: ‘physical Com panent no; Loot ron of CPU, memoryy | cl zi boord & lehoae © fe! on hob eee tho, D a > handtwore ‘or who works fo tre> Npplicabions , # for the video an YouTube, application. ™ Cr yaks io um # RR om and +t also needs some displays . -Anc oa are available with the hardware. , 7 ‘colon. wants. fo..inferack with f then are nor hardware! ~> So bath Users § appl the hardware. However, both © directly capable of enteracking with the => Ff you take applications First, *mogine You write | a Simple * Hello klorld’ program ™ Python. You do trite the instructions on. how fo manage the CPU to this program. Yeu do not wrke the instruckon, on how to gek memory allocated far this program: | 4 abviously your application can't: deal with the H/ vesources ble you haue snot -writken the, code Simlorly as Users You can't directly enterack the physical Component. You atleast need a _prophical tyer interface or Command kine ankerface. And bath of them are “nak provided by the hardware, 0° ee as ee 1 sted Became of these acters con! interac ack with hardware. Bur a servile ie (ahah a a3 operating Systen con help them.err, recess on ny Monageren _ deuce momgonert BRh management he a oe *ASKOM 99S Because opplicalion +s alo a Shs program. tt can Falk Jo theropercking system tahich *4 a Shs layer ond His areraking Sys depending on the progrort ib allocates | te ce tt allocates the’ memory & yequived hordusare | yesources- this is how your pvogyam vackuolly, nterack pst the hardware. @r) Shs anterack with the hardware a oor, yoNtbuate | though operating systen. oH | Now you might wonder okay bak 95 Users we con't clit skerack with the Operating Systems. Yes. bake tha opercking systerys do Specialy for the users thay provide on additional layer. which is nothing bak CAL oy GUL Operating System A you take Windoos operating system, tf provides 2 Yich Us. whereas 1f you take Ginux operating vi Yich CLL. Angwoeys _ thyoush thi th 03 & fa tum talk fo (sure. cu /gor| —> they don't evan need fo know the Commands 4 } = £120 Today, f you, look ak. tinux Wi doin og ke 5 Mioset}'s 05 unbke the Previous Operak in ~> Now this vich graphical User anterface rade i> Windows was very successful) Minua was alse x 4 * Thay where im 1990's a person called) Linus > Aithough Unix was also Open-source os, Hhia — > So, tinux become the new populer choice Ry the Systems had a rich ‘quaphicol user *nkerFace a Communication fy the users Wilh the horduiore Super Simples >: ; whieh Was Tequived wilh, Unix as’ well . Hint '990 successful ., However. Hey’ both were kind of propsielaiy. they need some iteme foy the eng fo use or Companies fo Use Very SpeciPically . worked on the dewelopment of Linux kemet § this was the fxs popular open-source 080! ! tins “Compekikve With, .loindous. oF iy cinciny “af Hes farameleys tt also Swpassed Windows: ‘ developers. & also for the Companies of 90% of the production Worktoads toca. the the Ti Yio Tanning on Your mobile. or the appl:cah that youre Using deployed on the Servers tosh ¢Patt linux 5 Open-SoU ey secure compared fo 0!Phaser af Lina over er Uday = aS Cosk-Effedhveness a) oe ousanad ea > fice & open Svat +1) Linsx ‘does ‘nok vey 1t | expensive licensing Fees, making % tka. cosk- ef Pecks l ‘ nig for Companies, } on Cue Motikenance Costa + (ye vw cloble a minimal maintenace’, redlucing operational expense Performance and EFFicienoy > Getler Resource Ublitakion » int 24 laght weight” & Consumes Fewer system Yesqurces Composed to: Wado — High Sealabiity » Gnux efficiently scoles fram amibed systems to anlerpise dala ge withouk hea degadal: ‘on. Securily andl Reliability, cola = less Vulnooble to Malware: Linux has ail used privilege Separation, making + it more secure against vin & malwore. —> frequent and Transparent Updates, Regular Securi Pakches ensure syste ability tathouk Yequiving ! Frequent vebools. > High Stability : Gnux syste can ran for years wl Cashes, ensuring better uptime & reliabrlity .“physical oeperen ie: Nos ile© -shelt (Command ne inlet” atlous user > = A Command interpreter that with the Kernel. - Examples : Bash , tsh, Fish, ash, eke -— Converts user commands inko gystent alles ma Yemel. @_ User Applications. ig a ~ End-ugey.. progiarns Ike Web bowser est ed ela 4.) i: ae icakions meee toith 0s wing pln “cally vi ee RE SOT dl er i en pylon: wh widernoy at ah yoav Kad g ertagne serie anreeeaT. e . ok . at ope @,,8o when i A a es ie xe ‘you ‘Cass “more Pit ‘or remove Corban Fealures boit § shipaa produc. ha (OH UGOY sed SH sole 5 thak 1 whore companies Ake Conanical sauy the oppsrtun fy , they, take copy of the | Open-séurce tinyx they add some more Ralwes they add move WAppeys ontop of linux 0S § provide thar as Ubuntu — tinux dishibakion, — thee 25 another company called Red Hak which Pifalyy ‘does the same tring. § provide that as a Rod Yak OS. © => Sinalaaly Bebian , Alpine, Fedora alll of trom de _ the some thing phat 240 Gnu x 0s ro a Noll § Biz + spas) 2 tid ay mF oe wr [awn LDLinux dishibutions Cistias ) are “different erdior Line thaks pockage he trix Karmel uh woreyd syslers ules a. Package monajers, ech acho designed Rr different Use cases such 04 Pers * Compuking server management vor sewuyi ion Here are sore populor linux dishibukion’: Ubuntu: one of the nas beginner -Frendly dis » wid used for persona! § Server Use. SF hay greak Community support.” f 4 Cent Os (discontinued , replaced by Alma Linux /Rocky i Previously populor choice fr Ser yor, ‘ba: 00 Red Hak Enterprise Debiam © A Any alable and reliable distve, offen. as a base for other distros like Ubuntu. fedora: A cutting-edge distro that introduces new features before they reach RHEL Ach tinuxs A light Weight, votting - rolease distro for advonced users Wwho like cushomrzation tals Unux ; Designed fer cybersecuity § penelral fesking. Alpine bina 2 A Lightweight security -Racusedl dis len Weol iv Containers.this va dane, just vestort Your reboot your machine. & go fo your Powe shell g run WSL aga» when 2 Ubunti wnning § You Can ) pour windows._ Leh fy fy undersland whak 13 the Signficance of f Foldevs. HOSE gait : WOH pr od a7 Top grae » sn > as 2 fod > pou wil see that there are a lor of systens binaries an this particwlr folder: whak ore these system binaries 9 basically the. Commands. or the binary Files thak you can use fp manage Your system. 95 47 aia = rit 08 : os you. will ue joan $ ron be rosin Polder ;© kb — usr/tib —> thy Itbrary folder tad bic > You will see there ave different kinds of Ii that ave available here & these libraries ore —> So asa user jou dan't use these (zbrones ‘ave wued: by Sais Kemet for, moling systort uth the” haidwiare or basically to aa 7 ee boby 5 => book +5 basically fe thak 35 Starting ov restarting your his ; i , boating your lay machin Iraux machine . © bn —> usr/bin” / 2 hae a So there 13 slighk difference bls” shin og by > Whak sa. diherence bls shin & bin 9? alall — sky stands for syste binaries” whereas bine Stands for user bmaries . ey > 86 if toto |s /bin 80 you will Find command here as.well bat these ore net administrative Commands or these ore nok the System (cornet > Maybe you can grant access . by ae Comman fe teenie a c8 Hs, | arnple - Make, © Mell soblol splot Ege S bp we boner Pkewillegusk> print the dake igitime on | —— binux machinelosi 2) sean a 8 B‘ames Peract > SW ty basically Server ss — whee you can shove configuration Piles ov Og mportank- anformakion. velated to your Web 82 > & defautl when You ueake some Web Ssxver ak will aclualley shove Skove Some Files an the & «+ opt ~> opt 25 a Nery mpoikanl- folder in your Qnvironment. —> when you jon on organizakion G1) Maybe youre Wo ay a team & you Want to install some Hrd: dopendencies . Example - $F por unt fo install a portieuloy seraral (enux = Uhak you wat! do 1s you tall use Hy Folder called /opt ' = so if shave to inskall a cushom of Java, ~> ink folder you will creake a direc tokdiy cushom-tool & Swilch fo that cae cee toot Gall the related to c atA porly branes @ tt sbraries the antometvider , You a b “ih foo tak! user. 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Awons am = the nice value control a process's piigii'y for ¢ Cao The, rage at Fram -20 ( ) bh W KOE AiBea0is Bit ) 0 ’ yenice -n -5-Pp PID - fncreae priority of. p (requires root ).Bshreqane of Commands Cavler ny co rea 4 Pracesses. 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Poskikon Management: mg Heorlsdx - —Creae & menage palitions pasted — /deulsdx - — lternalive to Paisk fr Gp mkfy.exty Mey/sdxi- format a partition of mits Aeyledxi = Format a paatition as ¥Fe log -n Wwname 78d Meu/vg.nome/\v_name“hak are partitions 2 . F parkitons ore nothing buk you ‘ueated a ~ Aolume a8.a type of ~ block storage & thok: tnskead of 8.48 ona pole is divided into partikio I = Beach farkition can be Rimakted g mounted ba 0c tocakion. a pote HVS ne dow Sep-2 Greate yolume. EBS —> volumes —> veae 4a ume ‘volume tape (General pase Site (Gia) Lopes At 0p .0H (esolece 4 E> eotiwy qour, vole - Abs \ sual [HE]- the creaked dolume shoul be, Sone as where mstonce 4. ’ DOA? Goes ane xbe\wok ©“the miele) asses. +3 enXo pork 80 vl ‘camplete nfs packek ‘n 0 et interface.