What is Machine Learning

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their
experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers or machines which work
on our instructions. But can a machine also learn from experiences or past data like a
human does? So here comes the role of Machine Learning.

Introduction to Machine Learning

A subset of artificial intelligence known as machine learning focuses primarily on the

creation of algorithms that enable a computer to independently learn from data and previous
experiences. Arthur Samuel first used the term "machine learning" in 1959. It could be
summarized as follows:

Without being explicitly programmed, machine learning enables a machine to automatically

learn from data, improve performance from experiences, and predict things.

Machine learning algorithms create a mathematical model that, without being explicitly
programmed, aids in making predictions or decisions with the assistance of sample
historical data, or training data. For the purpose of developing predictive models, machine
learning brings together statistics and computer science. Algorithms that learn from
historical data are either constructed or utilized in machine learning. The performance will
rise in proportion to the quantity of information we provide.

A machine can learn if it can gain more data to improve its performance.
How does Machine Learning work
A machine learning system builds prediction models, learns from previous data, and
predicts the output of new data whenever it receives it. The amount of data helps to build a
better model that accurately predicts the output, which in turn affects the accuracy of the
predicted output.

Let's say we have a complex problem in which we need to make predictions. Instead of
writing code, we just need to feed the data to generic algorithms, which build the logic
based on the data and predict the output. Our perspective on the issue has changed as a
result of machine learning. The Machine Learning algorithm's operation is depicted in the
following block diagram:

Features of Machine Learning:

o Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.
o It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
o It is a data-driven technology.
o Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge
amount of the data.

Need for Machine Learning

The demand for machine learning is steadily rising. Because it is able to perform tasks that
are too complex for a person to directly implement, machine learning is required. Humans
are constrained by our inability to manually access vast amounts of data; as a result, we
require computer systems, which is where machine learning comes in to simplify our lives.

By providing them with a large amount of data and allowing them to automatically explore
the data, build models, and predict the required output, we can train machine learning
algorithms. The cost function can be used to determine the amount of data and the machine
learning algorithm's performance. We can save both time and money by using machine
learning.

The significance of AI can be handily perceived by its utilization's cases, Presently, AI is

utilized in self-driving vehicles, digital misrepresentation identification, face
acknowledgment, and companion idea by Facebook, and so on. Different top organizations,
for example, Netflix and Amazon have constructed AI models that are utilizing an immense
measure of information to examine the client interest and suggest item likewise.

Following are some key points which show the importance of Machine Learning:

o Rapid increment in the production of data

o Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human
o Decision making in various sector including finance
o Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.

Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:

1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning

1) Supervised Learning
In supervised learning, sample labeled data are provided to the machine learning system for
training, and the system then predicts the output based on the training data.

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The system uses labeled data to build a model that understands the datasets and learns
about each one. After the training and processing are done, we test the model with sample
data to see if it can accurately predict the output.

The mapping of the input data to the output data is the objective of supervised learning. The
managed learning depends on oversight, and it is equivalent to when an understudy learns
things in the management of the educator. Spam filtering is an example of supervised
learning.

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

o Classification
o Regression

2) Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any
supervision.

The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled,
classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without any
supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data into new
features or a group of objects with similar patterns.

In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to find
useful insights from the huge amount of data. It can be further classifieds into two
categories of algorithms:

o Clustering
o Association

3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent
gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action. The agent
learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In reinforcement
learning, the agent interacts with the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to
get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.

The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an example of
Reinforcement learning.

Note: We will learn about the above types of machine learning in detail
in later chapters.
History of Machine Learning
Before some years (about 40-50 years), machine learning was science fiction, but today it is
the part of our daily life. Machine learning is making our day to day life easy from self-
driving cars to Amazon virtual assistant "Alexa". However, the idea behind machine
learning is so old and has a long history. Below some milestones are given which have
occurred in the history of machine learning:

The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):

o 1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device
that could be programmed with punch cards. However, the machine was never
built, but all modern computers rely on its logical structure.
o 1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and
execute a set of instructions.

The era of stored program computers:

o 1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented,
which was the first electronic general-purpose computer. After that stored
program computer such as EDSAC in 1949 and EDVAC in 1951 were invented.
 o 1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an electrical circuit. In
1950, the scientists started applying their idea to work and analyzed how human
neurons might work.

Computer machinery and intelligence:

o 1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery
and Intelligence," on the topic of artificial intelligence. In his paper, he asked,
"Can machines think?"

Machine intelligence in Games:

o 1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning, created a
program that helped an IBM computer to play a checkers game. It performed
better more it played.
o 1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.

The first "AI" winter:

o The duration of 1974 to 1980 was the tough time for AI and ML researchers, and
this duration was called as AI winter.
o In this duration, failure of machine translation occurred, and people had reduced
their interest from AI, which led to reduced funding by the government to the
researches.

Machine Learning from theory to reality

o 1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world problem to
remove echoes over phone lines using an adaptive filter.
o 1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a neural
network NETtalk, which was able to teach itself how to correctly pronounce
20,000 words in one week.
o 1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game against the
chess expert Garry Kasparov, and it became the first computer which had beaten
a human chess expert.

Machine Learning at 21st century

2006:

o Geoffrey Hinton and his group presented the idea of profound getting the hang of
utilizing profound conviction organizations.
 o The Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) was launched by Amazon to provide scalable
computing resources that made it easier to create and implement machine
learning models.
2007:

o Participants were tasked with increasing the accuracy of Netflix's

recommendation algorithm when the Netflix Prize competition began.
o Support learning made critical progress when a group of specialists utilized it to
prepare a PC to play backgammon at a top-notch level.
2008:

o Google delivered the Google Forecast Programming interface, a cloud-based

help that permitted designers to integrate AI into their applications.
o Confined Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), a kind of generative brain organization,
acquired consideration for their capacity to demonstrate complex information
conveyances.
2009:

o Profound learning gained ground as analysts showed its viability in different

errands, including discourse acknowledgment and picture grouping.
o The expression "Large Information" acquired ubiquity, featuring the difficulties
and open doors related with taking care of huge datasets.
2010:

o The ImageNet Huge Scope Visual Acknowledgment Challenge (ILSVRC) was

presented, driving progressions in PC vision, and prompting the advancement of
profound convolutional brain organizations (CNNs).
2011:

o On Jeopardy! IBM's Watson defeated human champions., demonstrating the

potential of question-answering systems and natural language processing.
2012:

o AlexNet, a profound CNN created by Alex Krizhevsky, won the ILSVRC,

fundamentally further developing picture order precision and laying out profound
advancing as a predominant methodology in PC vision.
o Google's Cerebrum project, drove by Andrew Ng and Jeff Dignitary, utilized
profound figuring out how to prepare a brain organization to perceive felines from
unlabeled YouTube recordings.
2013:

o Ian Goodfellow introduced generative adversarial networks (GANs), which made

it possible to create realistic synthetic data.
 o Google later acquired the startup DeepMind Technologies, which focused on
deep learning and artificial intelligence.
2014:

o Facebook presented the DeepFace framework, which accomplished close

human precision in facial acknowledgment.
o AlphaGo, a program created by DeepMind at Google, defeated a world champion
Go player and demonstrated the potential of reinforcement learning in
challenging games.
2015:

o Microsoft delivered the Mental Toolbox (previously known as CNTK), an open-

source profound learning library.
o The performance of sequence-to-sequence models in tasks like machine
translation was enhanced by the introduction of the idea of attention
mechanisms.
2016:

o The goal of explainable AI, which focuses on making machine learning models
easier to understand, received some attention.
o Google's DeepMind created AlphaGo Zero, which accomplished godlike Go
abilities to play without human information, utilizing just support learning.
2017:

o Move learning acquired noticeable quality, permitting pretrained models to be

utilized for different errands with restricted information.
o Better synthesis and generation of complex data were made possible by the
introduction of generative models like variational autoencoders (VAEs) and
Wasserstein GANs.
o These are only a portion of the eminent headways and achievements in AI during
the predefined period. The field kept on advancing quickly past 2017, with new
leap forwards, strategies, and applications arising.

Machine Learning at present:

The field of machine learning has made significant strides in recent years, and its
applications are numerous, including self-driving cars, Amazon Alexa, Catboats, and the
recommender system. It incorporates clustering, classification, decision tree, SVM
algorithms, and reinforcement learning, as well as unsupervised and supervised learning.

Present day AI models can be utilized for making different expectations, including climate
expectation, sickness forecast, financial exchange examination, and so on.