chennai - 600 025)

MARCH 2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SMART GUIDE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE” is the bonafide
work of “CHETHAN M (727721EUMT025), DINESH B
(727721EUMT030), GANESH K (727721EUMT032) and GANESH
KUMAR S (727721EUMT033)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. M. LYDIA Dr. D. PRITIMA
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Mechatronics Engineer- Department of Mechatronics Engineer-
ing, ing,
Sri Krishna College of Engineering Sri Krishna College of Engineering
and Technology, Coimbatore -641008 and Technology, Coimbatore -641008.

Submitted for the Project viva-voce examination held on___________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ABSTRACT

This project introduces an innovative solution aimed at significantly

enhancing the safety of visually impaired individuals. At its core, the

system aims to empower visually impaired users by providing them with

greater independence in their daily mobility, thereby reducing their

reliance on human assistance. By improving orientation, mobility, and

spatial awareness, the Smart Guide System not only assists in navigating

physical spaces but also fosters the social inclusion of visually impaired

individuals. This project marks a substantial advancement in assistive

technology, holding the potential to revolutionize the day-to-day

experiences of those living with visual impairments, offering them a more

independent and confident lifestyle. By addressing the specific needs and

challenges faced by visually impaired individuals in navigation, the Smart

Guide System incorporates key features such as obstacle detection and

recognition using controllers. By integrating GPS and GSM modules into

the Smart Guide System, monitoring capabilities for individuals with

visual impairments are significantly enhanced. Through the combined use

of GPS and GSM technologies, the Smart Guide System ensures the

safety and independence of individuals with visual impairments by

providing timely assistance and support in various everyday scenarios.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this juncture, we take the opportunity to convey our sincere

thanks and gratitude to the management of the college for providing
all the facilities to carry out our research work.

We wish to convey our gratitude to our college Principal

Dr. S.Sophia, for supporting us to do our project and offering
adequate duration to complete our project.

We would like to express our grateful thanks to

Dr. M.Lydia, Head of the department, Department of Mechatronics
engineering for her encouragement and valuable guidance to this
project.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. G.Veerappan,

Project
co-ordinator for motivating and guiding us towards the successful
completion of the project.

We extend my gratitude to our beloved guide Dr. D.Pritima,

Professor, for her constant support and immense help at all stages of
the project.

Our highest gratitude to our family members for their love,

support, and encouragement towards the successful and timely
completion of our project.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
3 DESIGN CALCULATION 11
3.1 PRIMARY ALUMINIUM TUBE 11
3.2 SECONDARY ALUMINIUM TUBE 12
3.3 TOTAL MASS OF STICK 13
4 3D MODELLING 14
4.1 FRONT VIEW 15
4.2 TOP VIEW 16
4.3 SIDE VIEW 17
4.4 ISOMETRIC VIEW 18

iii
5 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT 19
5.1 ARDUINO NANO 19
5.2 BATTERY 19
5.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 20
5.4 VIBRATION SENSOR 21
5.5 GSM MODULE 22
5.6 BUZZER 23
5.7 GPS MODULE 23
6 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT 25
7 WORKING PRINCIPLE 26
7.1 OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE 26
7.2 EMERGENCY ALERT 26
7.3 FLOWCHART 28
8 COST ESTIMATION 29
9 CONCLUSION 32
REFERENCES 34
ANNEXURE 37

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

8.1 COST ESTIMATION 30

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1 FRONT VIEW(STICK) 15
4.2 TOP VIEW(STICK) 16
4.3 SIDE VIEW(STICK) 17
ISOMETRIC
4.4 18
VIEW(STICK)
5.1 ARDUINO NANO 19
5.2 BATTERY 20

5.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 21

5.4 VIBRATION SENSOR 22

5.5 GSM MODULE 23

5.6 BUZZER 23

5.7 GPS MODULE 24

6.1 CIRCUIT DIGRAM 25

7.3.1 FLOWCHART 28

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A smart stick for assisting blind peoples is an innovative stick designed

for visually disabled people for improved navigation. There are several numbers
of people around us which are visually impaired, and among them millions of
people are blind and there are thousands of people those who are irreversibly
blind. For visually impaired people, performing daily activities is a difficult task
since vision plays a central role in almost every activity of ours. Presently, blind
people use a white stick as a tool, for directing them when they move or walk.
Here, we develop a system, which can serve as a blind stick being more effi-
cient and helpful than the conventional one. This will assist the blind person
during walking and provides an alarm alert if any hurdle is detected within the
set range.

A blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with water

sensor, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer and Vibration sensor. Our proposed project
uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles ahead using ultrasonic waves and wa-
ter sensor. On sensing obstacles, the sensor passes this data to the microcontrol-
ler. Then microcontroller processes this data and calculates if the obstacle is
close enough, if the obstacle is not that close, the circuit does nothing. If the
obstacle is close the microcontroller sends a signal to sound a buzzer. It also de-
tects and sounds a different buzzer if it detects water and alerts the blind. Our
proposed project first uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles ahead using ul-
trasonic waves and also uses water sensor . On sensing obstacles, the sensor
passes this data to the microcontroller. It also detects and sounds a different
buzzer if it detects water and alerts the blind.

1
 In an era where remote monitoring and security are paramount, the in-
tegration of GPS and GSM modules with vibration sensors represents a signific-
ant advancement in real-time asset tracking and security systems. This innovat-
ive technology offers a proactive approach for safeguarding valuable assets by
instantly alerting stakeholders when unexpected vibration levels are detected.

The integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System

for Mobile communication (GSM) technologies provides a comprehensive solu-
tion for tracking assets and communicating alerts in real-time. By harnessing the
power of GPS, precise location data can be obtained, enabling users to monitor
the movement and whereabouts of assets with unparalleled accuracy. Addition-
ally, GSM connectivity ensures seamless communication, allowing for instant
alerts to be transmitted to designated recipients via text messages or emails.

At the heart of this system lies the vibration sensor, which serves as the
frontline defense against unauthorized access, tampering, or theft. This sensor
detects fluctuations in vibration levels, such as those caused by physical impacts
or manipulation of the monitored asset. Upon detecting an increase in vibration
beyond predefined thresholds, the system triggers an alert, promptly notifying
stakeholders of potential security breaches or operational anomalies.

A smart blind stick integrated with GPS and GSM technologies is a revolu-
tionary device that significantly enhances the mobility and safety of visually im-
paired individuals. The GPS module enables precise location tracking, allowing
users to navigate unfamiliar environments with confidence. Real-time location
data can be displayed on a small screen or transmitted to a smartphone app,
providing users with up-to-date information about their surroundings. The GSM
module provides communication capabilities, enabling users to make emer-
gency calls or send SMS messages to predefined contacts in times of need. Ad-
ditionally, remote assistance can be provided through the GSM module, allows

2
supporting person to remotely access the device's GPS data and provide guid-
ance to the user.

The smart blind stick represents a beacon of hope and progress in the
journey towards a more inclusive and accessible world for all. By harnessing
the power of innovation and empathy, we can empower individuals with disabil-
ities to navigate their lives with dignity, independence, and confidence.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
3
2.1 LITRATURE SURVEY

The development of technology has increasingly sophisticated and has a

positive influence on human life. The location tracking system that is currently
overgrowing in the world of technology is required to be able to serve con-
sumers until consumers can benefit from the technology. Given the number of
thefts in Indonesia is currently increasing and the need for a security system that
can work continuously automatically. Therefore, the purpose of this research is
to make the location tracking system as expected by the community. Based on
the testing that has been done on the tool and see the purpose of this research, it
can be concluded that this tool has been tested and can be used to help secure
systems to track valuable tools such as motorcycles, bags, cars, etc. based on
Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates sent by SIM 800L module to
numbers destination of cell phone[1]. There has been increasing interest in the
use of tracking devices for patients, sportsmen, children, as well as vehicles and
robotics applications, for various reasons. Low-cost Global Positioning System
(GPS) device has been popular due to the increase in accuracy of this system as
well as improved affordability. This paper designs a low-cost system for posi-
tion tracking using common low-cost off-the-shelf GPS module which is com-
monly used by developer in the design and prototype stages and studies its ac-
curacy performance. Accuracies in terms of error between real and measured
values, are measured whilst the system is stationary and in motion; particularly
whilst walking and driving. The presence of obstacles and movement of the sys-
tem has been identified as important factors which defined the performance of
the system [2]. The research shown by Hakimi et al is about creating a system
for tracking vehicle. Objective of the research is to design and develop a GPS
based Vehicle Tracking System in order to display location of vehicle on
Google Maps. This system used Arduino MEGA as a microcontroller and it will

4
be used as the main processing unit. Next,NEO-6m GPS module is used to rout-
ing the coordinate while SIM 900A GSM module is used to connecting with the
user. The product was successfully run at outdoor and having some problem at
indoor due to GPS module cannot extract the accurate coordinate when there is
a roof or obstructer that block the direct signal connection between the GPS and
satellite [3]. The development of remote control technology has grown rapidly
along with the development of communication technology nowadays. The
simplest communication technology available is by using GSM protocol. In this
paper, a prototype of electric appliance control tool via SMS by using GSM is
proposed. GSM protocol was chosen because it does not depend on mobile
devices' platform. GSM SIM 900 and Arduino for controlling a relay module
were utilized here [4]. GSM network is the most worldwide mobile communica-
tion network nowadays. Based on the SIEMENS MC35 GSM module, general
techniques of communication with GSM network are depicted, including the
initialization of terminal equipment, sending and reading short messages (SMS),
sending SMS to group users, and the management on phonebook of SIM card,
furthermore, a flexible solution on real-time reading SMS is proposed. Finally,
application cases are given for GSM module [5]. Home security system is
needed for convenience and safety system was invented by Abhishek et al to
keep home safe from intruder. In this work, we present the design and imple-
mentation of a GSM based wireless home security system. which take a very
less power. The system is a wireless home network which contains a GSM mo-
dem and magnet with relay which are door security nodes. The system can re-
sponse rapidly as intruder detect and GSM module will do alert homeowner.
This security system for alerting a house owner wherever he will. In this system
a relay and magnet installed at entry point to a precedence produce a signal
through a public telecom network and sends a message or redirect a call that
that tells about your home update or predefined message which is embedded in

5
microcontroller. Suspected activities are conveyed to remote user through SMS
or Call using GSM technology [6]. This paper introduces a novel method for
designing the transducer of a highly directional ultrasonic range sensor for de-
tecting obstacles in mobile robot applications. The transducer consists of wave
generation, amplification, and radiation sections, and a counter mass. The oper-
ating principle of this design is based on the parametric array method where the
frequency difference between two ultrasonic waves is used to generate a highly
directional low-frequency wave with a small aperture. [7]. A sensor is a device
that converts one type of energy to another. Arduino is a small microcontroller
board with a USB plug to connect to the computer. The Arduino board senses
the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its
surroundings by controlling lcds, speakers, motors and GS module. Ultrasonic
Sensor measures the distance of target objects or materials through the air using
“non-contact” technology. They measure distance without damage and are easy
to use. The output Signals received by the sensor are in the analog form, and
output is digitally formatted and processed by microcontroller. In present work,
it is used to detecting an obstacle, along with its exact distance. The internal
analog to digital converter is used is calibrated to get almost accurate distance
measurement. The measured distance is also displayed on an LCD screen [8].
Automatic variable-rate sprayers require accurate measurement of can-
opy size. An estimate of canopy size is made by measuring the distance to the
canopy at several elevations above the ground; an ultrasonic sensor was used to
determine canopy distance in this study. It is sometimes necessary to conduct
spray operations during harsh operating conditions. In this study ultrasonic
sensors were subjected to simulated environmental and operating conditions to
determine their durability and accuracy [9]. Vibration sensing is critical to mon-
itor and ultimately preserve the health state of engineering systems. These sys-
tems with a large structure are typically working in some harsh environments
including strong magnetic fields. However, traditional electrical sensors are dif-

6
ficult to accurately measure the vibration under harsh environments. Besides
these instinct advantages of normal fibre optic sensors (FOS) sensors such as
compact size, passive sensing, resistance to electromagnetic interference, etc.,
fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have a capability of distributed sensing based
on wavelength demodulation and resistance to light intensity fluctuation and un-
wanted fibre bending losses [10]. Vibration is one of the most popular phenom-
ena that exists in our daily life. Detection of mechanical vibration usually uses
laser technology. Here, we demonstrated the first application of a piezoelectric
nanogenerator (NG) as a self-powered sensor for detecting the vibration status
of a cantilever. By attaching a NG at the surface of a cantilever near the fixed
end, the resonance frequency and amplitude damping have been quantified us-
ing the output voltage of the NG without a power source. This study proves an-
other exciting application of NG in the self-powered vibration detection systems
by Aifang and co [11]. At present, one of the key equipment in pillar industries
is a large rotating machinery. Conducting regular health monitoring is important
for ensuring safe operation of the large rotating machinery. Because vibrations
sensors play an important role in the workings of the rotating machinery, meas-
uring its vibration signal is an important task in health monitoring [12]. In this
paper, we present new research on the new coming Arduino Nano boards for
summer 2019. Arduino has expanded its family of tiny Nano boards with new
offerings that deliver better specs for a lower price. Four new boards of Ardu-
ino, Nano will be on the market soon, they have integrated interesting features
for attractive applications. The new boards include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth as
wireless communication. Some of them include general-purpose sensors that is
temperature, humidity, pressure and acceleration for movement detection. We
have detailed the new boards and made a comparison study. It can be concluded
that these boards will improve and facilitate the design of IoT projects and ap-
plications and the wireless sensors network [13]. Agriculture needs an irrigation
infrastructure, which includes major and minor canals from river bodies,

7
groundwater stored in wells, tank storages and rainwater harvesting systems.
The irrigation infrastructure improvements have helped India to improve food
security, increase agricultural output and decreased dependency on rainwater.
This project focused on proposing an effective moisture control based Modern
Irrigation System (MIS) using Arduino Nano with various adjustments to the
plantation. The main purpose of this project is to reduce the excess water usage,
thereby saving crops from damage. There were numerous projects and proto-
types for automatic irrigation using Arduino, but these projects are effective
only for only one crop. The proposed system can be applied to various crops, as
those crops have different moisture conditions for its growth [14]. This study
shown by Ivana Maretha Siregar et al aims to create a robot prototype for a
garbage collection ship made using an Arduino nano microcontroller. The pro-
totype of this garbage collection robot vessel is controlled by an Android smart-
phone application that is connected via Bluetooth. The prototype of the robot of
the boat was made to deal with piles of garbage that can cause flooding. The
method used in making the prototype ship robot along with the controller ap-
plication begins with identifying the problem, namely the problem of piles of
garbage, then needs analysis. Moreover, in this research, what will be developed
is in terms of design, ship robot prototype, and ship robot controller design.
Next is implementation and testing [15].
In optical-fibre networks, it is important to monitor water which seeps
into splice enclosures. The fibres have residual stress at splicing points, and
when water is present, this adversely affects fibre lifetime. A water sensor
which has a simple structure for monitoring water at splicing points has been
developed. This water sensor causes optical loss due to fibre bending when wa-
ter seeps into splicing enclosures. The design method using a fibre-bending
model and sensor performance are described [16]. The success of time domain
reflectometry (TDR) has led to the development of other instruments that use
the soil dielectric constant as the basis for determining volumetric soil water

8
content. An example is the Water Content Reflectometer (WCR; Campbell Sci-
entific, Logan, UT), which is much less expensive than TDR and is used
widely, although little has been published concerning its applicability to soil
water content monitoring [17]. Safety belt use or non-use by drivers in their
vehicles was visually observed at 152 sites in and around 10 cities and towns in
four states in May, June, and early July, 1972. Sites were chosen where belt use
can be seen easily in daylight from the right side of the vehicle at some freeway
entrances and exits, jam areas, and other sites where vehicles slow to less than
about 15 miles per hour. As a given vehicle approached, the observer tape-re-
corded the sex, estimated age, and racial appearance of the driver. When the
vehicle was alongside, the driver's use or non-use of belts was recorded. The
rear license plate number was recorded as the vehicle moved away. The process
was then repeated for the next available vehicle [18]. The aim of this study is to
describe the construction of buzzer identity on social media. Buzzer is one of
the actors in social media who has the role as an influencer who persuades the
followers on a particular topic in Twitter. Buzzer sometimes provides Twitter’s
biography (bio) in order to describe the simplest user identity. The common
user never realizes the existence of a buzzer if just identify based on the short
biography, status updates or tweets on social media. Researcher examines the
buzzer identity by using the descriptive approach and symbolic interaction the-
ory draws on George Herbert Mead through interaction and self-presentation in
Twitter [19]. Technologies are rapidly evolving, allowing people to live health-
ier and simpler lives. Sightless people are unable to carry out their everyday
activities, such as walking down the street, visiting friends or relatives, or doing
some other mundane tasks. As a result, the smart stick is a stick that can assist a
person in walking safely without fear of colliding with another person or solid
objects is proposed as a solution to this major issue. It is a development of the
traditional blind stick as it acts as a companion for the blind when walking by
sending audio alerts to the blind via a headphone connected to the phone with

9
obstacles (water/walls/stairs/muddy ground) and also enables him to make a
phone call to ask for help. EasyEdasoftware was used for designing and simu-
lating electrical circuits, was used to model the electric circuit. The system de-
veloped by Shubham Bele and co functions similarly to a white cane in that it
assists blind people in scanning their surroundings for obstacles or orientation
marks [20]. Independence is the building methodology in achieving dreams,
goals, and objectives in life. Visually impaired persons find themselves challen-
ging to go out independently. There are millions of visually impaired or blind
people in this world who are always in need of helping hands. For many years
the white cane became a well-known attribute to blind person’s navigation and
later efforts have been made to improve the cane by adding remote sensors.
Blind people have a big problem when they walk on the street or stairs using a
white cane, but they have sharp haptic sensitivity. The electronic walking stick
will help the blind person by providing a more convenient means of life. The
main aim of this paper is to contribute our knowledge and services to the people
of the blind and disable society [21].

*
CHAPTER 3

DESIGN CALCULATION

10
3.1 PRIMARY ALUMINIUM TUBE

MASS CALCULATION:
Length of Aluminium Tube (L) = 60 cm
Internal Diameter of Aluminium Tube (di) =2.3 cm

Internal Radius of Aluminium Tube (ri) = 1.15 cm

External Diameter of Aluminium Tube (do) = 2.5cm

External Radius of Aluminium Tube (ro) = 1.25 cm

Determine the Cross-sectional Area (A):

A= π(ro2-ri2)
A= π(1.252 – 1.152)
A=π(1.252 – 1.152)
A=0.754 cm2

Volume (V):
V=A*L
V = 0.754 * 60
V = 45.24 cm3

Mass (M):
M=V * ρ
Given that the density ρ is 2.7 g/cm3

11
M=45.24 * 2.7
M=122.148 g

3.2 SECONDARY ALUMINIUM TUBE

MASS CALCULATION:

Length of Aluminium Tube (L) = 51 cm

Internal Diameter of Aluminium Tube (di) = 1.8 cm

Internal Radius of Aluminium Tube (ri) = 0.9 cm

External Diameter of Aluminium Tube (do) = 2. cm

External Radius of Aluminium Tube (ro) = 1 cm

Cross-sectional Area (A):

A= π(ri2-r22)
A=π(12 – 0.92)
A=π(1 – 0.81)
A= 0.598 cm2

Volume (V):
V=A*L
V = 0.598 * 51
V = 30.498 cm3

Mass (M):
M= V * ρ
Given that the density ρ is 2.7 g/cm3
M= 30.498 * 2.7
12
M=82.344 g

3.3 TOTAL MASS OF STICK

The Total Mass of the aluminium is around 204.492 g

Mass of Roller wheel = 150g
Mass of handle =100 g
Mass of Metal plate =150 g
Total Mass of stick = 600g (Approximately)

CHAPTER 4

3D MODELLING
Creating a Fusion 360 model for a smart blind stick involves a digital

13
design process geared towards developing a functional and ergonomic
housing. Starting with sketching, designers outline the dimensions and
shape of the housing, considering factors like grip comfort and weight
distribution. Through extrusions and revolves, the 2D sketches are
transformed into 3D geometry, forming the main body and handle of the
housing. To enhance both aesthetics and user comfort, fillets and chamfers
are added to smooth out edges and corners. Utilizing Fusion 360's intuitive
tools, designers then hollow out the interior of the housing while
maintaining structural integrity through the shell feature. Precise placement
of openings for components like sensors and ports is achieved through cut-
extrudes, ensuring proper alignment and clearance .The CAD model of a
blind stick, especially one designed with smart features for visually
impaired individuals, encompasses a detailed digital representation of the
device's physical structure and technological components. This model
typically includes intricate geometric details, such as the stick's overall
dimensions, the ergonomic design of the handle for optimal grip and
support, and any collapsible features for convenient storage. Moreover, it
incorporates sensors, electronics, and feedback mechanisms integral to its
smart functionalities, like ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection and
navigation assistance. Attention to manufacturing details, including
materials, textures, tolerances, and assembly instructions, ensures the
practicality and manufacturability of the blind stick. Overall, the CAD
model serves as a crucial tool in the design, prototyping, and production
phases, facilitating the creation of an effective and user-friendly assistive
device for individuals with visual impairments.

4.1 FRONT VIEW

A front view in CAD provides a direct view of the object from its front-
facing perspective, offering a comprehensive representation of its features
and dimensions.

14
 Fig. 4.1 Front view (Stick)

4.2 TOP VIEW

A top view in CAD presents an overhead perspective of the object,
showcasing its dimensions and layout from above. It offers valuable

15
 insight into the object's shape and arrangement of features, aiding in
visualization and design assessment.

Fig. 4.2 Top view (Stick)

4.3 SIDE VIEW

A side view in CAD offers a profile perspective of the object,
depicting its shape and dimensions from a lateral viewpoint. It provides
essential information about the object's structure along its side.

16
 Fig. 4.3 Side view (Stick)

4.4 ISOMETRIC VIEW

An isometric view in CAD provides a three-dimensional representation
of the object from an angle, showing all three axes simultaneously. It
offers a realistic portrayal of the object's spatial relationships .
17
 Fig. 4.4 Isometric view (Stick)

CHAPTER 5

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

18
5.1 ARDUINO NANO
The Arduino Nano is a compact microcontroller board featuring an AT-
mega328P chip. It offers 14 digital I/O pins, 8 analog inputs, and operates at
5V with a 16MHz clock speed. With a mini/micro-USB port for program-
ming and power, it supports UART, I2C, and SPI communication. Pre-
loaded with a bootloader, it's programmable using the Arduino IDE. LEDs
indicate power and status. Its small size, compatibility with shields, and
open-source design make it ideal for diverse projects, from robotics to IoT.
Overall, the Arduino Nano provides a versatile and accessible platform for
prototyping and creating electronic projects in a compact form factor. The
Arduino nano is shown in Fig. 5.1 .

Fig. 5.1 Arduino nano

5.2 BATTERY
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are rechargeable energy storage devices
widely used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy
systems. They feature a lightweight design and high energy density, provid-
ing extended runtime compared to traditional battery chemistries. Li-ion
batteries typically consist of a lithium-cobalt oxide cathode, a graphite an-
ode, and a lithium-ion electrolyte. Their rechargeable nature allows for hun-
dreds to thousands of charge-discharge cycles with minimal capacity loss.

19
However, Li-ion batteries require protection circuits to prevent overcharging
 and overheating, as they can be prone to thermal runaway if mishandled.
Advancements in Li-ion battery technology continue to improve energy
density, safety, and longevity. These batteries are pivotal in the transition to
clean energy and electrification of transportation. Nonetheless, challenges
such as cost, resource availability, and environmental concerns regarding
extraction and disposal remain areas of active research and development in
the energy storage field .The Battery is shown is Fig. 5.2.

Fig. 5.2 Battery

5.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors as shown in Fig 5.3 utilize sound waves with frequen-
cies higher than the human audible range to detect objects and measure dis-
tances. They typically consist of a transmitter that emits ultrasonic waves
and a receiver that detects reflected waves. When the emitted sound wave
encounters an object, it reflects back to the sensor, and the time taken for the
wave to return is used to calculate the distance. These sensors are commonly
used in various applications, including distance measurement, object detec-
tion, and proximity sensing. They offer advantages such as non-contact op-
eration, high accuracy, and reliability in diverse environmental conditions.
Ultrasonic sensors are particularly useful in robotics, automation, industrial

20
 applications, and automotive systems for parking assistance and collision
avoidance .

Fig. 5.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

5.4 VIBRATION SENSOR

A vibration sensor, also known as a vibration detector or accelerometer,
is a device that measures mechanical vibrations and converts them into an
electrical signal. These sensors detect changes in acceleration, velocity, or
displacement caused by vibration or movement of an object.Vibration
sensors can be categorized into various types based on their working prin-
ciples, including piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, and electromag-
netic. Piezoelectric sensors are the most common type, generating a voltage
proportional to the applied force or acceleration.These sensors find applica-
tions in diverse fields such as industrial machinery monitoring, automotive
safety systems, structural health monitoring, and consumer electronics. They
are used for detecting anomalies, predicting equipment failures, and ensur-
ing the safety and reliability of machinery and structures Advancements in
sensor technology have led to smaller, more sensitive, and more robust vi-
bration sensors, enabling enhanced performance and accuracy in monitoring
and detecting vibrations across various industries and applications.The Vi-
bration Sensor is shown in Fig. 5.4.

21
 Fig. 5.4 Vibration Sensor

5.5 GSM MODULE

The SIM800L GSM module as shown in Fig 5.5 is a compact cellular
communication device commonly used in IoT and M2M applications. It sup-
ports quad-band GSM/GPRS network operation, enabling voice calls, SMS,
and data transmission. With a built-in TCP/IP stack, it facilitates internet con-
nectivity and can serve as a standalone microcontroller. Operating at low
power, it's suitable for battery-powered applications. It interfaces with micro-
controllers via UART protocol and supports SIM cards for network access.
The module features small dimensions and high compatibility, making it
ideal for remote monitoring, tracking, and control systems in various indus-
tries, including automotive, healthcare, and security.

Fig. 5.5 GSM Module

22
5.6 BUZZER
A buzzer is an electromechanical device that produces sound when an
electrical current passes through it. It typically consists of a coil of wire, a
diaphragm, and a housing. When powered, the coil creates a magnetic field,
causing the diaphragm to vibrate and produce sound waves. Buzzers are
commonly used in electronic devices for audible alerts, alarms, and notifica-
tions. They come in various sizes, frequencies, and power requirements,
making them versatile for different applications.The Buzzer is shown in Fig.
5.6.

Fig. 5.6 Buzzer

5.7 GPS MODULE

GPS as shown in Fig 5.7 which stands for Global Positioning Sys-
tem, is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time
information anywhere on or near the Earth's surface. Developed and main-
tained by the United State Government, GPS uses a network of satellites or-
biting the Earth to provide precise positioning data to GPS receivers. The
GPS system consists of a constellation of at least 26 satellites orbiting the
Earth. These satellites continuously transmit signals containing information
about their precise locations and the current time. A GPS receiver is a
device that receives signals from multiple satellites simultaneously. It then
calculates its own position based on the time it takes for the signals to travel
from the satellites to the receiver. To determine its position accurately, the

23
 GPS receiver needs signals from at least four satellites. The GPS receiver
uses a technique called trilateration to determine its position.

Fig. 5.7 GPS Module

Incorporating our selected sensors into the smart blind stick design em-
powers it with comprehensive environmental awareness. By seamlessly integ-
rating ultrasonic, water, and vibration sensors alongside GPS functionality, our
device ensures enhanced safety and navigation for visually impaired individu-
als. This integration heralds a significant leap forward in assistive technology,
promising heightened independence and confidence in navigating diverse sur-
roundings.

CHAPTER 6

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

The electric circuit for a smart guide for visually impaired individuals,
built around an Arduino Nano, incorporates ultrasonic sensors for obstacle

24
detection. The Nano processes sensor data and controls feedback
mechanisms like vibration motors and buzzers. Power is provided by a
rechargeable battery, with a voltage regulator ensuring stable operation.
User interaction is facilitated by buttons and switches, while LEDs convey
device status. Additionally, the Nano's compact size makes it ideal for
wearable designs. Thorough testing and consideration of user ergonomics
are crucial for ensuring the device's efficacy in assisting visually
impaired individuals. The electrical circuit is shown in Fig 6.1

Fig. 6.1 Circuit diagram

CHAPTER 7

WORKING PRINCIPLE

25
 The working principle of a smart blind stick revolves around integrating
various technologies to enhance navigation and communication for visually im-
paired individuals.

7.1 OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE

The working principle of an ultrasonic sensor with a buzzer and

water sensor control system involves using ultrasonic waves to detect ob-
jects and water, activating a buzzer for alerting the user. The ultrasonic
sensor emits ultrasonic waves and measures the time taken for the waves to
bounce back from objects, calculating the distance to them. When an object
is detected within a certain range, the sensor triggers the buzzer to emit an
audible alert, indicating the presence of an obstacle. Additionally, the water
sensor detects the presence of water or moisture by measuring electrical
conductivity. When water is detected, it sends a signal to the microcontrol-
ler, which can activate the buzzer or perform other actions, such as sending
a notification. This integrated system enhances safety and awareness, espe-
cially for visually impaired individuals, by providing real-time alerts for
obstacles and potential water hazards.

7.2 EMERGENCY ALERT

The vibration sensor danger alert system with GPS and GSM SMS
sending is a sophisticated safety mechanism designed to detect and respond
to potentially dangerous situations. At its core, the system relies on a vibra-
tion sensor that is sensitive to significant movements or impacts. When such
vibrations are detected, indicating a potential fall or impact, the sensor
promptly triggers an alert mechanism. This alert is then seamlessly pro-
cessed by a microcontroller, which serves as the brain of the system. Upon
activation, the microcontroller orchestrates the functioning of the GPS

26
 (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Commu-
nications) modules integrated into the device .The GPS module plays a
pivotal role in determining the precise location of the device. By leveraging
satellite signals, it accurately pinpoints the user's coordinates, offering vital
information that can be crucial for emergency services or caregivers to
swiftly locate the individual in distress .Simultaneously, the GSM module
comes into action by sending out an SMS notification to a list of predefined
contacts. This message not only alerts recipients about the detected danger
but also provides them with the essential location data obtained from the
GPS module. Such real-time information empowers the designated contacts
to respond promptly and effectively to the situation, ensuring timely assist-
ance for the user. In essence, this integrated system functions as a proactive
safety net, capable of delivering instant alerts and location details in times of
need. By combining vibration sensing technology with GPS and GSM com-
munication capabilities, it significantly enhances the safety and well-being
of users, offering peace of mind to both individuals and their caregivers.

7.3 FLOWCHART

27
Fig. 7.3.1 Flowchart

28
CHAPTER 8
 COST ESTIMATION

The cost estimation for a smart blind stick depends on the components
used in its construction. Key components typically include a GPS module
for location tracking, a GSM module for communication, a microcontroller
for processing, sensors for obstacle detection such as Ultrasonic sensor, for
vibration analysis here the vibration sensor also used, a rechargeable bat-
tery, Jumper Wires for the connectivity and aluminium stick with proper
handle. Each of these components contributes to the overall functionality
and cost of the smart blind stick .The below table 8.1 represents the cost
and specifications of the components.

29
 TOTAL
S.NO. COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY COST
COST
Arduino Nano
1 Operating voltage – 2 ₹250.00 ₹500
5V
UltraSonic Max Range-4m
2 Sensor(HC-SR04) Min Range-2cm 2 ₹65 ₹130
Measuring Angle-15
LM2596S DC-DC
Buck Converter
3 Buck Converter Power Supply 1 ₹65 ₹65

Operating Voltage:
4 Vibration Sensor 3.3V to 5V DC 1 ₹60 ₹60

NEO-6M GPS
5 GPS module Module with 1 ₹375 ₹375
EPROM
Nominal Volt-
age-3.2
6 Battery Nominal Capac- 1 ₹160 ₹160
ity-30Ah

7 Battery Holder - 1 ₹50 ₹50

8 Battery Charger - 1 ₹190 ₹190

SIM800L GSM cellu-

lar chip
GSM Module Micro SIM card
9 socket 1 ₹350 ₹350
Supply Voltage-4V

USB type: type-A

10 Arduino Nano Ca- to Mini-B 1 ₹50 ₹50
ble

30
11 Water Sensor Operating Voltage 3- 1 ₹50 ₹50
5V
-
12 Soldering Kit 1 ₹220 ₹220
Operating Voltage 3V
13 Buzzer 2 ₹20 ₹20

Net Weight-600g
14 Aluminum Walk- 1 ₹700 ₹700
ing Stick
Male - Male, Male -
Female, Female - Fe-
15 Jumper Wires - ₹250 ₹250
male,

Nylon Cable Zip Ties

16 Zip tag Black (100pcs/Bag) 1 1 ₹75.00 ₹75.00
Bag
Button headed allen
17 Fasteners bolts and nuts of dif- - ₹130 ₹130
ferent sizes
Fabrication, minor
18 Others necessaries, and - ₹1000 ₹1000
shipping
TOTAL 18 - ₹4375
Table 8.1 Cost Estimation

31
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

The development and implementation of the smart blind stick represent

a significant leap forward in enhancing the mobility and independence of
visually impaired individuals. Through the integration of advanced sensors,
navigation technologies, and real-time feedback mechanisms, the smart blind
stick offers a comprehensive solution to address the challenges faced by the
visually impaired community in navigating their surroundings safely and
confidently.

By leveraging ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, and GPS technology,

the smart blind stick provides users with real-time information about obstacles,
hazards, and their precise location. This enables users to navigate complex
environments with greater ease, avoid collisions, and plan their routes more
effectively. The inclusion of haptic feedback and audio alerts further enhances
the user experience, providing intuitive cues to aid navigation and spatial
awareness.

Moreover, the smart blind stick's connectivity features, such as

Bluetooth and GSM modules, facilitate remote monitoring and assistance,
allowing caregivers, family members, or emergency services to intervene in
case of emergencies or unexpected situations. This not only enhances the safety
and security of visually impaired individuals but also provides peace of mind to
their support network.

32
Beyond its immediate practical benefits, the smart blind stick
symbolizes the power of technology to empower individuals with disabilities
and promote inclusivity in society. By breaking down barriers to mobility and
independence, this innovative solution enables visually impaired individuals to
participate more fully in everyday activities, pursue education and employment
opportunities, and engage with their communities on their own terms.

As we look to the future, continued research and development in

assistive technologies hold the promise of further enhancing the capabilities and
accessibility of the smart blind stick. Through ongoing collaboration between
engineers, designers, healthcare professionals, and end-users, we can ensure that
future iterations of this technology are even more effective, intuitive, and
tailored to the unique needs of visually impaired individuals.

33
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Iskandar, Yelfi Vitriani, Rina Rehayati and Tuti Andriani.(2019);
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2. SH Bujang, H Suhaimi and Pg E Abas (2020); ‘Performance of low

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5. Yu Chun Ma and Ying Hong Huang.(2012). ‘General application re-

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8. N Anju Latha, B Rama Murthy and K Bharat Kumar.(2016). ‘Dis-

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35
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36
 ANNEXURE

#include <TinyGPS++.h> //Libary TinyGPS

#include <SoftwareSerial.h> //Libarary bawaan

const int vibPin = A5; // Analog pin connected to the vibration sensor
int vibValue = 0;
const int trigPin1 = A1;
const int echoPin1 = A0;
const int buzzerPin = 9;
const int buzzerPin1 = 8;
const int Pin = A6; // Analog pin connected to the water sensor
int watersensor = 0; // Variable to store the sensor reading
int waterLevel = 0;

long duration1;
int distance1;

const int trigPin2 = A2;

const int echoPin2 = A3;
long duration2;
int distance2; // Variable to store the sensor reading

// Choose two Arduino pins to use for software serial

int RXPin = 10; // Connect ke TX GPS
int TXPin = 11; // Connect ke RX GPS

int GPSBaud = 9600; // Biarin default

// Membuat objek TinyGPS++

TinyGPSPlus gps;

// Mmebuat koneksi serial dengan nama "gpsSerial"

SoftwareSerial gpsSerial(RXPin, TXPin);

void setup()
{
// Memulai koneksi serial pada baudrate 9600
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT); // Set trigger pin as output
pinMode(echoPin1, INPUT); // Set echo pin as input

37
pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT); // Set trigger pin as output
 pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT); // Set echo pin as input
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzerPin1, OUTPUT);

// Memulai koneksi serial dengan sensor

gpsSerial.begin(GPSBaud);
}

void loop()
{
// Membuat tampilan data ketika terdapat koneksi
while (gpsSerial.available() > 0)
{
if (gps.encode(gpsSerial.read()))
{
displayInfo();
// Read the sensor value (0 to 1023)
vibValue = analogRead(vibPin);
watersensor = analogRead(Pin);

// Map the sensor value to the desired range of water levels

waterLevel = map(watersensor, 0, 1023, 0, 100);

// Print the sensor value to the serial monitor

Serial.print("vibration=");
Serial.println(vibValue);
if (vibValue>1000){
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
delay(100); // Wait for 1 second
}

// Add a delay to control the rate of readings

delay(500);
long duration1, distance1; // Variables to store duration and distance values
long duration2, distance2;

digitalWrite(9, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);

// Clear the trigger pin

digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);

38
delayMicroseconds(2);

// Send a 10 microsecond pulse to the trigger pin

digitalWrite(trigPin1, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);

// Read the duration of the pulse on the echo pin

duration1 = pulseIn(echoPin1, HIGH);

// Calculate the distance in centimeters based on the duration

distance1 = duration1 * 0.034 / 2;
if(waterLevel>=30){
Serial.print("Water is Detected = ");
Serial.println(waterLevel);
}
else{
Serial.println("Water is not Detected");

}
Serial.print("Distance1: ");
Serial.print(distance1);
Serial.println(" cm");
if (distance1 < 80 && distance1 > 50)
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
delay(600);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
delay(100); // Wait for 1 second
}
else if (distance1 < 50 && distance1 > 30)
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
delay(900);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
delay(100); // Wait for 1 second
}
else if (distance1 < 30 && distance1 >=0)
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);

39
 delay(100); // Wait for 1 second
}
else
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); // Turn off buzzer
}

// Clear the trigger pin

digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);

// Send a 10 microsecond pulse to the trigger pin

digitalWrite(trigPin2, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);

// Read the duration of the pulse on the echo pin

duration2 = pulseIn(echoPin2, HIGH);

// Calculate the distance in centimeters based on the duration

distance2 = duration2 * 0.034 / 2;
Serial.print("Distance2: ");
Serial.print(distance2);
Serial.println(" cm");
if (distance2 < 80 && distance2 > 50)
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin1, HIGH);
delay(300);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin1, LOW);
delay(100); // Wait for 1 second
}
else if (distance2 < 50 && distance2 > 30)
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin1, HIGH);
delay(800);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin1, LOW);
delay(100); // Wait for 1 second
}
else if (distance2 < 30 && distance2 >= 0)
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin1, HIGH);
delay(2000);

40
digitalWrite(buzzerPin1, LOW);
 delay(100); // Wait for 1 second

else
{
digitalWrite(buzzerPin1, LOW); // Turn off buzzer
}

// Jika dalam 5 detik tidak ada koneksi, maka akan muncul error "No GPS
detected"
// Periksa sambungan dan reset arduino
if (millis() > 5000 && gps.charsProcessed() < 10)
{
Serial.println("No GPS detected");
while (true)
;
}
}

void displayInfo()
{
if (gps.location.isValid())
{
Serial.print("Latitude: ");
Serial.println(gps.location.lat(), 6);
Serial.print("Longitude: ");
Serial.println(gps.location.lng(), 6);
}
else
{
Serial.println("Location: Not Available");
}

// Adjusting for Indian Standard Time (IST) which is UTC+5:30

int IST_Offset = 5 * 60 * 60 + 30 * 60;
if (gps.date.isValid() && gps.time.isValid())
{
Serial.print("Date & Time: ");

41
// Adjusting date
int IST_Day = gps.date.day();
int IST_Month = gps.date.month();
int IST_Year = gps.date.year();
int IST_Hour = gps.time.hour() + 5;
int IST_Minute = gps.time.minute() + 30;
if (IST_Minute >= 60)
{
IST_Minute -= 60;
IST_Hour += 1;
}
if (IST_Hour >= 24)
{
IST_Hour -= 24;
// Increment day if hour crosses midnight
IST_Day++;
if (IST_Day > daysInMonth(IST_Month, IST_Year))
{
IST_Day = 1;
IST_Month++;
if (IST_Month > 12)
{
IST_Month = 1;
IST_Year++;
}
}
}
Serial.print(IST_Year);
Serial.print("-");
if (IST_Month < 10)
Serial.print("0");
Serial.print(IST_Month);
Serial.print("-");
if (IST_Day < 10)
Serial.print("0");
Serial.print(IST_Day);
Serial.print(" ");

// Adjusting time
Serial.print(IST_Hour);
Serial.print(":");
if (IST_Minute < 10)

42
Serial.print("0");
 Serial.print(IST_Minute);
Serial.print(":");
if (gps.time.second() < 10)
Serial.print("0");
Serial.println(gps.time.second());
}
else
{
Serial.println("Date & Time: Not Available");
}

Serial.println();
Serial.println();
delay(1000);
}

int daysInMonth(int month, int year)

{
int days[] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};
if (month == 2)
{
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))
{
return 29; // Leap year
}
else
{
return 28;
}
}
else
{
return days[month - 1];
}
}

43