Portable Radar Using Arduino

A Project Report

Submitted by

Dakshana Priya H A [21CESB011]

Harsha Varthini M [21CESB023]
Madhesh S R [21CESB502]

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

Computer Science and Engineering (Internet of Things and Cyber

Security Including Blockchain Technology)

SNS College of Engineering

Coimbatore - 641 107

December 2024

I
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “Portable Radar Using Arduino”

is the bonafide work of Dakshana Priya H A, Harsha Varthini M,

Madhesh S R who carried out the project work under our supervision.

Signature Signature

Ms. K. Sangeetha, M.E., (Ph.D) Dr. B. Anuradha, M.E., Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor (SrG) Professor & Head

Department of CSE-IOT, Department of CSE-IOT,

SNS College of Engineering, SNS College of Engineering,

Coimbatore – 641 107 Coimbatore – 641 107

Submitted for the project Viva-Voce examination held on ____________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express sincere thanks to our Management for providing us the

facilities to carry out this project work.

I am greatly indebted to our Director Dr. V. P. Arunachalam and our

Principal Dr. S. Charles, Ph.D., for his continuous evaluation and critical
suggestion given to complete the project work successfully.

I am highly grateful to Dr. B. Anuradha, M.E, Ph.D., Head of the

Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Internet of Things & Cyber
Security including Blockchain Technology) for her valuable suggestions and
monitoring during the course of our project work.

I am highly grateful to our Project Guide Ms. K. Sangeetha, M.E., (Ph.D)

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Internet
of Things & Cyber Security including Blockchain Technology) for her valuable
suggestions during the course of our project work.

I express my heartfelt and deep sense of gratitude to our Final Year Project
handling coordinator Dr. P. Ramya, M.E., Ph.D for her valuable advice and
guidance. Her positive approach had offered incessant help in all possible ways
from the beginning.

By this, I express my heartfelt sense of gratitude and thanks to our beloved

family and friends who have all helped in collecting sources and materials needed
for this project and for their support during our course and project work.

III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
List of Figures VI
List of Abbreviations VII
Abstract VIII
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
2 Literature Review 3
3 Existing System 7
3.1 Existing Portable Radar Projects 7
3.2 Limitations of Current Portable 9
Radar Systems
3.3 Need for A Comprehensive 10
Arduino-Based Radar
4 Proposed System 11
4.1 Methodology 11
4.1.1 Sensor Deployment 11
4.1.2 Data Collection 11
4.1.3 Graphical Visualization 12
Development
4.1.4 Server Setup 12
4.1.5 User Interface 12
Development
4.1.6 Extended Control 13
4.1.7 Machine Learning 13
Integration
5 System Architecture 14
5.1 Block Diagram 14

IV
 5.2 Flow Chart 14
5.3 Circuit Diagram 15
6 System Implementation 17
6.1 Hardware Requirements 17
6.2 Software Requirements 19
6.2.1 Setting up Arduino and 19
Sensor System
6.2.2 Visualization with Blynk 22
6.2.3 Machine Learning 22
Integration
6.2.4 Setting up Flask Server 23
for Visualization
7 Results 24
8 Conclusion 32
9 Future Enhancements 35

References 40

V
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

4.1 Proposed System 13
5.1 Block diagram 14
5.2 Flow chart of proposed system 15
5.3 Circuit Diagram 16
6.1 NodeMCU ESP8266 17
6.2 Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) 18
6.3 Servo Motor (SG90) 18
6.4 Buzzer 19
7.1 User Interface 24
7.2 Current Scanning Data 25
7.3 Angle and Distance Display 26
7.4 Radar Controls 26
7.5 Sensor Data Visualization 27
8.1 Portable Radar Using Arduino 33
8.2 Portable Radar Blynk App 34

VI
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S. No Abbreviation Description
1 RF Radio Frequency
2 RTOD Real Time Object Detection
3 ML Machine Learning
4 PWM Pulse-Width Modulation
5 USB Universal Serial Bus
6 GPIO General Purpose Input / Output
7 LIPO Lithium Polymer
8 WIFI Wireless Fidelity
9 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
10 API Application Programming Interface
11 SMS Short Message Service
12 GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
13 CNN Convolutional Neural Networks
14 GUI Graphical User Interface
15 IOT Internet Of Things

VII
 ABSTRACT

The Portable Radar System is a versatile and compact device designed to

detect and visualize objects in its surroundings using sound waves. At its core,
the system integrates three essential components: an Arduino microcontroller, an
ultrasonic sensor, and a servo motor. The Arduino functions as the central
processing unit, orchestrating the system's operations with precision. The
ultrasonic sensor operates by emitting high-frequency sound waves, which travel
through the air and reflect back upon encountering an object. By calculating the
time taken for these sound waves to return, the sensor accurately determines the
object's distance. The inclusion of a servo motor adds a dynamic dimension to the
system, enabling the ultrasonic sensor to rotate and scan a wide area rather than
being restricted to a fixed position. This rotational capability allows the sensor to
gather comprehensive distance data from multiple angles, which the Arduino
processes and relays to a connected monitor. The real-time visualization on the
monitor mimics the functionality of a radar display, offering an intuitive
representation of object locations. This system’s simplicity, affordability, and
effectiveness make it an excellent solution for applications requiring real-time
object detection (RTOD). Its adaptability ensures it can perform reliably in
various environments, delivering a balance of accuracy and flexibility for diverse
projects.

Keywords: Sound waves, Visualization, Radar, RTOD, Accuracy, Flexibility,

Versatile, Ultrasonic sensor.

VIII
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

This project is designed to detect, measure, and visualize the position of

objects in the surrounding environment. This compact and efficient system
leverages the capabilities of an Arduino microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor, and
a servo motor to create a radar-like device that can operate in real-time. The
project’s main objective is to utilize sound waves to identify objects, measure
their distance, and display this information graphically on a connected monitor.
At its core, the Arduino serves as the central processing unit, coordinating the
system's components with precision and reliability. The ultrasonic sensor emits
high-frequency sound waves that travel through the air and bounce back when
they encounter an object. By calculating the time it takes for these sound waves
to return, the system accurately determines the object's distance. Adding a servo
motor introduces dynamic movement, allowing the ultrasonic sensor to rotate and
scan across a broad area, rather than being confined to a single direction. This
enables the system to gather comprehensive data about its surroundings, which
the Arduino processes and translates into a real-time radar-like display. The
graphical interface provides an intuitive way to visualize object positions, making
the system user-friendly and engaging. This project is a cost-effective, accessible,
and highly versatile tool, suitable for applications that demand real-time object
detection (RTOD), such as robotics, surveillance, and environmental mapping. Its
adaptability and simplicity make it an excellent choice for hobbyists, educators,
and engineers seeking to explore or demonstrate the principles of radar
technology in a hands-on, approachable manner.

There are several notable features that enhance its functionality and appeal. It
employs a highly accurate ultrasonic sensor to detect objects and measure
distances precisely. The inclusion of a servo motor allows for dynamic scanning,

1
covering a wide area instead of focusing on a single point. Real-time visualization
of data through a radar-like graphical interface ensures easy monitoring and
interpretation. The system is compact, portable, and designed to be affordable,
making it accessible to a broad audience. Additionally, its use of open-source
hardware and software ensures flexibility, enabling users to customize and
expand the project according to their requirements. The combination of simplicity
and effectiveness makes it ideal for educational demonstrations, hobby projects,
and practical applications in fields such as robotics, security systems, and
environmental monitoring.

In summary, the Portable Radar Using Arduino is a compact, cost-effective

device designed to detect and visualize objects in real time by combining
ultrasonic sensing, dynamic scanning, and graphical data display. Utilizing an
Arduino microcontroller, it efficiently processes data from an ultrasonic sensor
and servo motor to scan a wide area, determining object distances and positions.
This information is then displayed on a monitor in a radar-like interface. With its
ease of use, versatility, and affordability, the system is ideal for applications
requiring real-time object detection, offering a reliable and engaging way to
explore the fundamentals of radar technology.

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Portable radar systems, integrated with Arduino, are gaining traction in

various fields due to their versatility, low cost, and potential for customization.
This section reviews relevant literature, focusing on the development, application,
and enhancement of radar systems using Arduino platforms, as well as associated
technologies.

"DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE ARDUINO-BASED RADAR

SYSTEMS" by Smith et al.

Radar technology has historically been large-scale and resource-intensive,

limiting its accessibility. However, recent advancements have enabled compact,
low-cost radar systems. Research by Smith et al. explores the development of a
portable radar system using Arduino Uno and ultrasonic sensors, emphasizing its
applications in proximity detection and obstacle avoidance. The study highlights
the system’s ability to detect objects up to 3 meters away with a response time of
under 1 second. Despite its efficiency, the system’s range is limited by the
ultrasonic sensor’s capabilities.

"REAL-TIME OBJECT TRACKING USING ARDUINO RADAR" by Patel

et al.

Patel et al. developed a radar system leveraging Arduino Mega and a 2.4
GHz RF module to track moving objects. The system’s integration with a
graphical user interface (GUI) for real-time visualization provides users with an
interactive monitoring experience. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of
Arduino-based radar in detecting motion and distance, though challenges remain
in managing signal interference in urban environments.

3
"ARDUINO-BASED COLLISION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES" by Khan et al.

The flexibility of Arduino-based radars makes them suitable for various

applications. Research by Khan et al. discusses the use of portable radar in
vehicular collision detection systems. By employing Arduino and HC-SR04
sensors, the system successfully detected vehicles within a 5-meter range,
significantly improving safety for autonomous vehicles. However, the study
identified a need for enhanced sensor resolution to mitigate false positives.

"WILDLIFE MONITORING USING PORTABLE ARDUINO RADAR" by

Sharma et al.

In a different context, Sharma et al. implemented an Arduino radar for

agricultural purposes, using it to monitor wildlife intrusion into farmlands. The
system’s low cost and simplicity made it accessible for rural applications. The
research highlighted the potential for further development, such as integrating
machine learning to differentiate between wildlife and humans.

"IOT-INTEGRATED RADAR SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE

MONITORING" by Gupta et al.

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with portable

radars has expanded their functionality. A study by Gupta et al. introduced an
IoT-enabled Arduino radar system, allowing remote access and real-time data
analysis. By connecting the radar to a cloud platform, users could monitor
activities from mobile devices. This innovation enhances portability and usability,
though concerns about data security and latency were noted.

4
"MACHINE LEARNING-ENHANCED ARDUINO RADAR SYSTEMS"
by Zhou et al.

Machine learning has also been employed to improve radar accuracy and
functionality. Research by Zhou et al. employed convolutional neural networks
(CNNs) to analyze radar data for object classification. The Arduino radar system
achieved a classification accuracy of 92% for objects within a 10-meter range.
This approach demonstrated the potential for advanced analytics in radar systems
but required significant computational resources.

"OPTIMIZING POWER EFFICIENCY IN PORTABLE RADAR

SYSTEMS" by Lopez et al.

Lopez et al. investigated energy optimization techniques for portable radar

systems powered by Arduino. By implementing low-power sensors and
optimizing software algorithms, the study achieved a 30% reduction in energy
consumption compared to conventional setups. This development is critical for
extending the operational lifespan of radar devices in remote applications.

"PORTABLE RADAR FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT" by Kim et al.

Kim et al. designed a portable radar system for disaster management

scenarios, focusing on locating individuals trapped under rubble. Using Arduino
Nano and LIDAR technology, the system demonstrated high precision in
detecting human movement through debris. However, its reliance on line-of-sight
detection posed limitations in complex environments.

"UNDERWATER DETECTION USING ARDUINO-BASED RADAR" by

Singh et al.

Singh et al. expanded the use of Arduino radar to underwater applications,

employing waterproof ultrasonic sensors to detect objects submerged up to 2

5
meters. The research revealed potential for applications in marine biology and
underwater robotics, though sensor durability remained a challenge.

"INTEGRATING RADAR AND GPS FOR GEOLOCATION

APPLICATIONS" by Ahmed et al.

Ahmed et al. integrated GPS modules with Arduino-based radar systems

to enhance geolocation capabilities. This hybrid system was tested for tracking
wildlife in expansive areas, proving effective for mapping animal movements.
However, the additional hardware increased system complexity and cost,
highlighting a trade-off between functionality and affordability.

6
 CHAPTER 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

Radar systems are essential in numerous fields, ranging from military and
aviation to consumer electronics and automotive applications. However, adapting
radar technology for portable, low-cost applications introduces unique
challenges, particularly for users seeking affordable and compact solutions.

Several projects highlight the potential of such systems but also expose
significant gaps and challenges:

3.1 EXISTING PORTABLE RADAR PROJECTS

1. Arduino-Based Ultrasonic Radar

This project uses an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor and
controlled via an Arduino Uno board. It is designed for proximity detection and
basic obstacle avoidance.

• Features:

o Detects objects within a range of 2 to 5 meters.

o Simple visualization via Processing IDE or a basic LCD interface.

o Low-cost hardware components.

• Challenges:

o Limited range and accuracy in cluttered environments.

o Ultrasonic signals are prone to distortion and interference.

o Lack of IoT integration for remote monitoring or data logging.

2. IoT-Enabled Radar Using Arduino and Rf Sensors

This system employs a 2.4 GHz RF module with Arduino Mega for enhanced
detection and real-time monitoring. It is integrated with IoT platforms like
ThingSpeak for remote visualization.

7
 • Features:

o IoT connectivity for real-time data streaming and logging.

o Range of up to 10 meters, suitable for basic object tracking.

o Compact and modular design for portability.

• Challenges:

o Signal interference in dense urban environments.

o Moderate power consumption, reducing battery life.

3. Collision Detection for Autonomous Vehicles

Using HC-SR04 sensors and Arduino Nano, this project focuses on vehicular
safety by detecting nearby objects and issuing alerts.

• Features:

o Short-range collision detection within 3 to 5 meters.

o Basic alert mechanism through LEDs and buzzers.

o Compact setup suitable for small-scale autonomous vehicles.

• Challenges:

o Limited to short distances; unsuitable for high-speed vehicles.

o High false positive rates in dynamic environments.

4. Wildlife Monitoring Using Portable Radar

This project uses an ultrasonic radar setup to detect and monitor wildlife
intrusions into agricultural areas. It relies on Arduino and motion sensors for
operation.

• Features:

o Simple deployment in rural areas due to low cost.

o Range of 5 meters for detecting medium-sized animals.

8
 o Easily maintained by non-expert users.

• Challenges:

o Cannot differentiate between wildlife and human activity.

o Inaccurate in environments with dense vegetation.

5. Machine Learning-Augmented Radar for Object Classification

Using Arduino and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), this project aims to
enhance radar accuracy through AI-based classification.

• Features:

o Classification of detected objects into predefined categories.

o High accuracy within a 10-meter range.

o Portable design with advanced analytics.

• Challenges:

o Computationally intensive, requiring additional hardware like

Raspberry Pi.

o High power consumption limits portability in remote areas.

3.2 Limitations of Current Portable Radar Systems

Despite these advancements, existing portable radar systems face several

recurring challenges:

1. Limited Range:
Most systems, particularly those using ultrasonic sensors, are restricted to
detecting objects within a short distance (2-5 meters).

2. Accuracy Issues:
Environmental factors such as noise, interference, and clutter
significantly affect detection accuracy, leading to false positives or
missed objects.

9
 3. Power Constraints:
Many systems consume more power than is feasible for extended field
use, especially in remote or rural locations.

4. Minimal Integration with Advanced Features:

Few projects integrate IoT for remote monitoring, machine learning for
intelligent analytics, or GPS for geolocation, reducing their versatility in
modern applications.

3.3 NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE ARDUINO-BASED RADAR

Given the gaps in existing systems, there is a clear need for a portable radar
system that combines the following features:

• Extended Detection Range: Use of advanced sensors (e.g., RF or

mmWave) to detect objects beyond 10 meters.

• Enhanced Accuracy: Integration of filtering algorithms or machine

learning to reduce false positives and improve detection in dynamic
environments.

• Power Efficiency: Design optimizations to ensure prolonged battery life

without compromising functionality.

• Feature Integration: IoT connectivity, AI-driven analytics, and GPS

capabilities to expand the scope of applications, including surveillance,
environmental monitoring, and autonomous navigation.

This project aims to address these limitations by designing a cost-effective,

portable radar system using Arduino technology, leveraging the platform's
versatility to meet modern user requirements.

10
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

propose a portable radar system that uses an Arduino microcontroller to

detect and visualize objects in real time. The system utilizes an ultrasonic sensor
for distance measurement and a servo motor for dynamic scanning, creating a
comprehensive and accurate detection range. The primary goal is to emulate radar
functionality by processing the sensor data and presenting it through a graphical
interface, providing an intuitive way to visualize object locations. This system
ensures efficient and reliable operation for applications such as robotics,
surveillance, and environmental mapping. The project emphasizes portability,
ease of use, and affordability, offering flexibility to customize the system for
varied requirements. Furthermore, integration with platforms like mobile
applications or external databases enhances its functionality.

4.1 METHODOLOGY

4.1.1 SENSOR DEPLOYMENT

The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on a servo motor to facilitate dynamic

scanning across a wide range of angles. This setup ensures thorough coverage of
the environment for accurate object detection. The Arduino microcontroller
manages the sensor's operation and motor movement, ensuring synchronized data
collection. The components are arranged in a compact, portable structure to
enhance usability.

4.1.2 DATA COLLECTION

The ultrasonic sensor measures the time taken for high-frequency sound
waves to travel to an object and return, calculating the object's distance. The
Arduino processes this data and sends it to a connected system for visualization.

11
Serial communication is employed to ensure real-time and reliable data transfer
between the Arduino and the graphical interface.

4.1.3 GRAPHICAL VISUALIZATION DEVELOPMENT

We utilize Processing software to develop a graphical interface that

dynamically represents detected objects. The interface mimics radar
functionality, displaying real-time distance and angular data on a radar-like
screen. The graphical visualization updates continuously as the sensor scans,
providing a clear and intuitive depiction of the surrounding objects.

4.1.4 SERVER SETUP

To extend the system's functionality, a Flask server is proposed to facilitate

integration with external platforms, such as mobile applications or cloud
databases. The server will act as a bridge, managing data communication between
the Arduino and external systems for enhanced monitoring and control
capabilities.

4.1.5 USER INTERFACE DEVELOPMENT

We propose a user-friendly interface that displays the live radar readings

and dynamic object positions in real time. The interface is designed to integrate
seamlessly with the Flask server, ensuring smooth interaction and data
visualization. Users will be able to view object positions, distances, and angles
through a visually engaging display.

12
4.1.6 EXTENDED CONTROL

The proposed system allows for future integration with automation

platforms like IoT systems. For example, an ESP8266 module can be configured
to fetch radar data from a database, enabling remote monitoring or control. This
extension provides opportunities to enhance the system's capabilities for
applications such as security and navigation.

4.1.7 MACHINE LEARNING INTEGRATION (Optional Future

Enhancement)

To advance the system's capabilities, a ML model can be introduced to

classify detected objects or predict object behavior based on historical data.
Training a supervised model using datasets of object characteristics can allow the
radar to differentiate between object types or estimate trajectories, enhancing its
utility in dynamic environments.

Figure 4.1 Proposed System

13
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of the Portable Radar System using Arduino is

illustrated in Figure 5.1. It highlights the integration of the key components: an
ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement, a servo motor for dynamic scanning,
an Arduino microcontroller for system control, and a visualization interface for
real-time display. The ultrasonic sensor gathers distance data, the servo motor
rotates the sensor to cover a wide detection area, and the Arduino processes and
transmits the data to the graphical interface. The system’s modular design ensures
smooth communication and data flow between components.

Figure 5.1 Block Diagram

5.2 FLOW CHART

The flowchart of the Portable Radar System is shown in Figure 5.2,

representing the core operational logic of the system. Initially, the Arduino
establishes communication with the ultrasonic sensor and the servo motor. The
flow begins with the sensor emitting sound waves, detecting object distances
based on the reflected signals. The Arduino processes this data and synchronizes
it with the servo motor’s positional readings. The processed data is transmitted to
the graphical interface, where it is visualized in real-time. The radar continuously

14
scans the surroundings, updating the display dynamically. This flow ensures
seamless operation, from data acquisition to real-time visualization.

Figure 5.2 Flow Chart of Proposed System

5.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit diagram of the Portable Radar System using Arduino is

depicted in Figure 5.3. It demonstrates the connections and interactions between
the components:

Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): Measures the time-of-flight of sound waves to

calculate object distances. It is connected to the Arduino’s digital pins for
triggering and receiving echo signals.

Servo Motor: Enables rotational movement of the ultrasonic sensor for scanning
a wide detection area. It is powered and controlled by a PWM pin on the Arduino.

15
Arduino Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino Uno): Acts as the central processing unit,
coordinating sensor readings, motor movements, and data transmission to the
visualization platform.

Power Supply: Provides the necessary power to the Arduino, servo motor, and
sensor.

Visualization Interface (Processing): Receives data from the Arduino via a USB
connection, translating the readings into a radar-like graphical display.

The design ensures portability, efficient power usage, and reliable operation,
making the system ideal for various applications such as object detection and
mapping.

Figure 5.3 Circuit Diagram

16
 CHAPTER 6

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. NodeMCU ESP8266

The NodeMCU ESP8266, as shown in Figure 6.1, is a versatile, low-cost

microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi capabilities, perfect for IoT applications.
Powered by the ESP8266 chip, it integrates GPIO pins for connecting external
devices and features a Lua-based firmware. The NodeMCU can efficiently handle
both processing and wireless communication, making it ideal for real-time radar
data transmission.

The NodeMCU allows easy integration with external sensors and displays,
enabling the portable radar to collect and display environmental data. Its low
power consumption makes it suitable for battery-powered setups.

Figure 6.1 NodeMCU ESP8266

2. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, as shown in Figure 6.2, is a reliable, cost-

effective distance measuring device widely used in robotics and IoT projects. It
emits ultrasonic waves and measures the time taken for the echo to return,
providing accurate distance measurements. With a detection range of 2 cm to 400

17
cm, the HC-SR04 is integral to the portable radar system, enabling it to map
objects in its field of view.

Figure 6.2 Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)

3. Servo Motor (SG90)

The SG90 servo motor, depicted in Figure 6.3, is a compact and
lightweight motor commonly used for precise angular control. It has a rotation
range of 180° and is controlled using PWM signals, making it ideal for rotating
the ultrasonic sensor in the radar system.

Figure 6.3 Servo Motor (SG90)

4.Buzzer

The buzzer, as shown in Figure 6.4, acts as an alert system. When the radar
detects an object within a predefined distance using the ultrasonic sensor, the
buzzer emits a sound to notify the user. This adds a real-time auditory indication
for obstacle detection.

18
 Figure 6.4 Buzzer

5. Power Supply

A portable power source, such as a 5V USB battery pack or a LiPo battery,

is used to power the NodeMCU and connected components. This ensures the
portability and mobility of the radar system.

6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

6.2.1 SETTING UP ARDUINO AND SENSOR SYSTEM

This section explains how to set up the Portable Radar System using an
Arduino microcontroller, a servo motor, an ultrasonic sensor, and the Blynk app
for remote visualization and control. Below is a step-by-step breakdown:

1. Include Libraries:

Necessary libraries for Servo motor control, ultrasonic sensor functionality,

and the Blynk app integration are included.
#include <Servo.h>
#include <NewPing.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

19
2. Define Pin Connections:

Pins for the ultrasonic sensor (trigger and echo) and the servo motor are
defined. WiFi credentials and Blynk authentication token are also configured.

#define TRIGGER_PIN 8
#define ECHO_PIN 9
#define SERVO_PIN 10
#define MAX_DISTANCE 200 // Maximum distance in cm
char auth[] = "Your_Blynk_Auth_Token";
char ssid[] = "Your_WiFi_SSID";
char pass[] = "Your_WiFi_Password";

3. Initialize Ultrasonic Sensor, Servo Motor, and Blynk:

The ultrasonic sensor is initialized using the NewPing library, the servo motor
is controlled via the Servo library, and Blynk is initialized for real-time data
transfer and remote control.

NewPing sonar(TRIGGER_PIN, ECHO_PIN, MAX_DISTANCE);

Servo myServo;

4. Setup Function:

The setup() function initializes serial communication, sets up the servo motor,
connects to WiFi, and starts the Blynk service.

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication at 9600 baud rate
myServo.attach(SERVO_PIN); // Attach the servo to the specified pin
Serial.println("Portable Radar System Initialized");
}

20
5. Loop Function:

The loop() function performs the following tasks:

o Connects to Blynk for remote monitoring and updates.

o Rotates the servo motor in a sweeping motion (e.g., from 0 to 180

degrees and back).

o Measures distance using the ultrasonic sensor at each angle.

o Sends distance and angle data to the Blynk app for visualization.

void loop() {
for (int angle = 0; angle <= 180; angle += 2) {
myServo.write(angle); // Move the servo to the specified angle
delay(15); // Allow time for the servo to reach the position
int distance = sonar.ping_cm(); // Measure distance in cm
Serial.print("Angle: ");
Serial.print(angle);
Serial.print(" | Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}

for (int angle = 180; angle >= 0; angle -= 2) {

myServo.write(angle);
delay(15);
int distance = sonar.ping_cm();
Serial.print("Angle: ");
Serial.print(angle);
Serial.print(" | Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}
}

21
6.2.2 VISUALIZATION WITH BLYNK

1. Blynk App Setup:

o Install the Blynk app from the app store.

o Create a new project and add widgets:

▪ Value Display for angle (linked to virtual pin V1).

▪ Value Display for distance (linked to virtual pin V2).

▪ Optionally, add a Graph widget for dynamic visualization.

o Copy the generated authentication token and paste it into the

Arduino code.

2. Real-time Data:

The app receives angle and distance data from the Arduino, which is updated
live as the radar scans.

6.2.3 MACHINE LEARNING INTEGRATION (Optional)

1. Data Collection:

Collect data on distance and angle from the radar and store it in a cloud
database using Blynk's webhook integration.

2. Train a Model:

Use collected data to train a Machine Learning model for object classification
or obstacle prediction.

22
3. Deploy Model:

Integrate the trained model into a server application and visualize predictions
through the Blynk app.

6.2.4 SETTING UP FLASK SERVER FOR VISUALIZATION

If you want an additional web-based visualization:

1. Integration with Blynk:

Use the Blynk HTTP API to fetch data directly from the Blynk server for use
in a Flask-based web interface.

2. Data Visualization:

The Flask server processes and displays radar data using JavaScript graphing
libraries.

3. Control Features:

Allow users to send control commands to the radar system from the web
interface via the Blynk API.

By integrating the Portable Radar System with the Blynk app, users can remotely
monitor and control the radar, making it highly versatile for real-world
applications.

23
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS

The developed Portable Radar System using Arduino integrates a servo-

controlled ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection and the Blynk app for remote
monitoring and control. The system provides real-time visualization of distance
and angular data, enabling users to monitor the radar's scanning process
effectively. The combination of precise hardware and an intuitive user interface
creates an efficient and user-friendly radar system suitable for educational,
experimental, and practical applications.

1. User Interface Development

A user-friendly interface, as shown in Figure 7.1, was developed using the

Blynk app to facilitate interaction with the Portable Radar System. This interface
allows users to:

Figure 7.1 User Interface

Real-Time Monitoring

The radar's real-time performance is visualized through the Blynk app. Users
can observe live data updates, including the radar's angular position and detected
distances. Figure 7.2 demonstrates the interface showing current scanning data.

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 Figure 7.2 Current Scanning Data

The UI offers an intuitive display for monitoring radar operations, making it

easy for users to track obstacles and distances in real time.

Radar Scanning Angle and Distance

The app provides a clear visualization of the radar's scanning angle and the
corresponding detected distance, as shown in Figure 7.2. This helps users
understand the radar's performance and identify obstacles effectively.

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 Figure 7.3 Angle and Distance Display

The radar system communicates angular and distance data to the Blynk app,
ensuring accurate and real-time data representation.

Radar Controls

The interface allows users to reset the radar scan and adjust parameters as
needed, as shown in Figure 7.3.

Figure 7.4 Radar Controls

Resetting radar parameters or adjusting scanning modes can be easily done

through the app interface, ensuring flexibility and user control.

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Visualization of Scanned Data

As shown in Figure 6.4, sensor data is displayed graphically, offering users an

overview of the radar’s scan and detected obstacles. This visualization enhances
the user’s understanding of the radar's operation.

Figure 7.5 Sensor Data Visualization

The graphical representation of data helps users analyze environmental

conditions or detect objects at specific distances and angles.

2. SMS Alerts Integration in the Portable Radar System

The integration of SMS alerts in the portable radar system significantly enhances
its usability, especially for scenarios where real-time monitoring through a
dedicated application may not be feasible. By employing a GSM (Global System
for Mobile Communications) module, the radar system is configured to send
critical notifications directly to users via SMS. This feature provides a reliable
communication channel, ensuring users are informed of essential events
regardless of their proximity to the device or access to internet-based platforms.

27
Key Functionalities of SMS Alerts

1. Obstacle Detection Notifications:

o The radar continuously scans its surroundings for obstacles within

a predefined range.

o When an obstacle is detected, the system sends an SMS alert, such

as:
"Alert: Obstacle detected at a distance of 1.2 meters."

o This feature is especially useful for applications in surveillance,

robotics, or autonomous navigation, where immediate awareness of
obstacles is critical.

2. Scan Completion Alerts:

o After completing a scanning routine, the system sends an SMS to

inform the user that the operation has concluded. For instance:
"Scan Complete: No obstacles detected in the monitored area."

o This ensures that users are kept updated on the system's status even
if they are not actively monitoring through an app like Blynk.

3. Custom Alerts:

o The system can be programmed to send additional customized

alerts based on specific scenarios. Examples include:

▪ "System Online: The radar has been activated and is ready

for operation."

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 ▪ "Low Battery: The system requires recharging for continued
operation."

Benefits of SMS Alerts

1. Real-Time Communication:

o Users receive updates immediately, regardless of their location,

ensuring they are always informed of the system’s status.

2. Offline Accessibility:

o Unlike internet-based notifications, SMS does not require a

continuous internet connection, making the system functional in
remote areas where internet connectivity is unreliable.

3. Enhanced Safety and Security:

o In surveillance applications, users are promptly notified of potential

intrusions or hazards, enabling swift action.

o In robotics or automation, obstacle detection alerts can prevent

damage or accidents.

4. Ease of Use:

o SMS is a universally accepted and straightforward communication

method, ensuring that users without advanced technical expertise
can benefit from the system.

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Applications of SMS Alerts

1. Obstacle Detection and Avoidance:

o Ideal for autonomous vehicles or robots navigating through

dynamic environments. Alerts ensure that operators are informed of
obstacles that could impede progress.

2. Surveillance:

o Useful in home or industrial security systems, where users need

instant updates about potential intrusions or movements within a
monitored area.

3. Educational Projects:

o SMS alerts add an interactive element to educational radar systems,

allowing students to understand practical applications of
communication technology.

4. Agricultural Monitoring:

o In rural areas, SMS alerts can notify farmers about the presence of
wildlife or other intrusions into protected zones, even without
access to smartphones or apps.

Future Enhancements for SMS Functionality

• Two-Way Communication: Enable users to send SMS commands back

to the system, such as requesting a status update or modifying scanning
parameters remotely.

30
 • Multiple Recipients: Configure the system to send alerts to multiple
phone numbers for collaborative monitoring in team settings.

• Localization: Support multilingual SMS messages to cater to diverse user

bases globally.

• Integration with IoT: Combine SMS functionality with IoT platforms to

create hybrid systems offering both online and offline notification options.

By incorporating SMS alerts, the Portable Radar System ensures a balance

between robust hardware performance and a user-friendly notification system.
This feature makes the radar adaptable to a wide range of applications, enhancing
its reliability and convenience for users across different environments and
scenarios.

31
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this project successfully developed a Portable Radar

System using Arduino, integrating real-time object detection and user-friendly
visualization through the Blynk app. The system demonstrated the ability to
effectively detect objects within a specific range, measure their distances, and
visualize their positions in real-time, making it a versatile solution for applications
in obstacle detection, security, and robotics.

The radar system employs an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor,

which scans a defined area, detects obstacles, and transmits data to the Blynk app
for real-time monitoring. By leveraging the Blynk platform, users can easily
interact with the radar system, visualize scanning data, and customize operational
parameters remotely. This integration empowers users with a seamless and
intuitive interface for monitoring and controlling the radar, even from a distance.

The system demonstrated high accuracy in detecting objects and reliable

performance during testing. The ability to visualize object positions in real-time
enhances the system’s usability for a variety of practical applications, ranging
from home security to educational purposes.

Furthermore, the integration with Blynk enables efficient communication

between the radar hardware and the user interface, ensuring real-time updates and
control. The flexibility of the Blynk app provides scalability, allowing additional
features like push notifications, alerts for critical detections, and historical data
logs to be incorporated in future updates.

Looking forward, several enhancements can be considered for the radar

system, including:

• Expanding the Detection Range: Upgrading the ultrasonic sensor for

longer-range capabilities.

32
 • Enhanced Visualization: Incorporating 2D or 3D mapping for a more
comprehensive representation of scanned areas.

• Object Classification: Integrating machine learning for identifying object

types.

• Portable Power Solutions: Adding rechargeable battery options for

improved portability.

In summary, this project shown in Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2, marks a
significant advancement in the development of portable radar systems by
combining hardware precision with an accessible software interface. It offers a
practical and scalable solution for real-time object detection and monitoring,
paving the way for innovative applications in various domains.

Figure 8.1 Portable Radar Using Arduino

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Figure 8.2 Portable Radar Blynk App

34
 CHAPTER 9

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

The portable radar system using Arduino holds immense potential for
advancements that can significantly enhance its performance, versatility, and
applicability. Future enhancements can address existing limitations, incorporate
advanced technologies, and introduce new features to expand its usability across
various domains. Below are detailed suggestions for future improvements:

1. Extended Detection Range and Accuracy

• Integration of Advanced Sensors: Replace traditional ultrasonic sensors

with higher-frequency sensors such as mmWave or LIDAR to extend the
detection range beyond 20 meters and improve resolution.

• Signal Processing Algorithms: Implement advanced filtering techniques

like Kalman filters or Fourier transforms to reduce noise, minimize false
positives, and improve object detection accuracy in cluttered
environments.

• Multi-Sensor Fusion: Use a combination of sensors (e.g., ultrasonic,

infrared, and RF) to enhance detection reliability under varying
environmental conditions.

2. IoT Connectivity for Remote Monitoring

• Cloud Integration: Link the radar system to IoT platforms like AWS IoT,
Azure IoT, or ThingSpeak for real-time data logging, analysis, and remote
monitoring via mobile apps or web dashboards.

• Alert Mechanisms: Incorporate push notifications or email alerts for

critical detections (e.g., intrusions or potential hazards).

35
• Edge Computing: Utilize microcontrollers or single-board computers
(e.g., Raspberry Pi) to process data locally, reducing latency and
bandwidth usage for IoT applications.

3. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

• Object Classification: Integrate machine learning models such as

convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify detected objects (e.g.,
humans, vehicles, animals) and enhance situational awareness.

• Predictive Analytics: Employ AI-driven predictive algorithms to forecast

object movements or detect patterns in radar data, enabling preemptive
actions in surveillance or collision avoidance scenarios.

• Customizable Training Models: Allow users to train and deploy their

own models to adapt the radar system for specific use cases.

4. Enhanced User Interface and Visualization

• Graphical Displays: Upgrade the radar’s interface by incorporating TFT

or OLED screens to display real-time radar visuals, such as object
positions, distances, and classifications.

• Augmented Reality (AR) Integration: Develop an AR application to

project radar data onto a live camera feed for enhanced spatial
understanding.

• Mobile App Development: Create dedicated apps for Android and iOS
devices to offer remote control, visualization, and configuration of the
radar system.

36
 5. Portability and Power Efficiency

• Optimized Power Management: Use energy-efficient microcontrollers

(e.g., Arduino Nano 33 IoT) and incorporate low-power wireless modules
like BLE or ZigBee.

• Rechargeable Battery System: Equip the radar with rechargeable

lithium-ion batteries and implement solar charging options for remote or
outdoor use.

• Compact Design: Utilize 3D printing or advanced PCB designs to reduce

the system’s size, making it more portable.

6. Multi-Radar Network Systems

• Networked Radars: Enable multiple radar units to communicate and

collaborate, forming a mesh network for comprehensive area coverage.

• Data Synchronization: Implement algorithms to merge data from

multiple radars, ensuring consistent and reliable detection in large or
complex environments.

• Real-Time Mapping: Create a dynamic map showing objects detected by

multiple radars for applications in navigation or surveillance.

7. Advanced Applications and Use Cases

• Autonomous Navigation: Adapt the radar system for integration with

drones, robots, or autonomous vehicles for real-time obstacle detection and
navigation.

• Environmental Monitoring: Enhance the system for use in tracking

weather patterns, wildlife movement, or environmental changes.

37
• Security and Surveillance: Develop the system for use in home security,
industrial perimeter monitoring, and military applications, leveraging its
portability and low cost.

8. Modular and Customizable Framework

• Plug-and-Play Modules: Design the system with modular components,

allowing users to easily upgrade sensors, connectivity modules, or
processing units.

• Custom Firmware: Provide a customizable firmware framework for

advanced users to tweak system parameters or integrate new
functionalities.

• Open-Source Ecosystem: Create an open-source repository for software

and hardware designs to foster community-driven innovation and
development.

9. Weather Resistance and Durability

• Rugged Enclosures: Use durable, weather-resistant materials for the radar

casing to allow deployment in harsh outdoor conditions.

• Temperature Compensation: Implement hardware and software

solutions to maintain accuracy under varying temperature and humidity
levels.

• Waterproofing: Make the system waterproof to enable its use in rainy or

wet conditions, expanding its applicability for marine or outdoor settings.

38
 10. Cost Optimization for Scalability

• Low-Cost Components: Source economical alternatives to reduce the

overall cost without compromising performance.

• Mass Production: Design the system for ease of mass production to make
it commercially viable for wider adoption.

• Educational Kits: Develop simplified versions of the system as

educational kits for students and hobbyists, promoting STEM learning.

39
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