CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 97

CHAPTER 04

Vector
Algebra
In this Chapter...
l Vector Joining Two Points
l Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors
l Cross or Vector Product of Two Vectors

(ii) Unit Vector A vector whose magnitude is one unit is®

Scalars and Vectors called unit vector. The unit vector in the direction of a is
The quantities which have magnitude but no direction, are represented by a$. The unit vectors along X-axis, Y-axis and
called scalars. $ respectively.
Z-axis are represented by $i , $j and k,
The quantities which have magnitude as well as direction, (iii) Coinitial Vectors Two or more vectors having the same
are called vectors. initial point are called coinitial vectors.

Magnitude of a Vector (iv) Collinear or Parallel Vectors Two or more vectors are
¾®
said to be collinear, if they are parallel to same line,
®
The length of the vector AB or a is called the magnitude of irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
¾® ® ¾® ®
AB or a and it is represented by| AB | or| a |. (v) Equal Vectors Two vectors are said to be equal, if they
have same magnitude and direction regardless of the
® ® ®
If a = x $i + y $j + z k$, then | a | = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . positions of their initial points. Symbolically, if a and b
®

® ®
®
The length is never negative, so the notation| a | < 0 has no are equal, then it is written as a = b.
meaning. (vi) Negative of a Vector A vector whose magnitude is same
as that of given vector but the direction is opposite, is
Types of Vectors ¾®
called negative vector of the given vector. e.g. Let AB be a
(i) Zero or Null Vector A vector whose magnitude is ¾® ¾®
zero or whose initial and terminal points coincide, is vector, then - AB or BA is a negative vector.
®
called a null vector or zero vector. It is denoted by 0 (vii) Coplanar Vectors Three or more vectors, which either lie
and it cannot be assigned a definite direction, as its in the same plane or are parallel to the same plane, are
magnitude is zero. Otherwise, it may be regarded as called coplanar vectors.
¾® ¾®
Note If the initial point of a vector is not specified, then it is called a free
having any direction. Thus, AA, BB represent the zero vector.
vectors.
 98 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

® ® ®
Position Vector (ii) For any three vectors a , b and c ,
® ® ® ® ® ®
Let O (0, 0, 0) be the origin and P be a point in space having a +( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c [associative law]
coordinates ( x, y, z) with respect to the origin O. Then, the ® ® ® ® ® ®
¾® ® (iii) For any vector a , we have a + 0 = 0 + a = a .
vector OP or r is called the position vector of the point P with ®
respect to O. Here, O is its initial point and P is its terminal The zero vector 0 is called the additive identity for the
point. vector addition.
Z
Multiplication of a Vector by Scalar
P(x, y, z) ® ®
®
r
Let l be a scalar and a be a vector, then l a is defined as a
®
vector whose magnitude is| l| times the magnitude of a ,
Y ® ®
O(0, 0, 0)
X
¾® ®
i.e. |l a| =|l|| a|
By using the distance formula, the magnitude of OP or r is ®
given by and the direction is same or opposite of a , according as l is
¾® ® positive or negative.
| OP|=| r|= x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Properties of Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Generally, we denote the position vector of points A, B , C, ® ®
® ®® Let a and b be any two vectors and k and m be any scalars.
etc., with respect to the origin O by a , b, c , etc., respectively. Then,
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Addition of Vectors (i) k a + m a = ( k + m) a (ii) k( a + b ) = k a + k b
® ®
(i) Triangle Law of Vector Addition If two vectors are (iii) k( m a ) = ( km) a
represented along two sides of a triangle taken in order,
then their resultant is represented by the third side taken Components of a Vector
in opposite direction. Let a point P in a space has coordinates ( x, y, z) and
i.e. In DABC, by triangle law of vector addition, we have $i, $j and k$ are unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ-axes,
¾® ¾® ¾® respectively. Then, the position vector of P with respect to O
AB + BC = AC is given by
¾® ®
C OP ( or r ) = x $i + y $j + z k$

Z
Ù
k P (x, y, z)
B A
(ii) Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition If two vectors
are represented along the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant is represented by the O Ù Y
j
diagonal of the parallelogram, which is coinitial with the Ù
i
given vector. If the sides OA and OC of parallelogram X
¾® ¾® ¾®
OABC represents OA and OC , respectively, then we get This form of vector OP is called component form. Here, x, y
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® and z are called the scalar components and x $i, y $j and z k$ are
OA + OC = OB or OA + AB = OB [Q AB = OC] ¾® ®
called the vector components of OP ( or r ) along the
C B
respective axes.
Sometimes x, y and z are also termed as rectangular
®
components. The length of any vector r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ is
O A ®
given by| r | =|xi$ + yj$ + zk$|= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Note We may say that the two laws of vectors addition are equivalent to
each other. If a point P lie in a plane, say XY-plane and has coordinates
( x, y ).
Properties of Vector Addition ¾®
® ® Then, OP = x $i + y $j, where $i and $j are unit vectors along OX
(i) For any two vectors a and b,
® ® ® ® and OY-axes, respectively.
a +b=b+a [commutative law]
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 99

¾®
Also, |OP| = x2 + y2 Direction Cosines and Direction
Ratios of a vector
Y ¾® ®
Suppose OP (or r ) is the position vector of a point P ( x, y, z)
P (x, y) shown in the figure.
j Z
C
P
®

z)
r

y,
(x,
X ®

P
O i g r O a
90°
O b
Y x
a B
Important Results in Component Form A
X
® ®
If a and b are any two vectors given in the component form A
® ®
as a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$ and b = b1 $i + b 2 $j + b 3 k$. X
¾®
Then, (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) and ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) are called direction
®
Here, the angles a, b and g made by the vector OP with
®
ratios of a and b, respectively. positive directions of coordinates axes OX, OY and OZ
® ® respectively, are called direction angles. The cosine values of
(i) The sum (or resultant) of the vectors a and b is given by these angles, i.e. cos a, cos b and cos g are known as the
® ® ¾®
a + b = ( a 1 + b1 ) $i + ( a 2 + b 2 ) $j + ( a 3 + b 3 ) k$ direction cosines of OP .
® ®
(ii) The difference of the vectors a and b is given by Generally, they are denoted by l, m and n respectively,
® ®
a - b = ( a 1 - b1 ) $i + ( a 2 - b 2 ) $j + ( a 3 - b 3 ) k$
®
i.e. l = cos a, m = cos b and n = cos g
®
(iii) The vectors a and b are equal iff
a 1 = b1 , a 2 = b 2 and a 3 = b 3 In the figure, the DOAP is a right angled triangle, so we have,
x ®
® cos a = , where r =| r| .
(iv) The multiplication of vector a by any scalar l is given by r
®
l a = ( la 1 ) $i + ( la 2 ) $j + ( la 3 ) k$ Similarly, from the right angled DOBP and DOCP, we have
y z
® ® cos b = and cos g = × Thus, the coordinates of the point P
(v) The vectors a and b are collinear (or parallel), if and only r r
if there exists a non-zero scalar l such that b = l a .
® ® may also be expressed as ( r cos a, r cos b, r cos g ) or
( lr, mr, nr ). The numbers lr, mr and nr are proportional to the
Þ ( b $i + b $j + b k$ ) = l( a $i + a $j + a k$ )
1 2 3 1 2 3
®
direction cosines, called direction ratios of vector r and
Þ b1 = a 1 l, b 2 = a 2 l and b 3 = a 3 l denoted as x, y and z, respectively.
x x y y z z
Þ
b1 b 2 b 3
= = =l (i) l = = ® , m = = ® and n = = ® .
a1 a 2 a 3 r r r
| r| | r| | r|
® ®
Thus, the vectors a and b are collinear (or parallel), iff (ii) In general, it may be noted that l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 but
b1 b 2 b 3 x2 + y2 + z 2 ¹ 1 .
= = = l [non-zero constant] ®
a1 a 2 a 3
(iii) If a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$, then a 1 , a 2 and a 3 are also called
(vi) If it is given that l, m and n are direction cosines of a ®
vector, then direction ratios of a .
l $i + m $j + n k$ = ( cos a ) $i + ( cos b) $j + ( cos g ) k$ (iv) If it is given that l, m and n are direction cosines of a
vector, then l $i + m $j + n k$ = ( cos a ) $i + ( cos b) $j + ( cos g ) k$
is the unit vector in the direction of that vector, where is the unit vector in the direction of that vector, where
a, b and g are the angles which the vector makes with a, b and g are the angles which the vector makes with X,
X, Y and Z-axes, respectively. Y and Z-axes, respectively.
 100 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

Vector Joining Two Points External Division

Let A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) be any two points on the Let a point C divide the line joining AB externally in the ratio
plane. Then, position vectors of A and B with respect to the of m : n. Then, the position vector of point C is given by
origin O are C
¾®
OA = x1i$ + y1 $j + z1 k$ n

¾® m
and OB = x 2 $i + y 2 j$ + z 2 k,
$ respectively. O B
Y B (x2, y2, z2)
Ù Ù
^
A
j
¾® ¾®
A (x1, y1, z1)
¾® m OB - n OA
OC =
Ù

m-n
X
O ^
i where, m and n are positive scalars.
Z ^
k
In DOAB, by applying triangle law of addition, we get Scalar or Dot Product
® ®
¾® ¾® ¾®
Let a and b be the two non-zero vectors inclined at an angle
OA + AB = OB ® ®
¾® ¾® ¾® q. Then, the scalar product or dot product of a and b is
\ AB = OB - OA = ( x 2 $i + y 2 $j + z 2 k$ ) – ( x1 $i + y1 $j + z1 k$ ) ® ®
represented by a × b and it is defined as
¾®
AB = ( x 2 - x1 ) $i + ( y 2 - y1 ) j$ + ( z 2 - z1 )k$
b
¾®
and | AB | = ( x 2 - x1 ) + ( y 2 - y1 ) + ( z 2 - z1 )
2 2 2
q
a
Section Formulae ® ® ® ®
¾® a × b =| a || b |cos q
Let A and B be two points represented by position vectors OA
¾® where, 0 £ q £ p.
and OB respectively, with respect to the origin.
Then, the line segment joining the points A and B may be Important Results Based on Scalar Product
divided by a third point C (say) in two ways which are given ® ® ® ®
below. (i) a ^ b Û a × b = 0
®
Internal Division (ii) $i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ =1 and $i × $j = $j × k$ = k$ × $i = 0
® ® ® ®
Let a point C divide the line joining A, B internally in the (iii) If q = 0, then a × b =| a || b |
® ® ® ®
ratio of m : n. Then, the position vector of point C is given If q = p, then a × b = -| a || b |
by
® ®
A
(iv) The angle between two non-zero vectors a and b is given
by
m ® ®
a×b
cos q =
O C ® ®
| a || b |
n
æ ® ® ö
-1 ç a × b ÷
or q = cos ç
B
ç|® ® ÷ ÷
¾® ¾® è a || b | ø
¾® m OB + n OA æ ® ®ö
OC = ® ® ç a×b÷
m+n (v) Projection of a on b = ç ÷
ç |® ÷
where, m and n are positive scalars. è b| ø
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 101

Properties of Scalar Product (v) Let a, b and g be the direction angles of vector
®
® ® ® ® a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$, then its direction cosines may be
(i) a × b = b × a [commutative]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® given as
(ii) a × ( b + c ) = a × b + a × c ® ®
® ® ® a × $i a1 a × $j a2
(iii) a × a =| a | = a2 2 cos a = = , cos b = ®
=
® ® ® ®
where, a represents magnitude of vector a . | a | | $i | |a| | a || $j| | a |
® ® ® ® ®
(iv) ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = a 2 - b 2 , where a and b represent the a × k$ a3
® ® and cos g = ®
= ®
.
magnitude of vectors a and b.
® ® ® ®
| a||k$| | a|
(v) ( l a ) × b = l( a × b ) ® ® ®
Here,| a| cos a,| a| cos b and| a| cos g are respectively, the
Projection of a Vector ®
projection of a along OX, OY and OZ, i.e. the scalar
® ® ¾® ¾®
Let a and b be two vectors represented by OA and OB ®
components a 1 , a 2 and a 3 of the vector a are precisely the
®
respectively and let q be the angle made by a with directed ®
projections of a along X, Y and Z-axes, respectively.
line l in the anti-clockwise direction.
Note If a , b and g are the direction angles of vector
A
®
a = a1i$ + a2$j + a3k$ , then its DC’s is given as
a a a
cos a = 1 , cos b = 2 and cos g = 3
® ® ®
® |a| |a| |a|
a

Vector (or Cross) Product

q
O ® B
l of Two Vectors
b
® ®
¾® ¾® Let a and b be two non-zero vectors inclined at an angle q.
Then, the projection of OA on the line l is OB , which is given ® ®
¾® ® Then, the vector (or cross) product of a and b is denoted by
by|OA |cos q and the direction of b, called projection vector, ® ® ® ®
a ´ b, read as a cross b and defined as
being the same (or opposite) to that of the line l, depending
® ® ® ®
upon whether cos q is positive or negative. a ´ b =| a || b |sin q n$
Some Results on Projection of a Vector where, n$ is a unit vector perpendicular to both vectors
® ® ® ®
(i) If p$ is the unit vector along a line l, then the projection of a and b, such that a , b and n$ form a right handed system.
® ® ®
a vector a on the line l is given by a × p$. b
® ^
n
®
(ii) Projection of vector a on b is given by q
® ®
® a×b ^ ®
a × b$ or –n a
®
| b|
® ® ® ®
® ®
and projection of vector b on a is given by Also, | a ´ b | =| a || b |sin q|n$| = ab sin q
® ® ®
® a.b ®
[Q| a | = a,| b |= b and | n$ | = 1]
b . a$ or .
®
| a| Note
® ® ® ® ®
¾® ¾® (i) Either a = 0 or b = 0, then q is not defined as 0 has no direction and
(iii) If q = 0, then the projection vector of AB will be AB itself ® ® ®
¾® ¾® in this case a ´ b = 0.
and if q = p, then the projection vector of AB will be BA. ® ®
a ´b
p 3p ¾® (ii) n$ = ® ®
(iv) If q = or q = , then the projection vector of AB will | a ´ b|
2 2
be zero vector. (iii) The relation between dot and cross product is
® ® ® ® ® ®
( a × b) 2 + |a ´ b|2 = |a|2|b|2.
 102 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

Important Results on Vector then their vector product is given by

Product of Two Vectors $i $j k$
® ®
® ®
(i) The vector product of two vectors ( a ´ b ) is a vector. a ´ b = a1 a2 a3
® ® ® ® ® b1 b2 b3
(ii) Let a and b be two non-zero vectors. Then, a ´ b = 0, if
®
® Applications of Vector
and only if a and b are parallel (or collinear) to each
® ® ® ® ® Product of Two Vectors
other, i.e. a ´ b = 0 Û a || b.
Vector product of two vectors can be used to find the area of
® ® ® ® ® ®
(iii) a ´ a = 0, as q = 0 ° and a ´ ( -a ) = 0, as q = p. some geometrical figures which are given below
p ® ® ® ® 1. Area of a triangle
®
The area of triangle having adjacent
(iv) If q = , then a ´ b =| a|| b| . ®
2 sides a and b is given by
(v) For mutually perpendicular unit vectors $i, $j and k$, A

k
®
b

j
i q
C ® B
a
®
$i ´ i$ = $j ´ $j = k$ ´ k$ = 0 1 ® ®
Area = | a ´ b |
and i$´ j$ = k,$ j$ ´ k$ = i$, k$ ´ i$ = j$; 2
j$´ i$ = - k,
$ k$ ´ j$ = -i$ and $i ´ k$ = - $j 2. Area of a triangle The area of DABC is
® ®
(vi) The angle between two non-zero vectors a and b in 1 ¾® ¾® 1 ¾® ¾® 1 ¾® ¾®
®
| AB ´ AC| or | BC ´ BA | or | CB ´ CA |
® 2 2 2
| a ´ b|
terms of vector products is given by sin q = . 3. Area of a parallelogram The area of a parallelogram
® ®
| a || b| ® ®
having adjacent sides a and b is given by
®
®
(vii) Vectors of magnitude l normal to the plane of a and b D C
® ®
± l( a ´ b )
are given as ® ®
. ®
b
| a ´ b|

Properties of Vector Product q

of Two Vectors A ® B
a
(i) Vector product is not commutative, ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® Area =| a ´ b |
for vectors a and b, we have ( a ´ b ) = - ( b ´ a )
4. Area of a parallelogram The area of a parallelogram
(ii) Vector product is distributive over addition, ® ®
® ® ®
having diagonals d1 and d 2 is given by
i.e. for vectors a , b and c , we have
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
D C
a ´ ( b + c) = a ´ b + a ´ c ®
® ® d1
(iii) If m is any scalar and a and b be the two non-zero ®
® ® ® ® ® ® d2
vectors, then ( m a ) ´ b = m ( a ´ b ) = a ´ ( m b )

Vector Product of Two Vectors A B

in Component Form 1 ® ®
® ® Area = |d1 ´ d 2 |
Suppose two vectors a and b are given in component form, 2
® ® ¾® ¾® ®
®
say a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$ and b = b1 $i + b 2 $j + b 3 k$, where, AC = d1 and BD = d 2 are diagonals.
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 103

Solved Examples

Example 1. If A, B and C are the vertices of a D ABC, Sol. We know that, the centre of a regular hexagon bisects all the
diagonals passing through it.
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
then what is the value of AB + BC + CA ? \ OP = - OS, OQ = - OT and OU = - OR
Sol. By triangle law of vector addition, we get ¾® ¾® ® ¾® ¾® ® ¾® ¾® ®
¾® ¾® ¾® Þ OP + OS = 0, OQ + OT = 0 and OU + OR = 0
AB + BC = AC P
C
Q U

O
R T
A B
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
S
Þ AB + BC + C A = C A + AC
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® On adding all of them, we get
Þ AB + BC + C A = C A - C A [Q AC = - C A ] ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ®
¾® ¾® ¾® ® OP + OS + OQ + OT + OU + OR = 0
\ AB + BC + CA = 0 ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ®
Þ OP + OQ + OR + OS + OT + OU = 0 Hence proved.
Example 2. Vectors drawn from the origin O to the
® ® ® ® Example 4. For what values of a, the vectors
points A, B and C are respectively a , b and 4 a - 3 b .
¾
® ¾
®
2$i - 3 $j + 4k$ and ai$ + 6 $j - 8 k$ are collinear?
Find ACand BC . ® ®
¾
® ® ¾
® ® ¾
® ® ®
Sol. Let given vectors are a = 2$i - 3 $j + 4k$ and b = ai$ + 6 $j - 8k$.
Sol. We have, OA = a, OB = b and OC = 4 a - 3 b. ®
¾
® ¾
® ¾
® We know that, vectors a = a1$i + a2 $j + a3k$ and
Clearly, from DOAC, we get OA + AC = OC ®
b = b1$i + b2 $j + b3k$ are collinear, iff
[using triangle law of addition]
b1 b2 b3
= = .
B a1 a2 a3
®
b a 6 -8
\ = =
A 2 -3 4
O ®
a a
4 a® Þ = -2
–3® 2
b
C Þ a = -4
¾
® ¾
® ¾
® ® ®
Þ AC = OC - OA Example 5. If a = $i + $j + 2k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 2k$, then
® ® ® ® ®
= 4 a - 3b - a find the unit vector in the direction of 2 a - b .
® ® ® ® ® ®
= 3 a - 3 b = 3( a - b ) Sol. Given, vectors are a = $i + $j + 2k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 2k$
® ®
and from DOBC, we get Now, 2 a - b = 2( $i + $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + $j - 2k$ )
¾
® ¾
® ¾
®
= 2$i + 2 $j + 4k$ - 2$i - $j + 2k$
OB + BC = OC [using triangle law of addition]
¾
® ¾
® ¾
® = $j + 6k$
Þ BC = OC - OB ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® \ Required unit vector in the direction of 2 a - b is
= 4 a - 3 b - b = 4 a - 4 b = 4( a - b ) ® ®
2 a- b $j + 6k$ $j + 6k$
= =
Example 3. If O be the centre of a regular hexagon |2ai - b| 1 2 + ( 6) 2 1 + 36
PQRSTU, then prove that
$j + 6k$
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ® =
OP + OQ + OR + OS + OT + OU = 0. 37
 104 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

Example 6. If the position vectors of the points We know that, l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1

2
A, B, C and D are 2 $i + 4k$ , 5 $i + 3 3 $j + 4k$, -2 3 $j + k$ \
æ 1 ö
ç
1
÷ + ( 0) + n = 1 Þ + n = 1
2 2 2
¾® è 2ø 2
and 2$i + k$ respectively, then prove that CD is 1 1
¾® ¾®
2 ¾® Þ n2 = 1 - Þ n = ±
parallel to AB and CD = AB . 2 2
3 1
Þ n=
Sol. We have, 2
¾® ®
AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A [Q a makes acute angle with Z-axis,
= ( 5 $i + 3 3 $j + 4k$ ) - ( 2$i + 4k$ ) so we take a positive sign]
1
= 3$i + 3 3 $j + 0k$ = 3 ( $i + 3 $j + 0k$ ) \ cos q = [Q q is an acute angle with Z-axis]
2
¾®
and CD = Position vector of D - Position vector of C ® æ 1 1 ö
Thus, the direction cosines of a are ç , 0, ÷.
= ( 2$i + k$ ) - ( -2 3 $j + k$ ) è 2 2ø
® ® æ p p ö
= 2$i + 2 3 $j + 0k$ = 2 ( $i + 3 $j + 0k$ ) Now, vector a = | a | ç cos $i + cos $j + cos q k$ ÷
è 4 2 ø
2 2 ¾®
= ( 3$i + 3 3 $j + 0k$ ) = AB æ 1 1 ö
3 3 =5 2 ç $i + ( 0) $j + k$ ÷
¾® ¾® ¾® 2 ¾® è 2 2 ø
Hence, CD is parallel to AB and CD = AB .
3 = 5 $i + 5 k$

Example 7. Write the direction ratios of the vector Example 9. Find the position vectors of the points
® which divide the line joining the two points
a = $i + $j - 2k$ and hence calculate its direction ® ® ® ®
cosines. 3 a - 2 b and 2 a - 5 b internally and externally in
®
Sol. We have, vector a = $i + $j - 2k$ the ratio 3 : 2.
®
Sol. Let A and B be the given points whose position vectors are
We know that, direction ratios of a vector r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ® ® ® ®
3 a - 2 b and 2 a - 5 b respectively, with respect to the origin
are the scalar components x, y and z of the vector. ¾® ® ® ¾® ® ®
So, required direction ratios are 1, 1 and - 2. O i.e. OA = 3 a - 2 b and OB = 2 a - 5 b .
® Let P and Q be the points, which divides the line joining A and
Now, | a| = |$i + $j - 2k$| = ( 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 + ( -2) 2
B internally and externally respectively, in the
= 1+1+4 = 6 ratio 3 : 2.
O
Suppose l, m and n are the direction cosines of given
®
vector a.
x y z ®
Then, l= ,m= and n = ® ® ®
® ® ® 2 b) A B (2 a
(3 a 5 b)
| a| | a| | a| 3 P 2
1 1 -2
Þ l= , m= and n = Then, by using section formula of internal division, we get
6 6 6 ¾® ¾® ® ® ® ®
¾® 3 OB + 2 OA 3 ( 2 a - 5 b ) + 2 ( 3 a - 2 b )
æ 1 1 -2 ö OP = =
Hence, the required direction cosines are ç , , ÷. 3+ 2 5
è 6 6 6ø ® ® ®
® ® ®
6 a - 15 b + 6 a - 4 b 12 a - 19 b
® = =
Example 8. Find a vector a of magnitude 5 2, making 5 5
p p 12 ® 19 ®
an angle of with X-axis, with Y-axis and an acute = a- b
4 2 5 5
angle q with Z-axis. Now, by using section formula of external division, we get
® p p O
Sol. Given, vector a makes an angle with X- axis and with
4 2
Y- axis.
p p
So, l = cos and m = cos B
4 2 A Q
1 2
Þ l= and m = 0 3
2
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 105

¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
¾® 3 OB - 2 OA Sol. Given, OA = ( $i + $j + k$ ), OB = ( 2$i + 5 $j ) , OC = ( 3$i + 2 $j - 3k$ )
OQ = ¾®
3-2 and OD = ( $i - 6 $j - k$ )
® ® ® ® ¾® ¾®
3 ( 2 a - 5 b ) - 2( 3 a - 2 b )
= Angle between AB and CD is given by
1 ¾® ¾®
® ® ® ® AB× CD
6 a - 15 b - 6 a + 4 b cos q = ...(i)
= ¾® ¾®
1 × CD |
| AB ||
® ¾®
= - 11 b Here, AB = ( 2 - 1 ) $i + ( 5 - 1 ) $j + ( 0 - 1 ) k$

Example 10. Find the magnitude of each of the two = $i + 4 $j - k$,

® ® ¾®
vectors a and b , having the same magnitude such CD = ( 1 - 3 ) $i + ( -6 - 2 ) $j + ( -1 - ( -3 )) k$
that the angle between them is 60º and their scalar = - 2$i - 8 $j + 2k,$
9 ¾®
product is . | AB | = 1 2 + 42 + ( -1 ) 2
2
® ® ® ® ® ® 9 = 18 = 9 ´ 2 = 3 2,
Sol. Given, two vectors a and b such that| a|=| b|, a× b = and
2 ¾®
angle between them is 60º. and | CD | = ( -2 ) 2 + ( -8) 2 + 22 = 72 = 36 ´ 2 = 6 2
® ® ® ®
We know that, a× b =| a|| b|cos q, where q is angle between ( $i + 4 $j - k$ ) × ( -2$i - 8 $j + 2k$ )
Now, cos q = [from Eq. (i)]
® ® 3 2 ´6 2
a and b .
1( -2 ) + 4( -8) - 1( 2 )
9 ® ® = = -1
\ =| a||
× a| cos 60º 3´6´2
2
1 ®2 9 é 1ù cos q = - 1
Þ ×| a| = êëQ cos 60º = 2 úû Þ q = 180° = p
2 2
¾® ¾®
®2 So, angle between AB and CD is p.
Þ | a| = 9
¾® ¾®
® Also, since angle between AB and CD is 180°, they are in
Þ | a| = 3 [Q magnitude cannot be negative]
opposite directions.
® ®
Thus, | a| = | a| = 3 AB
® ® ® ® CD
Example 11. Find| a | and| b |, if| a | = 2| b | and
m
® ® ® ®
( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = 12 . [CBSE 2020] ¾® ¾®
Since, AB and CD are parallel to the same line m, thus they
® ® ® ® ® ®
Sol. Given, ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = 12 and| a| = 2| b | are collinear.

Þ
® ®
| a|2 - | b|2 = 12 Example 13. Find angle q between the vectors
® ®
Þ
® ®
( 2| b|) 2 - | b|2 = 12
® ®
[given,| a| = 2| b|] a = $i + $j - k$ and b = $i - $j + k$.
® ®
Þ
® ®
4| b|2 - | b|2 = 12 Sol. Given, a = $i + $j - k$ and b = $i - $j + k$
®
Þ
®
3| b|2 = 12 Clearly,| a| = |$i + $j - k$|
® = 1 2 + 1 2 + ( -1 ) 2
Þ | b|2 = 4
®
= 1+1+1 = 3
Þ | b| = 2 ®
® ® and | b| = |$i - $j + k$|
\ | a| = 2| b| = 2( 2) = 4
= ( 1 ) 2 + ( -1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2
Example 12. If $i + $j + k$, 2$i + 5 $j, 3$i + 2 $j - 3k$ and = 1+1+1 = 3
$i - 6 $j - k$ respectively are the position vectors of
® ®
Also, a× b = ( $i + $j - k$ ) × ( $i - $j + k$ )
points A, B, C and D, then find the angle between
¾® = ( 1 ) ( 1 ) + ( 1 ) ( -1 ) + ( -1 ) ( 1 )
the straight lines AB and CD. Find whether AB and =1 -1 -1= -1
¾®
® ®
CD are collinear or not. [CBSE 2019] Now, let the angle between two vectors a and b be q.
 106 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

® ® ® ® ®
a× b -1 Example 16. Let a , b and c be three vectors such that
Then, cos q = =
® ® 3 3 ® ®
| a|| b| ® ®
| a| = 1,| b| = 2 and| c| = 3. If the projection of b
1 æ -1 ö
Þ cos q = - Þ q = cos -1 ç ÷ ® ® ®
3 è 3 ø along a is equal to the projection of c along a ; and
® ®
® ® ® b , c are perpendicular to each other, then find
Example 14. If a , b and c are three mutually ® ® ®
perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude, then find |3 a - 2 b + 2 c|. [CBSE 2019]
® ® ® ® ®
®
the angle between a and ( a + b + c ) . Sol. We have,| a| = 1 and | b| = 2
® ® ® ®
Sol. Given, a, b and c are mutually perpendicular vectors with and | c| = 3
equal magnitude. It is given that
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
\ We have, a × b = b × c = c × a = 0 Projection of b along a = Projection of c along a
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
and | a | =| b | =| c | …(i) b×a c× a
® Þ =
® ® ® ® ®
Let q be the angle between a and ( a + b + c ). | a| | a|
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
a× ( a + b + c ) Þ b× a = c × a
Then, cos q = ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a || a + b + c | Þ a× b = a× c …(i)
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
a× a + a× b + a× c Also, b and c are perpendicular to each other.
= ®
® ® ® ®®
| a || a + b + c | \ b× c = 0 …(ii)
® 2 ® ® ®2 ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a| + 0 + 0 Now,|3 a - 2 b + 2 c| = ( 3 a - 2 b + 2 c ) ×( 3 a - 2 b + 2 c )
= ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a || a + b + c | = 9 ( a× a ) - 6 ( a× b ) + 6 ( a× c ) - 6 ( b× a ) + 4 ( b× b ) - 4 b× c
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a| + 6 c × a - 4 c × b + 4( c × c )
= ®
[from Eq. (i)]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a + b + c| = 9| a| + 4| b|2 + 4| c|2 + 2{- 6 ( a× b ) - 4( b× c ) + 6( a× c )}
® ® ®
® ® ®
Now,| a + b + c |2 = ( a + b + c ) × ( a + b + c )
® ® ® = 9 ´ 1 2 + 4 ´ 22 + 4 ´ 32
® ® ® ®
®2 ®2 ®2 ® ® ® ® ® ®
+ 2 {- 6 ( a× b ) - 4 ´ 0 + 6 ( a× b )}
= a + b + c + 2 a× b + 2 b × c + 2 c × a
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
® ® ® 2 ® ® ®
\ | a + b + c | = | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 9 + 16 + 36 + 2 ´ 0 = 61
® ® ®
® ®
= | a |2 + | a |2 + | a |2
®
[from Eq. (i)] \ | 3 a - 2 b + 2 c | = 61

= 3| a |2
® Example 17. Find a vector of magnitude 9, which is
®
perpendicular to both the vectors 4$i - $j + 3k$ and
| a| 1 -2$i + $j - 2k$ .
\ cos q = =
® 3 ® ®
3| a|
Sol. Let a = 4$i - $j + 3k$ and b = -2$i + $j - 2k$.
æ 1 ö
Þ q = cos - 1 ç ÷ Then,
è 3ø $i $j k$
® ®
Example 15. Find the projection of the vector $i - $j on a ´b = 4 -1 3
the vector $i + $j. [CBSE 2020] -2 1 -2
® ®
Sol. Let a = i - j and b = i + j = ( 2 - 3) $i - ( -8 + 6) $j + ( 4 - 2) k$
® ®
We know that, projection of a and b is = - $i + 2 $j + 2k$
® ® ® ®
a ×b ( $i - $j ) × ( $i + $j ) and| a ´ b| = ( -1 ) 2 + 22 + 22
=
®
| b| |$i + $j| = 1 + 4+ 4
1 -1 = 9=3
= =0
2
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 107

ì® ®ü ® ® ® ® ® ®
ï a ´b ï Þ | a || b |sin q = 7 [Q| a ´ b | = | a || b |sin q]
\ Required vector = 9í ® ® ý
ïî| a ´ b|ïþ 7 7 1
Þ sin q = = =
® ® 2´7 2
9 | a || b |
= ( - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ )
3 æ pö p
Þ sin q = sin ç ÷ Þ q =
= -3$i + 6 $j + 6k$ è 6ø 6
® ® p
Example 18. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both Hence, the required angle between a and b is .
® ®® 6
the vectors a and b , where a = $i - 7 $j + 7k$ and
®
Example 20. Find the area of the triangle whose
b = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$. [CBSE 2019] vertices are P( -1, 2, - 1), Q( 3, - 1, 2) and R( 2, 3, - 1).
® ® ®
® ® Sol. Let a, b and c be the position vectors of points P, Q and R,
Sol. Given, a = $i - 7 $j + 7k$ and b = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$.
respectively.
$i $j k$ ®
® ®
® ® Then, a = - $i + 2 $j - k$, b = 3$i - $j + 2k$ and c = 2$i + 3 $j - k$
Then, a ´ b = 1 -7 7
1 ¾® ¾®
3 -2 2 Clearly, the area of DPQR = | PQ ´ PR|
2
¾®
= $i ( -14 + 14) - $j ( 2 - 21 ) + k$ ( -2 + 21 ) Now, PQ = Position vector of Q - Position vector of P
= 0$i + 19 $j + 19k$ ® ®
= b - a = ( 3$i - $j + 2k$ ) - ( - $i + 2 $j - k$ )
® ®
\ | a ´ b| = 02 + 192 + 192 = 4$i - 3 $j + 3k$
¾®
= 361 + 361
PR = Position vector of R - Position vector of P
= 19 2 ® ®
= c - a = ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) - ( - $i + 2 $j - k$ ) = 3$i + $j
® ®
Hence, a unit vector perpendicular to a and b is $i $j k$
® ¾® ¾®
®
a ´b 19 $j + 19k$ \ PQ ´ PR = 4 -3 3
n$ = =
® ® 19 2 3 1 0
| a ´ b|
1 $ 1 $ = ( 0 - 3) $i - ( 0 - 9) $j + ( 4 + 9) k$
n$ = j+ k
2 2 = -3$i + 9 $j + 13k$
® ® ® ® ¾® ¾®
Example 19. If| a | = 2,| b | = 7 and a ´ b = 3$i + 2 $j + 6k$, and| PQ ´ PR|= ( -3) 2 + ( 9) 2 + ( 13) 2
® ®
find the angle between a and b . [CBSE 2019] = 9 + 81 + 169

Sol. Let q be the angle between a and b .

® ® = 259
1 ¾® ¾®
We have,
® ®
a ´ b = 3$i + 2 $j + 6k$ So, area of D PQR = | PQ ´ PR |
2
® ® 1
\ | a ´ b | = 32 + 22 + 62 = 259 sq units
2
= 49 = 7
108 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

Chapter
Practice
¾® ¾®
PART 1 6. If OA = $i + 2 $j - k$ and OB = 2$i - 3 $j + k$, then the
¾®

Objective Questions value of| AB| is

(a) 5 units (b) 30 units (c) 3 units (d) 31 units
l
Multiple Choice Questions 7. The vector having initial and terminal points as
(2, 5, 0) and ( -3, 7, 4), respectively is
1. The magnitude of the vector 6$i + 2 $j + 3k$ is (a) - $i + 12 $j + 4k$ (b) 5 $i + 2 $j - 4k$
(a) 5 units (b) 7 units (c) 12 units (d) 1 unit
(c) -5 $i + 2 $j + 4k$ (d) $i + $j + k$
2. If m1 , m 2 , m 3 and m 4 are respectively the
magnitudes of the vectors 8. If P, Q and R are the vertices of a DPQR, then the
® ® ® ¾® ¾® ¾®
a1 = 2i$ - j$ + k$, a 2 = 3i$ - 4 j$ - 4k$, a 3 = i$ + j$ - k$ value of PQ + QR - RP is
® ¾® ¾®
and a4 = - i$ + 3 j$ + k$, then the correct order of (a) 2 PR (b) 2QR
m 1 , m 2 , m 3 and m 4 is ® ¾®
(c) 0 (d) 2 QP
(a) m 3 < m1 < m 4 < m 2 (b) m 3 < m1 < m 2 < m 4
(c) m 3 < m 4 < m1 < m 2 (d) m 3 < m 4 < m 2 < m1 ® ®
9. If| a | = 4 and -3 £ l £ 2 , then the range of|l a | is
3. The vector of length 3 units along the vector (a) [0, 8] (b) [-12, 8]
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ is
(c) [0, 12] (d) [8, 12]
(a) $i - 2 $j + 2k$ (b) $i - $j + k$ ® ®
10. If a and b are any two vectors and k and m be any
(c) 2$i - $j + k$ (d) None of these scalars, then which of the following is correct?
® ® ® ® ®
4. In the given parallelogram ABCD, identify the (a) k a + m a = ( k + m ) a (b) k( m a ) = ( km ) a
® ® ® ® ® ®
vectors a and c are (c) k( a + b ) = k a + k b (d) All of these
a® ® ®
D C
11. If a = xi$ + 2 $j - zk$ and b = 3$i - yj$ + k$ are two equal
® ® ®
d a b vectors, then the value of x + y + z is
(a) 1 (b) 2
A ® B
c (c) 3 (d) 0
(a) equal vectors (b) collinear but not equal 12. The vector in the direction of the vector
(c) coinitial vector (d) None of these $i - 2 $j + 2k$ that has magnitude 9, is
5. In the given figure, which vectors are coinitial $i - 2 $j + 2k$
vectors (a) $i - 2 $j + 2k$ (b)
®
a
3
(c) 3( $i - 2 $j + 2k$ ) (d) 9( $i - 2 $j + 2k$ )
® ®
d b ®
13. If the vector b is collinear with the vector
® ®
® a = ( 2 2, - 1, 4) and| b|= 10, then
c
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
(a) a and d (b) d and b (a) a ± b = 0 (b) a ± 2 b = 0
® ® ® ® ® ®
(c) a and c (d) a and b (c) 2 a + b = 0 (d) None of these
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 109

14. The direction cosines of the vector $i + 2 $j + 3k$ are Based on the above information, answer the
1 2 3 2 3 4 following questions.
(a) , , (b) , ,
14 14 14 14 14 14 (i) Distance between House ( A) and ATM ( B) is
11 13 21 (a) 34 units (b) 13 2 units
(c) , , (d) None of these
14 14 14 (c) 14 2 units (d) 4 2 units
15. The ratio in which $i + 2 $j + 3k$ divides the join of (ii) Distance between ATM ( B) and Coaching (C ) is
(a) 3 2 units (b) 2 2 units
-2$i + 3 $j + 5 k$ and 7$i - k$ is
(c) 2 units (d) 10 units
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
® ® (iii) Distance between Coaching (C ) and Shopping mall
16. Let a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$. If b is a vector such that ( D) is
® ® ® ® ® ®
a × b =| b |2 and| a - b | = 7, then| b | equals (a) 37 units (b) 35 units
[CBSE 2020] (c) 34 units (d) 33 units
(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 7 (d) 21 (iv) What is the total distance travelled by Nitin?
® ®
1 ® ® ® ®
17. If a × b = | a|| b|, then the angle between a and b (a) ( 2 + 2 34 ) units (b) ( 3 2 + 2 34 ) units
2 (c) ( 3 2 + 34 ) units (d) ( 2 + 34 ) units
is [CBSE 2020]
(v) What is the extra distance travelled by Nitin in
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 90°
reaching the shopping mall?
® ®
18. If the projection of a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ on b = 2$i + lk$ is (a) 2 33 units (b) 2 34 units
zero, then the value of l is [CBSE 2020] (c) 2 35 units (d) 34 units
-2 -3 22. A boy see a design in a park which is shown below.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
3 2
E D
19. The value of $i × ( $j ´ k$ ) + $j × ( k$ ´ $i ) + k$ × ( $i ´ $j ) is
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 3
20. The value of l for which the vectors 3$i - 6 $j + k$ and
F C
2$i - 4 $j + lk$ are parallel, is
2 3 5 2 b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 5
A a B
l
Case Based MCQs
Now, he thought that, if a$ and b$ are the vectors
21. Nitin starts walking from his house to shopping determined by two adjacent sides of the given
mall. Instead of going to the mall directly, he first regular hexagon.
goes to a ATM, from there to his son’s coaching and
On the basis of above information, answer the
then reaches the mall.
following questions.
¾®
(i) AC is equal to
B(–3, 5, 2) C(–2, 6, 6) (a) a$ - b$ (b) b$ - a$
(c) a$ + b$ (d) 0$
¾®
ATM Coaching (ii) AD is equal to
(a) 2$a (b) 2b$
(c) 2( a$ + b$ ) (d) 2( a$ - b$ )
¾®
A(2, 2, 2) D(3, 3, 6) (iii) CD is equal to
House Shopping Mall (a) a$ - b$ (b) 2( a$ - b$ )
(c) b$ - a$ (d) 2( b$ - a$)
In the diagram, A, B, C and D represent the
¾®
coordinates of house, ATM, coaching and mall, (iv) EF is equal to
respectively.
(a) a$ (b) b$ (c) - a$ (d) - b$
110 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

¾® ¾®
(v) FA is equal to (iii) Find the position vector of AB.
(a) a$ - b$ (b) 2( a$ - b$ ) (a) $i + $j (b) $i + 2 $j
(c) b$ - a$ (d) 2( b$ - a$) (c) $j + k$ (d) $j + 2k$

23. Consider the points A, B, C with position vectors (iv) Area of DABC is equal to
1
2$i - $j + k$, $i - 3 $j - 5 k$ and 3$i - 4 $j - 4k$. (a) sq unit (b) 2 sq units
2
On the basis of above information, answer the 3
(c) sq units (d) 4 sq units
following questions. 2
¾® ¾®
(i) BC is equal to (v) Find the unit vector along BC .
(a) - $i - 2 $j - 6k$ (b) 2$i - $j + k$ 1 $ $ 1 $ $
(a) ( i - j) (b) ( j - k)
(c) - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$ (d) None of these 2 2
1 $ $ 1 $ $
¾® (c) ( j + k) (d) ( i + j)
(ii) CA is equal to 2 2
(a) - $i - 2 $j - 6k$ (b) 2$i - $j + k$
(c) - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$ (d) None of these
¾® ¾®
(iii) BC × CA is equal to
PART 2
(a) -1
¾® ¾®
(b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Subjective Questions
(iv) BC ´ CA is equal to
(a) 8$i + 11 $j - 5 k$ (b) -8$i - 11 $j + 5 k$ l
Short Answer Type Questions
(c) 8$i - 11 $j - 5 k$ (d) None of these ®
1. Show that the vectors a = 3 $i - 2 $j + k$,
(v) Area of DABC (in sq units) is equal to
® ®
(a)
210
(b) 210
b = $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ and c = 2 $i + $j - 4 k$ form a
2 right-angled triangle.
(c) 2 210 (d) None of these ® ®
24. Vinit purchased a gift which is in the shape of a 2. If a = 3$i - 2 $j + k$ and b = 2 $i - 4 $j - 3k$, then find
® ®
tetrahedron. | a - 2 b |.
3. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of
® ®
the vectors a = 2$i + 2 $j - 5 k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 7k$.
®
4. Find a vector in the direction of a = 2$i - $j + 2 k$
which has magnitude 6 units.
5. Write the value of cosine of the angle which the
®
Let A, B, C and D are the coordinates of the gift, vector a = $i + $j + k$ makes with Y-axis.
where A = ( 2, 1, 1), B = ( 2, 2, 3), C = ( 2, 3, 2) and 6. The position vectors of two points A and B are
D =( 4, 3, 3). ¾® ¾®
OA = 2$i - $j - k$ and OB = 2$i - $j + 2k$, respectively.
Based on the above information, answer the
Find the position vector of a point P which divides
following questions.
the line segment joining A and B in the ratio 2 : 1.
¾®
(i) Find the position vector of BC . [CBSE 2020]
® ® ® ®
(a) $j - k$ (b) $j + k$ 7. Find| a - b |, if two vectors a and b are such
® ® ® ®
(c) $i - k$ (d) $i + k$ that| a | = 2,| b | = 3 and a × b = 4.
¾®
(ii) Find the position vector of CD. 8. If the dot products of a vector with vectors
(a) 2 $j + k$ (b) 2$i - k$ 3$i - 5 k$ , 2$i + 7 $j and $i + $j + k$ are respectively -1, 6
(c) 2$i + k$ (d) $i + 2k$ and 5, then find the vector.
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 111

® ®
9. If a = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ and b = $i + 3 $j - 5 k$, then show 24. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by
® ® ® ® the vectors $i - 2 $j + 3k$ and - 3$i - 2 $j + k$.
that the vectors ( a + b ) and ( a - b ) are
perpendicular. l
Long Answer Type Questions
10. Find the projection of the vector $i + 3 $j + 7k$ on the ® ® ®
vector 2$i - 3 $j + 6k$. 25. Let a = $i + $j + k$ , b = 4$i - 2 $j + 3k$ and c = $i - 2 $j + k$
® and find a vector of magnitude 6, which is parallel
11. Find l and m, if ( 2$i + 6 $j + 27k$ ) ´ ( $i + l$j + mk$ ) = 0 . ® ®
to the vector 2 a - b + 3 c .
®

12. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the ® ®

® ® ®
vectors a and b where a = 5 $i + 6 $j - 2k$ and 26. If a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ and b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ represent two
® adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
b = 7$i + 6 $j + 2k$. parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
®
13. For any vector a , find the value of
® p p
® ® ®
27. If a unit vector a makes angle with $i, with $j and
( a ´ $i ) 2 + ( a ´ $j ) 2 + ( a ´ k$ ) 2 . 4 3
® ®
an acute angle q with k, $ then find the components
14. If a = $i + $j + k$, b = $i + $j - k$, then find the vectors ®
® ® of a and the angle q.
perpendicular to a and b .
28. Find the position vector of a point C which divides
15. Find the value of l for which the vectors 3$i - 6$i + k$ the line segment joining A and B, whose position
and 2$i - 4 $j + lk$ are parallel.
® ® ® ®
vectors are 2 a + b and a - 3 b , externally in the
16. Find a vector of magnitude 6, which is ratio 1 : 2. Also, show that A is the mid-point of the
perpendicular to both the vectors 2$i - $j + 2k$ and line segment BC.
®
4$i - $j + 3k$. 29. The scalar product of the vector a = $i + $j + k$ with a
® ® ® ® unit vector along the sum of the vectors
17. If| a | = 10,| b | = 2 and a × b = 12 , then find the value ® ®
® ® b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ and c = l$i + 2 $j + 3k$ is equal to 1.
of| a ´ b |.
Find the value of l and hence find the unit vector
18. If q is the angle between any two non-zero vectors ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® along b + c . [CBSE 2019]
a and b , then| a × b | =| a ´ b |. Find the value of q.
® ® ® ® 30. If a$ and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle q,
$
2
19. If vectors a and b are such that | a| = 3,| b| = and q 1
® ® 3 ® then prove that sin = |$a - b$ | .
a ´ b is a unit vector, then find the angle between a 2 2
®
and b . ® ®
31. If the vectors a = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$ and b = -$i - 2k$ are
20. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram. Then, find the
® ®
a = 2$i - 3 $j + 2k$ and b = 2$i + 3 $j + k$ respectively, angle between its diagonals.
® ® ®
then find the area of DOAB. 32. Let a = 4$i + 5 $j - k$, b = $i - 4 $j + 5 k$ and c = 3$i + $j - k$.
® ® ® ® ®
21. If a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$, b = - $i + k$ and c = 2 $j - k$, then Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both a
find the area (in sq units) of parallelogram with ® ® ®
® ® ® ® and b and satisfying d × c = 21.
diagonals a + b and b + c .
33. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the
22. Find the area of parallelogram, whose adjacent ® ® ® ® ®
vectors ( a + b ) and ( a - b ), where a = $i + $j + k$,
sides are represented by $i - 3 $j + 3k$ and ®
- 3$i - 2 $j - 8 k.
$ b = $i + 2 $j + 3k$.
® ® ®
23. Using vectors, find the area of the D ABC with 34. If a = $i + $j + k$ and b = $j - k$, then find a vector c
® ® ® ® ®
vertices A( 0, 1 , 0), B(1 , 2, 1) and C( 2, 0, 0).
such that a ´ c = b and a × c = 3.
 112 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

® ® ®
35. If a , b and c are three vectors such that P4 - PV of P1 ? (where PV stands for position
® ® ® ®
vector)
a + b + c = 0, then prove that
® ® ® ® ® ® (ii) Write the vector in standard notation with $i, $j and
a ´ b = b ´ c = c ´ a. $ where $i, $j and k$ are the unit vectors along the
k,
three axes.
36. Prove that three points A, B and C with position ® ®
® ® ®
vectors a , b and c respectively are collinear, if and (iii) What are the magnitudes of the vectors A and B
® ® ® ® ® ® ® and in what units?
only if ( b ´ c ) + ( c ´ a ) + ( a ´ b ) = 0. ®
® ® ® (iv) What are the components to the vector N ,
37. If a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$ , b = -$i + k$ and c = 2 $j - k$ are ® ®
perpendicular to A and B and the surface of the
three vectors, then find the area of the roof ?
® ® ® ®
parallelogram having diagonals ( a + b ) and ( b + c ). ®
(v) What is the magnitude of N and its units? The sun
® 1
38. Using vectors, find the area of the DABC with 6 1
is located along the unit vector S = $i - $j + k$.
vertices A (1, 2, 3), B( 2, -1, 4) and C( 4, 5, - 1) . 2 7 7
If the flow of solar energy is given by the vector
l
Case Based Questions ®
F = 910 in units of watts/m 2 , what is the dot
39. Solar Panels have to be installed carefully so that ® ®
product of vectors F with N , and the units for this
the tilt of the roof, and the direction to the sun,
quantity?
produce the largest possible electrical power in the
solar panels. 40. A class XII student appearing for a competitive
examination was asked to attempt the following
A surveyor uses his instrument to determine the
questions.
coordinates of the four corners of a roof where solar
® ® ®
panels are to be mounted. Let a , b and c be three non-zero vectors.
In the picture , suppose the points are labelled Answer the following questions using the above
counter clockwise from the roof corner nearest to information.
the camera in units of meters P1 (6,8,4) , P2 (21,8,4), ® ® ® ® ® ®
P3 (21,16,10) and P4 (6,16,10). (i) If a and b are such that| a + b | =| a - b |, then
® ®
a ^ b. Justify.
® ®
(ii) If a = $i - 2$j and b = 2$i + $j + 3 k$,
® ® ® ® ® ®
then evaluate ( 2 a + b ) × [( a + b ) ´ ( a - 2 b )] .
® ®
(iii) If a and b are unit vectors and q be the angle
® ®
between them, then find the value of| a - b |.
® ® ®
(iv) Let a , b and c be unit vectors such that,
® ® ® ® ® ® p
a × b = a × c = 0 and angle between b and c is ,
6
Answer the following questions using the above ®
information. then find a .
®
(i) What are the components to the two edge vectors (v) Find the area of the parallelogram formed by a
® ® ®
defined by A = PV of P2 - PV of P1 and B = PV of and b as diagonals.
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 113

SOLUTIONS
¾®
Objective Questions
® 6. (b) Given that, OA = $i + 2 $j - k$
1. (b) Let the given vector be a. ¾®
® and OB = 2$i - 3 $j + k$
So, a = 6$i + 2 $j + 3k$ ¾® ¾® ¾®
¾® We know that, AB = OB - OA
For OA = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ¾®
¾® \ AB = ( 2$i - 3 $j + k$ ) - ( $i + 2 $j - k$ ) = $i - 5 $j + 2k$
We know that, |OA|= x + y + z 2 2 2
¾®
® Now,| AB|= ( 1 ) 2 + ( -5 ) 2 + ( 2) 2
\ | a|= 6 + 2 + 3
2 2 2
= 1 + 25 + 4 = 30 units
= 36 + 4 + 9 = 49 = 7
7. (c) Let A( 2, 5, 0) and B( -3, 7, 4) are given two points.
Hence, magnitude is 7. ¾®
2. (a) Given, \ OA = 2$i + 5 $j + 0k$
® ¾®
m1 = |a1| = 22 + ( - 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 = 6 OB = -3$i + 7 $j + 4k$
® ¾®
m 2 = |a2| = 32 + ( - 4) 2 + ( - 4) 2 = 41 The required vector will be AB.
¾® ¾® ¾®
®
m 3 = |a3| = ( 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 = 3 AB = OB - OA = - 5 $i + 2 $j + 4k$
® 8. (a) By triangle law of vector addition, we get
and m 4 = |a4| = ( - 1 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 = 11 ¾® ¾® ¾®
PQ + QR = PR
\ m 3 < m1 < m 4 < m 2 ¾® ¾® ¾®
3. (a) We know that, when multiplying the unit vector by n,
$ = PQ + QR - RP
then we get the unit vector of length 3 units. R
So, the vector of length 3 units in the direction of
$i - 2 $j + 2k$
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ $i - 2 $j + 2k$
= 3× = 3× P Q
|$i - 2 $j + 2k$| ( 1 ) + ( - 2) 2 + ( 2) 2
2
¾® ¾®
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ $i - 2 $j + 2k$ = PR - RP
= 3× = 3× ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
1 + 4+ 4 9 = PR - ( - PR ) [Q PR = - RP ]
¾®
( $i - 2 $j + 2k$ ) = 2 PR
= 3×
3 ®
9. (c) We have, | a| = 4
= ( i - 2 j + 2k$ )
$ $
and -3 £ l £ 2
Hence, the required vector of length 3 units is $i - 2 $j + 2k$. ® ®
\ | l a| = |l|| a|= l|4|
4. (b) To know about the type of the vector we may go through ®
the following definitions: Þ | l a| = |-3 |4 = 12, at l = - 3
Coinitial Vectors Two or more vectors having the same ®
initial point are called coinitial vectors. | l a| = |0|4 = 0, at l = 0
®
Collinear or Parallel Vectors Two or more vectors are said and | l a| = |2|4 = 8, at l = 2
to be collinear, if they are parallel to same line, irrespective
®
of their magnitudes and directions. So, the range of|l a| is [0, 12].
Equal Vectors Two vectors are said to be equal, if they have
10. (d) The addition of vectors and the multiplication of a vector
same magnitude and direction regardless of the positions of
® by a scalar together give the following distributive laws.
®
their initial points. Symbolically, if a and b are equal, then it ® ®
® Let a and b be any two vectors and k and m be any scalars.
®
is written as a = b . Then,
® ® ® ® ®
Hence, we can say that vector a and c are collinear but not (i) k a + m a = ( k + m ) a
equal because directions are not same. ® ®
(ii) k( m a ) = ( km ) a
® ®
5. (d) In the given figure, vectors a and b have the same initial ® ® ® ®
(iii) k( a + b ) = k a + k b
point and we know that two or more vectors having same
initial point are called coinitial vectors. So, option (d) is correct.
114 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

® ® 3
11. (d) We have, a = xi$ + 2 $j - zk$ and b = 3$i - yj$ + k$ are equal Þ l+1=
2
vectors.
3 1
\ xi$ + 2 $j - zk$ = 3$i - yj$ + k$ Þ l = -1 =
2 2
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get 16. (c) We have,
\ x = 3, y = -2 and z = -1 ®
a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$
Hence, x + y + z = 3 - 2 - 1 = 0.
®
®
12. (c) Let a = $i - 2 $j + 2k$ Now, | a| = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
® ® ®
Any vector in the direction of a vector a is given by Also, | a - b| = 7
® ® ®
a $i - 2 $j + 2k$ | a - b|2 = 7
=
® ® ® ® ®
|a| ( 1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 ( a - b) × ( a - b) = 7
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ ® ® ® ®
= | a|2 + | b|2 - 2 a × b = 7
3
® ® ® ® ®
® 14 + | b| 2 - 2| b|2 = 7 [Q given a × b =| b|2 ]
\Vector in the direction of a with magnitude 9
®
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ Þ | b|2 = 7
= 9×
3 ®
Þ | b| = 7
= 3( i - 2 j + 2k$ )
$ $
® ® 1 ® ®
® ® 17. (c) Given, a× b = | a|| b|
13. (c) It is given that b is collinear with the vector a. 2
® ® ® ® 1 ® ® ® ® ® ®
\ b = la …(i) Þ | a|| b| cos q = | a|| b| [Q a× b = | a|| b|cos q]
2
= 2 2l$i - l$j + 4lk$ 1
Þ cos q =
® 2
Also, | b|= 10
Þ q = 60°
Þ ( 2 2l ) 2 + ( - l ) 2 + ( 4l ) 2 = 10 ® ®
\ Angle between a and b is 60°.
Þ 25 l2 = 100 ® ®
Þ l = ±2 …(ii) 18. (c) Given, a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ and b = 2$i + lk$
® ®
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have ® ® ( a× b )
® ® \ Projection of a on b =
b = ±2 a ®
® ® | b|
Þ 2 a± b = 0
® ( $i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) × ( 2$i + lk$ )
14. (a) Let a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$, then =
|2$i + lk$|
®
| a| = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 2 + 3l
=
Now, direction cosines are 22 + l 2
1 1 2 2 2 + 3l
l= = ,m= = =
® 14 ® 14
| a| | a| 4 + l2

n=
3
=
3 2 + 3l ® ®
and
®
\ =0 [Q Projection of a on b = 0 ]
| a| 14 4+ l 2

15. (a) Let the required ratio be l : 1, then applying section Þ 3l + 2 = 0

formula, we get 2
Þ l=-
$ $ $ 3
$i + 2 $j + 3k$ = ( -2 i + 3 j + 5 k) + l ( 7 i - k)
$ $
l+1 19. (d) We have,
$i × ( $j ´ k$ ) + $j × ( k$ ´ $i ) + k$ × ( $i ´ $j )
Þ $i + 2 $j + 3k$ = æç 7l - 2 ö÷ $i + 3 $j + ( 5 - l ) k$
ç l+1 ÷ l+1 l+1 = $i × $i + $j × $j + k$ × k$
è ø
On equating the coefficient of $j, we get [Q $j ´ k$ = $i, k$ ´ $i = $j, $i ´ $j = k$ ]
r
3 =1 + 1 + 1 = 3 [Q $i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ = 1]
2=
l+1
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 115

20. (a) The condition for two vectors are parallel, is ¾® ¾®

22. (i) (c) We have, AB = a$ and BC = b$
( 3$i - 6 $j + k$ ) ´ ( 2$i - 4 $j + lk$ ) = 0
By triangle law of addition of vectors,
$i $j k$ ¾® ¾® ¾®
AC = AB + BC = a$ + b$
Þ 3 -6 1 = 0
(ii) (b) We know that, AD||BC
2 -4 l
¾® ¾®
$i ( -6l + 4) - $j ( 3l - 2) + k$ ( -12 + 12) = 0 \ AD = 2 BC = 2b$
Þ
(iii) (c) By triangle law, we have
Þ ( -6l + 4) $i - ( 3l - 2) $j + 0 = 0 ¾® ¾® ¾®
AC + CD = AD
Þ -6l + 4 = 0 and 3l - 2 = 0
2 2 ¾® ¾® ¾®
Þ l = and l = Þ CD = AD - AC
3 3
= 2b$ - ( a$ + b$ )
21. (i) (a) Distance between House ( A ) and ATM ( B ),
¾® = b$ - a$
AB = ( -3$i + 5 $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j + 2k$ ) ¾® ¾®
(iv) (d) EF = - BC = - b$
= -5 $i + 3 $j
¾® ¾®
¾®
(v) (a) FA = - CD = ( b$ - a$) = a$ - b$
| AB|= ( -5 ) 2 + ( 3) 2
¾®
= 25 + 9 = 34 23. (i) (b) BC = PV of C - PV of B
\ Distance between House ( A ) and ATM ( B ) is = ( 3$i - 4 $j - 4k$ ) - ( $i - 3 $j - 5 k$ )
34 units. = 2$i - $j + k$
(ii) (a) Distance between ATM ( B ) and Coaching ( C ), ¾®
¾® (ii) (c) CA = PV of A - PV of C
BC = ( -2$i + 6 $j + 6k$ ) - ( -3$i + 5 $j + 2k$ )
= ( 2$i - $j + k$ ) - ( 3$i - 4 $j - 4k$ )
= $i + $j + 4k$
= - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$
¾®
| BC|= ( 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 1 + 1 + 16 = 3 2 ¾® ¾®
(iii) (c) BC × CA = ( 2$i - $j + k$ ) × ( - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$ )
\ Distance between ATM ( B ) and Coaching ( C ) is
3 2 units. = -2-3 + 5
=0
(iii) (c) Distance between Coaching ( C ) and Shopping
$i $j k$
mall ( D), ¾® ¾®
¾® (iv) (b) BC ´ CA = 2 -1 1
CD = ( 3$i + 3 $j + 6k$ ) - ( -2$i + 6 $j + 6k$ )
-1 3 5
= 5 $i - 3 $j
¾® = - 8$i - 11 $j + 5 k$
|CD|= ( 5 ) 2 + ( -3) 2 = 25 + 9 = 34 ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
\ Distance between Coaching ( C ) and Shopping (v) (a) Since, BC × CA = 0, so BC ^ CA .
mall ( D) is 34 units. Hence, DABC is right-angled triangle at C
(iv) (b) Total distance travelled by Nitin 1 —® —®
¾® ¾® ¾®
\ Area of DABC = ´|BC||CA|
2
=| AB|+| BC|+|CD|
1
= 34 + 3 2 + 34 = 4 + 1 + 1 1 + 9 + 25
2
= ( 3 2 + 2 34 ) units
¾® 210
=
sq units
(v) (b) Distance between house and shopping mall is| AD|. 2
¾®
24. The coordinates of A, B, C and D are given as
And AD = ( 3$i + 3 $j + 6k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j + 2k$ )
A = ( 2, 1 , 1 ), B = ( 2, 2, 3), C = ( 2, 3, 2) and D = ( 4, 3, 3)
= $i + $j + 4k$ ¾®
¾® (i) (a) Position vector of BC
| AD|= 1 + 1 + 16 = 18
= ( 2$i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) = $j - k$
= 3 2 units ¾®
(ii) (c) Position vector of CD
\ Extra distance travelled by Nitin in reaching
shopping mall = ( 4$i + 3 $j + 3k$ ) - ( 2$i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) = 2$i + k$
¾®
= ( 3 2 + 2 34 ) - 3 2 (iii) (d) Position vector of AB
= 2 34 units = ( 2$i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) - ( 2$i + $j + k$ ) = $j + 2k$
 116 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

1 ¾® ¾® ® ®
(iv) (c) Area of the DABC = | AB ´ AC| 3. Given, a = 2$i + 2 $j - 5 k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 7k$
2
® ®
$i $j k$ ® ® a+ b
¾® ¾® Unit vector along the direction of a + b =
\ AB ´ AC = 0 1 2 ® ®
| a + b|
0 2 1 ® ®
¾®
Now, a + b = 2$i + 2 $j - 5 k$ + 2$i + $j - 7k$
[Q AC = ( 2$i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + $j + k$ ) = 2 $j + k$]
¾® ¾® = 4$i + 3 $j - 12k$
AB ´ AC = $i ( 1 - 4) - $j ( 0 - 0) + k$ ( 0 - 0) = -3$i ® ®
¾® ¾® and | a + b| = ( 4) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( -12) 2
| AB ´ AC|= ( -3) = 9 = 3 2

1 3 = 16 + 9 + 144
\ Area of DABC = ´ 3 = sq units
2 2 = 169 = 13
¾®
¾® BC
(v) (b) Unit vector along BC = So, the required unit vector is
¾®
® ®
| BC| a+ b 4$i + 3 $j - 12k$ 4 $ 3 $ 12 $
$j - k$ = = i+ j- k
® ® 13 13 13 13
= | a + b|
( 1 ) 2 + ( -1 ) 2 ®
$j - k$ 4. We have, a = 2$i - $j + 2 k$
1 $ $
= = ( j - k) ®
2 2 Now, | a|= ( 2) 2 + ( -1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2

Subjective Questions = 4+1 + 4

® ® = 9=3
1. Given, a = 3$i - 2 $j + k$, b = $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ ®
® The unit vector in the direction of the given vector a is
and c = 2$i + $j - 4k$
1 ®
® a$ = a
Now, | a | = ( 3) 2 + ( - 2) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 ®
| a|
= 9 + 4 + 1 = 14, 1
®
= ( 2$i - $j + 2 k$ )
2 3
| b | = ( 1 ) + ( - 3) + ( 5 )
2 2

Now, the vector having magnitude 6 and in the direction of

= 1 + 9 + 25 = 35
®
® a = 6 a$
and | c | = ( 2) + ( 1 ) + ( - 4)
2 2 2
1
= 6 ´ ( 2$i - $j + 2 k$ )
= 4 + 1 + 16 = 21 3
® ® = 2( 2$i - $j + 2 k$ )
Q | a|2 + | c|2 = 14 + 21 = 35
® ® ® = 4$i - 2 $j + 4 k$
\ | a |2 + | c |2 = | b |2
®
Hence, the vectors form a right-angled triangle. 5. Given, a = $i + $j + k$
® ®
2. We have, a = 3$i - 2 $j + k$ …(i) Now, unit vector in the direction of a is
® ®
and b = 2$i - 4 $j - 3k$ a $i + $j + k$
® a$ = =
Þ 2 b = 2 ( 2$i - 4 $j - 3k$ ) ®
| a| (1 ) + (1 )2 + (1 )2
2

[multiplying by 2 on both sides]

® $i + $j + k$
Þ 2 b = 4$i - 8 $j - 6k$ …(ii) =
3
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 1 $ 1 $ 1 $
® ® = i+ j+ k
a - 2 b = ( 3$i - 2 $j + k$ ) - ( 4$i - 8 $j - 6k$ ) 3 3 3
= ( 3 - 4) $i + ( - 2 + 8) $j + ( 1 + 6) k$ Hence, cosine of angle which the given vector makes with
1
[subtracting corresponding terms] Y-axis, is ×
3
= - $i + 6 $j + 7k$
® ®
6. We have,
Now, | a - 2 b| = | - $i + 6 $j + 7k$ | —®
Position vector of A, OA = 2$i - $j - k$
= ( - 1 ) 2 + ( 6) 2 + ( 7) 2 —®
and Position vector of B, OB = 2$i - $j + 2k$
= 1 + 36 + 49 = 86
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 117

Since, P divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1, then ® ®

® ® a× b
2( 2$i - $j + 2k$ ) + 1( 2$i - $j - k$ ) Now, projection of a on b =
®
Position vector of P = | b|
2+1
35
4 i - 2 j + 4k + 2$i - $j - k$
$ $ $ = =5
= 7
3 ®
6$i - 3 $j + 3k$ 11. We have, ( 2$i + 6 $j + 27k$ ) ´ ( $i + l$j + mk$ ) = 0
= = 2$i - $j + k$
3 $i $j k$
® ® ® ®
®
7. Given,| a | = 2,| b | = 3 and a× b = 4 Þ 2 6 27 = 0
® ® ® ® 1 l m
Now, consider| a - b |2 = ( a - b ) 2
® ® ® ® Þ ( 6m - 27l)$i - ( 2m - 27) $j + ( 2l - 6)k$ = 0 $i + 0 $j + 0k$
= ( a - b ) ×( a - b )
® ® ® ® ®® ® ® On equating the coefficients of $i, $j and k$ both sides,
= a× a - a× b - b× a + b× b
we get
® ® ® ® ® ®
= | a |2 - a× b - a× b + | b |2 6m - 27l = 0, 2m - 27 = 0 and 2l - 6 = 0
® ® ® ® 27
= | a |2 - 2 a× b + | b |2 Þ l = 3 and m =
2
® ® ® ®
[Q a× b = b× a] ® ®
12. Given that a = 5 $i + 6 $j - 2k$ and b = 7$i + 6 $j + 2k$.
® ® 2
\ | a - b | = ( 2) 2 - 2( 4) + ( 3) 2 $i $j k$
® ®
= 4- 8+ 9=5 Then, a ´ b = 5 6 -2
® ®
\ | a - b| = 5 [taking square root on both sides] 7 6 2
® ®
8. Let a = 3$i - 5 k$, b = 2$i + 7 $j = $i( 12 + 12) - $j( 10 + 14) + k$( 30 - 42)
®
and c = $i + $j + k$ be three given vectors. = 24$i - 24 $j - 12k$
® ®
®
Let r = xi$ + yj$ + z k$ be a vector such that its dot products \ | a ´ b| = ( 24) 2 + ( -24) 2 + ( -12) 2
® ® ® = 576 + 576 + 144
with a, b and c are -1, 6 and 5 respectively, we have
® ® = 1296 = 36
r × a = ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 3$i - 5 k$ ) Þ -1 = 3x - 5 z ...(i) ® ®
® ® Hence, a unit vector perpendicular to vectors a and b is
r × b = ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 2$i + 7 $j ) Þ 6 = 2x + 7y ...(ii) given by
® ® ® ®
and r × c = ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( $i + $j + k$ ) Þ 5 = x + y + z ...(iii) a ´b
n$ = ® ®
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get | a ´ b|
x = 3, y = 0 and z = 2 24$i - 24 $j - 12k$
® =
Hence, the required vector is r = 3$i + 2k$. 36
® ® 12( 2 i - 2 $j - k$ )
$
9. We have, a = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ and b = $i + 3 $j - 5 k$ =
36
® ®
Now, a + b = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ + $i + 3 $j - 5 k$ = 6 $i + 2 $j - 8k$ 1 $
= ( 2 i - 2 $j - k$ )
® ® 3
and a - b = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ - $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ = 4 $i - 4 $j + 2 k$ ®
® ®
13. Let a = xi$ + yj$ + zk$
® ®
Now, ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = ( 6 $i + 2 $j - 8k$ ) × ( 4$i - 4 $j + 2k$ ) ½$i $j k$ ½
= 24 - 8 - 16 = 0 ® ½ ½
\ a ´ $i = x y z
® ® ® ® ½
½ ½
½
Hence, ( a + b ) and ( a - b ) are perpendicular vectors. 1 0 0
½ ½
® ®
10. Let a = $i + 3 $j + 7k$ and b = 2$i - 3 $j + 6k$ = $i[ 0] - $j [ - z ] + k$ [ - y] = z $j - yk$
® ® ®
Clearly, a× b = ( $i + 3 $j + 7k$ ) × ( 2$i - 3 $j + 6k$ ) \ ( a ´ $i ) 2 = ( zj$ - yk$ )( zj$ - yk$ )
= ( 1 )( 2) + ( 3)( -3) + ( 7)( 6) = y2 + z 2
= 2 - 9 + 42 = 35 ®
®
Similarly, ( a ´ $j ) 2 = x 2 + z 2
and| b|= 2 + ( -3) + 6
2 2 2
®
and ( a ´ k$ ) 2 = x 2 + y2
= 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7
118 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

® ® ® ® ® ® ®
\ ( a ´ $i ) 2 + ( a ´ $j ) 2 + ( a ´ k$ ) 2 17. Here, | a| = 10,| b| = 2 and a× b = 12 [given]
= y2 + z 2 + x 2 + z 2 + x 2 + y2 \
® ® ® ®
a× b =| a|| b|cos q
= 2( x + y + z )
2 2 2
12 = 10 ´ 2 cos q
®2 ®2 12 3
= 2a [Q a = x + y + z ]
2 2 2 Þ cos q = =
20 5
® ® ® ®
14. Any vector perpendicular to both a and b = l( a ´ b ). 9
Þ sin q = 1 - cos 2 q = 1 -
$i $j k$ 25
® ® 4
Now, a ´ b = 1 1 1 sin q = ±
5
1 1 -1 ® ® ® ®
\ | a ´ b| = | a || b||sin q|
= - 2$i + 2 $j
4
= - 2( $i - $j ) = 10 ´ 2 ´ = 16
5
\ Required vector = l( $i - $j ) ® ® ® ®
18. We have,| a× b | = | a ´ b |
® ® ® ® ®
15. We know, if a|| b , then a ´ b = 0 ® ® ® ®
Þ| a || b | cos q = | a || b |sin q
® ®
Let a = 3$i - 6 $j + k$ and b = 2$i - 4 $j + lk$ ® ®
cos q = sin q [Q| a | and| b | are positive]
® ®
Q a || b is given. p
tan q = 1 Þ q =
® ® ® 4
\ a´ b = 0 ® ® 2
19. Given,| a| = 3 and| b| = .
$i $j k$ 3
® ® ®
3 -6 1 = 0 Let q be the angle between a and b .
2 -4 l ® ®
Since, | a ´ b| = 1
®
® ®
Þ ( -6l + 4) $i - ( 3l - 2) $j + ( -12 + 12) k$ = 0 \ | a|| b| sin q = 1 Þ 3 ´
2
sin q = 1
3
Þ ( -6l + 4) $i + ( 2 - 3l ) $j + 0k$ = 0 $i + 0 $j + 0k$
1 p
On comparing LHS and RHS, Þ 2 sin q = 1 Þ sin q = Þ q =
2 6
2
- 6l + 4 = 0 Þ - 6l = - 4 Þ l = 1 ¾® ¾®
3 20. \ Area of DOAB = |OA ´ OB|
2
2
2 - 3l = 0 Þ 2 = 3l Þ l = 1 $
3 = |( 2 i - 3 $j + 2 k$ ) ´ ( 2$i + 3 $j + k$ )|
2
®
16. Let a = 2$i - $j + 2k$ ½$i $j k$½
1½ ½
®
and b = 4$i - $j + 3k$ = 2 -3 2
2½ ½ ½
½
® ® 2 3 1
½ ½
So, any vector perpendicular to both the vectors a and b is
1 $
given by = |[ i( -3 - 6) - $j ( 2 - 4) + k$( 6 + 6)]|
$i $j k$ 2
® ® 1
a ´ b = 2 -1 2 = |- 9 $i + 2 $j + 12k$|
2
4 -1 3 1 1
\ Area of DOAB = ( 81 + 4 + 144) = 229 sq units
= $i( -3 + 2) - $j( 6 - 8) + k$( -2 + 4) 2 2
®
® 21. We have, a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$
= - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ = r [say] ®
® b = - $i + k$
A vector of magnitude 6 in the direction of r ®
®
and c = 2 $j - k$
r - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ ® ® ® ®
= .6 = .6 Since, ( a + b ) and ( b + c ) are the diagonals of the
®
|r| 1 + 2 + 2
2 2 2
parallelogram.
-6$ 12 $ 12 $ ® ®
= i + j+ k Now, a + b = $i - 3 $j + 2k$
3 3 3
® ®
= - 2$i + 4 $j + 4 k$ and b + c = - $i + 2 $j
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 119

\ Area of parallelogram $i $j k$
1 ® ® ®
= |( a + b ) ´ ( b + c )|
® = 1 - 2 3 = 4$i - 10 $j - 8k$
2 -3 -2 1
1
= |( $i - 3 $j + 2k$ ) ´ ( - $i + 2 $j )| \ Area of the parallelogram
2
= | 4$i - 10 $j - 8k$ | = ( 4) 2 + ( - 10) 2 + ( -8) 2
$i $j k$
1 = 180 = 6 5 sq units
= 1 -3 2
2 ®
-1 2 0 25. Given, a = $i + $j + k$,
® ®
1 b = 4$i - 2 $j + 3k$ and c = $i - 2 $j + k$
= ( - 4$i - 2 $j - k$ )
2 ® ® ®
Now, 2 a - b + 3 c
1
= ( - 4) 2 + ( - 2) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 = 2 ( $i + $j + k$ ) - ( 4$i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) + 3 ( $i - 2 $j + k$ )
2
= 2$i + 2 $j + 2k$ - 4$i + 2 $j - 3k$ + 3i$ - 6 $j + 3k$
21
= sq units = $i - 2 $j + 2k$
2
® Now, we find a unit vector in the direction of vector
22. Given, adjacent sides of parallelogram are a = $i - 3 $j + 3k$ ® ® ®
® 2 a - b + 3 c , which is equal to
and b = - 3$i - 2 $j - 8k$ ® ® ®
2a - b + 3c $i - 2 $j + 2k$
$i $j k$ =
® ® ® ® ®
Then, a ´ b = 1 -3 3 |2a - b + 3c| ( 1 ) + ( - 2) 2 + ( 2) 2
2

-3 -2 -8 $i - 2 $j + 2k$ $i - 2 $j + 2k$
= =
1 + 4+ 4 9
= $i( 24 + 6) - $j ( - 8 + 9) + k$( - 2 - 9)
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ 1 2 2 $
= 30$i - $j - 11 k$ = = $i - $j + k
3 3 3 3
® ®
So, vector of magnitude 6 parallel to the vector
\ | a ´ b | = ( 30) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 + ( - 11 ) 2
® ® ® æ1 2 2 ö
2 a - b + 3 c = 6 ç $i - $j + k$ ÷ = 2$i - 4 $j + 4k$
= 900 + 1 + 121 = 1022 è3 3 3 ø
® ® ® ®
\ Area of parallelogram = | a ´ b | = 1022 sq units 26. We have, a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ and b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$
® ® ®
23. Here, A = $j, B = $i + 2 $j + k$ and C = 2$i So, the diagonals of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides
® ®
¾® are a and b are given by
AB = ( 1 - 0) $i + ( 2 - 1 ) $j + ( 1 - 0) k$ = $i + $j + k$ ® ® ® ® ® ®
¾® p = a + b and q = a - b
BC = ( 2 - 1 ) $i + ( 0 - 2) $j + ( 0 - 1 ) k$ = $i - 2 $j - k$ ®
Now, p = ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) + ( 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ )
$i $j k$
¾® ¾® = 3$i + 6k$ - 2k$
\ AB ´ BC = 1 1 1
®
1 -2 -1 and q = ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) - ( 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ )

= $i( -1 + 2) - $j ( -1 - 1 ) + k$ ( -2 - 1 ) = - $i - 2 $j + 8k$
®
= ( $i + 2 $j - 3k$ ) p 3$i + 6 $j - 2k$
¾® ¾®
\ p$ = =
® 9 + 36 + 4
and | AB ´ BC | = ( 1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( -3) 2 | p|
= 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 3$i + 6 $j - 2k$ 3 $ 6 $ 2 $
= = i+ j- k
7 7 7 7
1 ¾® ¾®
\ Area of DABC = | AB ´ AC| ®
2 q - $i - 2 $j + 8k$
and q$ = =
1 ® 1 + 4 + 64
= 14 sq units | q|
2
- $i - 2 $j + 8k$
24. Since, the vector area of the parallelogram determined by =
two vectors is their cross-product. 69
1 $ 2 $ 8 $
So, vector area of the parallelogram =- i- j+ k
= ( $i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) ´ ( - 3$i - 2 $j + k$ ) 69 69 69
120 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

® ¾® ¾® ® ® ® ®
27. We know that, if a vector a makes angles a , b and g with $i , $j OB + OC a - 3b + 3a + 5 b
Consider, =
and k$ respectively, then 2 2
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1 ® ®
p p 4a + 2b ® ® ¾®
It is given that, a = , b = and g = q an acute angle. = = 2a + b = OA [from Eq. (i)]
4 3 2
¾® ¾®
\ cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1 OB + OC ¾®
Thus, = OA
p p 2
Þ cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 q = 1
4 3 Hence, A is mid-point of line segment BC. Hence proved.
1 1 ® ®
Þ + + cos 2 q = 1 29. Given, a = $i + $j + k$, b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$
2 4 ®
1 and c = l$i + 2 $j + 3k$
Þ cos 2 q =
4 ® ®
\ b + c = ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
1
Þ cos q = ® ®
2 Let r$ denote the unit vector along b + c .
[Q q is an acute angle, cos q > 0] ® ®
b+ c ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
Then, r$ = =
p ® ®
| b + c| ( 2 + l ) 2 + 36 + 4
Þ q=
3
p ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
Þ g= = ...(i)
3 ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
® ®
Now, a = | a|{(cos a ) $i + (cos b ) $j + (cos g ) k$} Now, according to given condition, we have
® pö pö pö ( $i + $j + k$ ) × r$ = 1 [given]
æ æ æ
Þ a = ç cos ÷ $i + ç cos ÷ $j + ç cos ÷ k$
è 4ø è 3ø è 3ø ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
Þ ( $i + $j + k$ ) × =1
é ® p p pù ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
êQ| a| = 1, a = 4 , b = 3 and g = 3 ú
ë û Þ ( $i + $j + k$ ) × {( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$} = ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
® 1 $ 1$ 1$
Þ a= i+ j+ k Þ 2 + l + 6 - 2 = ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
2 2 2
®
æ 1 $ 1 $ 1 $ö Þ ( l + 6) 2 = ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
Thus, the components of a are ç i, j, k÷ .
è 2 2 2 ø Þ 8l = 8Þ l = 1
¾® ® ® ¾® ® ® Putting l = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
28. Given, OA = 2 a + b and OB = a - 3 b …(i)
1
Also, it is given that C is the point which divides the line r$ = ( 3$i + 6 $j - 2k$ )
7
joining A and B externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Then, by using
30. We know that,
section formula of external division, we get
® ® ®
O | x × x| = | x|2
Þ |$a - b$|2 = ( a$ - b$ ) × ( a$ - b$ )
® ® Þ |$a - b$|2 = a$ × a$ - a$ × b$ - b$ × a$ + b$ × b$
C A (2 a®+®
b) B (a – 3 b )
1
Þ |$a - b$|2 = | a$|2 -2a$ × b$ +|b$|2 [Q a$ × b$ = b$ × a$]
2
¾® ¾®
Þ |$a - b$|2 = |$|
a 2 -2|$||a b$|cos q + |b$|2
¾® 2OA - OB
OC = [Q a$ × b$ =|$||
a b$| cos q]
2 -1
® ® ® ® Þ |$a - b$|2 = 1 - 2 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ cos q + 1 [Q|$| a = |b$| = 1 ]
¾® 2 ( 2a + b ) - 1 ( a - 3b )
Þ OC = [from Eq. (i)] Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2 - 2 cos q
1
® ® ® ® Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2 ( 1 - cos q)
= 4 a + 2b - a + 3 b
é qù
Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2 ê 2sin 2
2 úû
® ®
= 3a +5 b …(ii) ë
Now, we have to show that A is the mid-point of BC q
Þ |$a - b$|2 = 4sin 2
¾® ¾® 2
OB + OC
¾®
q 1 q 1
i.e. to show OA = Þ sin 2 = |$a - b$|2 Þ sin = |$a - b$|
2 2 4 2 2
Hence proved.
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 121

® ® ® ® ®
31. We have, a = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$ and b = - $i - 2k$ 34. Given, a = $i + $j + k$, b = $j - k$ and c = xi$ + yj$ + zk$
® ® ® ®
\ a + b = 2$i - 2 $j and a - b = 4$i - 2 $j + 4k$ $i $j k$
® ®
Now, let q is the acute angle between the diagonals a + b
® ® \ a ´ c = 1 1 1 = $i ( z - y) - $j( z - x ) + k$( y - x )
® ® x y z
and a - b .
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
( a + b ) ×( a - b ) Now, a ´ c = b [given]
\ cos q =
® ® ® ® ®
| a + b|| a - b| Þ $i ( z - y) + $j ( x - z ) + k$ ( y - x ) = 0$i + 1 $j + ( -1 ) k[
$ Q b = $j - k$ ]
( 2$i - 2 $j ) × ( 4$i - 2 $j + 4k$ ) 8+ 4 1 On comparing the coefficients from both sides, we get
= = =
8 16 + 4 + 16 2 2×6 2 z - y = 0, x - z = 1 and y - x = -1
p é p 1 ù Þ y = z and x - y = 1 ...(i)
\ q= êëQ cos 4 = 2 úû
4 ® ®
® ® ® Also, given a × c = 3
32. Since, d is perpendicular to both a and b .
® ® ® Þ ( $i + $j + k$ ) × ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) = 3
Therefore, d = l( a ´ b ) ...(i) Þ x+ y+ z = 3
$i $j k$ Þ x + 2y = 3 [Q z = y] ...(ii)
=l4 5 -1 = l( 21 $i - 21 $j - 21 k$ )
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 -4 5
3y = 2
® ® 2
Also, we have d× c = 21 Þ y= =z [Q y = z ]
3
\ 21 l( $i - $j - k$ ) × ( 3$i + $j - k$ ) = 21
From Eq. (i), we get
Þ l( 3 - 1 + 1 ) = 1 2 5
1 x =1+ y=1+ =
Þ l= 3 3
3 ® 5$ 2$ 2$
®1 Hence, c = i+ j+ k
Thus, d = [ 21 $i - 21 $j - 21 k$ ] = 7$i - 7 $j - 7k$ 3 3 3
3 ® ® ® ® ® ®
® ® 35. To prove, a ´ b = b ´ c = c ´ a
33. We have, a = $i + $j + k$ and b = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ® ® ® ®
® ® We have, a+b+c=0
Now, a + b = ( $i + $j + k$ ) + ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) ® ® ® ® ® ®
= 2$i + 3 $j + 4k$ Þ a ´( a + b + c ) = a ´ 0
® ® ®
and a - b = ( $i + $j + k$ ) - ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) = 0 $i - $j - 2k$ [taking cross product with a]
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
® ® ® ® ® Þ ( a ´ a ) + ( a ´ b ) + ( a ´ c ) = 0 [using distributive law]
A vector c perpendicular to both a + b and a - b is given by ® ® ® ® ®
® ® ® ® ® Þ ( a ´ b) -( c ´ a) = 0
c = ( a + b ) ´( a - b ) ® ® ® ® ® ®
= ( 2$i + 3 $j + 4k$ ) ´ ( 0$i - $j - 2k$ ) [Q a ´ a = 0 and a ´ c = - c ´ a]
® ® ® ®
$i $j k$ Þ a ´b = c ´a ...(i)
®
Þ c= 2 3 4 ® ® ® ®
Again, a+b+c=0
0 -1 -2 ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ b ´( a + b + c ) = b ´ 0
= ( -6 + 4) $i - ( -4 - 0) $j + ( -2 - 0) k$ ®
[taking cross product with b ]
= -2$i + 4 $j - 2k$ ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
® Þ ( b ´ a) + ( b ´ b) + ( b ´ c ) = 0
and| c|= ( -2) + ( 4) + ( -2)
2 2 2
® ® ® ® ®
Þ -( a ´ b) + ( b ´ c) = 0
= 4 + 16 + 4 = 24 = 2 6 ® ® ® ® ® ®
[Q b ´ b = 0, b ´ a = - a ´ b ]
\ Required unit vector ® ® ® ®
1 ® 1 Þ a ´b = b ´c ...(ii)
= ®c= ( -2$i + 4 $j - 2k$ )
| c| 2 6 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
® ® ® ® ® ®
=-
1 $
i+
2 $ 1 $
j- k a ´b = b ´c = c ´a Hence proved.
6 6 6
122 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII

¾® ¾® ®
36. The points, A, B and C are collinear. Then, AB and BC are Now, AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A.
parallel vectors. ® ®
¾® ¾® = b - a = 2$i - $j + 4k$ - ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ )
Þ AB ´ BC = 0
® ® ® ®
= $i - 3 $j + k$
[Q if x and y are parallel, then x ´ y = 0] ®
® ® ® ® AC = Position vector of C - Position vector of A
Þ ( b - a) ´( c - b) = 0 ® ®
¾® ® ® ¾® ® ® = c - a = 4$i + 5 $j - k$ - ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ )
[Q AB = b - a and BC = c - b ]
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
= 3$i + 3 $j - 4k$
Þ ( b - a) ´ c - ( b - a) ´ b = 0 $i $j k$
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ (( b ´ c ) - ( a ´ c )) - (( b ´ b ) - ( a ´ b )) = 0 \ AB ´ AC = 1 -3 1
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® 3 3 -4
Þ ( b´ c + c ´ a) - ( 0 - a ´ b) = 0
® ® ® ® ® ® ® = ( 12 - 3) $i - ( -4 - 3) $j + ( 3 + 9) k$
[Q c ´ a = - a ´ c and b ´ b = 0]
® ® ® ® ® ® = 9$i + 7 $j + 12k$
Þ b ´c + c ´a + a ´b =0 ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® and| AB ´ AC| = ( 9) 2 + ( 7) 2 + ( 12) 2
Þ a ´ b + b ´ c + c´ a = 0
® ®®
= 81 + 49 + 144 = 274
37. We have, a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$, b = - $i + k$ and c = 2 $j - k$
1 ® ®
® ® So, area of DABC = | AB ´ AC|
Now, a + b = ( 2$i - 3 $j + k$ ) + ( - $i + k$ ) = $i - 3 $j + 2k$ 2
® ® 1
and b + c = ( - $i + k$ ) + ( 2 $j - k$ ) = - $i + 2 $j = 274 sq units
2
$i $j k$ ®
® ® ® ® 39. (i) A = PV of P2 - PV of P1
\ ( a + b ) ´ ( b + c ) = 1 -3 2
= ( 21 $i + 8 $j + 4k$ ) - ( 6$i + 8 $j + 4k$ )
-1 2 0
= 15 $i + 0 $j + 0k$
= $i( 0 - 4) - $j( 0 + 2) + k$( 2 - 3) ®
\ Components of A are 15, 0, 0.
= - 4$i - 2 $j - k$ ®
®
and B = PV of P4 - PV of P1
®
Hence, the area of parallelogram having diagonals ( a + b )
®
= ( 6$i + 16 $j + 10k$ ) - ( 6$i + 8 $j + 4k$ )
®
and ( b + c ) = 0$i + 8 $j + 6k$
® ® ® ® ®
|( a + b ) ´ ( b + c )| \ Components of B are 0, 8, 6.
=
2 (ii) Clearly, from sol (i).
|-4 i - 2 j - k$|
$ $
Vector in standard notation with $i, $j and k$ are
=
2 ® ®
16 + 4 + 1 A = 15 $i + 0 $j + 0k$ and B = 0$i + 8 $j + 6k$
= ®
2 (iii) | A| = ( 15 ) 2 + ( 0) 2 + ( 0) 2
21
= = ( 15 ) 2 = 15 units
2
®
1 and|B| = ( 0) 2 + ( 8) 2 + ( 6) 2 = 0 + 64 + 36
= 21 sq units
2
® ® ®
= 100 = 10 units
38. Let a, b and c be the position vectors of points A, B and C, ® ® ® ®
respectively. (iv) Perpendicular vectors to A and B is A ´ B.
® $i $j k$
Then, a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$, ® ® ®
\ N = A ´ B = 15 0 0
®
b = 2$i - $j + 4k$ 0 8 6
®
and c = 4$i + 5 $j - k$. = $i( 0 - 0) - $j ( 90 - 0) + k$( 120 - 0)
1 ® ® = 0$i - 90 $j + 120k$
Clearly, the area of DABC = | AB ´ AC|
2 ®
\ Components of N are 0, -90, 120.
CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 123

®
(v) |N| = ( -90) 2 + ( 120) 2 = ( 4$i - 3 $j + 3k$ ) × ( 18$i + 9 $j - 15 k$ )
= 8100 + 14400 = 72 - 27 - 45 = 0
(iii) We have,
= 22500 = 150 m
|$a - b$|2 = ( a$ - b$ ) ( a$ - b$ )
® æ1 6 1 ö
Now, F = 910ç $i - $j + k$ ÷
è2 7 7 ø a 2 - 2a$ × b$ + |b$|2
= |$|
= 455 i - 780 j + 130k$
$ $ = |$| a b$|cos q + |b$|2
a 2 - 2|$||
® ®
\ F× N = 455( 0) - 780( -90) + 130( 120) = 1 - 2 × 1 × 1 cos q + 1 = 2 - 2cos q
æ qö q
= 85800 watts Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2ç 2sin 2 ÷ = 4sin 2
® ® ® ® è 2 ø 2
40. (i) Given, | a + b| = | a - b| q
® ® ® ® Þ |$a - b$| = 2sin
Þ | a + b|2 = | a - b|2 2
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ ( a + b) ( a + b) = ( a - b) ( a - b) (iv) We have, a× b = 0 and a× c = 0
® ® ®® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ| a|2 + | b|2 + 2 a b = | a|2 + | b|2 - 2 a× b Þ a ^ b and a ^ c
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ 2 a× b = - 2 a× b Þ a is perpendicular to the plane of b and c .
®® ® ® ®
Þ 4a b = 0 Þ a is parallel to b ´ c
® ® ® ® ®
Þ a× b = 0 Þ a = l( b ´ c ) for some scalar l
® ® ® ® ®
Þ a^b Þ | a| = |l|| b ´ c|
® ®
(ii) Given, a = $i - 2 $j and b = 2$i + $j + 3k$
® ® ® p
Þ | a| = |l|| b|| c|sin
® 6
\ 2 a = 2$i - 4 $j |l|
® Þ 1=
2 b = 4$i + 2 $j + 6k$ 2
® ®
a + b = ( $i - 2 $j ) + ( 2$i + $j + 3k$ ) = 3$i - $j + 3k$ Þ l=2 Þ l=±2
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
2 a + b = ( 2$i - 4 $j ) + ( 2$i + $j + 3k$ ) = 4$i - 3 $j + 3k$ Þ a = l( b ´ c ) Þ a = ± 2 ( b ´ c )
® ® ® ®
a - 2 b = ( $i - 2 $j ) - ( 4$i + 2 $j + 6k$ ) (v) The area of parallelogram having diagonals d1 and d 2 is
1 ® ®
= - 3$i - 4 $j - 6k$ | d1 ´ d 2| .
2
$i $j k$ $i $j k$
® ® ® ® ® ®
Now, ( a + b ) ´ ( a - 2 b ) = 3 -1 3 Now, a ´ b = 1 -2 0 = $i( -6) - $j( 3) + k$( 1 + 4)
-3 -4 -6 2 1 3

= $i( 6 + 12) - $j( -18 + 9) + k$( -12 - 3) = -6$i - 3 $j + 5 k$

® ®
= 18$i + 9 $j - 15 k$ | a ´ b|= 36 + 9 + 25 = 70
® ® ® ® ® ® 1 70
\ ( 2 a + b ). [( a + b ) ´ ( a - 2 b )] \ Area of parallelogram = ´ 70 = sq units
2 2
Chapter Test
Multiple Choice Questions Long Answer Type Questions
® ® ® ®
1. Angle between diagonals of a parallelogram whose sides are 10. Show that | a | b + | b | a is perpendicular to
® ®
represented by a = 2i$ + $j + k$ and b = i$ - $j - k$ ® ® ® ® ®
| a | b - | b | a, for any two non-zero vectors a and
æ 1ö æ 1ö ®
(a) cos -1 ç ÷ (b) cos -1 ç ÷
è3 ø è2 ø b.
-1 æ4ö -1 æ5ö 11. If i$ + $j + k$, 2i$ + 5 $j , 3i$ + 2 $j - 3 k$ and i$ - 6 $j - k$
(c) cos ç ÷ (d) cos ç ÷
è9 ø è9 ø respectively are the position vectors of points A,
2. The projection of the vector i$ - $j on the vector i$ + $j is B, C and D, then find the angle between the
¾®
(a) 0 (b) 1 straight lines AB and CD. Find whether AB and
(c) -1 (d) None of these ¾®
CD are collinear or not.
® 1 ® ®
3. If the vector a is i$ + $j + k$ and a× b = , then the projection 12. Find the distance of a point (2, 2, -1) from the
3 plane
® ®
of b on a is ®
(i) r × (3i$ - 3 $j + 5k$ ) = 7
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) (ii) 3x - 3 y + 5z = 7
3 3
® ® ® ® 13. Find the equation of the planes parallel to the
4. Cross product of ( a - b ) ´ ( a + b ) is equal to plane 2 x - 4 y + 4 z = 7 and which are at a
2 ® ®
(a) ( a ´ b )
®
(b) ( a ´ b )
® distance of five units from the point (3, -1, 2).
3
® ® 14. A variable plane which remains at a constant
(c) 2( a ´ b ) (d) None of these
distance 3p from the origin cuts the coordinate
® ® ® ®
5. If a = i$ - 7 $j + 7 k$ and b = 3i$ - 2 $j + 2 k$, then | a ´ b| is equal to axes at A, B, C. Show that the locus of the centroid
1 1 1 1
(a) 19 3 (b) 3 of DABC is 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 .
(c) 19 2 (d) 20 3
x y z p

Short Answer Type Questions 15. Find the image of a point having position vector
r
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® (3i$ - 2 $j + k$ ) in the plane r × (3i$ - $j + 4 k$ ) = 2.
6. Find | a | and | b | , if | a | = 3 | b | and ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = 64.
7. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors
® ®
Answers
a = 4i$ + 3 $j + k$ and b = 2i$ - $j + 2 k$. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d)
4. (c) 5. (c)
® ®
8. If a = 2i$ - $j + 2 k$ and b = 5i$ - 3 $j - 4k$, then find the ratio ® ® (7i$ - 6 j$ - 10k$ ) 3 p
6.|a |= 6 2 and |b |= 2 2 7. ± 8. 9.
® ® 185 5 2 3
projection of vector a on vector b 12 12
® ®
. 11. p, collinear 12. (i) (ii)
projection of vector b on vector a 43 43
® ® ® ® ® 13. 2x - 4 y + 4z + 12 = 0 and 2x - 4 y + 4z - 48 = 0
9. Let a and b be two unit vectors. If the vectors c = a + 2 b
® ® ® 15. Image of point P (3, - 2, 1) in the plane is (0, - 1, - 3).
and d = 5 a - 4 b are perpendicular to each other, then find
® ®
the angle between the vectors a and b.
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