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PASSAGE 1: Anesthesiology

A. Since the beginning of time, man has sought natural remedies for pain. Between 40 and 60 A.D.,
Greek physician, Dioscorides traveled with the Roman armies, studying the medicinal properties of
plants and minerals. His book, De materia medica, written in five volumes and translated into at least
seven languages, was the primary reference source for physicians for over sixteen centuries. The field
of anesthesiology, which was once nothing more than a list of medicinal plants and makeshift
remedies, has grown into one of the most important fields in medicine.
B. Many of the early pain relievers were based on myth and did little to relieve the suffering of an ill
or injured person. The mandragora (now known as the mandrake plant) was one of the first plants to
be used as an anesthetic. Due to the apparent screaming that the plant made as it was pulled from the
ground, people in the Middle Ages believed that the person who removed the mandrake from the
earth would either die or go insane. This superstition may have resulted because the split root of the
mandrake resembled the human form. In order to pull the root from the ground, the plant collector
would loosen it and tie the stem to an animal. It was believed that the safest time to uproot a
mandrake was in the moonlight, and the best animal to use was a black dog. In his manual,
Dioscorides suggested boiling the root with wine and having a man drink the potion to remove
sensation before cutting his flesh or burning his skin. Opium and Indian hemp were later used to
induce sleep before a painful procedure or to relieve the pain of an illness. Other remedies such as
cocaine did more harm to the patient than good as people died from their addictions. President
Ulysses S. Grant became addicted to cocaine before he died of throat cancer in 1885.
C. The modern field of anesthetics dates to the incident when nitrous oxide (more commonly known
as laughing gas) was accidentally discovered. Humphrey Davy, the inventor of the miner's lamp,
discovered that inhaling the toxic compound caused a strange euphoria, followed by fits of laughter,
tears, and sometimes unconsciousness. U.S. dentist, Horace Wells, was the first on record to
experiment with laughing gas, which he used in 1844 to relieve pain during a tooth extraction. Two
years later, Dr. William Morton created the first anesthetic machine. This apparatus was a simple
glass globe containing an ether-soaked sponge. Morton considered ether a good alternative to nitrous
oxide because the numbing effect lasted considerably longer. His apparatus allowed the patient to
inhale vapors whenever the pain became unbearable. In 1846, during a trial experiment in Boston, a
tumor was successfully removed from a man's jaw area while he was anesthetized with Morton's
machine.
D. The first use of anesthesia in the obstetric field occurred in Scotland by Dr. James Simpson.
Instead of ether, which he considered irritating to the eyes, Simpson administered chloroform to
reduce the pain of childbirth. Simpson sprinkled chloroform on a handkerchief and allowed laboring
women to inhale the fumes at their own discretion. In 1853, Queen Victoria agreed to use chloroform
during the birth of her eighth child. Soon the use of chloroform during childbirth was both acceptable
and fashionable. However, as chloroform became a more popular anesthetic, knowledge of its toxicity
surfaced, and it was soon obsolete.
E. After World War II, numerous developments were made in the field of anesthetics. Surgical
procedures that had been unthinkable were being performed with little or no pain felt by the patient.
Rather than physicians or nurses who administered pain relief as part of their profession,
anesthesiologists became specialists in suppressing consciousness and alleviating pain.
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Anesthesiologists today are classified as perioperative physicians, meaning they take care of a patient
before, during, and after surgical procedures. It takes over eight years of schooling and four years of
residency until an anesthesiologist is prepared to practice in the United States. These experts are
trained to administer three different types of anesthetics: general, local, and regional. General
anesthetic is used to put a patient into a temporary state of unconsciousness. Local anesthetic is used
only at the affected site and causes a loss of sensation. Regional anesthetic is used to block the
sensation and possibly the movement of a larger portion of the body. As well as controlling the levels
of pain for the patient before and throughout an operation, anesthesiologists are responsible for
monitoring and controlling the patient's vital functions during the procedure and assessing the medical
needs in the post- operative room.
F. The number of anesthesiologists in the United States has more than doubled since the 1970s, as has
the improvement and success of operative care. In addition, complications from anesthesiology have
declined dramatically. Over 40 million anesthetics are administered in the United States each year,
with only 1 in 250,000 causing death.

Do the following statements agree with the information in Passage 1?

TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage.

FALSE if the statement contradicts the passage.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage.

1. Dioscorides’ books, De material medica, fell out of use after 60 A.D.

2. Mandragora was used as an anesthetic during the Middle Ages.
3. Nitrous oxide can cause the user to both laugh and cry.
4. During the second half of the 19th century, most dentists used anesthesia.
P P

5. Anesthesiologists in the United States are required to have 12 years of education and training.
6. There are fewer anesthesiologists in the United States now than in the past

Match each fact about anesthesia with the type of anesthetic that it refers to.
Write the correct letters, A-H

Types of
Anesthetic
7. used by sprinkling on a handkerchief
8. used on only one specific part of the body A general anesthetic
9. used by boiling with wine B local anesthetic
10. used first during a dental procedure C regional anesthetic
11. used to stop feeling over a larger area of the body D chloroform
12. used in the first anesthetic machine E ether
F nitrous oxide
G opium
H mandrake 3
PASSAGE 2: Reliable Voices?

Section I
The expression “information superhighway” says it all. The Internet was idealized from its very conception
as the tool that would transform access to knowledge. Once it matured, it would provide instant up-to-date
information on whichever topic of interest to the user at whichever moment.

Section II
Flash forward to the present day, and how close are we to that vision? Open your search engine today and
type in the three or four key words of the topic that you wish to find out about and you are likely to get
millions of hits – millions of web pages you could go to in order to begin your search for answers. Websites,
blogs, and hubs have proliferated to such an extent that it sometimes feels faster to stroll down to the library
and browse the shelves there.

Section III
This is, of course, an exaggeration. Yet there is no doubt that on any given subject, the Internet hosts a
thousand and one distinctive and diverse opinions, many of which are disseminated by an army of eager
proponents. Each has a loose array of scientific facts to back up their viewpoint, a philosophical position as
intricate and entrenched as Kant’s, and a religious fervor that is highly contagious over the Internet ether. By
the time you have peeled their theory down to its hollow core, they have made another ten thousand converts
to it, all blogging, posting, and twittering frantically. What hope does the truth have in the face of such blind
persuasion?

Section IV
These true believers, however, seem like saints when put alongside the true villains of the Web, the ones
whose goal in life is the spreading of lies, false rumors, and urban legends. Not a day goes by without some
new scare appearing online, and, as every tabloid newspaper will tell you, fear sells. These stories go viral
faster than video of a cat playing the piano, so that the creator of the lie that “fridge magnets make the food
inside radioactive” can have the satisfaction of having the falsehood they send out in the morning return to
them in the afternoon from the other side of the world.

Section V
There are voices already calling for a clamping down on these renegades. Why should a newspaper reporter
be subject to editorial approval and not a blogger? Why is the writer of a magazine article liable for the truth
of what they write and not the anonymous voice on an online website? Indeed, the Internet is coming to be
characterized as something like the Wild West, as a place that needs a sheriff, and one with a big badge.

Section VI
This attitude has its problems, however, problems both practical and philosophical. Even if it could
logistically be done, what does it say about our dedication to freedom of speech that we are prepared to shut
down the biggest experiment in its practice after just a decade or two? Ultimately, it is up to users of the
Internet to find ways to rein in its excesses, and there is some evidence to say that this is already happening.
The terms “troll” and “flaming” were created by members of chat rooms to identify people who had entered
with the sole purpose of creating conflict; these people would then be ignored. Perhaps this is the kind of
self-policing the Internet needs.

Choose the best answer.

13. The belief that the Internet can work miracles
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 A. is starting to take shape.
B. existed even before it was a reality.
C. has never left us.
D. was an invention of bloggers.

14. Why is the example of a library used in Section II?

A. It can appear to be a more immediate source of information than the Internet.
B. Traditionalists find the impersonal nature of the Internet off-putting.
C. There is far more information available in the average library than on the Internet.
D. At the library you can access the Internet and search through books.

15. Which word in Section III does not have negative connotations?
A. eager
B. loose
C. hollow
D. blind

16. Why do people try to spread lies on the Internet?

A. because of a desire to cause chaos
B. because of an ambition to work in the tabloids
C. because of a hatred of humanity
D. because of a feeling of creative satisfaction

17. The Internet is like the Wild West in that

A. there are no sheriffs on the Internet.
B. critics are beginning to call for the introduction of the rule of law.
C. there are anonymous criminals acting with complete freedom.
D. people behave in both places without fear of punishment.
18. What does the writer believe is the solution to the problem of information overload?
A. some limited kind of inter-governmental legal body
B. the strict application of national laws to the Internet
C. software filters to get rid of unwanted material
D. the developing critical faculties of Internet users

Complete the sentence. Choose A, B, or C.

19. Many bloggers have a desire to __________ their feelings in their blogs.
A. abandon
B. reveal
C. persuade
20. We can’t allow the government to __________ us access to this type of news
medium.
A. deny
B. mislead
C. influence
21. Surprisingly, people over the age of 30 __________ 40 percent of bloggers in the United States.
A. call on
B. account for
C. come in
22. You can recognize the work of some writers by their __________ blogging styles.
A. renewable
B. instantaneous
C. distinctive
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 23. Social network websites are a good __________ for keeping in touch with friends and family.
A. medium
B. support
C. discourse
24. The data we have __________ over the years show that women enjoy blogging as much as men do.
A. resolved
B. lacked
C. compiled

PASSAGE 3: Sign Language

Section I
Can you even begin to imagine what it would be like to live a life of silence in which you can’t converse
with others or make yourself understood? Well, today millions of people worldwide have whole
conversations without actually uttering a word, due to the invention of sign language. For those people who
are deaf, it is their primary means of communication with their fellow man. Unfortunately, it is mainly deaf
people who learn sign language, so their means of communication is limited as they can’t converse with
everyone.

Section II
Deaf people are capable of enjoying a laugh or a joke just like anyone. Usually it is the hearing person that
feels awkward or embarrassed around them. They usually raise their voice or even shout when trying to
communicate – presuming this enables them to hear more – which of course is completely wrong. If hearing
people just learned the basics of sign language, such as the alphabet and enough language to communicate, it
would be beneficial to both groups.
Section III
What exactly is sign language? It is a non-verbal means of communication whereby people use gestures
instead of sounds to represent words. They use their fingers to spell these words letter by letter as well as
facial expressions and lip-reading. Like most of us, deaf people also use body language to convey messages
to others. Sign language is not international as there are over two hundred different types of it in the world.
In addition, as with most languages it has variations which differ from region to region.
Section IV
Deaf people created their own sign language by using basic gestures to communicate as far back as the
1600s. They used the same gesture over and over again for the same meaning and gradually a language
developed. As with any language it too had its own rules concerning syntax and grammar. By the 1700s,
deaf people in many large towns and cities in Britain were creating their own communities in which they
could function with one another.
Section V
This same thing was happening in other countries around the world and by the 19th century a mixture of sign
language used in France and Britain developed into what is now known as American Sign Language. The
American form of sign language is different from the English version and has its own rules for pronunciation
and grammar. As with all languages, there are different ways of asking questions rather than simply making
a statement. For example, the English may use a particular question gesture, whereas Americans raise their
eyebrows, widen their eyes, or change body posture. No one form of sign language is universal.
Section VI
What is universal is the need for individual groups of people to fit into society regardless of their cultures or
needs. In America alone there are around 10 million deaf people who have formed close-knit communities
with one another. These people contribute a lot to their community and sign language is the means which
allows them to do this. They have created poetry and drama societies as well as many other forms of cultural
expression in sign language. As with any minority group, deaf people have overcome huge hurdles in their
quest to communicate and participate fully in society.
The reading passage has six sections I–VI. Choose the most suitable heading for each section II–VI
from the list below. Write the appropriate letter (a–i) for each section.

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Example Section I Heading: e

a. A Variety of Sign
b. Universal Sign Language
c. Birth of a Language
d. Achieving More Than Communication
e. A Life of Silence
f. A Language for All
g. Different Forms
h. A False Assumption
i. An Insurmountable Disability

25. Section II Heading: ____

26. Section III Heading: ____
27. Section IV Heading: ____
28. Section V Heading: ____
29. Section VI Heading: ____
Complete the notes below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage for each
answer.

30. Hearing people often feel ___________________ in the company of deaf people.
31. Lip reading, facial expressions, and body language help ___________________ to other people.
32. Before the invention of sign language, people ___________________ to communicate with one another.
33. Sign language is ___________________ which allows deaf people to contribute to society.

Complete the sentence. Choose A, B, or C.

34. Drug makers are always looking for __________ for serious diseases.
A. habitats
B. cures
C. situations
35. Unfortunately, some big companies __________ their employees by making them work long hours
and paying them too little.
A. reduce
B. convey
C. exploit
36. A language __________ occurs when native people come in contact with people who speak another
language.
A. shift
B. proliferation
C. outburst
37. One study showed that indigenous people who moved to cities did not __________ all of their
original community’s customs.
A. propose
B. enhance
C. retain

Complete the sentence with the correct word from the words given:
collocation meaning frequency
38. You can often use a thesaurus entry to find out how to make a common ____________________
using the main word in the group.
39. Synonyms in a thesaurus entry are listed in order of ____________________.
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40. In addition to synonyms, a thesaurus entry also shows the general ____________________ of the
words in the group.