Basics in Computing
Martin Jerald B. Morada, Ph.D
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of
instructions called a program. It can receive input, process data, store information, and produce
output in a useful form.
Key Characteristics of a Computer:
1. Speed – It can process data very quickly.
2. Accuracy – It performs calculations without errors (unless there’s a human error in programming).
3. Automation – It can perform tasks automatically once programmed.
4. Storage – It can store large amounts of data and retrieve it quickly.
5. Versatility – It can perform multiple types of tasks, from calculations to multimedia processing.
Basic Functions of a Computer:
Input – Receiving data (e.g., keyboard, mouse).
Processing – Manipulating data using the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Storage – Saving data temporarily or permanently (RAM, hard drive).
Output – Producing results (e.g., monitor, printer).
Different types of computers and their uses:
Supercomputer
Extremely fast and powerful computers used for complex calculations.
Used for Weather forecasting, space research, nuclear simulations, and scientific research.
Example: IBM Summit, Cray-1.
Mainframe Computer
A mainframe computer is a large, powerful, and expensive computer system designed to handle
massive amounts of data processing and complex tasks, especially for large enterprises and
industries.
They are characterized by their high reliability, security, and ability to process large volumes of data
quickly and efficiently.
Used for Banks, government institutions, airlines for managing transactions and records.
Example: IBM zSeries.
Minicomputer
A minicomputer is a type of computer that falls between mainframes and microcomputers
(personal computers) in terms of size, cost, and processing power.
A computer of medium power, more than a microcomputer but less than a mainframe.
They are designed to handle multiple users and tasks simultaneously, making them suitable for
small businesses, research labs, and various industrial applications.
Microcomputer
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor
as its central processing unit (CPU). It's essentially a complete computer system on
a smaller scale, designed for individual use. Think of it as a personal computer (PC),
but the term "microcomputer" is the older, more technical term.
Personal Computer (PC)
A personal computer (PC) is a digital device designed for personal
purposes, such as working, studying, gaming, and browsing the
internet
Types of PC:
Desktop PC (Tower): CPU and monitor separate; used for office or home work.
All-in-One PC: CPU built into the monitor; saves space.
Laptop/Notebook: Portable computer with built-in screen, keyboard, and
battery.
2-in-1 (Convertible): Can function as a laptop and a tablet.
Workstation
Workstation computer is a high-performance machine designed for
demanding professional tasks that require significant processing
power, like engineering, scientific research, and media production.
Server
A server computer is a powerful computer that provides resources,
data, or services to other computers, known as clients, over a network.
Server
Servers act as the foundation for various online and networked services.
They store and manage data, run applications, and handle requests from client
computers, ensuring that users can access the resources they need.
Servers are typically built with specialized hardware and software.
This may include powerful processors, large amounts of memory, and robust
network connections. Server operating systems are also designed to handle
multiple concurrent connections and manage resources efficiently.
Server (Hardware and Software)
Server Software (Operating System)
This manages the server's resources and allows it to run applications.
Examples : Windows Server, Linux distributions like Ubuntu Server or Red Hat
Enterprise Linux, and VMware ESXi
Server (Hardware and Software)
Server Hardware (Physical Components)
This includes the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage (hard
drives or SSDs), motherboard, power supply, and network interface card (NIC).
Examples: Rack servers, tower servers, blade servers, and mainframe servers are
all examples of server hardware
Embedded Computer
An embedded computer is a specialized computer system designed for a specific
task within a larger device or system, rather than being a general-purpose
computer. It's a dedicated piece of hardware, often a microcontroller or
microprocessor, integrated into other devices to control their functionality.
Examples of Embedded Computers in Use:
Automotive: Engine control units, anti-lock braking systems, airbag control systems.
Industrial: Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), robotics, automation systems.
Consumer Electronics: Washing machines, refrigerators, microwave ovens,
smartphones.
Medical Devices: Pacemakers, MRI machines, infusion pumps.
Aerospace: Flight control systems, navigation systems, engine management
systems.
