Solution
1. The key word here is “noiseless”. With a normal 4 KHz channel, Shannon limit
would not allow this. For the 4 KHz channel we can make 8000 samples/sec. In this
case if each sample is 1024 bits this channel can send 8.2 Mbps.
2. Using the Nyquist theorem, which is "Max. data rate = 2B log_2V bits/sec",
we can sample = 2 (6MHz) log_2 (4) = 24 million times/sec. Therefore, using four
level signals total data rate will be of 24 Mbps.
3. Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) = 20 dB,which implies that, 10 log_10(S/N)=20
=> log_10(S/N) = 2
=> S/N = 10^2 = 100.
Now, from Shannon's theorem we know,
Max. data rate = B log2(1 + S/N) bits/sec
= (3000 Hz) log2(1 + 100) bits/sec
= (3000 Hz) log2(101) bits/sec
= (3000) (6.643) bits/sec
= 19.92 kbps.
4. B = 50,000 Hz.
Now based on, Shannon's theorem, B log2 (1 + S/N) bits/sec = T1's data-rate.
50,000 log2(1 + S/N) = 1.544 × 106 log2(1 + S/N) = 30.88
S/N = (2^30.88) -1
In dB, S/N = 10 log 10 (S/N) = 10 log 10 ((2^30.88) -1) = 92.95 dB.
Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio needs to be 92.95dB.
5. Bandwidth needed is 480 * 640 * 24 * 60 = 442 368 000 bits
6. Freq = C/W where C: speed of light. W: wavelength. \ Convert 1 cm to m → 1 cm =
0.01 m
For diameter of 1 cm: \ Freq = (3 × sup(10, 8)/0.01 \ Freq = 3 × sup(10, 10) = 30
GHz
For diameter of 5 m: \ Freq = (3 × sup(10, 8)/5 \ Freq = 6 × sup(10, 7) = 60 MHz
The cover range is from 60 MHz to 30 GHz.
7. QPSK encodes 2 bits/symbol. rate = baud * bits/symbol = 1200 * 2 = 2400bps
8. This is amplitude modulation because both points are the same angle from the
Solution
positive x axis but are different distances away from origin (0,0).
9. Two, one for upstream and one for downstream. The modulation scheme itself just
uses amplitude and phase. The frequency is not modulated.
10. There are ten 4000 Hz signals.
Therefore, we need nine guard bands to avoid any interference.
Altogether, the minimum bandwidth required is (4000 × 10 + 400 × 9) or, 43,600 Hz.
11. A sampling time of 125 μsec (micro-sec) corresponds to 8000 samples per second,
because, in 1 second (or, in 106μsec) we sample (106/125) or, 8000.According to
the Nyquist theorem (which is "Max. data rate = 2B log_2V bits/sec"), this is the
sampling frequency needed to capture all the information in a (B=) 4-kHz
channel, such as a telephone channel (Actually the nominal bandwidth is less, but
the cutoff is not sharp.). Note:(assuming two signal level or, possible symbol),
Max. data rate = 2B log_2V bits/sec = 2 × 4,000 ×log2(2) bits/sec = 2 × 4000 × 1
= 8,000.
12. With a modern T1 line, the end users get 8 × 24 = 192 of the 193 bits in a frame.
The overhead is therefore 1 / 193 = 0.5%. Therefore, at least 0.5% of the 1.544
Mbps are not delivered to the end user.
13. In both cases 8000 samples/sec are possible. With dibit encoding, two bits are sent
per sample. With T1, 7 bits are sent per period. The respective data rates are 16 kbps
and 56 kbps.
14. From Shannon’s theorem:
Max Data Rate = Wlog2(1+S/N)
Note that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) given here is a power ratio, yet we are
given the SNR in decibels. We therefore need to convert back to a power ratio:
SNR in Db = 10log2(1+S/N)
S/N=100
Max Data Rate= Wlog2(1+S/N)=20kbps
The Nyquist limit for binary signalling over a 3kHz channel is
Max Data Rate= 2Wlog2M=6kbps
Therefore, the maximum achievable data rate is 6kbps. (To achieve higher rates
than this (up to the Shannon limit), one would have to use a different signalling method.)
15. The loss in the cable in decibels is 5 x (-0.3)::: -1.5 dB.
We can calculate the power as
Solution
Thus P_2=1.4mW
16. Using the first harmonic, data rate = 2 × 6 MHz = 12 Mbps
Using three harmonics, data rate = (2 × 6 MHz) /3 = 4 Mbps
Using five harmonics, data rate = (2 × 6 MHz) /5 = 2.4 Mbps
17. dB = 10 log10 (90 / 100) = –0.46 dB
18. 100,000 bits / 5 Kbps = 20s
19. The file contains 2,000,000 × 8 = 16,000,000 bits. With a 56-Kbps channel, it takes
16,000,000/56,000 = 289 s. With a 1-Mbps channel, it takes 16 s
20. We have SNR = (200 mW) / (10 × 2 × μW) = 10,000
We then have SNRdB = 10 log10 SNR = 40
21. We use the formula
S = (1/r) × N, but first we need to calculate the value of r for each case.
a. r = log22 = 1 →S = (1/1) × (2000 bps) = 2000 baud
b. r = log22 = 1 →S = (1/1) × (4000 bps) = 4000 baud
c. r = log24 = 2 →S = (1/2) × (6000 bps) = 3000 baud
d. r = log264 = 6 →S = (1/6) × (36,000 bps) = 6000 baud
22. We use the formula N = r × S, but first we need to calculate the value of r foreach case.
a. r = log22 = 1 →N = (1) × (1000 bps) = 1000 bps
b. r = log22 = 1 →N = (1) × (1000 bps) = 1000 bps
c. r = log22 = 1 →N = (1) × (1000 bps) = 1000 bps
d. r = log16 = 4 →N = (4) × (1000 bps) = 4000 bps
23. 36Mbps
24. Frame size = (# of slots) x (character size + slot address) = 6 x (8 bits+ 4 bits) =72 bits
We can assume that we have only 6 input lines. Each frame needs to carry one character
from each of these lines. This means that the link needs to send500 frames/s
Solution
Frame duration = 1 / (frame rate) = 1 / 500 =2ms
Data rate = (500 frames/s) x (72 bits/frame) =36 Kbps
25. We need to add extra bits to the second source to make both bit rates = 190Kbps.Now we
have two sources, each of 190 Kbps. Since the data unit was not specified, assume that it is one
bit. Frame size = 2 bits.
Frame rate =190k frames/s
Frame duration = 1/frame rate = 1/190k = 5.26µs
Data rate = 190k*2 = 380kbps
