Communication System

Module-2
 Modulation
Introduction to Modulation:
➢ Modulation is the process of superimposing a low frequency signal on
a high frequency carrier signal. The transmitter modifies the message
signal into a suitable form for transmission over the channel.
➢ The process of modulation is defined as varying the RF carrier wave
in accordance with the information in a low frequency signal.
➢ Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics
such as amplitude, frequency and phase, of a carrier is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Need for Modulation:

The following are the factors which emphasize the need for
modulation:

➢ Antenna Height

➢ Narrow Banding

➢ Poor radiation and penetration

➢ Diffraction angle

➢ Multiplexing
Ex-1:
➢ If two musical programs were played at the same time within distance, it
would be difficult for anyone to listen to one source and not hear the
second source. Since all musical sounds have approximately the same
frequency range, from about 50 Hz to 10 KHz. If a desired program is
shifted up to a band of frequencies between 100 KHz and 110 KHz, and
the second program shifted up to the band between 120 KHz and 130
KHz, Then both programs gave still 10 KHz bandwidth and the listener
can (by band selection) retrieve the program of his own choice. The
receiver would down shift only the selected band of frequencies to a
suitable range of 50Hz to 10 KHz.

Ex-2:
➢ A second more technical reason to shift the message signal to a higher
frequency is related to antenna size. It is to be noted that the antenna
size is inversely proportional to the frequency being radiated. This is 75
meters at 1 MHz but at 15 KHz it has increased to 5000 meters a vertical
antenna of this size is impossible.
Types of Modulation:
➢ The main function of the carrier wave is to carry the audio or video
signal from the transmitter to the receiver.
➢ The resulting wave due to superimposition of audio signal and carrier
wave is called the modulated wave.
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
➢ Amplitude modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of high
frequency carrier signal according to the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal.
➢ i.e., in AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the modulating signal while the frequency of the carrier wave
remains constant.
➢ It is the oldest mode of modulation which is most widely used.
➢ Modulating signal contains information and is also known as message
signal or baseband signal.
➢ Any communication system involves carrier signal which is sinusoidal in
nature.
➢ AM is done by an electronic device called “modulator”.
 Mathematical Expression of AM wave
➢ Let the modulating signal is represented as:
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑚 𝑡) (1)
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

Amplitude of modulating signal Frequency of modulating signal

➢ The fundamental carrier signal is represented as:

𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) (2)

Amplitude of carrier signal Frequency of carrier signal

➢ Carrier signal contains no information and has frequency
higher than that of modulating signal.

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓𝑐 ≫ 𝑓𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝜔𝑐 ≫ 𝜔𝑚 (3)

➢ The amplitude modulated signal can be represented as:

𝑐𝑚 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠(𝑡) = [𝐴𝑐 +𝑚(t)] cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) (4)

 1
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑚 t cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐴𝑐
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝐾𝑎 𝑚 t cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

➢ Where, 1
𝐾𝑎 = = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴𝑐

➢ It is measured in 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −1
➢ Using (1) & (4):
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = [𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐴𝑚
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐴𝑐
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝜇 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐴𝑚
➢ Where, 𝜇 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎 = = 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 &
𝐴𝑐
𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜇 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎 ≪ 1
➢ Modulation index is the measure of how much a modulating signal
modulates the carrier signal.
 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝜇 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑚 𝑡)

𝐴𝑐 𝜇
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
2
𝐴𝑐 𝜇
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + [cos 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
2

2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

So, the expression of amplitude modulated wave is:

𝐴𝑐 𝜇 𝐴𝑐 𝜇
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2 2

Sideband

Carrier Upper Sideband Lower Sideband

(USB) (LSB)
Important points:
➢ Amplitude of carrier is 𝐴𝑐 (Volts)
➢ Frequency of carrier is 𝑓𝑐 =𝜔𝑐 /2𝜋
➢ Amplitude of modulating or message signal is 𝐴𝑚 (Volts)
➢ Frequency of modulating or message signal is 𝑓𝑚 =𝜔𝑚 /2𝜋
𝐴𝑐 𝜇
➢ Amplitude of USB = = Amplitude of LSB
2

➢ Frequency of USB 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚

➢ Frequency of LSB 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚
 Bandwidth of Amplitude modulated wave:
∆𝜔 = 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 − 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 Spectrum of AM

∆𝜔 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 − (𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 )
∆𝜔 = 2𝜔𝑚
(i. e. , twice of frequency of modulating signal)
 Single Tone Amplitude Modulation

➢ If the modulating or baseband signal consists of only one (single)

frequency i.e., modulation is done by a single frequency or tone, then
this type of amplitude modulation is known as single tone amplitude
modulation.

➢ Expression of Single Tone AM signal is written as follows:

 Time Domain Representation of Amplitude Modulation

➢ Expression of Single Tone AM signal is written as follows:

➢ Envelope of the above signal is:

𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
Suppose ma=0.7

Here, the minimum value of envelop is some positive

value and does not cross the zero line.
Here, the minimum value of envelop touches the zero line.

Triangular pattern
Suppose ma=1.2

Here, the minimum value of envelop is some negative

value and it crosses the zero line.
i.e., zero crossing occurs in this case and phase
reversal (180 degree phase shift) effect will be
happen.
0.2 Ac

-0.2 Ac
 Frequency Domain Representation of Amplitude Modulation

➢ Expression of Single Tone AM signal is written as follows:

 Power Calculation in Amplitude Modulation

Note: If resistance is not given then assume R = 1

Transmission Efficiency
 Solution: Here, Emax = 9 & Emin = 3

Ac= 6 ma= 0.5 & Am= 3 New Ac= 10

efficiency= 11.11%
Problem 2:
A carrier wave of frequency f = 1mHz with a pack voltage of 20V is used to
modulate a signal of frequency 1kHz with a pack voltage of 10v. Find out the
following:
(i) Modulation index
(ii) Frequencies of the modulated wave
(iii) Bandwidth
Problem 3:
y = 10 cos (1800 πt) + 20 cos 2000 πt + 10 cos 2200 πt. Find the modulation
index (μ or ma) of the given wave.

Solution:
As we know, the expression for amplitude modulated wave is
s(t) = Ac (1+ μ cos ωmt) cos ωct
S(t) = (Ac + Am cos ωmt) cos ωct ……………… (1)
Problem 4:

Solution:

Ac= 20
& Am= 10

Pc= (Ac)^2/2
 Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation

➢ In the process of Amplitude Modulation, the modulated wave consists of the

carrier wave and two sidebands.
➢ The modulated wave has the information only in the sidebands.
➢ Sideband is nothing but a band of frequencies, containing power, which are the
lower and higher frequencies of the carrier frequency.
➢ The transmission of a signal, which contains a carrier along with two sidebands
can be termed as Double Sideband Full Carrier system or simply DSBFC.
➢ It is plotted as shown in the following figure.

➢ However, such a transmission is inefficient. Because, two-thirds of the

power is being wasted in the carrier, which carries no information.
➢ If this carrier is suppressed and the saved power is distributed to the two
sidebands, then such a process is called as Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
system or simply DSBSC.
➢ It is plotted as shown in the following figure.
Mathematical Expressions

➢ Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for modulating

and carrier signals as we have considered in the earlier chapters.

➢ Mathematically, we can represent the equation of DSBSC wave as

the product of modulating and carrier signals:

Block diagram of DSB-SC system

 Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave
➢ We know the formula for bandwidth (BW) is

Consider the equation of DSBSC modulated wave:

➢ The DSBSC modulated wave has only two frequencies. So, the maximum and
minimum frequencies are fc+fm and fc−fm, respectively.

➢ Thus, the bandwidth of DSBSC wave is same as that of AM wave and

it is equal to twice the frequency of the modulating signal.
 Power Calculations of DSBSC Wave

Consider the following equation of DSBSC modulated wave:

Power of DSBSC wave is equal to the sum of powers of upper sideband

and lower sideband frequency components.

We know the standard formula for power of cos signal is:

First, let us find the powers of upper sideband and lower sideband one
by one.
Upper sideband power:

Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of upper
sideband power.
PUSB =
➢ Now, let us add these two sideband powers in order to get the power
of DSBSC wave.

➢ Therefore, the power required for transmitting DSBSC wave is

equal to the power of both the sidebands.
Advantages of DSB-SC modulation

1.It provides 100% modulation efficiency.

2.Due to suppression of carrier, it consumes less power.
3.It provides a larger bandwidth.

Disadvantages of DSB-SC modulation

1.It involves a complex detection process.

2.Using this technique it is sometimes difficult to recover the signal at the receiver.
3.It is an expensive technique when it comes to demodulation of the signal.

Applications of DSB-SC modulation

1.During the transmission of binary data, DSB-SC system is used in phase shift
keying methods.
2.In order to transmit 2 channel stereo signals, DSB signals are used in Television
and FM broadcasting.

DSB-SC technique allows us to have a transmission that reduces overall power

consumption rate, thereby ensuring a stronger signal at the output.
 Single Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) Modulation
➢ As we know, the DSBSC modulated signal has two sidebands. Since,
the two sidebands carry the same information, there is no need to
transmit both sidebands. We can eliminate one sideband.
➢ The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier
and transmitting a single sideband is called as Single Sideband
Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSBSC.
➢ It is plotted as shown in the following figure.

➢ Here, the carrier and the lower

sideband are suppressed. Hence,
the upper sideband is used for
transmission.
➢ Similarly, we can suppress the
carrier and the upper sideband
while transmitting the lower
sideband.
➢ This SSBSC system, which
transmits a single sideband has
high power, as the power allotted
for both the carrier and the other
sideband is utilized in transmitting
this Single Sideband.
Mathematical Expressions

➢ Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for modulating

and carrier signals as we have considered in the earlier chapters.

➢ Mathematically, we can represent the equation of SSBSC wave as:

Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave
➢ We know that the DSBSC modulated wave contains two sidebands
and its bandwidth is 2fm.
➢ Since the SSBSC modulated wave contains only one sideband, its
bandwidth is half of the bandwidth of DSBSC modulated wave.

➢ Therefore, the bandwidth of SSBSC modulated wave is fm and it is

equal to the frequency of the modulating signal.

Frequency Spectrum of SSBSC Wave:

Power Calculations of DSBSC Wave

Consider the following equation of DSBSC modulated wave:

or

➢ Power of SSBSC wave is equal to the power of any one sideband

frequency components.

We know the standard formula for power of cos signal is:

In this case, the power of the upper sideband is:

Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of upper
sideband power.

Therefore, the power of SSBSC wave is

Advantages

➢ Bandwidth or spectrum space occupied is lesser than AM and DSBSC

waves.
➢ Transmission of more number of signals is allowed.
➢ Power is saved.
➢ High power signal can be transmitted.
➢ Less amount of noise is present.
➢ Signal fading is less likely to occur.

Disadvantages

➢ The generation and detection of SSBSC wave is a complex process.

➢ The quality of the signal gets affected unless the SSB transmitter and
receiver have an excellent frequency stability.

Applications

➢ For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.

➢ In land, air, and maritime mobile communications.
➢ In point-to-point communications.
➢ In radio communications.
➢ In television, telemetry, and radar communications.
➢ In military communications, such as amateur radio, etc.
 Vestigial Single Sideband (VSB)
➢ In case of SSB modulation, when a sideband is passed through the
filters, the band pass filter may not work perfectly in practice. As a
result of which, some of the information may get lost.
➢ Hence to avoid this loss, a technique is chosen, which is a
compromise between DSB-SC and SSB, called as Vestigial Sideband
(VSB) technique.
➢ The word vestige which means “a part” from which the name is
derived.

Vestigial Sideband
➢ Both of the sidebands are not required for the transmission, as it is a
waste.
➢ But a single band if transmitted, leads to loss of information. Hence,
this technique has evolved.
➢ VSB technique was introduced to overcome the drawbacks of SSB
modulation.
Vestigial Sideband Modulation or VSB Modulation is the process
where a part of the signal called as vestige is modulated, along with
one sideband.
 ➢ A VSB signal can be plotted as shown in the following figure.

Transmission Bandwidth

➢ The transmission bandwidth of VSB

modulated wave is represented as:
B=fm+ fv
Where,
fm = Message bandwidth
fv = Width of the vestigial sideband

➢ Along with the upper sideband, a part of the lower sideband is also
being transmitted in this technique.
➢ A guard band of very small width is laid on either side of VSB in order
to avoid the interferences.
Advantages of Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation

1.It is a highly efficient modulation technique used for wave transmission.

2.It reduces the bandwidth utilization.
3.The filter characteristics do not need to be highly accurate thus making its design
simple.
4.It easily transmits low-frequency components and possesses good phase
characteristics.

Disadvantages of Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation

1.Its bandwidth requirement is somewhat higher than that of SSB modulation, due to
the presence of vestige.
2.Vestigial sideband modulation leads to a complex demodulation process at the
receiver end.

Application of Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation

➢ VSB modulation is mostly used in television transmissions.

➢ For the transmission of television signals, VSB technique is widely used. As
during transmission of TV signals, there is a need of simultaneous
transmission of both audio and video information.
 Performance comparison of Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation with
DSB-SC and SSB modulation

We are already aware of the fact that an amplitude modulated signal consists of two
sidebands along with a carrier.
However, systems utilizing suppression of the signal eliminates sometimes carrier
only and sometimes one sideband along with the carrier. Due to this, there exist
some comparison points between them.
➢ A system utilizing a conventional amplitude modulation technique increases both
power consumption and bandwidth. However, DSB-SC and SSB systems reduce
the power consumption. Among all VSB system is best when it comes to
bandwidth utilization.
➢ In case of DSB-SC and SSB modulation techniques, the filter must be highly
efficient in order to suppress the carrier and desired sideband. On contrary, VSB
does not need such accurate filtering characteristics.
➢ The conventional method of amplitude modulation provides simple demodulation
at the receiver end. However, the detection process of DSB-SC, SSB, VSB
signals is costly and difficult. Hence for broadcasting purposes, the conventional
technique is mostly used.
 Angle Modulation
➢ Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the phase of
the carrier varies according to the instantaneous values of modulating
signal (or message signal).

➢ It is further divided into two types:

❖ frequency modulation and

❖ phase modulation.

❖ Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the

carrier signal linearly with the message signal.

❖ Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier

signal linearly with the message signal.
Consider the general carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐

Where, 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐 represents the angle of the carrier

Consider the general carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐

𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐
Where, 𝜔 = Carrier frequency
𝑐
𝜑𝑐 = Phase angle

𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜓 𝑡 , Where, 𝜓 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐
𝑑
𝜓 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐
𝑑𝑡
Frequency Modulation
➢ We know that in amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier varies.
But in Frequency Modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
➢ The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant whereas
the frequency of the carrier changes.
➢ This can be better understood by observing the following figures:

➢ The frequency of the modulated

wave remains constant as the
carrier wave frequency when the
message signal is at zero.
➢ The frequency increases when the
message signal reaches its
maximum amplitude.
➢ Which means, with the increase in
amplitude of the modulating or
message signal, the carrier
frequency increases.
➢ Likewise, with the decrease in the
amplitude of the modulating
signal, the frequency also
decreases.
Mathematical Representation
 Equation for FM WAVE

Consider the carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

The frequency variation at the output is called instantaneous frequency

and is expressed as:
𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡
Where, kf → proportionality constant known as Frequency Sensitivity factor (H

The angle of the carrier after modulation can be written as:

𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = න 𝜔𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑓 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

The equation for FM wave can be written as:

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑓 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Frequency Deviation in FM:

The instantaneous frequency, 𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡

𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑐 + Δ𝜔

Where, Δ𝜔 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡 is called frequency deviation which may be

positive or negative depending on the sign of
m(t)
The modulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation
to the modulating frequency.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥(𝑀. 𝐼) = 𝛽 =
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Δ𝑓
𝛽= ; Δ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
𝑓𝑚
Advantages and Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation
Applications of Frequency Modulation

➢ It is mostly used in radio broadcasting. It offers a great advantage in

radio transmission as it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio, which
means that it results in low radio frequency interference. This is the
main reason that many radio stations use FM to broadcast music
over the radio.
➢ Additionally, some of its uses are also found in radar, telemetry,
seismic prospecting, and in EEG (electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording
of brain activity), different radio systems, music synthesis as well as in
video-transmission instruments.
➢ FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM.

Narrowband FM
➢ The features of Narrowband FM are as follows −

❖ This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth.

❖ The modulation index is small.
❖ Its spectrum consists of carrier, USB, and LSB.
❖ This is used in mobile communications such as police
wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc

Wideband FM
➢ The features of Wideband FM are as follows −

❖ This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth.

❖ The modulation index is large, i.e., higher than 1.
❖ Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of
sidebands, which are located around it.
❖ This is used in entertainment broadcasting applications such
as FM radio, TV, etc.
Amplitude Modulation vs Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
➢ In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. But in Phase
Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous values of the magnitude of the modulating signal (or
message signal).
➢ The amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant
whereas the phase of the carrier changes.
➢ This can be better understood by observing the following figures.

➢ The phase of the modulated

wave has got infinite points
where the phase shift in a
wave can take place.
➢ The instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal,
changes the phase of the
carrier.
➢ When the amplitude is
positive, the phase changes
in one direction and if the
amplitude is negative, the
phase changes in the
opposite direction.
Relation between PM and FM
➢ The change in phase, changes the frequency of the modulated wave.
➢ The frequency of the wave also changes the phase of the wave.
➢ Though they are related, their relationship is not linear. Phase
modulation is an indirect method of producing FM.
➢ The amount of frequency shift, produced by a phase modulator
increases with the modulating frequency.
➢ An audio equalizer is employed to compensate this.
 Equation for PM WAVE
Consider the carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

The equation for PM wave is −

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜓𝑖 𝑡
Where,
𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 t + 𝐾𝑝 𝑚 𝑡

Where, kP → proportionality constant known as Phase Sensitivity factor (rad/v

The equation for PM wave is −

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 t + 𝐾𝑝 𝑚 𝑡

Frequency Deviation in FM:

𝑑 𝑑
The instantaneous frequency, 𝜔𝑖 = 𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑃 𝑚 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
𝑑
= 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑃 𝑚 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝜔𝑐 + Δ𝜔
Where, 𝑑
Δ𝜔 = 𝐾𝑃 𝑚 𝑡 is called frequency deviation
𝑑𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥(𝑀. 𝐼) = 𝐾𝑃 𝐴𝑚
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Ques: A sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 5 V and a
frequency of 2 KHz is applied to FM generator, which has a
frequency sensitivity of 40 Hz/volt. Calculate the frequency
deviation, modulation index, and bandwidth.
Solution:
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