1. What are Python's key features?

Answer: Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language with the following key features:

● Easy to Learn and Use: Python has a simple syntax that mimics natural language.
● Interpreted Language: Code is executed line-by-line, making debugging easier.
● Dynamically Typed: You don't need to declare variable types explicitly.
● Extensive Libraries: Offers standard libraries for web development, machine learning, data analysis, etc.
● Portability: Python code is platform-independent and runs on multiple platforms.
● Open Source and Community Support: Freely available with a supportive community.

2. Explain Python's data types.

Answer: Python has several built-in data types:

● Numeric types: int, float, complex

● Sequence types: list, tuple, range
● Text type: str
● Set types: set, frozenset
● Mapping type: dict
● Boolean type: bool
● Binary types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

Follow-up tip: Mention how these types help in various real-world applications, such as using lists for dynamic data storage or dictionaries for key-value pair mapping.

3. What is the difference between a list, tuple, and set?

Answer:

● List: Mutable, ordered, and allows duplicate elements. Example: [1, 2, 2, 3]

● Tuple: Immutable and ordered. Example: (1, 2, 3)
● Set: Mutable, unordered, and does not allow duplicates. Example: {1, 2, 3}

Follow-up tip: Explain how you would use a tuple for constant data, a list for dynamic arrays, and a set for unique data.

4. What is the difference between deepcopy() and copy()?

Answer:

● copy(): Creates a shallow copy, only copying the object's reference for nested objects.
● deepcopy(): Creates a deep copy, cloning all levels of the object hierarchy.

Example:

import copy

original = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

shallow_copy = copy.copy(original)
deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(original)

shallow_copy[0][0] = 99
print(original) # Output: [[99, 2], [3, 4]]
print(deep_copy) # Output: [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

5. What are Python decorators?

Answer: Decorators are functions that modify the behavior of another function or method. They are often used for logging, access control, or memoization.

Example:

def decorator_function(original_function):
def wrapper_function():
print("Wrapper executed before the original function.")
return original_function()
return wrapper_function

@decorator_function
def display():
print("Original function executed.")

display()

Follow-up tip: Mention how decorators help in frameworks like Flask/Django for route handling or adding middleware.

6. Explain Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).

Answer: The GIL is a mutex that protects access to Python objects, ensuring that only one thread executes Python bytecode at a time. It simplifies memory management but limits multi-threaded performance.

Follow-up tip: Explain how you can bypass GIL limitations using multiprocessing for CPU-bound tasks or threading for I/O-bound tasks.

7. What are Python's *args and **kwargs?

Answer:

● *args: Allows passing a variable number of positional arguments.

● **kwargs: Allows passing a variable number of keyword arguments.

Example:

def example_function(*args, **kwargs):

print("Positional arguments:", args)
print("Keyword arguments:", kwargs)

example_function(1, 2, 3, name="Alice", age=30)

Follow-up tip: Mention how they make functions more flexible and adaptable.
8. How does Python manage memory?

Answer: Python uses dynamic memory allocation managed by:

● Reference Counting: Keeps track of the number of references to an object.

● Garbage Collection: Reclaims memory for objects with zero references.

Follow-up tip: Highlight how you can use gc (garbage collector) module to optimize memory usage.

9. What is the difference between Python 2 and Python 3?

Answer:

● Syntax: print is a statement in Python 2 but a function in Python 3.

● Division: Python 3 uses true division (/) and floor division (//), while Python 2 does integer division by default.
● Unicode Support: Strings in Python 3 are Unicode by default.

Follow-up tip: Emphasize Python 3's advantages and its current industry relevance.

10. What are Python's popular frameworks and libraries?

Answer:

● Web Development: Django, Flask, FastAPI

● Data Analysis and Machine Learning: NumPy, pandas, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch
● Automation and Scripting: Selenium, PyAutoGUI
● Game Development: Pygame

Follow-up tip: Mention the framework/library you have experience with and provide a short example or use case.

Additional Tips for Python Interviews:

● Be ready to write small code snippets for basic algorithms (e.g., Fibonacci, factorial, or palindrome check).
● Expect debugging or optimization-related questions.
● Be familiar with Pythonic best practices, like using list comprehensions and lambda functions.

11. How is Python's is operator different from ==?

Answer:

● is operator: Checks if two variables reference the same object in memory.

● == operator: Checks if the values of two variables are equal.

Example:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1, 2, 3]
c=a

print(a == b) # True, values are the same

print(a is b) # False, different objects in memory
print(a is c) # True, same memory reference

12. What are Python's comprehensions?

Answer: Comprehensions are a concise way to construct new sequences using an existing iterable. They can be used for lists, dictionaries, and sets.

Examples:

List comprehension:

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]

print(squares) # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

Dictionary comprehension:

squares_dict = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)}

print(squares_dict) # {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

Set comprehension:

unique_squares = {x**2 for x in range(5)}

print(unique_squares) # {0, 1, 4, 9, 16}

13. What are Python's generators and how are they different from iterators?

Answer:

● Generators: Special iterators defined using functions and the yield keyword. They lazily generate values one at a time.
● Difference: Generators use yield, while iterators use the __iter__() and __next__() methods.

Example:

def generate_numbers():
for i in range(5):
yield i

gen = generate_numbers()
print(next(gen)) # 0
print(next(gen)) # 1

Follow-up tip: Mention the memory efficiency of generators, especially for large datasets.
14. How does Python implement exception handling?

Answer: Python uses try, except, else, and finally blocks to handle exceptions.

Example:

try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print(10 / num)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")
else:
print("Division successful!")
finally:
print("Execution complete.")

15. What is a metaclass in Python?

Answer: A metaclass is a class of a class that defines how a class behaves. Classes are instances of metaclasses.

Example:

class Meta(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):
print(f"Creating class {name}")
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)

class MyClass(metaclass=Meta):
pass
# Output: Creating class MyClass

Follow-up tip: Discuss how metaclasses are used in frameworks like Django for model creation.

16. Explain @staticmethod and @classmethod in Python.

Answer:

● @staticmethod: Defines a method that doesn’t operate on an instance or class. It has no access to self or cls.
● @classmethod: Defines a method that operates on the class and can access cls.

Example:

class MyClass:
@staticmethod
def static_method():
print("I don't access instance or class.")

@classmethod
def class_method(cls):
print(f"I can access the class: {cls}")

MyClass.static_method() # I don't access instance or class.

MyClass.class_method() # I can access the class: <class '__main__.MyClass'>

17. What is the difference between mutable and immutable objects in Python?

Answer:

● Mutable objects: Can be modified after creation (e.g., list, dict, set).
● Immutable objects: Cannot be modified after creation (e.g., int, float, tuple, str).

Example:

# Mutable
lst = [1, 2, 3]
lst[0] = 99
print(lst) # [99, 2, 3]

# Immutable
tup = (1, 2, 3)
# tup[0] = 99 # TypeError

18. What is the difference between Python's isinstance() and type()?

Answer:

● isinstance(): Checks if an object belongs to a class or its subclass.

● type(): Checks the exact type of an object.

Example:

class Parent: pass

class Child(Parent): pass

obj = Child()
print(isinstance(obj, Parent)) # True
print(type(obj) == Parent) # False

19. What are Python's magic methods?

Answer: Magic methods (dunder methods) are special methods surrounded by double underscores and used to define object behavior.

Common examples:

● __init__: Constructor for initializing objects.

● __str__: Defines string representation.
● __add__: Overloads the + operator.
● __len__: Returns the length of an object.

Example:

class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
 self.y = y

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __str__(self):
return f"Point({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(1, 2)
p2 = Point(3, 4)
print(p1 + p2) # Point(4, 6)

20. How does Python's with statement work?

Answer: The with statement ensures proper acquisition and release of resources using context managers.

Example:

with open('file.txt', 'w') as f:

f.write('Hello, world!')
# File is automatically closed after the block

Follow-up tip: Discuss how with simplifies exception handling when dealing with file I/O or database connections.

21. What is the purpose of Python's global and nonlocal keywords?

Answer:

● global: Declares a variable as global, allowing modification inside a function.

● nonlocal: Declares a variable in the nearest enclosing scope that is not global.

Example:

# Global
x = 10
def modify_global():
global x
x += 5

modify_global()
print(x) # 15

# Nonlocal
def outer():
y = 10
def inner():
nonlocal y
y += 5
inner()
print(y)

outer() # 15
22. What is Python's asyncio module?

Answer: asyncio is a module for writing asynchronous code using async and await. It is used for I/O-bound and high-level structured network code.

Example:

import asyncio

async def greet():

print("Hello")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print("World")

asyncio.run(greet())

Django interview questions

1. What is Django?

Answer: Django is a high-level Python web framework that enables rapid development of secure and maintainable websites. It follows the Model-View-Template (MVT)
architectural pattern and includes features like:

● Built-in admin interface.

● ORM for database interaction.
● Scalability and reusability.

Follow-up tip: Highlight Django's ability to integrate with other libraries and its wide use in e-commerce, social networks, and CMS development.

2. Explain the MVT architecture in Django.

Answer:

● Model: Represents the database structure and handles data access.

● View: Handles business logic and processes user requests.
● Template: Defines the structure and layout of the webpage displayed to the user.

Follow-up tip: Use a real-world example, such as a blog application:

● Model: Defines the blog posts.

● View: Fetches and renders posts to the template.
● Template: Displays the posts on a web page.
3. How does Django handle database migrations?

Answer: Django uses migrations to manage database schema changes. Key commands include:

● makemigrations: Detects model changes and creates migration files.

● migrate: Applies migrations to the database.

Example:

python manage.py makemigrations

python manage.py migrate

Follow-up tip: Mention that migrations ensure consistency across development and production environments.

4. How does Django handle forms?

Answer: Django provides forms to handle user input, including form validation and rendering.

Example:

from django import forms

class ContactForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
email = forms.EmailField()
message = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)

# In views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from .forms import ContactForm

def contact_view(request):
if request.method == "POST":
form = ContactForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
# Process form data
pass
else:
form = ContactForm()
return render(request, 'contact.html', {'form': form})

5. How does Django handle static files and media files?

Answer:

● Static Files: Used for CSS, JavaScript, and images.

● Media Files: Used for user-uploaded content.

Settings:

# settings.py
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [BASE_DIR / 'static']

MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'

Example for URLs:

# urls.py
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns += static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

6. How does Django's ORM work?

Answer: Django's ORM allows developers to interact with the database using Python code instead of raw SQL.

Example:

# models.py
class Blog(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
content = models.TextField()
published_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

# Querying data
from myapp.models import Blog
blogs = Blog.objects.filter(title__icontains="Django")

Follow-up tip: Highlight that Django ORM supports complex queries using methods like annotate, aggregate, and joins through select_related.

7. What are middleware in Django?

Answer: Middleware are components executed during request/response processing. Common examples include:
 ● SecurityMiddleware: Handles security headers.
● AuthenticationMiddleware: Adds user authentication.

Example of custom middleware:

class MyCustomMiddleware:
def __init__(self, get_response):
self.get_response = get_response

def __call__(self, request):

print("Before view")
response = self.get_response(request)
print("After view")
return response

8. How does Django handle authentication?

Answer: Django provides a built-in authentication system for user login, logout, and permissions.

Example:

# settings.py
LOGIN_URL = '/login/'

# views.py
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login

def login_view(request):
if request.method == "POST":
username = request.POST['username']
password = request.POST['password']
user = authenticate(request, username=username, password=password)
if user is not None:
login(request, user)
return redirect('home')
return render(request, 'login.html')

Follow-up tip: Mention Django's built-in User model and django.contrib.auth library.

9. What is the difference between @login_required and permission_required decorators?

Answer:

● @login_required: Ensures the user is authenticated before accessing a view.

 ● @permission_required: Checks if a user has a specific permission.

Example:

from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required, permission_required

@login_required
def profile_view(request):
pass

@permission_required('app_name.permission_name')
def special_view(request):
pass

10. How do you create a REST API in Django?

Answer: Using Django REST Framework (DRF), you can build APIs easily.

Example:

Install DRF:

pip install djangorestframework

1.

Serializer:

from rest_framework import serializers

from .models import Blog

class BlogSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Blog
fields = '__all__'

2.

Views:

from rest_framework.views import APIView

from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import Blog
from .serializers import BlogSerializer

class BlogList(APIView):
def get(self, request):
 blogs = Blog.objects.all()
serializer = BlogSerializer(blogs, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)

3.

URLs:

from django.urls import path

from .views import BlogList

urlpatterns = [
path('blogs/', BlogList.as_view(), name='blog-list'),
]

4.

Follow-up tip: Highlight the use of generic views like ListAPIView or CreateAPIView for simpler APIs.

11. How does Django handle CSRF protection?

Answer: Django includes CSRF protection by default, requiring a CSRF token in POST requests.

Example:

<form method="POST">
{% csrf_token %}
<input type="text" name="title">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

12. How do you optimize Django queries?

Answer:

● Use select_related for foreign keys and prefetch_related for many-to-many relationships.
● Avoid querying in loops.
● Use only() or defer() to fetch specific fields.
● Use database indexing for frequently queried fields.

Example:

# Optimized query
blogs = Blog.objects.select_related('author').all()
13. How do signals work in Django?

Answer: Signals allow decoupled components to get notified when certain actions occur.

Example:

from django.db.models.signals import post_save

from django.dispatch import receiver
from .models import Blog

@receiver(post_save, sender=Blog)
def notify_admin(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
if created:
print(f"New blog created: {instance.title}")

14. What are Django's deployment best practices?

Answer:

● Use Gunicorn or uWSGI as a WSGI server.

● Use Nginx for serving static files.
● Set DEBUG = False in production.
● Use a secure SECRET_KEY and environment variables.
● Optimize database performance using indexing and query optimization.

15. How do you test Django applications?

Answer: Django provides a testing framework based on Python’s unittest.

Example:

from django.test import TestCase

from .models import Blog

class BlogModelTest(TestCase):
def setUp(self):
Blog.objects.create(title="Test Blog", content="Test Content")

def test_blog_content(self):
blog = Blog.objects.get(title="Test Blog")
self.assertEqual(blog.content, "Test Content")
16. What is the difference between get() and filter() in Django ORM?

Answer:

● get():
○ Retrieves a single object matching the query.
○ Raises DoesNotExist exception if no object is found.
○ Raises MultipleObjectsReturned exception if more than one object is found.

Example:

user = User.objects.get(id=1) # Returns a single User object

● filter():
○ Retrieves a QuerySet of all objects matching the query.
○ Returns an empty QuerySet if no objects are found.

Example:

users = User.objects.filter(is_active=True) # Returns a QuerySet of active users

17. How does Django's select_related differ from prefetch_related?

Answer:

● select_related:
○ Performs a SQL join and retrieves related data in a single query.
○ Best for foreign key or one-to-one relationships.

Example:

blogs = Blog.objects.select_related('author').all() # Fetches blog and author data in one query

● prefetch_related:
○ Executes multiple queries and performs Python-level joins.
○ Best for many-to-many or reverse foreign key relationships.

Example:

blogs = Blog.objects.prefetch_related('tags').all() # Fetches blogs and related tags in separate queries

18. What are Django's built-in signals, and how are they used?

Answer: Django provides several built-in signals, including:

● pre_save / post_save: Triggered before/after a model instance is saved.

● pre_delete / post_delete: Triggered before/after a model instance is deleted.
● m2m_changed: Triggered when a many-to-many relationship is modified.

Example:

from django.db.models.signals import post_save

from django.dispatch import receiver

from .models import Blog

@receiver(post_save, sender=Blog)

def notify_on_blog_save(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):

if created:

print(f"New blog created: {instance.title}")

else:

print(f"Blog updated: {instance.title}")

19. What are Django's class-based views (CBVs), and how do they differ from function-based views (FBVs)?

Answer:

● FBVs:
○ Simple functions that handle HTTP requests and responses.
○ Easier to understand but can become verbose for complex views.

Example:

def home_view(request):

return render(request, 'home.html', {'message': 'Welcome!'})

● CBVs:
 ○ Use Python classes to handle views.
○ More reusable and modular.

Example:

from django.views import View

class HomeView(View):

def get(self, request):

return render(request, 'home.html', {'message': 'Welcome!'})

20. What is Django's ContentType framework, and how is it used?

Answer: The ContentType framework allows you to work with models in a generic way. It’s commonly used in permissions and generic relationships.

Example:

from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType

from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission

content_type = ContentType.objects.get(app_label='myapp', model='blog')

permission = Permission.objects.create(

codename='can_publish',

name='Can Publish Blogs',

content_type=content_type

21. How does Django handle caching?

Answer: Django supports multiple caching backends:

● File-based caching
● Database caching
● Memcached
 ● Redis

Example (File-based caching):

# settings.py

CACHES = {

'default': {

'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache',

'LOCATION': '/var/tmp/django_cache',

Using cache in views:

from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page

@cache_page(60 * 15) # Cache for 15 minutes

def my_view(request):

return HttpResponse("This is a cached response.")

22. What is the difference between ForeignKey, OneToOneField, and ManyToManyField in Django?

Answer:

● ForeignKey:

○ Defines a one-to-many relationship.

○ Example: A blog post belongs to one author, but an author can have multiple blog posts.

class Blog(models.Model):

author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

●
● OneToOneField:

○ Defines a one-to-one relationship.

 ○ Example: A user has one profile.

class Profile(models.Model):

user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

●
● ManyToManyField:

○ Defines a many-to-many relationship.

○ Example: A blog can have multiple tags, and a tag can belong to multiple blogs.

class Blog(models.Model):

tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag)

23. How can you implement custom user models in Django?

Answer: Django allows creating custom user models using AbstractUser or AbstractBaseUser.

Example using AbstractUser:

from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

from django.db import models

class CustomUser(AbstractUser):

phone_number = models.CharField(max_length=15, unique=True)

# settings.py

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myapp.CustomUser'

Follow-up tip: Mention scenarios where custom user models are beneficial, like adding additional fields (e.g., phone number, address).

24. How does Django implement file uploads?

Answer: Django uses FileField or ImageField to handle file uploads.

Example:
class Document(models.Model):

name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

file = models.FileField(upload_to='documents/')

# settings.py

MEDIA_URL = '/media/'

MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'

# Accessing the uploaded file

document = Document.objects.get(id=1)

print(document.file.url)

25. How do you secure a Django application?

Answer:

● Set DEBUG = False in production.

● Use SECRET_KEY securely:
○ Avoid hardcoding; use environment variables.
● Enable CSRF protection.
● Validate user inputs: Prevent SQL injection and XSS attacks.

Use Django's security middleware:

MIDDLEWARE = [

'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',

'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',

Set secure headers:

SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 3600

SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True

SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True
 ●

26. What is the difference between Serializer and ModelSerializer in Django REST Framework?

Answer:

● Serializer:
○ Manually define all fields and validation logic.

Example:

from rest_framework import serializers

class BlogSerializer(serializers.Serializer):

title = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)

content = serializers.CharField()

● ModelSerializer:
○ Automatically generates fields based on the model.

Example:

from rest_framework import serializers

from .models import Blog

class BlogModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = Blog

fields = '__all__'

27. How does Django's admin interface work, and how can it be customized?

Answer: Django's admin interface provides a web-based UI for managing models.

Customizing Admin:
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Blog

class BlogAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

list_display = ('title', 'author', 'published_date')

search_fields = ('title', 'content')

list_filter = ('published_date', 'author')

admin.site.register(Blog, BlogAdmin)

28. How do you implement pagination in Django?

Answer: Django provides a built-in Paginator class.

Example:

from django.core.paginator import Paginator

from django.shortcuts import render

def blog_list(request):

blogs = Blog.objects.all()

paginator = Paginator(blogs, 10) # 10 blogs per page

page_number = request.GET.get('page')

page_obj = paginator.get_page(page_number)

return render(request, 'blog_list.html', {'page_obj': page_obj})

HyperText Markup Language

1. What is HTML?

Answer: HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create and structure web pages. It uses tags to define elements on a webpage.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First Webpage</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Welcome to My Webpage</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

2. What are semantic tags in HTML?

Answer: Semantic tags clearly define the meaning of the content they contain, improving accessibility and SEO.

Examples:

● <header>: Defines the header of a page.

● <footer>: Defines the footer of a page.
● <article>: Represents a self-contained content block.
● <section>: Groups related content.

Example:

<header>

<h1>Website Title</h1>

</header>
<section>

<article>

<h2>Article Title</h2>

<p>Article content goes here.</p>

</article>

</section>

<footer>

<p>Copyright © 2024</p>

</footer>

3. What is the difference between <div> and <span>?

Answer:

● <div>:
○ A block-level element.
○ Used for structuring large sections of content.

Example:

<div>

<h2>Block Content</h2>

<p>This is a paragraph inside a div.</p>

</div>

● <span>:
○ An inline element.
○ Used for styling small portions of text.

Example:

<p>This is a <span style="color: red;">red text</span> inside a paragraph.</p>

4. What are the different types of lists in HTML?

Answer:

1. Ordered List (<ol>):

○ A list with numbered items.

Example:

<ol>

<li>First item</li>

<li>Second item</li>

</ol>

2. Unordered List (<ul>):

○ A list with bullet points.

Example:

<ul>

<li>First item</li>

<li>Second item</li>

</ul>

3. Definition List (<dl>):

○ A list of terms and their definitions.

Example:

<dl>

<dt>HTML</dt>

<dd>HyperText Markup Language</dd>

</dl>

5. What is the purpose of the <meta> tag?

Answer: The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document, such as character encoding, viewport settings, or author information.

Examples:

Set character encoding:

<meta charset="UTF-8">

Responsive design settings:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

Description for SEO:

<meta name="description" content="Learn about HTML basics.">

6. What is the difference between inline, block, and inline-block elements?

Answer:

● Inline:
○ Occupies only the width of its content.
○ Does not start a new line.
○ Examples: <span>, <a>

Example:

<p>This is an <span>inline</span> element.</p>

● Block:
○ Occupies the entire width of its container.
○ Starts on a new line.
○ Examples: <div>, <p>

Example:

<div>This is a block element.</div>

<p>This is another block element.</p>

 ● Inline-block:
○ Behaves like an inline element but allows setting width and height.
○ Example: <img>

Example:

<div style="display: inline-block; width: 100px; height: 50px; background-color: lightblue;"></div>

7. What are attributes in HTML?

Answer: Attributes provide additional information about an HTML element. They are always defined in the opening tag.

Example:

<a href="https://example.com" target="_blank" title="Visit Example">Visit Example</a>

● href: Specifies the link's URL.

● target: Opens the link in a new tab.
● title: Tooltip text.

8. How do you include JavaScript in an HTML document?

Answer: JavaScript can be included in three ways:

Inline:

<button onclick="alert('Button clicked!')">Click Me</button>

1.

Internal:

<script>

console.log('Hello, world!');

</script>

2.

External:

<script src="script.js"></script>
 3.

9. What is the purpose of the <canvas> element in HTML?

Answer: The <canvas> element is used to draw graphics dynamically using JavaScript.

Example:

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100" style="border:1px solid #000;"></canvas>

<script>

const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');

const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');

ctx.fillStyle = 'blue';

ctx.fillRect(10, 10, 150, 75);

</script>

10. What is the difference between <iframe> and <embed>?

Answer:

● <iframe>:
○ Embeds another HTML document into the current one.

Example:

<iframe src="https://example.com" width="500" height="300"></iframe>

● <embed>:
○ Embeds external resources like PDFs, videos, or audio.

Example:

<embed src="sample.pdf" width="500" height="300" type="application/pdf">

11. What is the difference between <link> and <a> tags?

Answer:

● <link>:
○ Used to link external resources, such as stylesheets.

Example:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

● <a>:
○ Used to create hyperlinks.

Example:

<a href="https://example.com">Visit Example</a>

12. What are void elements in HTML?

Answer: Void elements are self-closing tags that don’t require a closing tag.

Examples:

<img src="image.jpg" alt="Image">

<input type="text">

<br>

13. What is the difference between id and class attributes?

Answer:

● id:

○ Unique identifier for a single element.

Example:
<div id="header">Header</div>

○
● class:
 ○ Reusable identifier for multiple elements.

Example:
<div class="menu">Menu 1</div>

<div class="menu">Menu 2</div>

14. What are data attributes in HTML?

Answer: Data attributes store custom data in an element and are prefixed with data-.

Example:

<div data-user-id="123" data-role="admin">User Info</div>

<script>

const div = document.querySelector('div');

console.log(div.dataset.userId); // Output: 123

console.log(div.dataset.role); // Output: admin

</script>

15. What is the purpose of the <fieldset> and <legend> tags?

Answer:

● <fieldset>:
○ Groups related form elements.
● <legend>:
○ Provides a caption for the <fieldset>.

Example:

<fieldset>

<legend>Personal Information</legend>

<label>Name: <input type="text"></label>

<label>Age: <input type="number"></label>

</fieldset>
CSS interview questions:

1. What is CSS?

Answer: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML elements. It defines the layout, colors, fonts, and overall presentation of a webpage.

Example:

<style>

body {

background-color: lightblue;

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

</style>

2. What are the different types of CSS?

Answer:

1. Inline CSS:

○ Applied directly to an HTML element using the style attribute.

<p style="color: blue;">This is inline CSS.</p>

2.
3. Internal CSS:

○ Defined within a <style> tag in the <head> section.

<style>

p{

color: green;

}
</style>

4.
5. External CSS:

○ Stored in an external file with a .css extension and linked using the <link> tag.

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

6.

3. What is the difference between relative, absolute, fixed, and sticky positioning in CSS?

Answer:

● relative:

○ Positioned relative to its normal position.

div {

position: relative;

top: 10px;

●
● absolute:

○ Positioned relative to the nearest positioned ancestor (or the viewport if none exist).

div {

position: absolute;

top: 10px;

●
● fixed:

○ Positioned relative to the viewport, remains fixed during scrolling.

div {

position: fixed;

top: 10px;
}

●
● sticky:

○ Switches between relative and fixed depending on the scroll position.

div {

position: sticky;

top: 10px;

4. What are pseudo-classes in CSS?

Answer: Pseudo-classes define the state of an element, such as hover, focus, or visited.

Examples:

:hover: Styles when an element is hovered over.

a:hover {

color: red;

:nth-child(n): Styles the nth child of a parent.

tr:nth-child(even) {

background-color: lightgray;

5. What are pseudo-elements in CSS?

Answer: Pseudo-elements style specific parts of an element, such as the first letter or before/after content.

Examples:
::before: Adds content before an element.

p::before {

content: "Note: ";

font-weight: bold;

::first-letter: Styles the first letter of a paragraph.

p::first-letter {

font-size: 2em;

color: blue;

6. What is the difference between em, rem, %, and px in CSS?

Answer:

px: Absolute unit; fixed size.

font-size: 16px;

em: Relative to the font size of its parent.

font-size: 1.5em; /* 1.5 times the parent font size */

rem: Relative to the root element's font size.

font-size: 1.5rem; /* 1.5 times the root font size */

%: Relative to the parent element's size.

width: 50%; /* 50% of the parent element's width */

 ●

7. What is the difference between id and class selectors in CSS?

Answer:

● id:

○ Unique, applied to one element.

○ Defined with #.

#header {

background-color: lightblue;

●
● class:

○ Reusable, applied to multiple elements.

○ Defined with ..

.menu {

color: green;

Example:

<div id="header">Header</div>

<div class="menu">Menu 1</div>

<div class="menu">Menu 2</div>

8. What is the difference between inline, block, and inline-block elements?

Answer:

● Inline:

○ Takes up only as much width as the content.

 ○ Examples: <span>, <a>
● Block:

○ Takes up the full width of the container.

○ Examples: <div>, <p>
● Inline-block:

○ Behaves like an inline element but allows setting width and height.

Example:

div {

display: inline-block;

width: 100px;

height: 50px;

background-color: lightblue;

9. What are CSS media queries?

Answer: Media queries make a website responsive by applying styles based on device properties like screen size or resolution.

Example:

@media (max-width: 768px) {

body {

background-color: lightgray;

10. What are CSS Grid and Flexbox?

Answer:
Flexbox: Used for 1-dimensional layouts (row or column).

.container {

display: flex;

justify-content: center;

align-items: center;

Grid: Used for 2-dimensional layouts (rows and columns).

.container {

display: grid;

grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr;

grid-gap: 10px;

11. What is the z-index in CSS?

Answer: z-index controls the stacking order of elements. Higher values appear on top.

Example:

div {

position: absolute;

z-index: 10;

12. What are CSS transitions and animations?

Answer:
Transitions: Smoothly change properties over time.

div {

transition: background-color 0.5s ease;

div:hover {

background-color: lightblue;

Animations: Define complex movements using keyframes.

@keyframes slide {

0% { transform: translateX(0); }

100% { transform: translateX(100px); }

div {

animation: slide 2s infinite;

13. How does the box-sizing property work?

Answer: box-sizing defines how the width and height of an element are calculated:

● content-box (default): Includes only the content size, excluding padding and border.
● border-box: Includes padding and border in the width and height.

Example:

div {

box-sizing: border-box;

width: 100px;

padding: 10px;
 border: 5px solid black;

14. What are CSS variables, and how are they used?

Answer: CSS variables store reusable values. They are defined with -- and accessed using var().

Example:

:root {

--main-color: lightblue;

h1 {

color: var(--main-color);

15. What is the difference between visibility: hidden and display: none?

Answer:

● visibility: hidden: Hides the element but keeps its space in the layout.
● display: none: Hides the element and removes it from the layout.

Example:

.hidden {

visibility: hidden;

.none {

display: none;

}
JavaScript interview questions:

1. What is JavaScript?

Answer: JavaScript is a high-level, dynamically typed, interpreted programming language primarily used to create interactive and dynamic web pages. It is a client-side scripting language that
also supports server-side development with environments like Node.js.

Example:

console.log("Hello, World!"); // Outputs: Hello, World!

2. Explain the difference between let, const, and var.

Answer:

● var:

○ Function-scoped.
○ Can be redeclared and updated.

var x = 10;

var x = 20; // No error

●
● let:

○ Block-scoped.
○ Cannot be redeclared but can be updated.

let y = 10;

y = 20; // Valid

●
● const:

○ Block-scoped.
○ Cannot be updated or redeclared.

const z = 10;
z = 20; // Error: Assignment to constant variable

3. What are JavaScript data types?

Answer: JavaScript has 8 data types:

1. Primitive Types:
○ String
○ Number
○ Boolean
○ BigInt
○ Symbol
○ Undefined
○ Null
2. Non-Primitive Type:
○ Object

Example:

let name = "John"; // String

let age = 30; // Number

let isActive = true; // Boolean

let bigInt = 123n; // BigInt

let data = null; // Null

let obj = { key: "value" }; // Object

4. What is the difference between == and ===?

Answer:

== (Abstract Equality): Compares values after type conversion.

console.log("5" == 5); // true

●
=== (Strict Equality): Compares values without type conversion.

console.log("5" === 5); // false

5. What is a closure in JavaScript?

Answer: A closure is a function that retains access to its outer scope even after the outer function has executed.

Example:

function outer() {

let count = 0;

return function inner() {

count++;

return count;

};

const counter = outer();

console.log(counter()); // 1

console.log(counter()); // 2

6. What are arrow functions, and how are they different from regular functions?

Answer: Arrow functions are a shorthand syntax for writing functions. They do not have their own this, arguments, or prototype.

Example:

// Regular function

function add(a, b) {

return a + b;

}
// Arrow function

const addArrow = (a, b) => a + b;

console.log(add(2, 3)); // 5

console.log(addArrow(2, 3)); // 5

Key Difference: Arrow functions inherit this from their surrounding scope, while regular functions have their own this.

7. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous JavaScript?

Answer:

Synchronous: Code executes line-by-line, blocking subsequent operations until the current one completes.

console.log("Start");

console.log("End");

Asynchronous: Code allows other operations to continue while waiting for a task to complete.

console.log("Start");

setTimeout(() => console.log("Async Task"), 1000);

console.log("End");

// Output: Start, End, Async Task

8. What are promises in JavaScript?

Answer: A promise represents the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation.

Example:

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => resolve("Success!"), 1000);

});

promise.then(result => console.log(result)); // Success!

9. What is this in JavaScript?

Answer: this refers to the object that is currently executing the function. Its value depends on how the function is called:

● In a method, this refers to the object the method belongs to.

● In a function, this refers to the global object (window in browsers, global in Node.js) or undefined in strict mode.

Example:

const obj = {

value: 42,

getValue: function () {

return this.value;

};

console.log(obj.getValue()); // 42

10. What is event delegation in JavaScript?

Answer: Event delegation is a technique where a parent element handles events for its child elements using event bubbling.

Example:

document.getElementById("parent").addEventListener("click", function (event) {

if (event.target.tagName === "BUTTON") {

console.log("Button clicked:", event.target.textContent);

});
11. Explain the call(), apply(), and bind() methods.

Answer:

call(): Invokes a function with a specific this value and arguments.

function greet(greeting) {

console.log(`${greeting}, ${this.name}`);

const person = { name: "John" };

greet.call(person, "Hello"); // Hello, John

apply(): Similar to call(), but accepts arguments as an array.

greet.apply(person, ["Hi"]); // Hi, John

bind(): Returns a new function with this bound to the provided value.

const greetPerson = greet.bind(person);

greetPerson("Hey"); // Hey, John

12. What are JavaScript prototypes?

Answer: Prototypes are objects from which other objects inherit properties and methods.

Example:

function Person(name) {

this.name = name;

Person.prototype.greet = function () {

return `Hello, ${this.name}`;

};
const john = new Person("John");

console.log(john.greet()); // Hello, John

13. What is hoisting in JavaScript?

Answer: Hoisting moves declarations to the top of their scope during compilation. Variable initializations are not hoisted.

Example:

console.log(a); // undefined

var a = 10;

console.log(b); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'b' before initialization

let b = 20;

14. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy?

Answer:

● Shallow Copy: Copies only the first level of an object.

● Deep Copy: Recursively copies all levels of an object.

Example (Shallow Copy):

const obj = { a: 1, b: { c: 2 } };

const shallowCopy = { ...obj };

shallowCopy.b.c = 3;

console.log(obj.b.c); // 3

Example (Deep Copy):

const deepCopy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj));

deepCopy.b.c = 4;
console.log(obj.b.c); // 2

15. What is the event loop in JavaScript?

Answer: The event loop is responsible for managing the execution of asynchronous code by checking the call stack and callback queue.

Example:

console.log("Start");

setTimeout(() => console.log("Callback"), 0);

console.log("End");

// Output: Start, End, Callback