M1

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of modern wearable technology?

a. Smart Watches c. Smartphones

b. Fitness Trackers d. Headsets

2. Technology that takes advantage of the user’s sense of touch using computer applications

a. Contextual awareness c. VR Technology

b. Haptics d. Wearable Technology

3. It refers to the model for delivering content online to any person who wants to take a course

with no limit to attendance.

a. Education Model c. Massive Open Online Course

b. Model of Online Learning d. Electronic Learning Model

4. Refers to a type of learning that happens anytime, anywhere and with anyone.

a. Global Learning c. Ubiquitous Learning

b. Online Learning d. Virtual Learning

5. A technology that provides a big picture of learning outcomes through available data such as

test results.

a. Analytics c. Online exams

b. Learning trackers d. All of the above

The 10 New Paradigms of Communication in the Digital Age

We began our discussion of MIL with a look into the models of communication. I hope you

can still recall the concepts they represented.

PARADIGM 1: FROM AUDIENCE TO USER

The communication process in the actual scenario is user centered: users have the control to choose, to
decide, to search, to define and configure, to subscribe or unsubscribe, to comment and, most
important: to write, talk and film.

PARADIGM 2. FROM MEDIA TO CONTENT

The media convergence has reset media identity. Media brand image becomes one of the most valuable
activities of media companies: a source of credibility and prestige for digital content.

PARADIGM 3. FROM MONOMEDIA TO MULTIMEDIA

The multimedia identity of the actual environment allows all media industries to converge online and
traditional media (press, broadcast, movies). Online media are multimedia, and multimedia is a new
language.

PARADIGM 4. FROM PERIODICITY TO REAL-TIME

Sharing news and opinions with the ability to interact in real-time are the seed of cybercommunities.

PARADIGM 5. FROM SCARCITY TO ABUNDANCE

Space for the print media and time for broadcast media ceased to be the limit to content and now the
time of the user is the new scarce resource. The overflow of information calls for new skills and tools to
manage data, news, and opinions.

PARADIGM 6. FROM EDITOR-MEDIATED TO NON-MEDIATED

Worldwide publishing without editors, but with a close peer review daily process and in most cases open
to comments from readers is the nature of social web publishing. Hence, the agenda of relevant current
affairs goes beyond the established media land and now is share with a wide variety of new sources,
most of them not media.

PARADIGM 7. FROM DISTRIBUTION TO ACCESS

The access paradigm is complementary with the user center paradigm and both explain the strong
interactive nature of the new environment. Access means to seek, search, navigate, surf, decide, an
active attitude, a will to connect and communicate, the contrary of the passive reception of media
content.

PARADIGM 8. FROM ONE WAY TO INTERACTIVITY

This has three levels:

• First level: the possibility for the user to choose the format of information display (browser and
navigation interface configuration).

• Second level: the possibility for the user to produce input for a system. This contribution could be co-
authoring, writing comments, answering pools and tests, posting news, and so on.

• Third level: the possibility for the user to communicate with other users of the system in real or delay
time.

PARADIGM 9. FROM LINEAR TO HYPERTEXT

Hypertext becomes the grammar of the digital world. The pathways of the info-spaces are built on links.
Creating and activating links online could be the new name of alphabetization. Reading and writing by
linking, this is, exploring and creating hypertextual environments daily is the most strategic skill digital
natives are achieving.

PARADIGM 10. FROM DATA TO KNOWLEDGE

The extraordinary amount of data these days bring back the role of media as social managers of
knowledge.

Trends in Digital Technology

Many of the technological advances we are seeing today will shape our daily lives in the future – the
way we relax, interact, communicate, and conduct business. From virtual worlds, avatar emotions,
artificial intelligence, computer generated storytelling and narrative, interactive 360 holographic images,
mixed reality, stress disorder virtual therapies and so much more. ICT will continue to advance,
empower, and transform every aspect of our life. Here are some of these emerging technologies and
trends.

Haptics technology

Is a feedback technology (using computer applications) that takes advantage of the user’s sense of touch
by applying force, vibrations and/or motions to the User. Simple haptics is used in game controllers,
joysticks and steering wheels and is becoming more common in Smartphones.

Contextual awareness

By combining ‘hard sensor’ information such as where you are and the conditions around you, combined
with ‘soft sensors’ such as your calendar, your social network, and past preferences - future devices will
constantly learn about who you are and how you live, work and play.

Voice and tone recognition

Not only can voice and tone recognition be used to confirm a person’s identity, but tone recognition can
be used to detect a person’s health or emotional state. This technology will open new opportunities in
security and healthcare – with mobile applications.

Intelligent routing to devices

This future technology will be useful to, for example, local councils. While on the move, staff will be able
to provide the precise description and location of a street-based issue using Smartphones and mobile
devices that can take photos and have GPS (global positioning system) support. Intelligent routing will
then alert the responsible team to action.

Eye tracking technology

Eye tracking technology measures eye positions and movements which are analyzed through computer
applications. Future laptops, smartphones and tablets could contain thousands of tiny imaging sensors
built into the display screen. Eye tracking technology could have many possible applications, including:

• Law enforcement – lie detection

• Airport security – identifying suspicious behavior, e.g. to catch terrorists before they strike
• Retail – recording, monitoring, and analyzing consumer behavior to ‘tailor’ marketing to individuals

• Safety - alerting and awakening a drowsy or distracted driver would save many lives

• Health care – assisting people with disabilities or paralysis to communicate (laptop) and improve
mobility (electric wheelchair)

• Human-computer interaction – using screen icons and a blink here or a gaze there. Say goodbye to the
mouse and keyboard.

Internet glasses

Technology that can display images directly onto our retinas while not blocking our sight is being
developed. This technology can be used in eyeglasses and have uses ranging from eGaming to military
defense. In the next 10-20 years experts predict that Internet glasses will replace Smartphones. Imagine
these viewing experiences:

• Seeing building schematics and locations of others (especially useful for security or fire fighters)

• Giving a speech while information is streamed to your eyeglasses in real time

• Receiving turn by turn directions as you walk toward your destination

• Viewing virtual recipes while cooking without losing your rhythm

• Walking down the street, seeing one of your friends show up "on screen" 2 blocks and 1 cafe away

Wearable Technology

Wearable technologies today are smart watches. These watches are worn as a typical wristwatch but do
more than just tell time. Modern smart watches perform the same functions as smartphones.

The Massive Open Online Course and its implications

The media and information are in a constant change, and its development is a continuous process. This
development is highly dependent on how connected entities are.

The Implications

1. By taking learning into virtual space, attendance is no longer a determining factor in one’s education.
This makes MOOC learning a popular alternative for those whose life situations make them unable to
attend regular schools

2. Managing MOOC is relatively cheaper than running educational institutions. By taking out the
experiences of Universities – which are passed down to students in exorbitant fees- MOOC addresses
the high cost of education.

3. Analytic provides information about the learning process of students. Through the use of data
collected through analytics, MOOC provides a means to improve learning.

4. Since it focuses on connectedness as part of the learning process, MOOC allows education to take
place on a global scale, connecting learners and instructors all over the world to one another to
maximize education.

1. (Ubiquitous, Online) learning means that education can happen anytime, every time.

2. The grammar of the digital world is (hypertext, linear text).

3. Real time information dissemination promotes (reflective, dynamic) interaction.

4. The communication process nowadays must be (audience, user)- centered.

5. The influx of online learning opportunities that allows wide networking is a clear proof that we are in
the (digital, connected) age.

6. When it comes to management, MOOCs are (cheaper, more expensive) compared to traditional
learning.

7. (Analytics, Haptics) provides relevant and reliable information about the learning process of students.

8. (Group chats, printed modules) are tools for MOOCs

9. MOOCs are designed for (small, large) classes.

10. A MOOC program is (restricted, flexible) for the learner.

M2

It is natural for teenagers to be technology savvy, but elderlies tinkering millennial gadgets is something
unusual. Read these news articles about senior citizens engaged in digital technology and answer the
questions that follow.

1. 'Lola Techie' urges senior citizens to be IT savvy

Tam Noda (The Philippine Star) - June 27, 2013 - 12:56pm

MANILA, Philippines - Local television personality Tessie "Lola Techie" Moreno is urging senior citizens to
use information technology to spread their "elderly wisdom" especially among the young.

2. San Pablo City’s elderly trained on new tech gadgets

By Saul Pa-a September 4, 2018, 5:17 pm

SAN PABLO CITY, Laguna – In the run-up to the special day celebration for Grandparents Day every
second Sunday of September, a popular mall in this city is organizing its gadget literacy tutorial through
the annual “Oldies but Techies” program for the elderly to keep them abreast with modern
communication gadgets.

IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

One of the proponents for this conclusion dates back to 2010, in the 3rd United Nations Alliance of
Civilizations (UNAOC) Global Forum on May 2010 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. In one of its thematic sessions
focusing on the social impact of media literacy, media literacy was identified as “an empowerment tool
that facilitates the active participation of citizens in the political process of contemporary societies.”

Meant for a Better World

UNESCO refers to Media and Information Literacy as the essential competency and skills that enables
people to engage with media and other information providers effectively and develop critical thinking
and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active citizens.

Media and information improve quality of life

Anyone can attest that life before is different than life today. The dawn of every age in history has
always been brought by developments that change society’s way of life. From the stone age ushered by
cavemen who developed stones as tools, to today’s information age brought about by media and
information technologies, the change of era from then until now is prompted by the desire to make
things better.

Media and information for greater political participation

The media and the government have a long-standing relationship in the field of public service. While the
government serves the people by leading the nation towards progress, the media serve them by
informing the public about subjects they need or want to know. Politics is a persisting media content,
particularly in news.

Media and information promoting economic opportunities

The media industry has grown in number in today’s information age both in content and in the
workforce. The open content contribution nature of the new media has made it possible for ordinary
individuals to offer their materials for consumption often for free or at times for a cost.

Media and information for improvement of learning environment

Many believe that media and information have made learning easy, accessible and inexpensive. Which
these are true, the improvement in the learning environment brought by media and information goes
beyond convenience, availability and cost. Its true implication is that it made the learning an object of
desire.

Media and Information individuals as more cohesive social units

The concept of unit cohesion stems from a military concept of the bond soldiers have that makes them
more effective in working together to complete a mission. Media and information literate individuals are
said to be more cohesive social units than those who are not.
M3

1. the meaning of “.ttf”

a. tapered type font b. text type font c. true type font

2. typeface that carries a solid or heavy look to text

a. sans serif b. serif c. slab serif

3. the basic rule in emphasizing a subject in a composition

a. golden ratio b. rule of odds c. rule of thirds

4. a visual design principle that brings together a composition with similar units

a. balance b. contrast c. harmony

5. the visual flow of a composition

a. directional movement b. perspective c. rhythmic pattern

6. a shot where the subject is framed from shoulders up

a. close up b. extreme close up c. medium close up

7. a shot perfect to show the world where the story takes place

a. extreme wide shot b. full shot c. long shot

8. another term for Dutch angle

a. canted shot b. over the shoulder shot c. worm’s eye view

9. a camera angle that makes a subject look powerful and imposing

a. eye level b. high angle c. low angle

10. a shot taken from an elevated point

a. bird’s eye view b. Dutch angle c. eye level

Text may be defined as a simple and flexible format of presenting information or conveying ideas
whether hand-written, printed or displayed on-screen. It is very powerful in disseminating information,
providing direction and giving suggestions.

Text is available in different sources, which may be categorized into two:

1. Formal

- Example of these are news articles, published books, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, research
works, etc. Formal text-based materials are created and distributed by established institutions (such as
publishing companies, news agencies, etc.) and go through a rigorous process of editing or evaluation
and are usually governed by censorship of the state.

2. Informal

- Examples of these are blogs, personal e-mails, SMS or text messages, online messengers, social media
platforms, etc. They come from personal opinions or views on different issues, processes, etc.

As producers of text media and information, we need to review the media and information design
framework:

• target audience,

• author or sender,

• key content,

• purpose,

• form/style, and

• format.

Text as Visual

Typeface font, font type, or type) is the representation or style of a text. A typeface is usually composed
of alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, symbols and other special characters.
 TYPES IMPLICATIONS USES EXAMPLES
Serif connotes formality for the body text of Times New Roman
and books, newspapers, Garamond
readability in large magazines and Baskerville
amount of texts research publication Bookman Antiqua
gives a classic or
elegant
look when used for
title
or heading.
Sans Serif brings a clean or for clear and direct Arial
minimalist look to the meaning of text such Century Gothic
text as road signage, Tahoma
gives a modern look building directory or Verdana
and nutrition facts in Calibri
is used primarily in food packages.
webpage design
carries a solid or
heavy
Slab Serif carries a solid or for large advertising Rockwell
heavy sign on billboards Playbill
look to text Black Oak

Script draws much attention to must be used Edwardian

itself because of its sparingly and not to Brush Script
brush-like strokes. be used in large French Script
body text. usually for Freestyle
wedding invitation
cards or other
formal events
Display / caters to a wide variety must be used Curlz
Decorative of emotions (such as sparingly and not to Chiller
celebration, fear, horror, be used in large Jokerman
etc.) or themes (such as body text. AR Carter
cowboys, circus, holidays, Bauhaus 93
summer, kiddie, etc.)

Design Principles and Elements

The principles in designing text elements are emphasis, appropriateness, proximity, alignment,
organization, repetition and contrast. Observe how these elements are presented in each text frame.

EMPHASIS

This refers to the importance or value given to a part of the text-based content. When trying to make a
point or highlighting a message, you can make the text bold, italicized, have a heavier weight, darkened
or lightened (depending on your background color) or enlarged.

This refers to how fitting or suitable the text is used for a specific audience, purpose
or event. In the creation of text-based content, make sure that the selection criteria
(tone, style, purpose, clarity) is followed.

PROXIMITY

This refers to how near or how far are the text elements from each other. When two things are closely
related, we bring them close together. Otherwise, we put text elements far from each other. For
example, the main title and subtitle are usually placed close to each other.

ALIGNMENT

refers to how the text is positioned in the page. This can be left, right, center or justified

We are oriented to read This may look Text aligned to the Justified gives a formal
from left to right, that is appealing for right may look clean, organized and
why text aligned to the left headers, titles or decorative, but no formal look, and is a
is the most readable text poems, but long to the extent of choice technical writing
orientation. centered text must using it for long such as research papers.
be avoided because texts. Personally, I However, left- aligned text
it doesn't go with the usually use it for is
usual Reading one or two lines at more readable.
orientation. the end of a main
text.

ORGANIZATION

This refers to a conscious TIP: When there are many elements needed to fit in a
effort to organize the page, start by creating a framework or a compartment
different text elements in a for the elements. Divide the space by creating lines
page. Organization ensures across the page, making it look like a cabinet with
that while some text various space sizes. Once you are done
elements are separated compartmentalizing, you can place the different text
from each other (based on elements on the boxes.
the principle of proximity), SOMETHING TO DO:
they are still somehow
connected with the rest of Read a newspaper and observe how a large amount of
text is organized narrow columns, consistent main text,
the elements in the page.
and varying headers all contribute to this.

REPETITION

concerns consistency of elements and the unity of the entire design. Repetition encourages the use of
repeating some typefaces within the page. When several typefaces are used on a page, it might distract
the audience and fail to communicate what you want them to get from the content. To strike a balance,
do not also use just a single typeface for a visual design product.

CONTRAST

Contrast is achieved when two elements are different from each other. When you place a white text on
a very light background, contrast is not achieved and the text will be difficult to read, with the right mix
of light and darkness. Try using large font with small font, serif with sans serif, thick lines with thin, and
cool color with warm color.

Visual information and media are materials, programs, applications and the like that teachers and
students use to formulate new information to aid learning through the use, analysis, evaluation and
production of visual images. The following are types of visual media:

Photography

Video

Screenshot

Infographic

Comic strips/cartoons

Meme

Graphs/Charts

Visual Note taking

The primary purpose of visual information is to gain attention, create meaning, and facilitate retention

1. Line - This describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick or thin. Lines may be
actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or contour.

2. Shape - A geometric area that stands out from the space next to or around it, or because of
differences in value, color, or texture. Shape may also be organic.

3. Value - The degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast between black and white and all the
tones in between. Value can be used with color as well as black and white. Contrast is the extreme
changes between values.
4. Texture - The way a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Texture can be added to attract or repel
interest to a visual element.

5. Color - Determined by its hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the hue), and value (lightness or
darkness of hue). Color and color combination can play a large role in the design.

6. Form - A figure having volume and thickness. An illusion of a 3-dimensional object can be implied with
the use of light and shading.

Principles in Visual Design

The visual appeal of artworks depends on its adherence to principles of design. However, there is no
strict commandment in designing. The personal preferences of the artist remain a prime contributing
factor in designing visuals.

1. Consistency of margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors is necessary, especially in slide presentations
or documents that are more than one page.

2. Center of interest – an area that first attracts attention in a composition. This area is more important
when compared to the other objects or elements in a composition. This can be by contrast of values,
more colors, and placement in the format.

3. Balance a feeling of visual equality in shape, form, value, color, etc. Balance can be symmetrical and
evenly balanced, or asymmetrical and unevenly balanced. Objects, values, colors, textures, shapes,
forms, etc. can be used in creating balance in a composition.

4. Harmony brings together a composition with similar units. If for example your composition was using
wavy lines and organic shapes, you would stay with those types of lines and not put in just one
geometric shape.

4. Contrast offers some change in value creating a visual discord in a composition. Contrast shows the
difference between shapes and can be used as a background to bring objects out and forward in a
design. It can also be used to create an area of emphasis.

5. Directional Movement a visual flow through the composition. It can be the suggestion of motion in a
design as you move from object to object by way of placement and position. Directional movement can
be created with a value pattern.

6. Rhythm a movement in which some elements recur regularly. Like a dance, it will have a flow of
objects that will seem to be like the beat of music.

7. Perspective created through the arrangement of objects in two-dimensional space to look like they
appear in real life. Perspective is a learned meaning of the relationship between different objects seen in
space

Lines disappearing in the horizon and objects getting smaller conveys a perspective of distance.

Types of Shots

Extreme Wide Shot / Extreme Long Shot - This reveals to the viewer the world where the story takes
place. Through this shot, the audience must have a feel of the time and place of the story – whether it is
morning or evening, hot or cold, wet or dry, and so on.

Wide Shot / Long Shot - This shot establishes the character and how he/she is related to the scene. The
characters can be seen from head to toe. Because of its wide coverage, the wide shot can also be used
as an establishing shot. This can also be used as a master shot, which introduces a new location or
scene.

Full Shot - Like the wide shot, the full shot also shows the character from head to toe, but this time
around, the character is already the focus. Through this, you can clearly see what the character looks
like as a whole or what he/she is doing.

Medium Shot - The character is seen waste up. This is often used in dialogue scenes, because it is wide
enough to show two or more characters but close enough to show details.

Medium Close-up - This shot rests between the medium shot and the close-up, with the subject framed
from shoulders up. Through this shot, more body language can complement the facial expressions to
show emotions.

Close-up - This frames the character’s face and provides emotional clues that cannot be effectively
shown with the medium shot. Other things may be shown up close – shaking hands, tapping feet, etc.
Extreme Close-up - This is a tighter frame that highlights the facial features or any subject more. It can
be highly detailed, much more intimate, emotionally heightened, and even uncomfortable to view.
Camera Angles and Points of View

Establishing the angles of your shots will also help in providing the desirable meaning on visuals.

Bird’s-eye view - Bird’s-eye view is the name given to the type of shot taken from an elevated point. As
its own name indicates, it offers a perspective similar to that which birds see while flying.

High angle - A high angle shot is taken pointing the camera down on the subject. As a result, the subject
is seen as vulnerable and powerless.

Eye level - The eye level shot is considered the most natural camera angle. Capturing the shot at eye-
level offers a neutral perception of the subject. Because it is the way in which we usually see people, this
camera angle can help the audience connect with the subject.

Low angle - A low angle shot is taken from below the subject’s eye line, pointing upwards. This camera
angle makes a subject look powerful and imposing.

Worm’s-eye view - The worm’s-eye view camera angle looks at an object or subject from below. It is
commonly used to capture tall elements in the scene, such as trees or skyscrapers, and put them in
perspective.

Over the Shoulder Shot - Also called OTS or third person shot, this is created by placing the camera at
the back of one character while facing the other character. This is used to highlight the relationship of
characters in a dialogue

Dutch Angle - Also called Dutch tilt, canted angle, or oblique angle, this shot is noticeably tilted or
tipped. This is used to signal to the viewer that something is wrong, disorienting, or unsettling (Lannom,
2020)
M5

Manipulative Media

Manipulative media are tools or devices used for hands-on developmental, educational, information,
leisure, therapeutic, and other purpose that require kinesthetic sense.

Classification of Manipulatives

- Manipulatives can be classified into two: the traditional and the digital.
- Traditional Manipulatives are those that does not require any digital component to function.

Concrete and Virtual Manipulatives: A Comparison

Hunt, Nipper and Nash (2011) probed the advantages and disadvantages of concrete and visual
manipulatives in education. Here are their findings:

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CONCRETE • Simpler, more moveable • Limited
MEDIA • Tactile (concrete) experience adds a • Not very challenging
dimension of learning
• Fosters creativity
• Process is traceable
• Allows trial and error
• Units are easier to distinguish, making the
whole easier to see
• Easier to relate to real-world applications
• Less expensive than digital technology
• Requires more thinking
• Self-paced
• Multi-sensory approach increases
memory retention
• Clarifies misconceptions and builds
connections concepts and representations,
encouraging more precise and richer
understanding
VIRTUAL • Feedback is immediate Cannot be actually touched Sometimes
MEDIA • Easier to maneuver and keep together forces one to think abstractly
• Offers a larger variety of experiences More suitable for use after a student has
• Allow more complex operations to be already mastered the concept
learned • Catches the attention of the Some make it too easy
“technology generation” Computers do the work for the students
• More accessible at home so they are able to guess the correct
• Gives step-by-step instruction answer
• Often provides explicit connections May limit the teacher’s ability to follow
between visual and symbolic the students’ thought processes
representations Takes away the notion that the hands
and mind must work together
Might feel like “do” vs. “learn/explore”
Doesn’t really make one find the answer
on his/her own

Multimedia

Gathering the ideas discussed in the three latest chapters, we come up with
this illustration.

Collectively, these dimensions make up multimedia, which Christenson (2006)

defines as “the integration of multiple forms of media.”
M6

Prior to the discussion of our topic today, it is imperative that you must familiarize yourself with the
typology of media language. Understanding the definite end of your discourse through mass media is of
the essence to determine the rudiments of your interpersonal correspondence.

What’s Cooking?

The process of producing media content, whether traditional or new, is long and tedious. Take for
instance the actual process of writing distance learning modules: it takes hundreds and even thousands
of man hours to plan, write, illustrate, layout, review, edit, review, reedit, finalize, and print one learning
module before it is packed and handed to learners.

1. Establish your THESIS STATEMENT

This may look like a piece of your Practical Research subject but establishing the thesis statement is the
first concern of any storyteller.

2. Know your AUDIENCE

These are the people you are conversing with through your work. Identify their preferences, their level
of understanding, their biases, their manner of thinking.

3. Determine your PURPOSE

Once you have identified your audience, you must determine the purpose why you are producing a
content.

4. Choose your STYLE

What will be your approach in relaying your content? Definitely, you must be guided by the profile of
your audience and the nature of your platform. Decide on the genre that you will employ.

5. Think of an INNOVATION

Today’s generation is always in search for novelties – things they have never seen before and ideas that
are fresh and new.

6. Decide your LANGUAGE

A person’s foreign language hits the mind; his or her native language hits the heart.

7. Explore other OPTIONS

Is a single medium enough for you to inform, or would multimedia help in gaining wide audience?
Remember that media convergence is a trend.

8. Think of what others can GIVE back.

This is not about getting paid for your work; this is all about the effect on your audience upon viewing
your content.

The U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Healthcare (EHC) continuously
fund research to improve information dissemination of their health advocacies. In one of their research,
AHRQ and EHC were able to come up with four effective communication techniques (2012). Below is the
table of the techniques and their corresponding effectiveness.

Technique Definition Observations

Tailoring the Communication designed for an Tailored communication delivered via
message individual based on information print or the Internet is more effective
from the individual. than nontailored communication in
increasing knowledge and changing
behavior
Targeting the Communication designed for Communication that is targeted to
message to audience subgroups based on group audience segments is a strategy used
segments membership or characteristics such to make information more relevant
as age, gender or sex, race, cultural based on group membership
background, language, and other characteristics.
“psychographic” characteristics such
as a person’s attitudes.
Using narratives Communication delivered in the Narrative forms of communication
form of a story, testimony, or increase information processing and
entertainment education increase the persuasiveness of
messages; people become
 transported into a situation that can
enhance emotions, attitudes, and
behaviors.
Framing the message Communication that conveys the Messages framed as emphasizing the
same messages in alternate ways benefits of preventive action are
(e.g., what is gained or lost by taking significantly better than loss framed
an action or making a choice). messages, although the difference is
small.

Stages of Production in Multimedia

After all that has been discussed, we are just in step one. This goes to show that careful planning is the
key, not just to achieve our set communication goals, but also to facilitate our production process.

Smith (2019) explained the stages of production in multimedia in the context of small business. The six
steps she enumerated are practical because it is close to what you can actually do, given all the
limitations that we have.

Pre-Production Stage

1. Planning Meeting - This kicks-off the multimedia production process. The main goal of this stage is to
unify the project team members in a common vision for the project and to lay out the lines of action
each member must do.

2. Creative Brief and Script Writing - A creative brief is a short, yet detailed summary of a company’s
background and the campaign goals it aims to achieve (Turits, 2019). This may be used for any type of
project and may serve as a blueprint for all creative content projects needed.

3. Storyboarding to Tie the Elements Together - The ideas laid out in a script needs to be concretized
through images and sound. Thus, to accomplish this, content creators need a story board.

Production Stage

4. Production and Designing the Visual Aspects - During the design stage, designers take over the visual
aspects of the project to determine how it looks and feels. Aided by the storyboards, the production
staff create graphics, shoot photo stills or videos, record sound, and collect all necessary images. Design
is always done with an eye toward the audience. (Smith, 2019)

Post-Production Stage

5. Review and Editing - This is also called the post-production stage, and it is the most complex of the
multimedia development process. All the sound and visual components are combined in a logical
sequence. Editing a one-minute content can even take hours depending on the requirements specified
in the storyboard.

6. User Testing - During this stage, test members of the audience use the multimedia piece while team
members observe. Depending on the goals of the project, the staff might observe users' reactions or
have them answer questions to see if the project hits the right marks. After user testing, there are
usually further adjustments to the project. Once the team and clients are satisfied, the project goes out
for distribution.

1. The core of any media content

a. philosophy b. production plan c. thesis statement d. visual storytelling technique

2. A summary of a company’s background and goals used in pre-production

a. company profile b. creative brief c. prospectus d. vision-mission

3. A visual guide used in producing a media content

a. idiot board b. outline c. script d. storyboard

4. The production stage when editing takes place

a. pre-production b. production c. post-production d. review

5. A step in media production wherein sample audience views and comments on the produced

material prior to mass release.

a. critiquing b. editing c. focus-group discussion d. user testing

M8

Self-Check

As creative content creator, you have to dream on and dream big. Take caution, though because you
have to stay grounded to reality.

1. What are your interests? To make the task easier for you, think of something closest to your heart.

2. What are your limits? Remember that we are still in the quarantine period, and we have protocols to
follow.

3. What are your resources? Think about everything and anyone to help you realize your goals

A. The Best Tips for Making a Short Film in a Short Amount of Time

Posted on May 10, 2019 by New York Film Academy

There are any number of reasons you might have a limited amount of time to create a short film (even
from scratch. Time is one of the most valuable resources a filmmaker can have, so creating a short film
in a crunch can be quite the challenge.

Story

- Try to come up with a great idea that works in a few minutes. Keep the concept simple and
focused. A good logline can help you focus your idea and keep you from wandering too far off
course.
Actors
- Cast carefully. Some actors may be more comfortable with ample rehearsal time, so make sure
they know the time restrictions of your shoot.
- Allow your actors to contribute. If they’re inventive, give them a chance to improvise. Shoot
takes with alternate lines of dialogue. This can be especially effective in comedies.
Producing
- Make sure your schedules are detailed out to the minute and remember that communication
between cast and crew is key.
Equipment
- Put together an inexpensive but effective equipment list. Your story won’t be improved with
more pixels, but you also don’t want your camera breaking down in the middle of your shoot.
Test all the gear before you leave for the set.
Cinematography
- Don’t be afraid of using natural lights and don’t be afraid if not everything is lit and bright. Often
enough, beauty lies in the darkness. Silhouettes, high contrast, backlighting, and dramatic
shadows can create a very dynamic and powerful cinematographic look.
Sound
- Sound, on the other hand, is another issue. Bad sound is often said to be the hallmark of
amateur filmmaking.
Digital Editing
- When working in post-production, remember it’s ok to be ruthless–do not be afraid to cut, even
if it means undoing hours of work.
General Production Do’s and Don’ts
- Keep your productions simple. Limit the number of cast members. Limit the number of
locations. Avoid big scenes with elaborate sets, costumes and props. Stay away from period
pieces, children and animals—they are far too unpredictable.

B. How to Create a Photo Essay: Step-by-Step Guide With Examples

Written by MasterClass

Last updated: Nov 8, 2020

Photo essays tell a story in pictures, and there are many different ways to style your own photo essay.
With a wide range of topics to explore, a photo essay can be thought-provoking, emotional, funny,
unsettling, or all of the above, but mostly, they should be unforgettable.

What Is a Photo Essay?

A photographic essay is a form of visual storytelling, a way to present a narrative through a series of
images. A great photo essay is powerful, able to evoke emotion and understanding without using words.
A photo essay delivers a story using a series of photographs and brings the viewer along your narrative
journey.

4 Photo Essay Examples

1. Day-in-the-life photo essay: These kinds of photo essays tell the story of a day in the life of a particular
subject.

2. Historic site photo essay: Taking pictures of historic landmarks offers a variety of different
perspectives—the use of unique angles, depths, and lighting.

3. Behind-the-scenes photo essay: Behind-the-scenes photo essays are great ways to capture what goes
into events from start to finish.

4. Local event photo essay: Local events like fundraisers, art shows, or festivals are great places to
document a photography project.

4 Tips for Creating a Photo Essay

Creative photography can be fun, sentimental, eye-opening, or gut-wrenching. It can expose a truth or
instill a sense of hope.

1. Do your research. There may be many types of photo essay topics available, but that doesn’t mean
your specific idea hasn’t already been tackled by a professional photographer.

2. Follow your instincts. Take photos of everything. Overshooting can be helpful for photojournalism.

3. Only use the best images. From your lead photo to the final photo, you’re creating a visually vivid
story.

4. Be open-minded. Your project may evolve past its initial concept, and that’s okay. Sometimes a photo
essay evolves organically, and your job as a photojournalist is to extract the right narrative from the
images you’ve captured—even if it wasn’t the original idea.

How to Create a Photo Essay in 7 Steps

1. Tell a diverse, confident story. Know what you’re shooting and why. It’s important to figure out what
your message is and shoot with a purpose.

2. Make sure you have a wide variety of images. Getting a multitude of shots during your photoshoot
can ensure you’ve covered your bases.

3. Be a ruthless photo editor. Your editing process should be blunt. If a shot is beautiful but won’t work
in your essay, don’t use it.

4. Choose your top 10 images. Once a few days have passed, pick the best 100 photos from your shoot
to start with.

5. Ask for outside input. Get a trusted, visually sophisticated friend to help you: Give them the top 100
photos and a written description of the overall story, and let them select what they think are the top 10
photos.

6. Make your final selections. Keeping in mind your discussion with your trusted friend, make your final
selections for the 10 best images that tell your story.

7. Write captions. Your final 10 images can be captioned to help enhance your visual narrative, but it
isn’t necessary.

C. 10 Tips for Perfect Poster Design

On: 8 July 2020

By: Carrie Cousins

Almost everyone has designed a poster or flier at some point. Whether it was for self-promotion or a
client, posters can be a fun way to present a message and do some interesting things with design.

1. Make it Easy to Read from a Distance

The top priority of a poster is generally to expose someone to an event. Key information should be easy
to read from a distance to help draw people to the poster and create a hierarchy in the text.

Headline: - This is the main (and largest) text element in the design. It can be in addition to an art
element or it can be the art element. Opt for a readable typeface that is interesting and demands
attention.
Details: - As for sizing, there are two options – drop the size to about half of the main headline for very
clear hierarchy or continue to use a larger size and use another technique for contrast.

The fine print: - This one explains itself. Commonly seen on posters to promote movies, it’s everything
else that someone decided needed to be on the poster. Make it small and keep it out of the way.

2. Amp Up the Contrast - You have one glance to grab someone’s attention with a poster. High
contrast between elements can help you do that.

3. Consider Size and Location - This factors in several ways, including the size of the poster (and
possibly aspect ratio), visual clutter around the poster and will the people who see it appreciate your call
to action?

4. Make a Mini Version - While poster design is primarily a print project, create mini versions
that can be used in other places as well. Remember one of those basic principles of marketing – a
person needs exposure to something 20 times to remember it.

5. Use One Big Visual - Whether you choose a photo, illustration or text, a dominant image is
key. And just like the text, it needs to be readable from a distance.

6. Use Plenty of Space When it comes to posters, use exaggerated spacing between elements.

• There are a few places where extra space can work wonders in poster design:

• Between individual letters. Tight kerning can cause letters to blur at distances.

• Between lines of text.

• Around interior margins of the canvas.

• Between elements of different types, such as images and text.

7. Include a Call to Action The goal of every poster is to expose people to something. Most of
these “touches” involve inviting someone to something, such as a concert or movie or another event.

8. Create Focus with Typography Poster design is one of those places where you can really go
crazy with beautiful typography. Some of the best posters are made with type and color, with no images
or illustrations.

9. Use a Cool Printing Technique Depending on the location and audience for your poster a cool
printing technique might be in order

10. Have Fun Poster design is a place where designers can have a lot of fun. While there are
plenty of things to think about and consider, this is an area where you can break the rules and go a little
crazy with design.

Conclusion

In an age with so much design talk centering around websites and apps, the art of poster design is often
an afterthought. Poster design can be fun and give you plenty of room to stretch your design muscles.

D. 10 Tips for More Effective PowerPoint Presentations

Dustin Wax

“Oh no! Not another boring PowerPoint presentation! My eyes, my eyes…!!!”

How much does it suck to be in the audience for yet another drawn-out, boring, lifeless slideshow?
Worse yet, how much does it such to be the one giving it?

The truth is, bad PowerPoint happens to good people, and quite often the person giving the
presentation is just as much a victim as the poor sods listening to her or him.

1. Write a script. A little planning goes a long way. Most presentations are written in PowerPoint (or
some other presentation package) without any sort of rhyme or reason.

2. One thing at a time, please. At any given moment, what should be on the screen is the thing you’re
talking about. Our audience will almost instantly read every slide as soon as it’s displayed; if you have
the next four points you plan to make up there, they’ll be three steps ahead of you, waiting for you to
catch up rather than listening with interest to the point you’re making.
3. No paragraphs. Where most presentations fail is that their authors, convinced they are producing
some kind of stand-alone document, put everything they want to say onto their slides, in great big
chunky blocks of text.

4. Pay attention to design. PowerPoint and other presentation packages offer all sorts of ways to add
visual “flash” to your slides: fades, swipes, flashing text, and other annoyances are all too easy to insert
with a few mouse clicks.

5. Use images sparingly There are two schools of thought about images in presentations. Some say they
add visual interest and keep audiences engaged; others say images are an unnecessary distraction.

6. Think outside the screen. Remember, the slides on the screen are only part of the presentation – and
not the main part. Even though you’re liable to be presenting in a darkened room, give some thought to
your own presentation manner – how you hold yourself, what you wear, how you move around the
room

7. Have a hook. Like the best writing, the best presentation shook their audiences early and then reel
them in. Open with something surprising or intriguing, something that will get your audience to sit up
and take notice

8. Ask questions. Questions arouse interest, pique curiosity, and engage audiences. So ask a lot of them.
Build tension by posing a question and letting your audience stew a moment before moving to the next
slide with the answer.

9. Modulate, modulate, modulate. Especially when you’ve done a presentation before, it can be easy to
fall into a drone, going on and on and on and on and on with only minimal changes to your inflection.

10. Break the rules. As with everything else, there are times when each of these rules – or any other rule
you know – won’t apply. If you know there’s a good reason to break a rule, go ahead and do it.

E. 12 Unique Vlogging Tips for Beginners

Vlogging has become a very popular topic recently and more and more people have been asking for
vlogging tips for beginners. Before we get into it more I first just want to say that you don’t need to
become a daily vlogger to be successful.

12 Vlogging Tips for Beginners

1. Keep Your Videos Interesting - One of the very first tips that you need to know about is keeping your
videos interesting. When people do vlogging the biggest problem that they have is they don’t have
enough stuff in their life to keep their audience entertained.

2. Plan Activities and Promote Them - Something that people have been doing more often lately is
planning special activities and then telling their audience about that activity. For example, Roman
Atwood told his viewers that he was going to be doing a Smart Car VS. Human Challenge in the coming
days and then he did it

3. Collaborate with Other Vloggers - Collaborating with other vloggers is one of the ways that most high-
profile vloggers get their big breaks. They collaborate, which means that they are getting in front of
another person’s audience as well as their own.

4. Ask Viewers for Recommendations - One of the hardest parts about becoming a vlogger is the fact
that you are always creating content. What kind of content though, that is what is up for debate? This is
why I strongly recommend you ask your viewers for their recommendations. When people let you know
what they want to see, it makes your job that much easier.

5. Edit Your Videos - This is probably something that you already do, but you need to go one step
further. With vlogging you must provide a lot of unique content inside your videos, which means you
can’t simply leave the video on the same clip for the entire time.

6. Mix Life into Your Niche - Let’s talk about a particular vlogger, Christian Guzman. He started his
YouTube channel by talking about fitness. Now, he talks about fitness, relationships, business, and life.

7. Set a Goal for Yourself - What are your goals? Do you want to vlog every day to give people an inside
look into your life? Do you want to vlog just for the fun of it? Whatever your reasoning is, make sure you
set this as a goal. Make sure your audience knows your goals as well.

8. Be Consistent - Sticking to an actual publish time is the best way to get people to come back each time
you post a new video. Everybody wants to see what you have going on, but they can’t see that if you
don’t publish regularly.
9. Interact with Your Viewers - If you are not commenting on what other people comment, then you are
missing out. The people that commenting are adding value to your channel, so make sure you show your
appreciation to them. You don’t have to write a huge amount, but sometimes a simple thank you is
more than enough.

10. Participate in Trends - When the ice bucket challenge went viral, this would have been a good time
to do this on your channel. Another idea is to do a video about current events going on in the world.

11. Give Your Channel a Weekly Theme/Series - So many people forget about this simple trick. All you
need to do is give your vlogging channel a topic and stick to that each week. For example, Grant Cardone
does something where every Monday he answers questions on real estate.

12. Practice, Practice, and Practice - This is a bit of an obvious one but the more you practice the better
you’ll get. You can practice how to Vlog before you even start uploading your videos on YouTube. Do not
feel rushed to upload the video, if you want to make a video that is fun to watch, entertaining, and
informative then you need to take some time, although try not to take forever.