UPSC CSE – OPTIONAL

(MATHS)

PAPER – 1

Vol. – 3
MATRICES & LINEAR ALGEBRA

By Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

 INDEX

Chap. No. Chapter Name Pages

1. Linear Transformation 1
2. PYQ 97

3. Additional 127
Matrices of the Sum & the Product of Linear Transformation
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CHAPTER – 1
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
Let V and W be two vector space over the same field F. A mapping T : V → W is called linear
transformation iff it satisfy the following property
(i) T ( x + y) = T ( x ) + T ( y) , ∀ x,y ∈ V
(ii) T ( αx ) = α T ( x ) , ∀ x ∈ V, α ∈ F
Another Defintion.
A mapping T : V → W is called a linear transformation if
T(αx + βy) = αT ( x ) + βT( y) ∀ x,y ∈ V , α, β ∈ F
Another Defintion.
A mapping T : V → W is called a linear transformation if
T ( αx + y ) = αT ( x ) + T ( y ) ∀ x,y ∈ V , α ∈ F
Note.
Linear transformation is also called vector space homomorphism.
Important Transformations
Linear operator : A linear transformation T : V → V is called a linear operator.
Zero Transformation.
Let V and W be two vector space over the field F,
A mapping T : V → W defined by
T(α) = 0, ∀ α ∈ V
is a Linear Transformation from V into W is called zero transformation.
Identity Transformation or Identity Operator.
Let V is a vector space over F.
A mapping I : V → V defined by
I(x) = x ∀ x ∈ V

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is a linear transformation from V into V is called identity Transformation.

Scaling Transformation.
Scaling change the length of the vector.
Let T : R2 → R2 be defined by
T(v) = kv, k ∈ R+
Here, T is called contraction if 0 < k < 1
T is called Dilation if k > 1
Projection on x1–axis /x2–axis
Let T : R2 → R2 be defined by
T(x1,x2) = (x1, 0) ∀ (x1, x2) ∈ R2
is a linear transformation (projection on x1–axis)
and T : R2 → R2 be defined by
T(x1, x2) = (0, x2) ∀ (x1, x2) ∈ R2
is a linear transformation (Projection on x2–axis)

Reflection.
Let T : R2 → R2 be defined by
T(x1, x2) = (x1, –x2)
is a linear transformation. (which is reflection through x1–axis)

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Similarly
T(x1, x2) = (–x1, x2)
is a Linear Transformation (which is reflection though x2–axis)
and T(x1, x2) = (x2, x1)
is a Linear Transformation (which is reflection though x1 = x2).

Rotation
Let θ be the fixed angle.
Let T : R2 → R2 be defined by
T(x1, x2) = (x1cosθ – x2sinθ, x1sinθ + x2cosθ)
is a Linear transformation.
T rotate vector (x1, x2) through an angle θ counter clockwise sense.
x1 x2
x cosθ –sinθ
y sinθ cosθ
Left Multiplication.
Let F be a field and element of Fn be written as column vector. Let A be some fixed m×n
matrix.
Let LA : Fn → Fm be defined as
LA(v) = Av
is a Linear Transformation.

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This Linear Transformation LA is called left multiplication by A.

Note.
(1) Define T : Mm×n(F) → Mn×m(F) by
T(A) = At (where At is transpose of )
is a linear transformation
(2) Define T : Pn(R) → Pn–1(R) by
T(f(x)) = f'(x) ∀ f(x) ∈ Pn(R)
is a Linear Transformation.
(3) Let V = C(R), the vector space of continuous real valued function on R. Let a, b ∈ R,
a<b
Define T : V → R by
b
T (f ( t )) = ∫a f ( t )dt

is a Linear Transformation.
(4) Let V & W be two vector spaces
and Let I : V → V
and T:V→W
be identity and zero transformation. Then
Nullity (I) = {0} , R(I) = V
N(T) = V, R(T) = {0}
(5) Let V and W be vector space over F and suppose that {v1, v2, …, vn} is a basis for V. For
w1,w2,…,wn in W ∃ exactly one (unique) Linear Transformation T : V → W such that
T(vi) = wi for i = 1,2,…,n.
1. The mapping T : R 2 → R 2 defined by
T(α, β) = (α,0) ∀ (α, β) ∈ R
2

is a linear transformation.

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x = (α1 , β1 ) , y = (α 2 , β 2 ) ∈ R , α, β ∈ R
2
Let
∴ αx + βy = α(α1 , β1 ) + β(α 2 , β 2 )
= (αα1 + βα 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 )
T (αx + βy) = T(αα1 + βα 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 )
= (αα1 + βα 2 ,0)
= α(α1 ,0) + β(α 2 ,0)
= αT (α1 , β1 ) + βT (α 2 , β 2 ) = αT( x ) + βT( y)
∴ T is linear transformation .
2. The mapping T : R 2 → R 3 defined by
T( x1 , x 2 ) = ( x1 + x 2 , x1 − x 2 , x 2 ) ∀ (x1, x2) ∈ R
2

is a linear transformation.
Let x = (α1 , β1 ) , y = (α 2 , β 2 ) ∈ R 2 , α, β ∈ R

∴ αx + βy = α(α1 , β1 ) + β( α2 , β 2 )
= (αα1 + βα 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 )
T ( αx + β y ) = T( αα1 + βα 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 )
= [αα1 + βα 2 + αβ1 + ββ 2 , αα1 + βα 2 − αβ1 − ββ 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 ]
= [α( α1 + β1 ) + β( α2 + β 2 ), α( α1 − β1 ) + β( α2 − β2 ), αβ1 + ββ 2 ]
= [α( α1 + β1 ), α(α1 − β1 ), αβ1 ) + (β( α2 + β 2 ), β( α2 − β 2 ), ββ 2 ]
= α(α1 + β1 , α1 − β1 , β1 ) + β(α 2 + β 2 , α 2 − β 2 , β 2 )
= αT (α1 , β1 ) + βT (α 2 , β 2 ) = αT( x ) + βT( y)
∴ T is L.T.
3. The mapping T : R 2 → R 2 defined by
T ( a 1 , a 2 ) = ( 2a 1 + a 2 , a 1 ) ∀ (a1, a2) ∈ R2

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is a linear transformation.
Let x = (α1 , β1 ) , y = (α 2 , β 2 ) ∈ R2, α, β ∈ R

∴ αx + βy = α(α1 , β1 ) + β(α 2 , β 2 )
= (αα1 + βα 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 )

∴ T(αx + βy) = T(αα1 + βα 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 )

= (αα1 + βα 2 + αβ1 + ββ 2 , αα1 + βα 2 − αβ1 − ββ 2 , αβ1 + ββ 2 )
= (α(α1 + β1 ) + β(α 2 + β 2 ), α (α1 − β1 ) + β(α 2 − β 2 ), αβ1 + ββ 2 )
= (α (α1 + β1 ), α (α1 − β1 ), αβ1 ) + (β(α 2 + β 2 ), β(α 2 − β 2 ), ββ 2 )
= α(α1 + β1 , α1 − β1 , β1 ) + β(α 2 + β 2 , α 2 − β 2 , β 2 )
= αT (α1 , β1 ) + βT (α 2 , β 2 )
= αT ( x ) + β T ( y )
∴ T is L.T.
4. Let T : R2 → R2 be a linear transformation such that
T(1,1) = (1,3), T(–1, 1) = (3,1).
Find T(a,b) for any (a,b) ∈ R2.
Let e1 = (1,1), e2 = (–1, 1).
Then e1 and e2 are L.T., [∵ one of them is not a multiple of other]
Since, dim R 2 = 2 ,
∴ {e1, e2} is a basis of R2.
∴ Any element (a,b) ∈ R2 can be written as
(a , b) = xe1 + ye 2 = x (1,1) + y(−1,1) ; x,y ∈ R

⇒ (a , b) = ( x − y, x + y)

⇒ x − y = a and x + y = b

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1 1
⇒ x= (a + b), y = (b − a ) (1)
2 2
Now T(a,b) = T(xe1 + ye2) [from (1)]
= xT(e1 ) + yT(e 2 ) [as T is L.T.]
= x(1,3) + y(3,1)
= (x+3y, 3x+y)
∴ From (1) and (2)
T (a , b ) = ( 2b − a , a + 2 b)

5. Let T : R2 → R3 be a Linear Transformation such that

T(1,1) = (3, 1, 0), T(1,2) = (4, 3, –1)
Find T(x, y). Also, find T(5, 6)
(Theory is same as (4))
Let (x,y) ∈ R2 such that
(x, y) = α(1, 1) + β(1, 2)
⇒ (x, y) = (α + β, α + 2β)
⇒ α + β = x, α + 2β = y
⇒ α = 2x – y , β = y – x
∴ (x, y) = (2x – y)(1, 1) + (y – x)(1, 2) [from (1)]
⇒ T(x, y) = (2x – y)T(1, 1) + (y – x)T(1, 2)
⇒ T(x, y) = (2x – y)(3, 1, 0) + (y – x)(4, 3, –1)
⇒ T(x,y) = (2x + y, –x + 2y, x – y)
Now, T(5, 6) = (16, 7, –1)
Method–II.
First of all we have to express (x, y) as Linear combination of (1, 1), (1, 2)
Consider the augmented matrix

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1 1 x 
~ 
1 2 y 
1 1 x 
~  R 2 → R 2 − R1
0 1 y − x 
⇒ α+β = x
⇒ β=y−x
⇒ α = 2x − y
same as above.
6. Let T : R2 → R2 is a linear transformation such that
T(1, 0) = (1, 4) , T(1, 1) = (2, 5)
what is T(2, 3) ? Is T is one to one ?
(Theory is same as (4))
First of all we express (2, 3) be the linear combination of (1, 0) & (1, 1)
Consider the Augmented matrix
1 1 2 
~ 
 0 1 3
α + β = 2, β = 3
⇒ α = −1
∴ (2, 3) = –(1, 0) + 3(1, 1)
⇒ T(2, 3) = –T(1, 0) + 3T(1, 1)
⇒ T(2, 3) = –(1, 4) + 3(2, 5)
⇒ T(2, 3) = (5, 11)
Yes, T is one–one [∵ the transformation is unique]
7. Let T : R2 → R3 is a Linear Transformation such that

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T(1, 1) = (1, 0, 2), T(2, 3) = (1, –1, 4)

What is T(8, 11) ?
(Theory is same as (4))
We first express (8, 11) as a linear combination of (1, 1) & (2, 3)
Consider the Augmented matrix
1 2 8 
 
1 3 11
1 2 8
~  R 2 → R 2 − R1
0 1 3
∴ α + 2β = 8, β = 3

⇒ α = 2, β = 3

∴ (8, 11) = 2(1, 1) + 3(2, 3)

∴ T(8,11) = 2T(1, 1) + 3T(2, 3) [∵ T is Linear Transformation]
= 2(1, 0, 2) + 3(1, –1, 4)
= (5, –3, 16).
8. Let T : R3 → R4 is a linear transformation such that
T(1,1,3) = (4, 1, 1, 1) , T(3, 2, –2) = (–5, 1, –3, 3)
What is T(2, 1, –5)
(Theory is same as (4))
First, we express (2, 1, –5) as a linear combination of (1, 1, 3) and (3, 2, –2)
Consider the Augmented matrix
1 3 2
 
1 2 1
3 − 2 5

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1 3 2 
 
~ 0 − 1 − 1  R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 3R1
0 − 11 − 11

1 3 2 
 
~ 0 1 1  R 3 → R 3 − 11R 2
0 0 0

α + 3β = 2 , β = 1
⇒ α = −1 , β = 1
∴ ( 2,1,−5) = − (1,1,3) + (3,2,−2)

∴ T( 2,1,−5) = −T(1,1,3) + T(3,2,−2)

= –(4,1, 1, 1) + (–5, 1, –3, –3)
= (–9, 0, –4, –2)
9. Describe explicitly the Linear Transformation T : R2 → R2 such that
T(1, 2) = (2, 3), T(0,1) = (1, 1)
Find T(x, y).
Do yourself
Ans. T(x, y) = (y, x+y)
10. Let T : R2 → R2 be a Linear Transformation such that
T(1, 1) = (1, 3), T(–1, 1) = (3, 1).
Find T(a, b) for any (a, b) ∈ R2.
Do yourself
Ans. T(a, b) = (2b – a, a + 2b)
11. Is there a Linear Transformation T : R3 → R2 such that
T(1, 0, 3) = (1, 1) and T(–2, 0, –6) = (2, 1) ?
Let, if possible there is a Linear Transformation from R 3 → R 2
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Now T(–2, 0, –6) = T(–2(1,0,3))

= –2T(1,0,3)
⇒ (2, 1) = –2(1, 1)
⇒ (2, 1) = (–2, –2)
which is not possible.
hence, there is no Linear Transformation from R 3 → R 2 .
12. There does not exists a Linear Transformation T : R3 → R3 such that
T(ui) = vi , where i = 1,2,3,…,
u1 = (1, 3, 2), u2 = (2, 1, 1), u3 = (0, 5, 3),
v1 = (2, –3, 1), v2 = (–1, 4, 1), v3 = (5, –2, 1).
Let if possible, there is a Linear Transformation from R 3 → R 3
Here, 2u1 − u 2 − u 3 = 0
⇒ T ( 2 u1 − u 2 − u 3 ) = T ( 0) [∵ T is L.T.]
⇒ 2T(u1) – T(u2) – T(u3) = 0
⇒ 2v1 – v2 – v3 = 0
⇒ 2(2, –3, 1) – (–1, 4, 1) – (5, –2, 1) = (0,0,0)
⇒ (0, –8, 0) = (0, 0, 0)
which is not possible
Hence, there does not exist a L.T. from R3 → R3.
13. The mapping T : R2 → R defined by
T(x1, x2) = x12 + x 22 ∀ (x1, x2) ∈ R2
is not a Linear Transformation.
Let x = (1, 0), y = (1, 0) ∈ R2
Then, (x + y) = (1, 0) + (1, 0) = (2, 0)

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⇒ T(x + y) = T(2, 0)
= 22 +02 = 4
and T(x) + T(y) = T(1, 0) + T(1, 0)
= (12 + 0) + (12 + 0) =2
∵ T(x + y) ≠ T(x) + T(y)
∴ T is not L.T.
14. Is there a Linear Transformation T : R3 → R2 such that
T(1, 0, 1) = (1, 0), T(1, –1, 0) = (1, 1)
Justify your answer.
Here, T is not linear transformation
3
∵ T defined only on the subspace W of R spanned by (1, 0, 1), (1, –1, 0) where dim W = 2.
15. Find the L.T. from T : P1(R) → P1(R) such that
T(1 + x) = 1 , T(1 – x) = x
First of all we have to find the image of elements of the standard basis {1, x}
1
Clearly 1 = [(1 + x ) + (1 − x )]
2
1
and x = [(1 + x ) − (1 − x )]
2
1 1
⇒ T (1) = [T (1 + x ) + T (1 − x )] = [1 + x ]
2 2
1 1
and T ( x ) = [T (1 + x ) − T(1 − x )] = (1 − x )
2 2
1 1
Hence, T (a + bx ) = aT (1) + bT( x ) = (a + b) + (a − b)x
2 2
Note
Let T : V → W be a Linear Transformation, then

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(i) T(0) = 0
(ii) T(–x) = –T(x) , x∈V
(iii) T(x – y) = T(x) – T(y), x,y ∈ V
(iv) T(cx + y) = cT(x) + T(y) ∀ x,y ∈ V
 n  n
(v) T ∑ a i x i  = ∑ a i T( x i ) ∀ xi ∈ V
 i =1  i =1
(i) 0+0=0
⇒ T(0 + 0) = T(0)
⇒ T(0) + T (0) = T(0) [∵ T is L.T.]
⇒ T(0) + T(0) = T(0) + 0 [∵ T(0) = T(0) + 0 as W is V.S.]
⇒ T(0) = 0 [by Cancellation Law in (W, +)]
(ii) x + (–x) = 0
⇒ T(x + (–x)) = T(0)
⇒ T(x)+T(–x) = 0 [by (i) & T is L.T.]
⇒ T(–x) = –T(x)
(iii) T(x – y) = T(x + (–y))
= T(x) + T(–y) [∵ T is L.T.]
= T(x) – T(y) [by (ii)]
(iv) T(cx + y) = T(cx) + T(y) [∵ T is L.T.]
= cT(x) + T(y) [by def.]
Kernel and Range of Linear Transformation
Definition 1. Let T : V → W be a L.T., then the kernel of T is denoted by ker T is defined as
ker T = {x ∈ V | T( x ) = 0}
ker T is also called Null space of T and is denoted by N(T).
Definition 2. Let T : V → W be a L.T. then the range of T is denoted by R(T) is defined as

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R (T ) = {T( x ) | x ∈ V}
Definition 3. A vector space V(F) is said to be isomorphic to a vector space W(F), if there
exists a mapping T : V → W such that
(i) T is a linear transformation
(ii) T is a one–to–one
(iii) T is onto i.e., for each w ∈ W, there exists some v ∈ V such that
T(v) = w.
16. Let T : V → W be a L.T. then
(i) Ker T is a subspace of V
(ii) R(T) is a subspace of W
(iii) For any subspace U of V, T(U) is subspace of W.
(i) We know that
ker T = {x ∈ V | T( x ) = 0}

∵ T(0) = 0 [∵ 0 ∈ V]
⇒ 0 ∈ ker T
⇒ ker T ≠ φ
Let x, y ∈ ker T ⇒ T(x) = 0, T(y) = 0
Let α, β ∈ F
Now, T ( αx + β y ) = αT ( x ) + β T ( y ) [∵ T is L.T.]
= α.0 + β.0 = 0
⇒ αx + βy ∈ ker T
∴ x,y ∈ ker T, α , β ∈ F ⇒ αx + βy ∈ ker T
Hence, ker T is a subspace of V.
(ii) We know that
R (T ) = {T( x ) | x ∈ V}

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Let u1 , u 2 ∈ R ( T ) ⇒ u1 = T ( x1 ), u 2 = T ( x 2 ) , x1 , x 2 ∈ V
Let α, β ∈ F
Now, αu 1 + β u 2 = αT ( x 1 ) + β T ( x 2 )
= T(αx1 ) + T (βx 2 ) [∵ T is L.T.]
= T ( αx 1 + β x 2 ) [∵ T is L.T.]
= T( x ) ∈ R(T ) [where x = αx1 + βx 2 ∈ V as V is a vector space]
∴ u1 , u 2 ∈ R (T) & α, β ∈ F ⇒ αu1 + βu 2 ∈ R (T )
Hence, R(T) is a subspace of W.
17. Let V and W be vector space and let T : V → W be Linear Transformation.
If β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } is a basis for V.
Then R(T) = span (T(β)) = span ({T(v1), T(v2),…,T(vn))
Given T : V → W be linear transformation.
β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } is a basis for V
then we have to prove that
(say) β′ = {T ( v1 ), T( v 2 ),..., T( v n )} span Range T.
Let x ∈ R (T )
⇒ x = T ( v) , [∵ v ∈ V]
 n 
= T ∑ α i v i  [∵ v ∈ V & {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } is a basis for V]
 i =1 
n
= ∑ α i T( v i ) [∵ T is L.T.]
i =1

= α1T ( v1 ) + α2T( v 2 ) + ... + αn T( v n ) ∈ L(R(T))

∴ β' span R(T)

Hence, R (T) = span ({T( v1 ), T( v 2 ),..., T ( v n )})
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Rank and Nullity of a Linear Transformation

Definition 1. Let T : V → W be a L.T. then the Rank of T is denoted by Rank T is defined as
Rank T = dim (Range T )
Definition 2. The nullity of T is denoted by Nullity T is defined as
Nullity T = dim (ker T) = dim (Null T)
Note. (Dimension Theorem or Rank–Nullity Theorem)
Let V and W be vector space and let T : V → W be Linear Transformation if V is FDVS then
Nullity T + Rank T = dim V.
Let T : V → W e a linear transformation where V is f.d. vector space.
We know that ker T is a subspace of V.
Let {x1 , x 2 ,..., x m } be a basis in ker T.
∴ It is linearly independent in ker T.
∴ It is called L.I. in V
∴ It can be extended to form a basis of V.
Let {x1 , x 2 ,..., x m , v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be the extended basis of V. [by part (c)]
∴ dim V = m + n
dim V = dim(ker T ) + n
dim V = Nullity T + n
Now, we have to prove that dim (R(T)) = n
Consider, S = {T ( v1 ), T( v 2 ),..., T( v n )} ⊆ R (T )
Now, we have to prove that S is a basis of R(T).
(1) S is L.I.
Let α1T ( v1 ) + α 2 T ( v 2 ) + ... + α n T ( v n ) = 0 , αi ∈ F

⇒ T(α1v1 ) + T (α 2 v 2 ) + ... + T(α n v n ) = 0 [∵ T is linear]

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⇒ T(α1v1 + α 2 v 2 + ... + α n v n ) = 0 [∵ T is linear]

⇒ α 1v1 + α 2 v 2 + ... + α n v n ∈ ker T

∴ α1v1 + α 2 v 2 + ... + α n v n = β1x1 + β 2 x 2 + ... + β m x m , β j ∈ F

⇒ β1x1 + β 2 x 2 + ... + β m x m + (−α1 ) v1 + (−α 2 ) v 2 + ... + (−α n ) v n = 0

⇒ β1 = 0, β 2 = 0,..., β m = 0, α1 = 0, α 2 = 0,..., α n = 0
[∵ {x1 , x 2 ,..., x m , v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } basis is L.I.]
⇒ βj = 0 ∀ j , αi = 0 ∀ i

⇒ S is Linearly Independent set.

(i) S span R(T)
Let y ∈ R(T)
∴ ∃ x ∈ V such that
T(x) = y
As x∈V
∴ x = a 1x1 + a 2 x 2 + ... + a m x m + b1v1 + ... + b n v n , a i , b j ∈ F

∴ y = T(x )
= T (a1x1 + a 2 x 2 + ... + a m x m + b1v1 + ... + b n v n )
= a 1T( x1 ) + a 2 T( x 2 ) + ... + a m T ( x m ) + b1T ( v1 ) + ... + b n T ( v n )

= 0 + 0 + ... + 0 + b1T( v1 ) + ... + b n T ( v n ) [∵ xj ∈ ker T ∀ j ∴ T(xj) = 0 ∀ j]

∴ y = T( x ) = b1T ( v1 ) + ... + b n T( v n )

∈ L(S)
∴ S spans R(T)
∴ S is a basis of R(T)
∴ dim R(T) = n

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∴ Rank K(T) = n
∴ from equation (1) & (2)
Nulity T + Rank T = dim V

18. Let V and W be vector space of equal (finite) dimension and let T : V → W be L.T. then
the following are equivalent
(i) T is one–one
(ii) T is onto
(iii) Rank T = dim V
(i) ⇒ (ii)
We know that dim V = RankT + Nultiy T
Since, T is one–one
⇒ ker T = {0}

⇒ dim ker T = 0

⇒ Nullity T = 0
From (1)
∴ dim V = Rank T
⇒ dim W = Rank T = dim Range T [∵ dim V = dim W]
But Range T ⊆ W
⇒ Range T = W
⇒ T is onto.
which proves (ii)
(ii) ⇒ (iii)
T is onto ⇒ W = Range T
⇒ dim W = dim (Range T) ⇒ dim V = Rank T
which proves (iii).
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Note.
(1) Let V and W be two vector space and T : V → W be a L.T. then
(a) T is one–one (injective) iff T maps a linearly independent subset of V to a linearly
independent subset of W.
(b) T is onto (surjective) iff T maps a spanning set of V to a spanning set of W.
(c) T is one–one and onto then T maps a basis of V to a basis of W.
(2) If V and W be finite dim vector space and T : V → W is linear transformation, then
(i) If dim V < dim W then T cannot be onto.
(ii) If dim V > dim W then T cannot be one–one.
(3) If T is one–one L.T. from a FDVS V(F) onto W(F), then dim V = dim W.
19. Let T : R3 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(x1, x2, x3) = (x1 + x2, 2x3 – x1)
Is T is one–one ? Is T onto ?
∵ dim V = R3 > dim R2
∴ T cannot be one–one.
The spanning set {e1, e2, e3} of R3 maps to
{(1, –1), (1, 0), (0, 2)} and {(1,0), (0, 2)} span R2
∴ {(1, –1), (1, 0), (0, 2)} also span R2
∴ T is onto.
20. Let T : P(R) → P(R) be defined by
x
T(f(x)) = ∫0 f ( t )dt

Then T is one–one but not onto.

T is one–one : Let f(x) ∈ ker T
∴ T(f(x)) = 0

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⇒
x
∫0 f ( t )dt = 0
f(x) = 0 [Diff. both side]
∴ ker T = {0}
∴ T is one–one.
T is not onto. Let 1 ∈ P(R) If T is onto
∴ ∃ f(x) ∈ P(R) such that T(f(x)) = 1
⇒ ∫0 f (t )dt = 1 ⇒ f(x) = 0
x

T (f ( x )) = T (0)
1=0
which is not possible.
∴ T is not onto.
21. Let T : P(R) → P(R) be defined by
T (f ( x )) = f ' ( x )
Then, T is onto but not one–one.
T is onto.
Let f(x) ∈ P(R) ∃ ∫0 f ( t )dt such that
x

T (∫
0
x
)
f ( t )dt = f ( x )

⇒ T is onto.
T is not one–one
T(x) = 1
T(x + 1) = 1
∴ T(x) = T(x + 1)
But x ≠ x + 1
∴ T is not one–one.

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22. If V and W are vector spaces over Q, the field of rational numbers and T is an additive
map from V → W then T is linear transformation.
Since T is an additive map
∴ T (u + v) = T ( u ) + T ( v) ∀ u,v ∈ V
For T to be a linear transformation,
it must satisfy
T (αv) = αT( v) ∀ α ∈ Q, v ∈ V
Since, V is a group with respect to addition and T preserves addition,
therefore for all v ∈ V and every integer m
T(mv) = mT(v)
Also for any non–zero integer n, m/n ∈ Q so (m/n)v ∈ V
  m  m
T n  v   = nT  v
  n  n
 m  
⇒ T (mv) = nT   v 
 n  
 m  
⇒ mT( v) = nT   v 
 n  
m  m  
⇒ T( v) = T   v 
n  n  
⇒ T (αv ) = αT ( v ) ∀ α ∈ Q and v ∈ V.
Hence, T is a linear transformation.
23. Let T : R3 → R3 be the Linear operator defined by
T(x,y,z) = (x + 2y – z, y + z, x + y – 2z)
Find basis and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T
(1) Let (x,y,z) ∈ Null T
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⇔ x + 2y – z = 0
y+z=0
x + y – 2z = 0
Consider the Augmented matrix
 1 2 − 1 0
 
 0 1 1 0
1 1 − 2 0

 1 2 − 1 0
 
~ 0 1 1 0 R 3 → R 3 − R1
0 − 1 − 1 0

1 2 − 1 0
 
~ 0 1 1 0 R3 → R3 − R2
0 0 0 0

∵ The pivot element are only in first two column

∴ z is free variable
Now x + 2y – z = 0
y+z=0
Let z = k
∴ y = –k, x = 3k
∴ Null T = span {k(3, –1, 1) | k ∈ R}
∴ Basis for Null T = {(3, –1, 1)}
∴ Dim of Null T = Nullity T = 1
As R 3 = span(e1 , e 2 , e3 )
∴ T ( R 3 ) = span(T(e1 ), T (e 2 ), T(e3 ))
where {e1, e2, e3} be the standard ordered basis of R3.

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Now, we find the image of standard ordered basis of R3

T(e1) = T(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0, 1)
T(e2) = T(0, 1, 0) = (2, 1, 1)
T(e3) = T(0, 0, 1) = (–1, 1, –2)
Also, we know that range T is spanned by image vectors T(e1), T(e2), T(e3).
Consider row–reduced echelon form
1 0 1 
2 1 1 
 
 − 1 1 − 2

1 0 1 
~ 0 1 − 1 R 2 → R 2 − 2 R1, R 3 → R 3 + R1
 
0 1 − 1

1 0 1 
~ 0 1 − 1 R 3 → R 3 + R1
 
0 0 0 
The pivot elements are only in first two column
∴ they form a basis for range T.
∴ Range T = span {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, –1)}
Basis for Range T = {(1,0,1), (0,1,–1)}
∴ dim Range T = Rank T = 2
Note.
The vector corresponding to the pivot column form a basis for the range T.
24. Let T : R4 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(x1, x2, x3, x4) = (x1 – x2 + 2x3, x1 + x3 + x4)
Find a basis and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T
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(1) Let ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) ∈ Null T

⇔ T ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) = (0,0)

⇔ ( x1 − x 2 + 2 x 3 , x1 + x 3 + x 4 ) = (0,0)

⇔ x1 − x 2 + 2 x 3 = 0

⇔ x1 + x 3 + x 4 = 0
Consider the Augmented matrix
1 − 1 2 0 0
~ 
1 0 1 1 0
 1 − 1 2 0 0
~  R 2 → R 2 − R1
 0 1 − 1 1 0
∵ The pivot element are only in first two column.
∴ x3 & x4 are free variables
∴ x1 − 2 x 2 + 2 x 3 = 0
x2 − x3 + x4 = 0
x 3 = free = k1
x 4 = free = k 2

⇒ x 2 = k1 − k 2

∴ x1 = − k1 − k 2

∴ Null T = {k1(–1, 1, 1, 0), k2(–1, –1, 0, 1) | k1, k2 ∈ R}

∴ Basis for Null T = {(–1, 1, 1, 0), (–1, –1, 0, 1)}
∴ Dim Null T = Nullity T = 2.
Note.
Dim Null T = Nullity T = number of free variables.
(2) Let {e1, e2, e3, e4} be the standard basis for R4
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∴ Range T = spanning by {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3), T(e4)}

T(e1) = T(1, 0, 0, 0) = (1, 1)
T(e2) = T(0, 1, 0, 0) = (–1, 0)
T(e3) = T(0, 0, 1, 0) = (2, 1)
T(e4) = T(0, 0, 0, 1) = (0, 1)
Consider the row – reduced echelon form
1 1 1 1
− 1 0 0 1
 ~  
2 1 0 0
   
0 1 0 0
Range T = span{(1, 1), (0, 1)}
∴ Basis for Range T = {(1, 1), (0, 1)}
∴ dim Range T = Range T = 2.
25. Let T : R3 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(x1, x2, x3) = (x1 + x2, 2x3 – x1)
Find basis and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T
(1) Let (x1, x2, x3) ∈ Null T
⇔ T(x1, x2, x3) = (0, 0, 0)
⇔ (x1 + x2, 2x3 – x1) = (0, 0)
⇔ x1 + x 2 = 0
2x3 – x1 = 0
⇔ x1 + x2 + 0x3 = 0
–x1 + 0x2 + 2x3 = 0
Consider the Augmented matrix

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 1 1 0 0
 
 − 1 0 2 0
 1 1 0 0
~  R 2 → R 2 + R1
 0 1 2 0
the Pivot element are only in 1st & 2nd column
∴ x3 is free variable.
Now, x1 + x 2 = 0
x 2 + 2x 3 = 0
x 3 = free ( k )

⇒ x 2 = −2 k , x 1 = 2 k

∴ Null T = {k(2, –2, 1) | k ∈ R}

Basis for Null T = {(2, –2, 1)}
Dim Null T = Nullity T = 1.
(2) Let (e1, e2, e3) be the standard basis for R3.
∴ Range T = spanned by {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)}
T(e1) = T(1, 0, 0) = (1, –1)
T(e2) = T(0, 1, 0) = (1, 0)
T(e3) = T(0, 0, 1) = (0, 2)
∴ Row–reduced echelon form is
1 − 1 1 − 1
1 0  ~ 0 1 
   
0 2  0 0 

∴ Range T = spanned {(1, –1), (0, 1)}

Basis for Range T = {(1, –1), (0, 1)}
Dim Range T = Rank T = 2.

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26. Let T : R2 → R3 be a Linear Transformation defined by

T(x1, x2) = (x1 + x2, x1 – x2, x2) be a L.T.
Find basis and dimension of
(1) Null T (2) Range T
(1) Let (x1, x2) ∈ Null T
⇔ T(x1, x2) = 0
⇔ (x1+x2, x1–x2, x2) = (0, 0, 0)
⇔ x1 + x 2 = 0 , x1 − x 2 = 0 , x 2 = 0
Consider the augmented matrix
 1 1 0
 
 1 − 1 0
0 1 0

 1 1 0
 
~  0 − 2 0 R 2 → R 2 − R1
0 1 0

 1 1 0
 
~  0 1 0
0 0 0

∵ There is no free variable.

∴ Null T = span {(0, 0)}
∴ Basis for Null T = {(0, 0)}
∴ dim Null T = Nullity T = 0
(2) Let (e1, e2) be the standard basis of R2
∴ Range T = spanned {T(e1), T(e2)}
Now T(e1) = T(1, 0) = (1, 1, 0)

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T(e2) = T(0, 1) = (1, –1, 1)

∴ Row–reduced echelon form is
1 1 0 0
 
1 − 1 1 0
 1 1 0 0
~  R 2 → R 2 − R1
 0 − 2 1 0
∴ Range T = spanned {(1, 1, 0), (0, –2, 1)}
Basis for Range T = {(1, 1, 0), (0, –2, 1)}
dim Range T = Rank T = 2
27. Let F be a field and T : F3 → F3 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(x1, x2, x3) = (x1 – x2 + 2x3, 2x1 + x2, –x1 – 2x2 + 2x3)
(1) Find its rank and Nullity
(2) Find condition on (a, b, c) such that
(a, b, c) ∈ Range T , (a,b, c) ∈ Null T.
Ans. (1) ker T = {k(–2, 4, 3) | k ∈ R}
Basis for ker T = {(–2, 4, 3)}
Nullity T = dim Null T = 1
Rank T = 2
(2) The condition for (a,b,c) ∈ Range T is a = b + c
and the condition for (a, b, c) ∈ Null T is
2 4
a = − c, b = c, c = free
3 3
28. Let T : M 2×3 ( F) → M 2×2 ( F) be a Linear Transformation defined by
a a a13  2a11 − a12 a13 + 2a12 
T  11 12 =
a 21 a 22 a 23   0 0 


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Find basis and dimension for

(1) Null T (2) Range T
 a11 a12 a13 
Let a ∈ Null T
 21 a 22 a 23 

a a a13  0 0
⇒ T  11 12 =
a 21 a 22 a 23  0 0

2a11 − a12 a13 + 2a12  0 0

⇒   =  0 0
 0 0   
⇒ 2a11 − a12 = 0 , a13 + 2a12 = 0

⇒ a12 = 2a11 , a13 = −2a12 = −2( 2a11 )

⇒ a13 = −4a11

 a 2a11 − 4a11  
∴ N (T ) =  11 
a 21 a 22 a 23  

  1 2 − 4   0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0  
∴ Basis for N(T) =   , , , 
 0 0 0  1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

∴ Dimension of N(T) = Nullity T = 4.

p q
Let  r s  ∈ M 2×2 ( F)
 
a a a13   p q 
∴ T  11 12 =
a 21 a 22 a 23   r s 

2a11 − a12 a13 + 2a12   p q 

⇒   = r s
 0 0   
⇒ 2a11 − a12 = p
a13 + 2a12 = q

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r = 0, s = 0
Here, p & q both are difference of two real numbers.
p q 
∴ R (T ) =   
 0 0 
 1 0  0 1  
∴ Basis for R(T) =  ,  
  0 0  0 0  
∴ Dimension of R(T) = Rank T = 2.
29. Let T : P2(R) → P3(R) be a Linear Transformation defined by
T (f ( x )) = xf ( x ) + f ' ( x )
Find bases and dimension of
(1) Null T (2) Range (T).
Let ax 2 + bx + c ∈ N (T )

⇔ T (ax 2 + bx + c) = 0

⇔ x (ax 2 + bx + c ) + 2ax + b = 0

⇔ ax 3 + bx 2 + (2a + c) x + b = 0
⇔ a = 0, b = 0, 2a + c = 0, b = 0 [∵ 1, x, x2, x3 are L.I.]
⇔ a = 0, b = 0, c = 0
∴ Null T = {0}
∴ Nullity T = 0
Let g = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d ∈ R (T ) : a , b, c, d ∈ R ∀ g ∈ R(T)
∃ f = px 2 + qx + r ∈ P2 ( R ) such that
T(f ) = g
⇒ x ( px 2 + qx + r ) + 2px + q = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d

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⇒ px 3 + qx 2 + rx + 2 px + q = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d

⇒ px 3 + qx 2 + ( r + 2p)x + q = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
⇒ p = a , q = b, r + 2 p = c, q = d

∴ { }
Range T = px 3 + qx 2 + ( r + 2 p) x + q : p, q, r ∈ R

Range T = {px+ q ( x + 1) + ( r + 2 p) x | p, q, r ∈ R}
3 2

∴ Basis for Range T = {x , x + 1, x} 3 2

∴ Dimension of R(T) = Rank T = 3.

30. Let T : R2 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T ( x1 , x 2 ) = ( x 2 ,0)
Then Range T = Null T.
Range T = {(x2, 0) | x2 ∈ R}
Let ( x1 , x 2 ) ∈ N (T )
⇔ T ( x1 , x 2 ) = 0
⇔ ( x 2 ,0) = 0
⇔ x2 = 0
⇔ ( x1 , x 2 ) = ( x1 ,0)
∴ Null T = {(x1, 0) | x1 ∈ R} = Range T.
Hence, Range T = Null T.
31. Let T : P2 ( R ) → M 2 ( R ) be a Linear Transformation defined by

f (1) − f ( 2) 0 
T (f ( x )) = 
 0 f (0)
Find bases and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T.

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Let a + bx + cx 2 ∈ Null (T )

⇒ T (a + bx + cx 2 ) = 0
 ( a + b + c ) − ( a + 2 b + 4 c ) 0  0 0
⇒  =
 0 a  0 0

 − b − 3c 0 0 0
⇒  0 =
 a  0 0
⇒ − b − 3c = 0, a = 0
⇒ a = 0, b = −3c
∴ Null T = {–3cx + cx2 | c ∈ R} = {c(–3x + x2) | c ∈ R}
∴ Basis for Null T = {–3x + x2}
∴ Nullity T = dim Null T = 1
Range T = span (T(B))
= span (T (1, x, x 2 ))

0 0 
T (1) =  ,
 0 1 
1 − 2 0  − 1 0
T( x ) =  =
 0 0  0 0

 − 3 0
T( x 2 ) =  
 0 0
  0 0  − 1 0  − 3 0 
∴ Range T = span   ,  0 0 ,  0 0 
 0 1     
  0 0  − 1 0 
= span  ,  
  0 1   0 0 
 a 0  
Range T = span    | a, b ∈ R 
 0 b  

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 1 0 0 0 
∴ Basis for Range T =   ,  
  0 0  0 1 
∴ Dim Range T = Range T = 2 .
32. Let T : R3 → R3 be the projection of R3 onto the xy–plane
i.e. T(x,y,z) = (x,y,0) ∀ (x,y,z) ∈ R3
Find the basis and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T.
Do yourself.
Ans. Range T = {(x, y, 0) | x,y ∈ R}
Null T = {(0, 0, z) | z ∈ R}
dim Range T = 2 = Rank T
dim Null T = 1 = Nullity T.
33. Let T : V → V be a Linear Transformation, then the following statement are equivalent
(i) Range T ∩ Ker T = {0}
(ii) If T(T(v)) = 0 then T(v) = 0 (v ∈ V)
(i) ⇒ (ii)
Let T (T( v )) = 0
⇒ T ( v ) ∈ N (T ) = ker T
Also, T(v) ∈ Range T
⇒ T(v) ∈ Range T ∩ Ker T = {0} [by (i)]
⇒ T(v) = 0
(ii) ⇒ (i)
Let x ∈ Range T ∩ Ker T be arbitrary
⇒ x ∈ Range T & x ∈ Ker T
⇒ x = T(v) for some v ∈ V & T(x) = 0
Now, x = T(v) ⇒ T(x) = T(T(v))

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⇒ T(x) = T(T(v))
⇒ 0 = T(T(v)) [∵ T(x) = 0]
⇒ T(v) = 0 [ by (ii)]
⇒ x=0
⇒ Range T ∩ Ker T = {0}
34. Describe explicitly a L.T. from R3 to R3 which has its range space spanned by v1 = (1,0,−1) ,
v 2 = (1,2,2) .
∵ R3 is spanned by B = {e1 , e 2 , e 3} where {e1, e2, e3} be the standard basis of R3.
∴ Range T is spanned by {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)}
Let T(e1) = (1, 0, –1), T(e2) = (1, 2, 2), T(e3) = (0,0,0)
∴ T(x1, x2, x3) = x1T(e1) + x2T(e2) + x3T(e3)
= x1(1, 0, –1) + x2(1, 2, 2) + x3(0, 0, 0)
= (x1 + x2, 2x2, –x1 + 2x2)
is required Linear Transformation from R3 to R3.
Note.
(1) Let T : V → W be a Linear Transformation then the vector x1, x2, …, xn ∈ V are Linearly
Independent if T(x1), T(x2), …, T(xn) are Linearly Independent.
(2) Let T : V → W be a Linear Transformation if v1, v2, …, vn are Linearly Dependent vector in V
then T(v1), T(v2), …, T(vn) are Linearly Dependent in W.
(3) The image of Linearly Independent set by a Linear Transformation need not be Linearly
Impendent
(4) If T is an isomorphism of V onto W and if {x1, x2, …, xn} is a basis of W then {T(x1), T(x2), …,
T(xn)} is a basis for W.

35. Let dim V = n & T : V → V be a L.T. such that

Range T = Null T.
Then n is even.
∵ Range T & Null T are both subspaces of a FDVS V
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∴ Range T = Null T
⇒ dim Range T = dim Null T
⇒ Rank T = Nullity T
∴ By Rank–Nullity theorem
Rank T + Nullity T = dim V
⇒ dim V = 2(Rank T) [by (1)]
Hence, n (= dim V) is even.
Note.
Let T : V → V be a L.O. where V is FDVS.
Suppose that Rank (T2) = Rank (T). Then
Range T ∩ Ker T = {0}.
36. Let T : R3 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T ( x , y, z ) = ( x − y,2z ) ∀ (x,y,z) ∈ R3
Find basis and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T.
Let (x,y,z) ∈ N(T)
then T( x, y, z) = (0,0)
⇒ ( x − y, 2z) = (0,0)

⇒ x – y = 0, 2z = 0
x = y, z = 0
Null T = {( x , x ,0) : x ∈ R}
= {x(1,1,0) | x ∈ R}
∴ Basis for Null T = {(1, 1, 0)}
∴ Dim Null T = Nullity T = 1

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Let (e1, e2, e3) be the standard ordered basis for R3

∴ Range T is spanned by {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)}
∴ T(e1) = (1, 0)
T(e2) = (–1, 0)
T(e3) = (0, 2)
∴ Consider the row–reduced echelon form
 1 0  1 0 
~  − 1 0  ~ 0 1
   
 0 2 0 0

∴ Basis for Range T = {(1,0), (0,1)}

dim Range T = Rank T = 2.
37. Let T : P2 (R ) → P3 (R ) be a linear transformation defined by
T (ax 2 + bx + c) = (a − b) x 3 + (b − c) x 2 + (c − a ) x + (c − a ) when a ∈ R.
Find basis and dimension for
(a) Null T (b) Range T
(a) Let ax2 + bx + c ∈ N(T)
⇒ T(ax2 + bx + c) = 0
⇒ (a – b)x3 + (b – c)x2 + (c – a)x + (c – a) = 0
⇒ a – b = 0 [∵ 1, x, x2, x3 are linearly independent]
b–c=0
c–a=0
⇒ a=b=c
∴ Null T = N(T) = {a(x2 + x + 1) | a ∈ R}
Null T = N(T) = Span{x2 + x + 1}
∴ basis for N(T) = {x2 + x + 1}

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∴ Dimension for N(T) = Nullity T = 1

Let g = px3 + qx2 + rx + s ∈ R(T), where p, q, r, s ∈ R for every g ∈ R(T)
∃ f = ax2 + bx + c ∈ P2(R) such that
T(f) = g
⇒ (a − b) x 3 + (b − x ) x 2 + (c − a ) x + (c − a ) = px 2 + qx 2 + rx + s

⇒ a–b=p
b–c=q
c–a=r
c–a=s
From the above equation
r = s = –(p + q)
⇒ Range T = {px3 + qx2 – (p + q)x – (p + q) | p,q ∈ R}
= {p(x3 – x – 1), q(x2 – x – 1) | p, q ∈ R}
∴ Basis for Range T = {(x3 – x – 1), (x2 – x – 1)}
∴ Dim Range T = 2.
38. Let V = M2×2(R)
Let T : M2×2(R) → M2×2(R) be a Linear Transformation defined by
1 1
T ( A) = AB − BA where B =  
1 1
Find Basis and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T.
a b 
(1) Let A =   ∈ N (T )
c d 
⇒ T(A) = 0

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1 1 1 1
⇒ A − A = 0
1 1 1 1
a b 1 1 1 1 a b 0 0
⇒  c d  1 1 − 1 1  c d  = 0 0
       
 b−c a − d   0 0
⇒  − ( a − d ) − ( b − c )  =  0 0
   
⇒ b = c, a = d
 a b 
⇒ Null T =    | a , b ∈ R 
 b a  
 1 0  0 1  
⇒ Null T = spanned a   , b  | a, b ∈ R 
 0 1  1 0  
  1 0  0 1 
∴ Basis for Null T =   ,  
  0 1   1 0 
Dimension for Null T = Nullity T = 2
p q  a b 
(2) Let B =   ∈ R (T) then there exists A =  c d  ∈ M 2 (R ) such that
r s  
T(A) = B

 b−c a − d  p q 
⇒  − ( a − d ) − ( b − c)  =  r s 
   
b–c=p
⇒ a–d=q
(a – d) = r
–(b – c) = s
⇒ s = –p, r = –q

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 p q  
∴ Range T =    | p, q ∈ R 
 − q − p 
 1 0   0 1  
= spanned p  , q  
  0 1   − 1 0 
1 0   0 1 
∴ Basis of Range T =  ,  
0 − 1 − 1 0 
∴ Dim R(T) = 2.
39. Let V = M 2 (C) be a vector space over R.
Let T : V → V be a linear transformation defined by
 a b    a Re( b)
T   =  
 c d   Im(c) − d 
Find basis and dimension for
(1) Null T (2) Range T
a b 
(1) Let A=  ∈ N (T )
c d
0 0 
⇒ T ( A) =  
0 0 

a b  0 0 
⇒ T = 
 c d  0 0 
 a Re( b) 0 0
= = 
 Im(c) − d  0 0
⇒ a=0 ⇒ a = 0
Re(b) = 0⇒ b = iy such that y ∈ R
Im(c) = 0 ⇒ c = x where x ∈ R
−d =0 ⇒d=0

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  0 iy  
∴ Null T =    | x , y ∈ R 
x 0  
  0 0  0 1  
= spanned   ,  
  1 0  0 0  
  0 0  0 i  
∴ Basis for Null T =   ,  
 1 0 0 0 
∴ Nullity T = 2.
p q  a b 
(2) Let B =   ∈ R (T) . So, there must exist A =  c d  such that
r s  
T(A) = B
 a Re(b) p q 
⇒  =
Im(c) − d   r s 

⇒ p=a ⇒p ∈C
Re(b) = q ⇒ q ∈ R
Im(c) = r ⇒ r ∈ R
−d =s ⇒ s ∈ C
 p q  
∴ R (T ) =   | p, s ∈ C, q, r ∈ R 
 r s  
a + ib q  
= spanned   | a , b, c, d, r , q ∈ R 
 r c + id  
  1 0  i 0  0 1   0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  
= spanned   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  
 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 i  
  1 0  i 0  0 1   0 0  0 0  0 0  
∴ Basis for Range T =   , 0 0, 0 0, 1 0, 0 1, 0 i  
  0 0      
∴ Dim Range T = Rank T = 6.

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40. Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear transformation and I be the identity transformation of R3?

If there is a scalar c and a non–zero vector x ∈ R3 such that
T(x) = cx,
then rank of (T – cI) cannot be 3.
We know that
Rank + Nullity = Dim V
Since, Dim V = 3
and (T – cI)x = T(x) – cx , x ≠ 0
= cx – cx = 0 [∵ T(x) = cx]
⇒ (T − cI )x = 0 , x≠0
⇒ Rank of (T – cI) cannot be 3.
41. Let T : R3 → R3 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(x1, x2, x3) = (x1 – x2, x1 – x2, 0).
If N(T) and R(T) denote the null space and the range space of T respectively, then dim
R(T) = 2.
T(x1, x2, x3) = (x1 – x2, x1 – x2, 0)
Let ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ N ( T )

⇒ T( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = (0,0,0)

⇒ ( x1 − x 2 , x1 − x 2 , 0) = (0,0,0)

⇒ x1 − x 2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x2,
N(T) = {(x1, x1, x3) | x ∈ R}
∴ Basis of N(T) = {(1,1,0), (0,0,1)}
∴ dim N(T) = 2 = nullity T
∵ dim R3 = 3
dim R(T) = Rank T = 3 – 2 = 1
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42. Let S = {T : R3 → R3 : T is a linear transformation with

T(l, 0, 1) = (1, 2, 3), T(1, 2, 3) = (1, 0, 1)}.
Then S is an uncountable set.
The transformation T : R 3 → R 3 is such that
T(1,0,1) = (1,2,3)
T(1,2,3) = (1,0,1)
We can define the transformation for the third independent element in any way.
Thus, we can get infinitely many linear transformation.
43. Let T : R3 → R2 be a linear transformation defined by
T(x, y, z) = (x + y, x – z).
Then the dimension of the null space of T is 1.
Do yourself.
44. Let T : R3 → R3 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z, z + x) ∀ (x, y, z) ∈ R3.
Then rank(T) = 3, nullity (T) = 0.
Let (x,y,z) ∈ Null T
⇒ T(x, y, z) = 0
⇒ (x + y, y + z, z + x) = 0
⇒ x+y=0
y+z=0
z+x=0
Consider the augmented matrix
 1 1 0
 0 1 1
 
1 0 1

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 1 1 0
~ 0 1 1 R 3 → R 3 − R1
 
 0 − 1 1 

1 1 0 
~ 0 1 1  R3 → R3 + R2
 
0 0 2

∴ There is no any free variable.

Null T = {(0,0,0)}
∴ Nullity T = 0
∴ Rank T = 3.
45. Consider the basis S ={v1, v2, v3) for R3 where v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 1, 0), v3 = (1, 0, 0)
and Let T : R3 → R2 be a linear transformation such that
T(v1) = (1, 0), T(v2) = (2, –1), T(v3) = (4, 3).
Then T(2, –3, 5) is (9, 23).
Let us first express (2, –3, 5) in terms of basis of S
1 1 1  x1   2 
1 1 0  x  = − 3
  2   
1 0 0  x 3   5 

Consider the Augmented matrix

1 1 1 2 
 
(A | b) = 1 1 0 − 3
1 0 0 5 

1 0 0 5 
 
= 1 1 0 − 3 R1 ↔ R 3
1 1 1 2 

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1 0 0 5 
 
=  0 1 0 − 8
0 0 1 5 

⇒ α = 5, β = –8, γ = 5
⇒ (2, –3, 5) = 5(1,1,1) – 8(1,1,0) + 5(1, 0, 0)
∴ T(2, –3, 5) = 5T(1,1,1) – 8T(1,1,0) + 5T(1,0,0)
= 5(1,0) – 8(2, –1) + 5(4, 3) = (9,23)
46. Let T be an arbitrary linear transformation from Rn to Rn which is not one–one.
Then Rank T < n.
If T is not one–one then T must be singular. So, rank T < n.
47. For any n ∈ N, let Pn, denote the vector space of all polynomials with real coefficient and
of degree at most n.
Let T: Pn → Pn–1 be a Linear Transformation defined by
x
T(p)(x ) = p' ( x ) − ∫0 p( t )dt

Then the dimension of the null space of T is 0.

p( x ) = a + a 1x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n

 a x2 a x n +1 
T (p( x )) = (a1 + 2a 2 x + ... + na n x n −1 ) −  ax + 1 + ... + n 
 2 (n + 1) 

 a   a 
= a1 + 2(a 2 − a ) x +  3a 3 − 1  x 2 +  4a 4 − 2  x 3
 2  3

 a  a a
+ ... +  na n − n − 2  x n −1 + n −1 x n − n x n +1
 n +1 n n +1
Transformation matrix of T is

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0 1 0 0 ...  0
− 1 0 2 0 ...  0
 
 0 −1/ 2 0 3 ...  ⋮
(T ) =  0 0 −1/ 3 0 ⋮

⋮
 
⋮ ⋮ 
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
 1 
0 0 0 0 0 
 n + 1
Rank (T) = n
So, nullity of T = 0
Rank T + Nullity T = Pn
48. Let T : R3 → R3 be the linear transformation defined by
T ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = ( x1 + 3x 2 + 2 x 3 , 3x1 + 4 x 2 + x 3 , 2 x1 + x 2 − x 3 )

The dimension of the range space of T2 is 2.

Do yourself.
49. Let T : R3 → R3 be the linear transformation defined by
T ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = ( x1 + 3x 2 + 2 x 3 , 3x1 + 4 x 2 + x 3 , 2 x1 + x 2 − x 3 )

The dimension of the null space of T3 is 1.

Do yourself.
50. Prove that T is L.T. & find the bases for both N(T) and R(T) then find nullity (T) & Rank (T) &
verify the dimension theorem. Determine whether T is 1–1 or onto T : R3 → R2 defined by
T ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) = ( a 1 − a 2 , 2a 3 )
T ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) = ( a 1 − a 2 , 2a 3 )
dim R 3 = 3
Let (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) ∈ ker T
⇒ T(a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) = (0,0)
⇒ (a 1 − a 2 ,2a 3 ) = (0,0)

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⇒ a1 − a 2 = 0 , 2a 3 = 0
⇒ a1 = a 2 , a3 = 0
∴ (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) = (a 1 , a 1 ,0) = a 1 (1,1,0)
∴ Ker T = {(1,1,0)}
Nullity T = 1
Range T = {(a 1 − a 2 ,2a 3 ) | a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ∈ R}
= {(a 1 ,0) + (−a 2 ,0) + (0,2a 3 ) | a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ∈ R}
= {a 1 (1,0) + a 2 (−1,0) + 2a 3 (0,1) | a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ∈ R}
Range T = {(1,0), (0,1)}
(1,0) = T(x,y,z)
(1,0) = (x–y, 2z)
⇒ x–y=1 , 2z = 0
⇒ x=y+1 , z=0
∵ (1,0) = T(1,0,0)
(1,0) ∈ Range T
Similarly, (0,1) ∈ Range T
Also, {(1,0), (0,1)}spans R (T)
∴ Also, {(1,0), (0,1)} are L.I.
∴ dim Range T = 2
∴ Rank T = 2
We know that the dimension theorem is
Rank T + Nullity T = dim R3
∴ 2+1=3
which is true.
∴ It is also satisfy the dimension theorem.
It is 1–1 because ker T ≠ 0.
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T is onto because R2 = Range T.

51. T : R 3 → R 3 defined by T(a1,a2) = (a1+a2, 0, 2a1–a2)
(i) Prove that T is L.T.
(ii) Find the basis for both ker T and Range T
(iii) Find nullity and Rank of T
(iv) Verify the dimension theorem.
(ii) Let (a1,a2) ∈ ker T
∴ T(a1,a2) = (0,0,0)
(a1+a2, 0, 2a1–a2) = (0,0,0)
⇒ a1 + a2 = 0
2a1 – a2 = 0
3a1 = 0
⇒ a1 = 0 , a2 = 0
⇒ ker T = {(0,0)}
⇒ T is one–one.
∴ dim ker T = 0
⇒ Nullity T = 0
There is no basis in ker T.
Range T = {(a1+a2, 0, 2a1 – a2 | a1,a2,ae ∈ R}
= {(a 1 (1,0,2) + a 2 (1,0,−1) | a 1 , a 2 ∈ R}
= {(1,0,2), (1,0,−1)}
∴ (1,0,2), (1,0,–1) ∈ Range T
Also, (1,0,2) & (1,0,–1) is L.I.
∴ Basis = {(1,0,2), (1,0,–1)} of 2π
∴ dim R(T) = 2

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Rank T = 2.
By Dimension Theorem
dim R 2 = Rank T + Nullity T
= 2+0 =2
and given that dim R 2 is 2.
∴ dimension theorem is verified.
52. Let T : V(F) → W(F) be a linearly transformation and X and Y be subspaces of V and W
respectively. Prove that
(i) T(X) = {T(x) : x ∈ X} is a subspace of W.
(ii) T–1(Y) = {v ∈ V : T(v) ∈ Y} is a subspace of V.
(i) Since 0 ∈ X.
⇒ T(0) ∈ T(X),
⇒ T(X) is non–empty
Let w1, w2 ∈ T(X), α ∈ F
∴ w1 = T(x1) and w2 = T(x2) for some x1, x2 ∈ X.
Now, αw1 + w 2 = αT( x1 ) + T( x 2 ) = T (αx1 + x 2 ) ∈ T (X) as αx1 + x 2 ∈ X
Hence, T(X) is a subspace of W.
(ii) T–1(Y) is non–empty [∵ T(0) = 0 ∈ Y ⇒ 0 ∈ T–1(Y)]
Let v1, v2 ∈ T–1(Y) and α ∈ F
Then, T(v1), T(v2) ∈ Y.
Now T (αv1 + v 2 ) = αT( v1 ) + T( v 2 ) ∈ Y
∴ αv1 + v 2 ∈ T −1 (Y)
Hence, T–1(Y) is a subspace of V.
53. Let F be a field and let V be the space of all infinite sequence over F with only finitely
many non–zero terms, with respect to addition and scalar multiplication defined as
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{a n }+ {b n } = {a n + b n }, α{a n } = {α a n }
Define a mapping T1 : V → V as T1(|an|) = {bn} where bn = an+1 ∀ n = 1,2,3,… (one term
left shift). Prove that T1 is a linear transformation which is onto but not one–to–one.
Then T1 is a linear for if u = {a n }, v = {b n }∈ V and α ∈ F , then
Tl (αu + v) = (α a n + b n ) = T1{αa n + b n } = {αa n +1 + b n +1} = α{a n+1} + {b n +1}

= αT1{a n } + T1{b n } = αT1 (u ) + T1 ( v)

T is onto because every
(a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,....) = T1 (0, a 2 , a 3 ,...) but (1, a 2 , a 3 ,...) ≠ (0, a 2 , a 3 ,...) .

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ALGEBRA OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Sum and Scalar Multiple of Linear Transformation
Let V and W be two vector spaces over the same field F. Let T1 , T2 : V → W be any mappings.
Then their sum T1 + T2 and αT are defined as
(i) (T1 + T2 )( v ) = T1 ( v ) + T2 ( v ) ∀v∈V
(ii) ( αT )( v ) = αT ( v ) ∀ v ∈ V, α ∈ F.
Note
(1) Let V and W be vector space over the same field F. Let T1 , T2 : V → W be linear
transformation. Then their sum T1 + T2 and αT are also linear Transformation.
(2) The set of all Linear Transformation from a vector space V(F) to a vector space W(F) is
vector space and is called Hom (V, W) or L(V, W).
i.e. L(V, W) = the set of all linear transformation from V to W.
i.e. L(V,W) = {T | T : V → W is L.T.}
(3) If V and W be the vector space over F of dimension m and n then the dimension of
Hom(V,W) is mn.
Product of Linear Transformation
Let V, W, Y be vector spaces over a field F.
Let T1 : V → W and T2 : W → Y be two linear transformations.
Then, the product transformation T2T1 : V → Y is the mapping defined by
T2T1 ( v ) = T2 (T1 ( v )) ∀ v ∈ V.
54. Let V, W, Y be vector space over a field F.
Let T1 : V → W and T2 : W → Y be two Linear Transformation.
Then T2T1 : V → Y is also a linear transformation.
Let T2T1 : V → Y is a mapping such that
if α ∈ F and v1 , v 2 ∈ V then

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T2T1 (αv1 + v 2 ) = T2 [T1 ( αv1 + v 2 )] [by definition of T2T1 ]

= T2 [αT1 ( v1 ) + T1 ( v 2 )] [ T1 is linear on V]
= αT2 [T1 ( v1 )] + T2 [T1 ( v 2 )] [ T2 is linear on W]
= α(T2T1 )( v1 ) + (T2T1 )( v 2 )
∴ T2T1 is a linear transformation.

Note.
(1) Let T1 , T2 , T3 be linear transformation from a vector space V(F) to itself then the proposition
holds
(i) T1 (T2 + T3 ) = T1T2 + T1T3 and (T2 + T3 )T1 = T2T1 + T3T1
(ii) T1 (T2T3 ) = (T1T2 )T3
(iii) IT = TI = T where I denotes the identity transformation from V to V.
(iv) α(T1T2 ) = ( αT1 )T2 = T1 ( αT2 ) ∀ α ∈ F.
(2) Let A and B be m × n matrices over a field F.
Let L A : F n → Fm be linear transformation defined by
LA(v) = Av ∀ v ∈ Fn.
Then the following hold
(i) LA = LB if and only if A=B
(ii) LA + LB = LA+B
(iii) αLA = LαA
(iv) LALB = LAB
(v) If T is any linear transformation from Fn to Fm then there exists an m × n matrix A
over F such that T = LA.
55. Let T : F3 → F3 be defined by
T(a, b, c=(0, a, b).
Then Find

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(1) T + I (2) T3
(1) (T + I) (a, b, c) = T(a, b, c) + I(a, b, c)
= (0, a, b) + (a, b, c)
= (a, a + b, b + c).
3 2
(2) T (a, b, c) = T (T(a, b, c)
= T2(0, a, b)
= T(T(0, a, b))
= T(0, 0, a)
= (0, 0, 0).
⇒ T3 = 0,
i.e. the zero transformation in L(F3).
56. Let T : P1(R) → P1(R) be the linear transformation defined by
T(f(x)) = f'(x).
Then
(1) T2 = 0 (2) Range (T) = Null (T).
Let f(x) = a + bx ∈ P1(R).
Now, T2(f(x)) = T(T(f(x))
= T(f'(x)
= T(b) = 0
⇒ T2 = 0 ∀ f(x) ∈ P1(R)
Hence T2 = 0.
Range (T) = (Tf(x) | f(x) ∈ P1(R))}
= {T(a + bx) | a, b ∈ R}
= {b | b ∈ R}
= P0(R). (1)
Also, f(x) ∈ Null (T)
⇔ T(f(x) = 0

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⇔ f'(x) = 0
⇔ f (x) is a constant polynomial
⇔ f (x) ∈ P0(R) (2)
⇔ Null (T) = P0(R)
∴ from (1) and (2)
Range (T) = Null (T).
57. Let T1 , T2 : V → W be nonzero linear transformations such that
Range (T1) ∩ Range (T2) = (0}.
Then T1 and T2 are linearly independent vectors in L(V, W).
Let α and β be scalars such that
αT1 + βT2 = 0 (1)
For any v ∈ V
(αT1 + (βT2)(v) = 0(v) = 0.
⇒ ( αT1 )( v ) + (βT2 )( v ) = 0
⇒ αT1 ( v ) = −βT2 ( v )
Now αT1 ( v )∈ Range (T1 ) and − βT2 ( v ) ∈ Range (T2 )
Also Range (T1) ∩ Range (T2) = {0}.
⇒ αT1 ( v ) = 0 = βT2 ( v ) (2)
Since T1 ≠ 0 there exists some v ∈ V such that
T1(v) ≠ 0,
⇒ αT1(v) = 0
⇒ α = 0.
Put α = 0 in (2) we get
βΤ2 = 0
⇒ β = 0 as T2 ≠ 0.

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⇒ α = 0 and β = 0
and hence from (1)
T1, T2 are linearly independent.
58. Let V be a vector space & let T : V → V be Linear Transformation, then
T 2 = T0 iff R(T) ⊆ N(T).

Let T 2 = T0 = 0 [∵ T0 = 0]
then, we have to prove that R(T) ⊆ N(T)
Let x ∈ R (T ) ⇒ x = T ( y )
⇒ T(x) = T(T(y))
⇒ T ( x ) = T 2 ( y)
⇒ T(x) = 0
⇒ x ∈ ker T = N(T)
∴ R(T) ⊆ N(T)
Conversely, let x ∈ V
⇒ T ( x ) ∈ R ( T ) ⊆ N (T )
⇒ T( x ) ∈ N(T) = ker T

⇒ T(T( x )) = 0
⇒ T 2 (x ) = 0
⇒ T 2 = 0 = T0 ∀x∈V
59. Let V , W and Y be vector spaces.
Let T : V → W and U : W → Y be linear transformations.
Then
(1) If T and U are one–to–one, then UT is also one–to–one
(2) If T and U are onto mappings, that UT is also onto

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(3) If UT is one to one, then T is one to one

(4) If UT is an onto mapping, then U is also an onto mappings.
(1) Let v1, v2 ∈ V such that
(UT)(v1) = (UT)(v2).
⇒ U(T(v1)) = U(T(v2)).
⇒ T(v1) = T(v2), [since U is one–to–one]
⇒ v1 = v2, [since T is one–to–one]
∴ (UT) (v1) = (UT) (v2)
⇒ v1 = v2,
Hence UT is one–to–one.
(2) UT : V → Y.
Let y ∈ Y. As U : W → Y is onto,
∴ there exists some w ∈ W such that
U(w) = y.
Now w ∈ W and T : V → W is onto,
∴ there exists some v ∈ V such that
T(v) = w.
Now UT(v) = U(T(v)) = U(w) = y.
⇒ UT is onto.
(3) Let v1, v2 ∈ V such that
T(v1) = T(v2)
⇒ U(T(v1)) = U(T(v2))
⇒ (UT)(v1) = (UT)(v2).
⇒ v1 = v2, [since UT is one–to–one]
Hence T is one–to–one.
(4) Let y ∈ Y. As UT : V → Y is onto
∴ there exists some v ∈ V such that
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(UT) (v) = y.
⇒ U(T(v)) = y.
⇒ w = T(v) ∈ W such that
U(w) = y.
Hence U is onto.
Note.
In part (3) U may not be one–to–one.
For example.
Consider T : R2 → R3 defined by
T(x,y) = (x+y, 0, 2x–y)
and U : R3 → R2 defined by
U(x, y, z) = (x–y, 2z)
Now UT(x, y) = U(T(x,y))
= U(x + y, 0, 2x – y)
= (x + y – 0, 4x – 2y)
= (x + y, 4x – 2y).
It can be verified that UT and T both are one–to–one, but U is not one–to–one as
U(1, 1, 0) = U(2, 2, 0)
but (1, 1, 0) ≠ (2, 2, 0).
Also UT Is onto but T is not onto.
60. Let T : V → V be a linear operator for which T2 = T.
Then TRange(T) = identity on Range (T),
Let v ∈ Range (T).
⇒ v = T(w) for some to w ∈ V
⇒ T(v) = T(T(w))
= T2(w)
= T(w) = v.

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⇒ T maps every vector in Range (T) to itself.

∴ the restriction of T to Range (T) is identity.
61. Let V be a vector space over F.
Let T : V → V linear transformation.
Then the following are equivalent
(i) Range (T) ∩ Null (T) = {0} (ii) T(T(v)) = 0 ⇒ T(v) = 0
(i) ⇒ (ii).
Let T(T(v)) = 0.
⇒ T(v) ∈ Null (T).
Also T(v) ∈ Range (T).
⇒ T(v) ∈ Range (T) ∩ Null (T) = {0} [by (i)]
Hence T(v) = 0.
(ii) ⇒ (i)
Let v ∈ Range (T) ∩ Null (T)
⇒ v = T(u) for some u ∈ V
and T(v) = 0
⇒ T(T(u)) = 0
⇒ T(u) = 0 [by (ii)]
⇒ v = 0.
Hence, Range (T) ∩ Null (T) = {0}
62. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space
and T : V → V be a linear operator. If Rank (T) = Rank (T2), then
Range (T) ∩ Null (T) = {0}.
V is finite dimensional.
As T and T2 are linear operators on V
∴ by Rank–Nullity Theorem

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dim V = Rank(T) + Nullity (T) (1)

2 2
and dimV = Rank (T ) + Nullity (T ) (2)
2
Given Rank (T) = Rank (T ),
from (1) and (2), we get
Nullity (T) = Nullity (T2) (3)
⇒ dim Null (T) = dim Null (T2)
Let v ∈ Null (T)
⇒ T(v) = 0
⇒ T(T(v)) = T(0) = 0
⇒ T2(v) = 0
⇒ v ∈ Null (T2).
⇒ Null (T) ⊆ Null (T2)
and dim Null (T) = dim Null (T2)
⇒ Null (T) = Null (T2).
This means that
T2(v) = 0 ⇒ T(v) = 0.
⇒ Range (T) ∩ Null (T) = {0} [by the previous example]

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INVERTIBLE LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Invertible
Let V and W be a vector space. Let T : V → W be a L.T. then T is said to be invertible if ∃ a
function
U : W → V such that
TU = IW & UT = IV.
The inverse of T is denoted by T–1
∴ U = T −1 .
63. Let V and W be vector space. Let T : V → W be linear and invertible (non–singular) then
T −1 : W → V is linear.
Let y1 , y 2 ∈ W and α, β ∈ F .
Since, T : V → W is onto.
∴ ∃ x 1 , x 2 ∈ V such that
T ( x 1 ) = y1 and T( x 2 ) = y 2

⇒ x 1 = T −1 ( y1 ) and x 2 = T −1 ( y 2 ) .
Now, we have to prove that T −1 is linear transformation
Consider
T −1 (αy1 + βy 2 ) = T −1[αT ( x 1 ) + βT( x 2 )]

= T −1[T(αx 1 + βx 2 )] [∵ T is linear]
= (T −1T )[αx 1 + βx 2 ]

= I(α x 1 + β x 2 ) [∵ T −1T = I ]
= αx 1 + β x 2

= αT −1 ( y1 ) + βT −1 ( y 2 )
∴ T–1 is L.T.

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Note.
IV : V → V
i.e. I V ( e1 ) = e1
I v (e 2 ) = e 2
…
I v (e n ) = e n

1 0 ... 0 
0 1 ... 0 
[I ]
v β = = In .
... ... ... ...
 
0 0 ... 1 

Invertible Linear Transformation

A one–to–one and onto linear transformation T : V → W is called an invertible linear
transformation, written as T–1 : W → V.
i.e. if T is an invertible Linear Transformation from V to W. Then T–1 is also a Linear
Transformation from W to V
Note
(1) A linear transformation T : V → W is said to be singular if ker (T) ≠ {0}
(2) A linear transformation T : V → W is called non–singular, if ker T = {0}.
(3) A linear transformation T : V → W is non–singular if and only if T maps each linearly
independent subset of V onto a linearly independent of W.
64. Let V and W be two finite–dimensional vector spaces such that dim V = dim W
and T : V → W be a Linear Transformation.
Then the following conditions are equivalent
(1) T is invertible (2) T is non–singular
(3) T is onto

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(1) ⇒ (2)
Let T be invertible.
⇒ T is one–to–one.
Let v ∈ Ker T be arbitrary,
⇒ T (v) = 0
⇒ T(v) = T(0), [since T is a Linear Transformation]
⇒ v = 0, [since T is one–to–one]
⇒ ker T = {0}.
⇒ T is non–singular.
(2) ⇒ (3)
Let T be non–singular,
⇒ ker T = {0}
⇒ dim ker T = 0.
By Sylvester's law, we have
dim Range T + dim Ker T= dim V
⇒ dim Range T = dim V [∵ dim ker T = 0]
⇒ dim Range T = dim W [∵ dim V= dim W]
But Range T ⊆ W
⇒ Range T = W
⇒ T is onto.
(3) ⇒ (1)
Let T be onto.
⇒ T(V) = W
⇒ Range T= W
⇒ dim Range T = dim W = dim V

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By Sylvester’s law,
dim Range T + dim Ker T= dim V
From (1) and (2),
dim Ker T = 0
⇒ Ker T= {0}. (3)
Now we show that T is 1–1.
Let x, y ∈ V be such that
T(x) = T(y) ⇒ T(x – y) = 0 [since T is a L.T.]
⇒ x – y ∈ KerT = {0}
⇒x–y=0
⇒x=y [since T is one–to–one]
Since T is one–to–one and onto
∴ T is invertible [by definition]
Hence (1) ⇒ (2) ⇒ (3) ⇒ (1).
Note.
(1) If T : V → W is a L.T. such that dim V = dim W. Then
T is invertible ⇔ T is 1–1 ⇔ T is non–singular ⇔ T is onto.
(2) T is invertible iff Ker T = {0}.
(3) If dim V = dim W and T is non–singular, then T(v) = w and T is invertible.
(4) If T : V → W is invertible then dim V = dim W.
So if dim V ≠ dim W then T cannot be invertible.
(5) If dim W < dim V. Then no linear transformation from V → W can be non–singular
and if dim W > dim V then no linear transformation from V→ W can be onto.
65. If dim V = dim W and T is non–singular, then T(v) = W and T is invertible.
T is non–singular ⇒ Ker T = {0}

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⇒ dim Ker T= 0.
By Sylvester’s law,
dim Range T + dim Ker T = dim V
⇒ dim Range T = dim V [∵ dim ker T = 0]
⇒ dim Range T= dim W
But Range T ⊆ W
⇒ Range T = W
⇒ T(V) = W
⇒ T is onto.
Again Ker T = {0}
⇒ T is one–to–one.
∴ T is one to one and onto
⇒ T is invertible
66. Let T: R2 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T (x, y) = (x + y, x + y)
Is T invertible ?
Let T : R2 → R2 defined by
T(x, y) = (x + y, x + y)
Now T(l, –1) = (l – l, l – l)
= (0, 0)
⇒ (1, –1) ∈ Ker T
⇒ Ker T ≠ {(0,0)}.
Hence T is not invertible.
67. Let T : R2 → R3 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T (x, y) = (x + y, x – y, y)

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is one–one but not onto. Find T–1.

Let (x, y) ∈ Ker T be arbitrary. Then
T(x,y) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ (x + y, x – y, y) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ x + y = 0 , x – y = 0, y = 0
⇒ x = 0, y = 0
⇒ Ker T = {(0,0,0)}.
⇒ T is one–one
By Sylvester's Law
dim Range T + dim Ker T = dim V
⇒ dim Range T = dim R2 = 2
But dim R3 = 3 so Range T ≠ R3
⇒ T is not onto.
Hence T is not invertible [by note (4) above]
Here, we cannot find T–1.
68. Let T : R2 → R3 be defined by
T(x,y) = (x + y, x – 2y, 3x+y)
(i) Then T is non–singular (ii) Can you find a formula for T–1
(i) Let (x,y) ∈ ker (T)
⇒ T(x,y) = (0, 0, 0).
⇒ (x + y, x – 2y, 3x + y) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ x + y = 0, x – 2y = 0, 3x + y = 0
⇒ x=0,y=0
⇒ ker T = {0}
⇒ T is one–one
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Hence, T is non–singular.
(ii) T is non–singular
⇒ ker (T) = {0}
⇒ dim ker (T) = Nullity (T) = 0
By Rank–Nullity Theorem
dim R2 = Rank T + Nullity T
= Rank T + 0
⇒ Rank T = 2, whereas dim R3 = 3.
⇒ T(V) = R3.
Hence, T is not onto.
⇒ T is not invertible
Hence, we cannot find any formula for T–1.
69. Prove that there is no non–singular linear transformation from R4 to R3.
Let T : R4 → R3 be a linear transformation.
Now, we have to show that
T cannot be non–singular.
By Rank–Nullity theorem
dim R4 = dim T(R4) + dim Null (T)
⇒ 4 = dim T(R4) + dim Null (T).
Since, T(R4) is a subspace of R3
⇒ dim T(R4) ≤ 3
⇒ dim Null (T) ≥ 1.
Hence, Null (T) ≠ {0}
⇒ T is not non–singular.
Hence, there is no non–singular linear transformation.

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Note.
If dim W < dim V. Then no linear transformation from V → W can be non–singular
and if dim W > dim V then no linear transformation from V→ W can be onto.
70. Let T : M2(R) → P2(R) be a Linear Transformation defined by
a b   a + b a 
T  = .
c d   c c + d 
Determine whether T is invertible.
If T : V → W be a linear transformation and dim V = dim W,
then T is one to one if and only if T is invertible.
Now, we have to check only that T is one–to–one
a b
Let  c d  ∈ker T
 
a b  0 0 
⇒ T = 
 c d  0 0 
a + b a   0 0
⇒  c =
 c + d  0 0
⇒ a + b = 0 , a = 0, c = 0, c + d = 0
⇒ a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0
 a b   0 0
⇒  c d  =  0 0
   
⇒ ker T = {0}
⇒ T is one–one.
⇒ T is invertible.
71. Let T be a linear operator on C3 defined by
T(l, 0, 0) = (l, 0, i), T(0, 1, 0) = (0, 1, l), T(0, 0, l) = (i, l, 0).

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Is T is invertible ? Justify your answer

We know {e1 = (1, 0, 0), e2 = (0, l, 0), e3 = (0, 0, 1)} is a basis of C3 over C.
Since, 1(1, 0, i) – i(0, 1, l) + i(i, l, 0) = (0, 0, 0).
⇒ T(e1), T(e2), T(e3) are not linearly independent over C.
∴ (e1, e2, e3} is a basis of C3
but {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)} is not a basis of C3.
Hence T is not–invertible.
72. If T is a linear transformation on a vector space V such that T2 – T + I = 0, then T is
invertible.
We know T is invertible iff Ker T = {0}.
Let x ∈ Ker T be arbitrary.
Then T(x) = 0
We have
(T2 – T + 1)(x)= 0 (x) = 0
⇒ T2(x) – T(x) + I(x) = 0
⇒ T(T(x)) – 0 + x = 0
⇒ T(0) + x = 0
⇒ 0+x=0
⇒ x = 0.
⇒ Ker T= {0}
⇒ T is invertible.
73. If T a linear operator on a finite–dimensional vector space V such that range T is a proper
subset of V, then there exists some v ≠ 0 ∈ V such that T(v) = 0.
Since range T is a proper subset of V
⇒ T (V) ≠ V.

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⇒ T is not onto
⇒ T is not one–to–one
⇒ Ker T ≠ (0}
Hence there exists some v ≠ 0 ∈ V such that
v ∈ Ker T
i.e., T(v) = 0.
74. Let T: R2 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined
T(x1, x2) = (αx1 + βx2, γx1 + δx2), where α, β, γ, δ are fixed elements of R.
Then T is invertible if and only if αδ – βγ ≠ 0.
We know T is invertible iff Ker T= {(0, 0)).
Let (x1, x2) ∈ Ker T be arbitrary.
Then T(x1 x2) = (0, 0)
⇒ (αx1 + βx2, γx1 + δx2) = (0, 0)
αx1 + βx 2 = 0
⇒
γx1 + δx 2 = 0

 α β   x1   0
⇒  γ δ   x  =  0 .
  2  
This will have a trivial solution
 α β
(i.e., x1 = 0 and x2 = 0) iff   is non–singular
 γ δ 
α β
i.e., iff ≠0
γ δ
i.e. iff αδ – βγ ≠ 0.
Hence Ker T= {(0, 0)} iff αδ – βγ ≠ 0 .
⇒ T is invertible iff αδ − βγ ≠ 0.
75. Let T: R3 → R3 be a Linear Transformation defined as
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T(x1, x2, x3) = (α11x1 + α12x2 + α13x3, α21x1 + α22x2 + α31x1 + α32x2 + α33x3)
where αij’s are fixed constants of R. Then T is invertible if and only if
α11 α12 α13
α21 α22 α23 ≠ 0 .
α31 α32 α33
Do yourself.
Hint.
(x1, x2, x3) ∈ Ker T gives
α11x1 + α12 x 2 + α13x 3 = 0
α21x1 + α22 x 2 + α23x 3 = 0
α31x1 + α32 x 2 + α33x 3 = 0

 α11 α12 α13   x1  0

i.e. α α22 α23   x 2  = 0 .
 21    
α31 α32 α33   x 3  0
76. Let T be a linear transformation from R3 into R2
and let U be a linear transformation from R2 into R3.
Then the transformation UT is not invertible.
Let, if possible, UT: R3 → R3 be invertible.
Then Ker (UT) = {0).
We have to show that Ker T= {0}
Let v ∈ Ker be arbitrary.
Then T (v) = 0
⇒ U(T(v)) = U(0) = 0, [∵ U is a L.T.]
⇒ (UT)(v) = 0
⇒ v ∈ Ker(UT) = {0} ⇒ v = 0.
Hence Ker T= {0} ⇒ dim Ker T= 0.

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By Sylvester’s law, we have

dim R3 = dim Range T + dim Ker T.
⇒ 3 = dim Range T + 0 ≤ 2,
which is impossible. [∵ Range T is a subspace of R2 and dim R2 = 2]
Hence UT is not invertible.
77. There does not exist any non–singular mapping of R3 into R2.
Give an example of a non–singular mapping of R2 into R3.
Suppose T: R3 → R2 is non–singular.
Then Ker T = {0).
By Sylvester’s law,
dim R3 = dim Range T + dim Ker T
i.e., 3 ≤ 2 + 0 = 2, which is impossible
Second part, Do yourself.
78. Is it possible to find two linear operators T and U on R2 such that TU = 0 bat UT ≠ 0.
Let T : R2 → R2 be defined as
T(x, y) = (x, 0)
and U : R2 → R2 be defined as
U(x, y) = (0, x).
For any (x, y) ∈ R2, we have
(TU)(x, y) = T{U(x, y)} = T(0, x) = (0,0).
∴ TU = 0.
However, (UT)(l, l) = U(T(l, l))
= U(l, 0) = (0,l) ≠ (0, 0)
⇒ UT ≠ 0.
79. Let V and W be F.D.V.S. with ordered basis β and γ. Let T : V → W be linear then T is
invertible iff [T ]βγ is invertible. Also, prove that [T −1 ]γ = ([T ]βγ ) .
β −1

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Let T be invertible then we have to prove that [T ]βγ is invertible.

Since, T is invertible.
∴ T is one–one and onto.
We know that the dimension theorem is
Rank T + NullityT = dim V
Since, T is one–one.
∴ ker T = {0}

∴ dim ker T = 0

⇒ Nullity T = 0
∴ From equation (1) & (2)
Rank T = dim V
We know that
Range T ⊆ W
But T is onto.
∴ Range T = W
∴ dim RangeT = dim W
Rank T = dim W
∴ From equation (3) & (4)
dim V = dim W = n (say)

∴ [T ]
γ
β = n × n matrix.

Sine, T is invertible.
∴ ∃ a function T −1 : W → V satisfy
TT −1 = I W and T −1T = I V .

∴ I n = [I V ]β = [T −1T ]β

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I n = [T −1 ][T ]β
γ

I n = [I W ]r = [TT −1 ]r

I n = [T ]β [T −1 ]γ
γ β

∴ From equation (5) & (6)

[T ] [T ]γ
β
−1 β
γ = I n = [T −1 ]γ [T ]β
β γ

∴ [T ] = ([T] )
−1 β
γ
γ −1
β [∵ AB = I = BA then B = A–1]

Conversely, A = [T ]βγ is invertible.

∴ ∃ B = n×n matrix such that
AB = In = BA
∃ U : W →
l. t .
V such that
n
U( w j ) = ∑ b ij v j where B = (b ij )
j=1

γ = {w 1 ,..., w n }
β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n }

∴ [U] = (b ij ) = B
β
γ

We have to prove that U = T −1 .

Now,
[UT] β = [U ]γ [T ]β
β γ

= BA = I n = [I v ]β

⇒ UT = I V .

Similarly, we can prove that TU = I w

∴ T is invertible.

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Note.
IV : V → V
i.e. I V ( e1 ) = e1
I v (e 2 ) = e 2
I v (e 3 ) = e 3
…
I v (e n ) = e n

1 0 ... 0 
0 1 ... 0 
[I ] = = In .
v
... ... ... ...
 
0 0 ... 1 

80. Let V and be finite dimensional vector space then V is isomorphic to W iff dim V = dim
W.
Necessary part till dim V = dim W of previous problem.
Conversely, let dim V = dim W = n (say)
Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } = basis of V
γ = {w 1 , w 2 ,..., w n } = basis of W
Prove it only for L.T.
∴ ∃ a L.T. T : V → W such that
T( v i ) = w i
Let v ∈ ker T ⇒ T(v) = 0

⇒ T ∑ α i v i  = 0
n
[∵ v ∈ ker T ⊆ V ∴ u & v and β is a basis of V any
 i =1 
n
⇒ ∑ α T(v ) = 0
i =1
i i [∵ T is linear]

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n
⇒ ∑α w
i =1
i i =0

⇒ αi = 0 ∀ i [∵ {w 1 ,..., w n } being basis is ______]

n
Now, v = ∑ α i v i
i =1

v = α1 v1 + ... + α n v n

v=0 [∵ α i = 0 ∀ i]
∴ ker T = {0} ⇒ T is one–one.
For onto.
Let w ∈ W
n
⇒ w = ∑aiwi
i =1

n
 n 
= ∑ a i T ( v i ) = T ∑ a i v i  [∵ T is linear]
i =1  i =1 
n
= T ( v) [∵ v = ∑ a i v i ]
i =1

∴ T is onto.
∴ T is isomorphism
∴ V ≅ W.

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MATRIX OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Ordered Basis
Let V be a finite–dimensional vector space. An ordered basis for V is a finite sequence of
linearly independent vector in V that generate V.
Example. In F 3 , S = {e1 , e 2 , e 3 } can be considered an ordered basis. Also T = {e 2 , e1 , e 3 } is an
ordered basis, but S ≠ T as ordered basis.
For the vector space Fn, {e1 , e 2 ,..., e n } the standard ordered basis for Fn . Similarly, for the vector
space Pn(F) , {1, x,..., x n } the standard ordered basis for Pn (F) .
Co–ordinate vector of x relative to β
Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be an ordered basis for a finite dimensional vector space V then any x ∈ V
can be uniquely defined as the linear combination of the element of β.
n
i.e., x = ∑ αi vi ∀ αi ∈ F
i =1

then the co–ordinate vector of x related to β is denoted by [x]β defined as

 α1 
α 
[ x ]β =  2 
 ... 
 
α n 
81. V = P2 (R ) , f ( x ) = 4 + 6 x − 7 x 2 ∈ P2 (R ) . Find [f]β.

β = {1, x , x 2 } be the standard ordered basis of P2(R)

 4
∴ [f ]β =  6  .
− 7 

Matrix of Linear Transformation

Let V and W be two F.D.V.S. over the field F such that
dim V = n , dim W = m .

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Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be an ordered basis of V over F

and γ = {w 1 , w 2 ,..., w m } be an ordered basis of W over F.
Let T : V → W be any L.T.
for v j ∈ V ⇒ T ( v j ) ∈ W for each 1 ≤ j ≤ n
∵ γ is a basis of W.
∴ every element of W can be written as linear combination of element of γ
∴ T( v j ) = α1 j w 1 + α 2 j w 2 + ... + α mj w n , α ij ∈ F , 1 ≤ j ≤ n
m
i.e. T( v j ) = ∑ α ij w i , 1 ≤ j ≤ n
i =1

Now,
T( v1 ) = α11 w 1 + α 21 w 2 + ... + α m1 w m 
T( v 2 ) = α12 w 1 + α 22 w 2 + ... + α m 2 w m 
 α ij ∈ F
... 
T( v n ) = α1n w 1 + α 2 n w 2 + ... + α mn w m 

 α11 α12 ... α1n 

α α 22 ... α 2 n 
⇒ [T] β =  21
γ  = A = (α ij ) (2)
 ... ... ... ... 
 
α m1 αm2 ... α mn 

is called the matrix of linear transformation T w.r.t the ordered basis β & γ
and we write
A = [T ]β
γ

Note.
(1) If W = V and if β and γ be the two ordered basis of V then any linear operator T on V, we
obtain two matrices [T ]βγ & [T ]βγ
(2) If T is a linear operator on V and β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be a basis of V then in this case

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[T ]β = (α ij ) , 1≤i≤n,1≤j≤n
(3) To solve the system of equation
Ax = [T(v1)]
and Ax = [T(v2)]
……
We consider the augmented matrices
[[w1 ][ w 2 ].... |[T( v1 )][T( v 2 )]...]
82. Let T : R2 → R3 be the linear transformation defined by
T (a1 , a 2 ) = (a1 + 3a 2 , 0, 2a1 − 4a 2 ) ,

where β & γ be the standard ordered basis for R2 & R3, find [T] βγ
Let β = {(1, 0), (0,1)} be the standard ordered bases for R2
and γ = {(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)} be the standard ordered bases for R3
T (1,0) = (1,0,2) = 1e1 + 0e 2 + 2e3

and T (0,1) = (3,0,−4) = 3e1 + 0e 2 − 4e3

Hence,
1 3 
 
[T] =  0 0 
γ
β
 2 − 4
 

83. Let R 4 [ x ] = {a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 2 + a 3 x 3 | a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ∈ R }.
Let T : R 4 [ x ] → R 4 [ x ] be a Linear Transformation defined by
d
T(f ( x )) = (f ( x )) ∀ f(x) ∈ R4[x]
dx
Let β = {1, x, x 2 , x 3 } be an ordered basis of R4[x].
Find [T]β.

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d
T(1) = (1) = 0
dx
d
T( x ) = (x) = 1
dx
d 2
T( x 2 ) = ( x ) = 2x
dx
d 3
T(x 3 ) = ( x ) = 3x 2
dx
⇒ T(1) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 0.x 2 + 0.x 3
T( x ) = 1 = 1.1 + 0.x + 0.x 2 + 0.x 3
T( x 2 ) = 2 x = 0.1 + 2.x + 0.x 2 + 0.x 3
T( x 3 ) = 3x 2 = 0.1 + 0.x + 3.x 2 + 0.x 3
0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
∴ [T]β = 
0 0 0 3
 
0 0 0 0

84. Let T : P3 (R ) → P2 (R ) be a Linear Transformation defined by

T(f ( x )) = f ' ( x )
Let β & γ be the standard basis for P3 (R ) & P2 (R ) resp.
Find [T]βγ .

Let β = {1, x, x 2 , x 3 } be the standard ordered basis of P3(R)

and γ = {1, x, x 2 } be the standard ordered basis of P2(R)
∴ T(1) = 0
T(x) = 1
T(x2) = 2x

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T(x3) = 3x2
⇒ T(1) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 0.x2
T(x) = 1 = 1.1 + 0.x + 0.x2
T(x2) = 2x = 0.1 + 2.x + 0.x2
T(x3) = 3x2 = 0.1 + 0.x + 3.x2
0 1 0 0 
∴ [T]βγ = 0 0 2 0
 
0 0 0 3

85. Let T : R 2 → R 3 be a Linear Transformation defined by

T ( x1 , x 2 ) = ( x1 − x 2 , x1 , 2 x1 + x 2 ) .

Let β be the standard ordered basis and γ = {(1,1,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,1)}.

Find [T ]βγ .
β = {(1,0), (0,1)} be the standard ordered basis of R
2
Let
given γ = {(1,1,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,1)} be the standard ordered basis of R3
∴ T(1,0) = (1,1,2)
T(0,1) = (−1,0,1)
⇒ a 1 (1,1,0) + a 2 (0,1,1) + a 3 (1,0,1)) = (1,1,2)
and b1 (1,1,0) + b 2 (0,1,1) + b 3 (1,0,1)) = (−1,0,1)

⇒ (a1 + a 3 , a1 + a 2 , a 2 + a 3 ) = (1,1,2)

and (b1 + b 3 , b1 + b 2 , b 2 + b3 ) = (−1,0,1)

⇒ a1 + a 3 = 1, a1 + a 2 = 1, a 2 + a 3 = 2

and b1 + b3 = −1, b1 + b 2 = 0, b 2 + b3 = 1

solving these two, we get

a1 = 0, a 2 = 1, a 3 = 1

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and b1 = −1, b 2 = 1, b 3 = 0

∴ T(1,0) = 0(1,1,0) + 1(0,1,1) + 1(1,0,1))

and T(0,1) = −1(1,1,0) + 1(0,1,1) + 0(1,0,1))
0 − 1
Hence, [T] = 1 1 
γ
β

1 0 

OR
Consider the augmented matrix [w1] [w2] [w3] | [T(v1) [T(v2]]
1 0 1 1 − 1
~ 1 1 0 1 0 
0 1 1 2 1 

1 0 1 1 − 1
~ 0 1 − 1 0 1  R 2 → R 2 − R1
0 1 1 2 1 

1 0 0 0 − 1
~ 0 1 0 1 1  (Verify)
0 0 1 1 0 

0 − 1
∴ [T ]βγ = 1 1 
 
1 0 

86. Let T : M 2 (R ) → P2 (R) be a Linear Transformation defined by

a b 
T  = a + (b + c) x + dx 2 .
c d 
 1 0  0 1  0 0  0 0  
Let β =  { }
, 0 0, 1 0, 0 1  and γ = 1, x , x .
2

 0 0      

Find [T ]βγ .
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Let β = {E1 , E 2 , E 3 , E 4 }
1 0 0 1  0 0 0 0 
where E1 =  , E = , E = ,
 2  0 0 3  1 0 4  0 1 E =
 0 0      
T( v1 ) = T(E1 ) = 1 + 0x + 0x 2

T( v 2 ) = T(E 2 ) = 0 + 1x + 0 x 2

T( v3 ) = T(E 3 ) = 0 + 1x + 0x 2 .

T( v 4 ) = T(E 4 ) = 0 + 0x + 1x 2 .

1 0 0 0 
Hence, [T ] = 0 1 1 0
γ
β

0 0 0 1

87. T be a Linear Transformation T : M 2×2 (R ) → P2 (R ) be a Linear Transformation defined by

a b
T  = (a + b) + (2d ) x + bx 2 .
c d
 1 0   0 1   0 0   0 0 
Let β =  ,  ,  ,   and γ = {1, x , x 2 }.
 0 0  0 0  1 0  0 1 
Compute [T ]βγ
Do yourself. (same as above)
88. Let T : M 2×2 (F) → M 2×2 (F) be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(A) = At
 1 0  0 1  0 0  0 0  
and β =  ,  ,  ,    be an ordered basis by M 2×2 (F) .
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 
Find [T]β .

Let β = (E1, E2, E3, E4), where v1 = E1 , v 2 = E 2 , v 3 = E 3 , v 4 = E 4

Here β = {v1, v2, v3, v4}

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1 0
T ( v1 ) = T(E1 ) = E1t =   = E1 = 1E1 + 0E 2 + 0E 3 + 0E 4 ,
0 0 
0 0 
T( v 2 ) = T(E 2 ) = E 2t =   = E 3 = 0E1 + 0E 2 + 1E 3 + 0E 4 ,
1 0
0 1 
T( v3 ) = T(E 3 ) = E 3t =   = E 2 = 0E1 + 1E 2 + 0E 3 + 0E 4 ,
0 0 
0 0 
T( v 4 ) = T(E 4 ) = E t4 =   = E 4 = 0E1 + 0E 2 + 0E 3 + 1E 4 ,
0 1 
1 0 0 0
 
Hence, [T ]β = 
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1 


89. Let T : P1 → P2 be a Linear Transformation defined by

T(a + bx) = a + bx + ax2.
Let B1 = {1, x} and B2 = {1 + x, 1 – x, x2} be ordered basis for P1 and P2 respectively,
where P1 is vector space of a linear polynomial over R and P2 is a vector space of a
quadratic polynomial over R.
Find [T]B B or [T ]BB12 .
1 2

1 1
T(1) = 1 + x2 = (1 + x ) + (1 − x ) + 1.x 2
2 2
1 1
T ( x ) = x = (1 + x ) − (1 − x ) + 0.x 2
2 2
1 / 2 1 / 2 
∴ [T ]B1B2 = [T ] B2
= 1 / 2 − 1 / 2
B1  
 1 0 
Method–II
Consider augmented matrix

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1 1 0 1 0
 
1 − 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 / 2 1 / 2 
~ 0 1 0 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 (verify)
0 0 1 1 0 

1 / 2 1 / 2 
∴ [T ]BB12 = 1 / 2 − 1 / 2
 
 1 0 

90. Let T : P2 → P4 be a Linear Transformation defined by

T (a + bt + ct 2 ) = t 2 (a + bt + ct 2 ) .

If B1 = {1, t, t 2 }, B2 = {1, t , t 2 , t 3 , t 4 } are bases for P2 and P4 respectively.

Find [T ]BB12 .

T(1) = t2 = 0.1 + 0.t + 1.t 2 + 0.t 3 + 0.t 4

T(t) = t3 = 0.1 + 0.t + 0.t 2 + 1.t 3 + 0.t 4
T(t2) = t4 = 0.1 + 0.t + 0.t 2 + 0.t 3 + 1.t 4
0 0 0
0 0 0
 
[T ]BB12 = 1 0 0
 
0 1 0
0 0 1

91. Let T : R 2 → R 2 be a Linear Transformation defined by

 x  − x 
T 1  =  2 
 x 2   x1 
  1  0   1 1  
Let B1 =  ,    , B2 =  ,    be ordered basis of R2.
− 1 1  1 2 
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Find [T]B , [T]B .

1 2

The matrix of transformation w.r.t. basis B1 = (u1 , u 2 ) is given by

[T ]B1 = [[T (u1 )]B1 [T (u 2 )]B1 ]

 1  1
T  =  
 − 1 1
0  − 1
and T  =  
1  0 
Consider the augmented matrix
 1 0 : 1 − 1
[ u1 u 2 : T ( u1 ) T( u 2 )] =  
− 1 1 : 1 0 
1 0 : 1 − 1
~  (verify)
0 1 : 2 − 1
1 − 1
⇒ [T]B1 =  
2 − 1
Similarly, we can find
− 3 − 5
[ T ]B 2 = 
2 3 

92. Let T : R4 → R3 be the linear transformation whose matrix relative the basis B, B' is
 1 2 1 − 1
− 1 0 3 0 
 
 0 1 1 4 

where B is the standard basis and B' = {v1 , v 2 , v3 } with

− 1 − 1 0
v1 = − 1, v 2 =  0 , v 3 = − 1 .
   
− 1 − 1 − 1

Find T(e1), T(e2), T(e3) and T(e4) relative to the standard basis.
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 1 2 1 − 1
Here, [T ]BB' =  − 1 0 3 0  = [[T(e1 )]B' [T (e 2 )]B' [T (e3 )]B' [T(e 4 )]B' ]
 
 0 1 1 4 

1 2  1  − 1
⇒ [T (e1 )]B' = − 1 , [T (e2 )]B' = 0 , [T(e3 )]B' = 3 , [T(e4 )]B' =  0 
     
       
 0  1 1  4 

 − 1  − 1  0 
Now, T (e1 ) = 1.v1 + ( −1) v 2 + 0.v 3 = v1 − v 2 =  − 1 −  0  =  − 1
     
 − 1  − 1  0 

 − 1  0   − 2
T (e2 ) = 2.v1 + 0.) v 2 + v 3 = 2 v1 + v 3 = 2  − 1 + − 1 =  − 3
     
 − 1  −   − 3
Similarly,
 − 4
T (e3 ) = v1 + 3v 2 + v 3 = − 2
 − 5

1
T (e 4 ) = − v1 + 4.v 3 = − 3
− 3

93. Let T : R2 → R2 be a linear transformation defined by

 x   x + 3x 2 
T 1  =  1 .
 x 2   x 1 − 3x 2 
1 1
Let B1 be the standard basis for R2 and B2 = {v1,v2} where v1 =  , v 2 =   .
1 −1   

Find [T ]BB12 .

The standard basis for R2

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B1 = {e1 , e 2 }

1 1
T (e1 ) = T   =  
0 1
 0  3 
T(e2 ) = T   =  
1 − 3
consider augmented matrix
1 1 : 1 3 
~ 
1 − 1 : 1 − 3
 1 0 : 1 0
~  (Verify)
 0 1 : 0 3
1 0 
∴ [T ]BB12 =  
0 3
94. Let T : P2 → P1 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(a + bx + cx2) = (a + b + c) + (a + 2b + 3c)x.
Let B1 = {v1,v2,v3}, B2 = {w1, w2},
where v1 = x2, v2 = –1 + x, v3 = 1 + x, w1 = 1 + x, w2 = x
be the basis for P2 and P1 respectively.
Find [T ]BB12 .

Given B1 = {v1, v2, v3} , where v1 = x2, v2 = –1 + x, v3 = 1 + x

and B2 = {w1, w2}, where w1 = 1 + x, w2 = x
Now T ( v1 ) = T( x 2 ) = 1 + 3x = w 1 + 2w 2
T( v 2 ) = T(−1 + x ) = x = 0.w 1 + 1.w 2
T( v 3 ) = T(1 + x ) = 2 + 3x = 2 w1 + w 2

∴ 1 0 2 
[T ]BB12 =  
2 1 1

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95. Let T : R3 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by

T ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = ( x1 + x 2 , 2 x 3 − x1 )

if β = {(1,0,−1), (1,1,1), (1,0,0)}, β' = {(0,1), (1,0)} be ordered bases of R3, R2

Find [T ]ββ ' .

Given β = {(1,0,−1), (1,1,1), (1,0,0)}

and β' = {(0,1), (1,0)}
Now T (1,0,−1) = (1 + 0, 2( −1) − 1) = (1,−3)
T (1,1,1) = (1 + 1, 2(1) − 1) = ( 2,1)
T (1,0,0) = (1,−1) .
Consider augmented matrix
0 1 : 1 2 1 
1 0 : − 3 1 − 1
 
1 0 : − 3 1 − 1
~ R1 ↔ R 2
0 1 : 1 2 1 
− 3 1 − 1
[T]ββ' =  
1 2 1
96. Let T : R2 → R2 be a linear operator defined by
T ( x1 , x 2 ) = ( x 1 , x l + x 2 )

Let β be the standard ordered basis of R2 and β' = {α1 = (1,2), α 2 = (1,1)}
Find
(i) [T ]ββ' (ii) [T]β'.

(i) Given β = {e1 = (1,0), e 2 = (0,1)} .

⇒ T (1,0) = (1,1 + 0) = (1,1) ,

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and T (0,1) = (0,0 + 1) = (0,1)

Consider the augmented matrix
 1 1 : 1 0
 2 1 : 1 1
 
1 0 : 0 1
~  (verify)
0 1 : 1 − 1
0 1 
∴ [T ]ββ' =  
1 − 1
(ii) T (1,2) = (1,1 + 2) = (1,3)
T (1,1) = (1,1 + 1) = (1,2)
Consider the augmented matrix
1 1 : 1 1 
2 1 : 3 2
 
1 0 : 2 1
~ 
 0 1 : − 1 0
 2 1
⇒ [T ]β' =  
 − 1 0
97. Let R3[x] = {a0 + a1x + a2x2 : a0, a1, a2 ∈ R}
Let T : R3[x] → R3[x] be a Linear Transformation defined by
d
T (f ( x )) = f (x) for all f(x) ∈ R3[x].
dx
Let β = {1, x, x2} and β' = {1, 1+x, 1+x+x2} be the ordered basis of R3[x].
Find [T ]ββ ' .

Given β = {1, x, x2}

and β' = {1, 1+x, 1+x+x2}

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d
Now T (1) = (1) = 0 ,
dx
Similarly, T ( x 2 ) = 2x
and T(x2) = 2x
⇒ T (1) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.(1 + x ) + 0.(1 + x + x 2 )

T ( x ) = 1 = 1.1 + 0.(1 + x ) + 0.(1 + x + x 2 )

T ( x 2 ) = 2 x = −2.1 + 2.(1 + x ) + 0.(1 + x + x 2 )

0 1 − 2 
⇒ [T ]β'
β = 0 0 2 
 
0 0 0 

98. Let T be a linear operator on C2 defined by

T( x1 , x 2 ) = ( x1 ,0) (1)
Let β = {e1 = (1,0), e2 = (0,1)}, β' = {α1 = (1,i), α2 = (–i,2)} be ordered bases for C2.
Find
(i) [T ]ββ' (ii) [T]β

(iii) [T ]ββ' (iv) [T]β'.

(i) Given β = {e1 = (1,0), e2 = (0,1)}

and β' = {α1 = (1,i), α2 = (–i,2)}
T (e1 ) = (1,0)
and T (e 2 ) = (0,0)
Consider augmented matrix
1 − i : 1 0
~
i 2 : 0 0

1 0 : 2 0
~  (verify)
 0 1 : − i 0
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 2 0
⇒ [T ]ββ' =  
 − i 0
Similarly
1 0
(ii) Do yourself Ans. [T]β = [T]β,β =  
0 0 
1 − i
(iii) Do yourself Ans. [T ]ββ' =  
0 0 
 2 − 2i 
(iv) Do yourself Ans. [T]β' = [T]β',β' =  
− i − 1 
99. Let T be the linear operator on R3, the matrix of which in the standard ordered basis is
1 0 1
A = 0 1 1
0 1 1

Describe explicitly T : R 3 → R 3 .
The standard ordered basis of R3 is
β = {e1 = (1,0,0), e 2 = (0,1,0), e3 = (0,0,1)}

We are given that A = [T ]ββ'

T (e1 ) = 1e1 + 0e 2 + 0e3 = (1,0,0)

T (e 2 ) = 0e1 + 1e 2 + 1e 3 = (0,1,1)

T(e3 ) = 1e1 + 1e 2 + 1e3 = (1,1,1)

From the above relations,

the explicit description of T : R3 → R3 is given by
T ( x , y, z ) = ( x + z , y + z , y + z ) , ∀ (x,y,z) ∈ R3.
100. Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear transformation relative to the basis
e1 = (1,0,0), e 2 = (0,1,0), e 3 = (0,0,1) is

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 1 1 2
 
 − 1 2 1
 0 1 3
 
Find the matrix of T relative to the basis {f1 = (1,1,1), f 2 = (0,1,1), f 3 = (0,0,1)}
By the given hypothesis, we have
T (e1 ) = 1e1 − 1e 2 + 0e 3 = (1,−1,0)
T (e 2 ) = 1e1 + 2e 2 + 1e3 = (1,2,1)
T (e3 ) = 2e1 + 1e 2 + 3e 3 = ( 2,1,3)
∴ the explicit description of T : R3 → R3 is given by
T ( x , y, z ) = ( x + y + 2z , − x + 2 y + z, y + 3z ) (1)
Let β = {f1 = (1,1,1), f 2 = (0,1,1), f 3 = (0,0,1)}
From (1)
T (f1 ) = T(1,1,1) = ( 4,2,4)
T (f 2 ) = T (0,1,1) = (3,3,4)
T (f 3 ) = T(0,0,1) = ( 2,1,3) .
Consider the augmented matrix
1 0 0 : 4 3 2
1 1 0 : 2 3 1
 
1 1 1 : 4 4 3

1 0 0 : 4 3 2 
~ 0 1 0 : − 2 0 − 1 R 2 → R 2 − R1, R 3 → R 3 − R1
 
0 1 1 : 0 1 2 

1 0 0 : 4 3 2 
~ 0 1 0 : − 2 0 − 1 R3 → R3 − R2
 
0 0 1 : 2 1 3 

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 4 3 2
∴ [T]β = − 2 0 − 1
 2 1 2 
101. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be a L.T. w.r.t. the basis {e1 = (1,0,0), e2 = (0,1,0), e3 = (0,0,1)} is
0 1 1
1 0 − 1
 
 − 1 − 1 0 
what is the matrix of T w.r.t. the basis
{α1 = (0,1,−1), α2 = (1,−1,1), α3 = ( −1,1,0)}
By the given hypothesis, we have
T (e1 ) = 0.e1 + 1.e 2 − 1.e3 = (0,1,−1)
T (e 2 ) = 1.e1 + 0.e 2 − 1.e 3 = (1,0,−1)
T (e3 ) = 1.e1 − 1.e 2 + 0.e3 = (1,−1,0) .

∴ the explicit description of T : R 3 → R 3 is given by

T ( x , y, z ) = ( y + z , x − z , − x − y ) ∀ ( x , y, z ) ∈ R 3 (1)
Let β = {α1 = (0,1,−1), α2 = (1,−1,1), α3 = ( −1,1,0)}
From (1)
T ( α1 ) = T(0,1,−1) = (0,1,−1)
T ( α2 ) = T (1,−1,1) = (0,0,0)
T ( α3 ) = T( −1,1,0) = (1,−1,0) .
Consider the augmented matrix
0 1 −1 : 0 0 1 
 1 − 1 1 : 1 0 − 1
 
 − 1 1 0 : − 1 0 0 

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 1 − 1 1 : 1 0 − 1
~0 1 −1 : 0 0 1  R 2 ↔ R1
 
 − 1 1 0 : − 1 0 0 

1 − 1 1 : 1 0 − 1
~ 0 1 − 1 : 0 0 1  R 3 → R 3 + R1
 
0 0 1 : 0 0 − 1

1 0 0 : 1 0 0 
~ 0 1 0 : 0 0 0  R1 → R1 + R 2 , R 2 → R 2 + R 3
 
0 0 1 : 0 0 − 1

1 0 0 
∴ [T]β = 0 0 0 
0 0 − 1

102. Let T be the linear operator on R3 defined by

T ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = (3x1 + x 2 ,−2 x1 + x 2 , − x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 ) (1)
(a) What is the matrix of T in the standard ordered basis for R3 ?
(b) What is the matrix of T in the ordered basis
{α1 = (1,0,1), α2 = ( −1,2,1), α3 = ( 2,1,1)} ?

(a) Let β = {(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)} be the standard ordered basis of R3

T(e1) = T(1,0,0) = (3, –2, –1) = 3e1 – 2e2 – 1e3
T(e2) = T(0,1,0) = (0, 1, 2) = 0e1 + 1e2 + 2e3
T(e3) = T(0,0,1) = (1, 0, 4) = 1e1 + 0e2 + 2e3
 3 0 1
∴ [T ]B = − 2 1 0
 
 − 1 2 4
(b) Let β' = {α1 = (1,0,1), α2 = ( −1,2,1), α3 = ( 2,1,1)}

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∴ T ( α1 ) = T(1,0,1) = ( 4,−2,3)
T ( α2 ) = T( −1,2,1) = ( −2,4,9)
T ( α3 ) = T (2,1,1) = (7,−3,4)
Consider the augmented matrix
1 − 1 2 : 4 − 2 7 
0 2 1 : − 2 4 − 3
 
1 1 1 : 3 9 4 

1 0 0 : 17 / 4 35 / 4 11 / 2 
~ 0 1 0 : − 3 / 4 15 / 4 − 3 / 2 (Verify)
 
0 0 1 : − 1 / 2 − 7 / 2 0 

 17 / 4 35 / 4 11 / 2 
∴ [T]β' =  − 3 / 4 15 / 4 − 3 / 2
 
 − 1 / 2 − 7 / 2 0 

103. Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear operator, the matrix A of which in the standard ordered basis
 1 2 1
is A =  0 1 1 . Find a basis for
− 1 3 4

(i) Ker T (ii) Range T

(i) The set {e1 = (1,0,0), e 2 = (0,1,0), (0,0,1)} is the standard ordered basis of R3. We have
T (e1 ) = (1,0,−1)
T (e 2 ) = ( 2,1,3)
T (e 3 ) = (1,1,4)
Let ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ Ker T be arbitrary
Then T ( x1e1 + x 2e 2 + x 3e 3 ) = (0,0,0)
⇒ T ( x1e1 + x 2e 2 + x 3e 3 ) = (0,0,0)

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⇒ x1T (e1 ) + x 2 T(e 2 ) + x 3T (e3 ) = (0,0,0) [∵ T is a L.T.]

⇒ x1 (1,0,−1) + x 2 (2,1,3) + x 3 (1,1,4) = (0,0,0)

⇒ ( x1 + 2x 2 + x 3 , x 2 + x 3 , − x1 + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 ) = (0,0,0)

⇒ x1 + 2 x 2 + x 3 = 0 (1)
− x 1 + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0 (2)
x2 + x3 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = −x 3
From (1) and (2), x1 = x3
∴ ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = ( x 3 ,− x 3 , x 3 ) = x 3 (1,−1,1)

Hence, Ker T = {x2(1,–1,1) : x3 ∈ R}

∴ basis of ker T = {(1,–1,1)}
and dim ker T = 1.
By Sylvester's law,
dim Range T + dim ker T = dim R3
⇒ dim Range T = 3 – 1 = 2.
104. Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear operator, the matrix A of which in the standard ordered basis
 1 2 1
is A =  0 1 1 . Find a basis for the range of T and a basis for the null space of T.
− 1 3 4

The set {e1 = (1,0,0), e 2 = (0,1,0), (0,0,1)} is the standard ordered basis of R3. We have
T (e1 ) = (1,0,−1), T (e 2 ) = (2,1,3), T(e 3 ) = (1,1,4)

Let ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ Ker T be arbitrary

Then T ( x1e1 + x 2e 2 + x 3e 3 ) = (0,0,0)
⇒ T ( x1e1 + x 2e 2 + x 3e 3 ) = (0,0,0)

⇒ x1T (e1 ) + x 2 T(e 2 ) + x 3T (e3 ) = (0,0,0) as T is a L.T.

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⇒ x1 (1,0,−1) + x 2 (2,1,3) + x 3 (1,1,4) = (0,0,0)

⇒ ( x1 + 2x 2 + x 3 , x 2 + x 3 , − x1 + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 ) = (0,0,0)

⇒ x1 + 2 x 2 + x 3 = 0 (1)
− x 1 + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0 (2)
x2 + x3 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = −x 3
From (1) and (2), x1 = x3
∴ ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = ( x 3 ,− x 3 , x 3 ) = x 3 (1,−1,1)

Hence, Ker T = {x2(1,–1,1) : x3 ∈ R}

Since, (1, –1, 1) = (0,0,0).
So, {(1,–1,1)} is a basis of ker T and dim ker T = 1.
By Sylvester's law, dim Range T + dim ker T = dim R3
i.e. dim Range T = 3 – 1 = 2.
We now show that T(e1), T(e2) ∈ Range T are linearly independent.
Let αT(e1 ) + βT (e 2 ) = (0,0,0) ; α, β ∈ R

⇒ α (1,0,−1) + β(2,1,3) = (0,0,0)

⇒ α(1,0,−1) + β(2,1,3) = (0,0,0)

⇒ (α + 2β, β, − α + 3β) = (0,0,0) ⇒ α = 0, β = 0.

Thus, {T(e1), T(e2)} is a linearly independent subset of Range T.
Since, dim Range T = 2, {T(e1) = (1,0,–1), T(e2) = (2,1,3)} is a basis of Range T.

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PREVIOUS YEAR SOLVED PROBLEMS (Verify Calculating Mistakes)

(Theory according Class Notes)

1. 1(c) Let T : R 2 → R 2 be a linear map such that T(2,1) = (5,7) and T(1,2) = (3,3). If A is the
matrix corresponding to T w.r.t. standard basis e1, e2. Then find Rank A. (CSE–2019)
γ = {e1 = (1,0), e2 = (0,1)}, β = {(2,1), (1,2)}
T(2,1) = (5,7) = 5(1,0) + 7(0,1)
T(1,2) = (3,3) = 3(1,0) + 3(0,1)
 5 3
A = [ T ]β = 
γ
∴ 
 7 3
5 3
∵ A = = 15 − 21 = −6 ≠ 0
7 3
∴ Rank (A) = 2.
2. 1(b) Express basis vector e1 = (1,0) & e2 = (0,1) as linear combination of α1 = (2, −1), α 2 = (1,3)
(CSE–2018)
Let S = {e1 = (1,0), e 2 = (0,1)}
Now, (1,0) = α(2, −1) + β(1,3)
∴ (1,0) = (2α + β, − α + 3β)

∴ 2α + β = 1
−α + 3β = 0
Consider the Augmented matrix
 2 1 1
A= 
 −1 3 0 
 2 1 1
~  R 2 → 2R 2 + R1
 0 7 1

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1
⇒ 2α + β = 1, 7β = 1 ⇒ β=
7
1 1 3
∴ α = 1 −  =
2 7  7
3 1
∴ (1,0) = (2, −1) + (1,3)
7 7
and (0,1) = α(2, −1) + β(1,3)
∴ (0,1) = (2α + β, − α + 3β)

∴ 2α + β = 0
−α + 3β = 1

2
7β = 2 ⇒ β=
7
1
∴ α=−
7
1 2
∴ (0,1) = − (2, −1) + (1,3)
7 7
1 2 3 1 
3. 3(a) Consider the matrix mapping A : R → R , where A = 1 3 5 −2  . Find the basis &
4 3
 
3 8 13 −3
dimension of image of A & those of the kr A. (CSE–2017)
Let {e1 ,e2 ,e3 ,e4 } be the standard basis of R4.
∴ Range A = spanning {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3), T(e4)}
T(e1 ) = (1,1,3)
T(e2 ) = (2,3,8)
T(e3 ) = (3,5,13)
T(e4 ) = (1, −2, −3)

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Consider row–reduced echelon form

1 1 3 
2 3 8 
~ 
 3 5 13 
 
 1 −2 −3
1 1 3 
0 1 2 
~  R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 3R1 , R 4 → R 4 − R 1
0 2 4 
 
 0 −3 −6 
1 1 3
0 1 2 
∴ ~ R 3 → R 3 − 2R 2 , R 4 → R 4 + 3R 2
0 0 0
 
0 0 0

∴ Range A = span {(1,1,3),(0,1,2)}

∴ Basis of Range A = {(1,1,3),(0,1,2)}

∴ Dim. of Range A = 2.
Consider the augmented matrix
1 2 3 1 0 
 
[A | 0] = 1 3 5 −2 0 
3 8 13 −3 0 

1 2 3 1 0 
 
~  0 1 2 −3 0  R 2 → R 2 − R 1 , R 3 → R 3 − 3R 1
0 2 4 −6 0 

1 2 3 1 0 
 
~ 0 1 2 −3 0  R 3 → R 3 − 2R 2
0 0 0 0 0 

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 1 0 −1 7 0 
 
~  0 1 2 −3 0  R1 → R1 − 2R 2
0 0 0 0 0 
st nd
∵ The pivot elements are only in 1 & 2 column. Therefore x3 & x4 be the free variables
∴ x1 − x 3 + 7x 4 = 0
x 2 + 2x 3 − 3x 4 = 0
x 3 = k1 , x 4 = k 2

∴ x1 = k1 − 7k 2
x 2 = −2k1 + 3k 2

 x1   k1 − 7k 2 
 x   −2k + 3k 
∴  2 =  1 2
∴ Dim ker A = 2
 x3   k3 
   
x4   k4 
∴ Basis of ker A = {(1, –2, 1, 0), (–7, 3, 0, 1)}
4. 2(a)(i) If M2(R) is space of real matrices of order 2×2 P2(x) is the space of real polynomials of
degree at most 2. Then find the matrix representation of T : M 2 (R )→ P2 (x) such that

 a b  
 = (a + c) + (a − d)x + (b + c)x
2
T  
 c d  
w.r.t. the standard basis of M 2 (R ) & P2 (x) . Further find the null space. (CSE–2016)

Let β = {e1 ,e2 ,e3 ,e 4 }

1 0  0 1  0 0 0 0 
where e1 =   , e2 =   , e3 =   , e4 =  
0 0  0 0  1 0  0 1 
and γ = {1, x, x2}
 1 0  
T(v1 ) = T(e1 ) = T     = 1 + x = 1.1 + 1.x + 0.x
2

 0 0 
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 0 1 
T(v 2 ) = T(e 2 ) = T     = x = 0.1 + 0.x + 1.x
2 2

 0 0 
 0 0 
T(v3 ) = T(e3 ) = T     = 1 + x = 1.1 + 0.x + 1.x
2 2

 1 0  
 0 0 
T(v 4 ) = T(e 4 ) = T     = − x = 0.1 + (−1).x + 0.x
2

 0 1 
1 0 1 0 
T = [ T ]β = 1 0 0 −1
γ
∴
0 1 1 0 

a b 
Let  c d  ∈ M 2 (R )
 
 a b  
⇒ T   = 0
 c d  
⇒ (a + c) + (a − d)x + (b + c)x 2 = 0
⇒ a+c=0 ⇒ a = –c
a–d=0 ⇒a=d
b+c=0 ⇒ b = –c
⇒ x = –a, b – a, d = a
 a a 
∴ Null space = spanned    | a ∈ R
  −a a  
 1 1 
∴ Basis of Null space of T =    .
 − 1 1

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x
5. 2(a)(ii) If T : P2(x) → P3(x) is such that T(f (x)) = f (x) + 5∫ f (t)dt . Then choosing
0

{1,1 + x,1 − x } 2
and {1, x, x 2 , x 3} as basis of P2 (x) and P3 (x) respectively. Find the matrix of
T. (CSE–2016)

Let β = {1, 1 + x, 1 − x 2 } , γ = {1, x, x 2 , x 3}

x
T(1) = 1 + 5∫ dt = 1 + 5x = 1.1 + 5.x + 0.x 2 + 0.x 3
0

x
T(1 + x) = (1 + x) + 5∫ (1 + t)dt
0

 x2 
= (1 + x) + 5  x + 
 2 
1 1
= 1 + 6x + x 2 = 1.1 + 6.x + x 2 + 0.x 3
2 2
x
T(1 − x 2 ) = (1 − x 2 ) + 5∫ (1 − t 2 )dt
0

 x3 
= (1 − x ) + 5  x − 
2

 3 

 1
= 1 + 5x + (−1)x 2 +  −  x 3
 3
1 1 1 
5 6 5 
T = [ T ]β =
γ
∴  .
0 1 / 2 −1 
 
 0 0 −1 / 3
6. 3(a) Let V = R 3 and T ∈ A(V) ∀ a i ∈ A(v) , be defined by
T(a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ) = (2a1 + 5a 2 + a 3 , − 3a1 + a 2 − a 3 , − a1 + 2a 2 + 3a 2 )

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What is the matrix T relative to the basis v1 = (1,0,1), v 2 = (−1, 2,1), v3 = (3, −1,1) ? (CSE–2015)

Given
T(a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ) = (2a1 + 5a 2 + a 3 , − 3a1 + a 2 − a 3 , − a1 + 2a 2 + 3a 3 )

∴ T(v1 ) = T(1,0,1) = (3, −4, 2)

T(v 2 ) = T(−1, 2,1) = (9, 4,8)
T(v3 ) = T(3, −1,1) = (2, −11, −2)
To solve the system of equation
AX = [ T(v1 )]

AX = [ T(v 2 ) ] , AX = [ T(v3 )]
similarly we write the augmented matrix
[v3 ] [v 2 ] [v3 ] | [ T(v1 ) | T(v 2 ) | T(v3 )]

1 −1 3 3 9 2 
 
= 0 2 −1 −4 4 −11
1 1 1 −2 8 −2 
 
1 −1 3 3 9 2 
 
~ 0 2 −1 −4 4 −11 R3 → R3 − R2
0 2 −2 3 −5 −4 
 
1 −1 3 3 9 2 
 
~ 0 2 −1 −4 4 −11 R3 → R3 − R2
0 0 −1 3 −5 7 
 
1 −1 3 3 9 2 
  R2
~ 0 1 −1 / 2 −2 4 −11 R2 → , R 3 → −R 3
2
0 0 1 −3 −5 −7 


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1 −1 3 3 9 2
  1
~ 0 1 0 −7 / 2 9 / 2 −9  R2 → R2 + R3
2
0 0 1 −3 −5 −7 

1 −1 0 12 −6 23 
 
~ 0 1 0 −7 / 2 9 / 2 −9  R1 → R1 − 3R 3
0 0 1 −3 −5 −7 

1 0 0 17 / 2 −3 / 2 14 
 
~ 0 1 0 −7 / 2 9 / 2 −9 
0 0 1 −3 −5 −7 

17 / 2   −3 / 2  14 
∴ [T(v1 )]v = −7 / 2 , [ T(v 2 )]v = 9 / 2 , [ T(v3 )]v =  −9 
   
1   2   3  
 −3   5   −7 

17 / 2 −3 / 2 14 
∴ T = [ T ]v =  −7 / 2 9 / 2 −9 
 −3 5 −7 

7. 2(a) Let Pn denote the vector space of all real polynomial of degree almost n & T : P2 → P3 be a
linear transformation given by
x
T(P(x)) = ∫ p(t)dt , p(x) ∈ P2.
0

Find the matrix of T w.r.t. bases {1, x, x2} and {1, x, 1+x2, 1+x3} of P2 and P3 respectively. Find
the null space of T. (CSE–2013)
Given
x
T ( P(x) ) = ∫ p(t)dt
0

x
T(1) = ∫1dt = x = 0.1 + 1.x + 0.(1 + x 2 ) + 0.(1 + x 3 )
0

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x
x2 1 1
T(x) = ∫ tdt = = − .1 + 0.x + (1 + x 2 ) + 0.(1 + x 3 )
0 2 2 2
x
x3 1 1
T(x ) = ∫ t dt =
2 2
= − .1 + 0.x + 0.(1 + x 2 ) + .(1 + x 3 )
0 3 3 3

where β = {1, x, x 2 } be an ordered basis of P2

and γ = {1, x,1 + x 2 ,1 + x 3} be an ordered basis of P3.

0 −1 / 2 −1 / 3
1 0 0 
T = [ T ]β =
γ
∴  
0 1 / 2 0 
 
0 0 1/ 3 

1 0 0 
 0 −1 / 2 −1 / 3 
Now, T =   R1 ↔ R 2
0 1 / 2 0 
 
0 0 1/ 3 

1 0 0 
0 R 2 → −2R 2
1 2 / 3
~ R 3 → 2R 3
0 1 0 
  R 4 → 3R 4
0 0 1 

1 0 0 
0 1 2/3 
~  R3 → R3 − R 2
0 0 −2 / 3
 
0 0 1 

1 0 0 
0 1 2 / 3
3
R3 → − R3
~ 2
0 0 1 
  R4 → R4 − R3
0 0 0 

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1 0 0
0 1 0 2
~  R3 → R2 − R2
0 0 1 3
 
0 0 0
∵ There is no free variable.
∴ Null space of T = {(0,0,0)}
8. 1(d) Let T : R 3 → R 3 be a linear transformation defined by
T(α, β, γ) = (α + 2β – 3γ, 2α + 5β – 4γ, α + 4β + γ).
Find basis and dimension of (i) Ker T (ii) Range T (CSE–2012)
Let (α, β, γ ) ∈ ker T
⇒ T(α, β, γ ) = 0
⇒ (α + 2β − 3γ , 2α + 5β − 4 γ, α + 4β + γ ) = (0,0,0)

⇒ α + 2β − 3γ = 0 , 2α + 5β − 4 γ = 0 , α + 4β + γ = 0
Consider the augmented matrix
 1 2 −3 0 
[ A | 0] =  2 5 −4 0
 1 4 +1 0 

 1 2 −3 0 
  R 2 → R 2 − 2R1
~ 0 1 2 0 
R 3 → R 3 − R1
0 2 4 0 

 1 2 −3 0 
 
~ 0 1 2 0 R 3 → R 3 − 2R 2
0 0 0 0 

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 1 0 −7 0 
 
~ 0 1 2 0  R1 → R1 − 2R 2
0 0 0 0 
st nd
∵ The pivot elements are in 1 & 2 column.
∴ γ be the free variable.
Let γ = k
α – 7γ = 0 ⇒ α = 7k
β + 2γ = 0 ⇒ β = –2k
∴ Null space = ker T = span {k(7, −2,1)}
∴ Basis of ker T = {(7, –2, 1)}
∴ Dimension of ker T = 1.
Let {e1, e2, e3} be the standatd basis of R3.
∴ Range T = spanned by {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)}
∴ T(e1 ) = T(1,0,0) = (1, 2,1)
T(e 2 ) = T(0,1,0) = (2,5, 4)
T(e3 ) = T(0,0,1) = (−3, −4,1)
From the matrix whose rows are T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)
 1 2 1
∴ A =  2 5 4 
 −3 −4 1 
Row reduce this matrix to echelon form
1 2 1 
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1
~ 0 1 2 
R 3 → R 3 + 3R1
0 2 4 

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1 2 1 
~ 0 1 2  R 3 → R 3 − 2R 2
 
0 0 0 

 1 0 −3 
~ 0 1 2  R1 → R1 − 2R 2
0 0 0 
Range T is spanned by linearly independent vectors (1, 0, –3), (0,1,2)
∴ Basis of Range T = {(1, 0, –3), (0, 1, 2)}
∴ Dim of Range T = 2
i.e. Rank T = 2 [∵ Rank T = dim of Range T]
9. 2(b)(i) Consider the linear mapping f : R2 → R2 by f(x,y) = (3x + 4y, 2x – 5y). Find the matrix
A relative to basis {(1,0), (0,1)} and the matrix B relative to the basis {(1,2), (2,3)}. (CSE–2012)
Given f : R2 → R2 by
f (x, y) = (3x + 4y, 2x − 5y)

Let β = {(1,0),(0,1)} be the standard basis of R2.

f (v1 ) = f (1,0) = (3,2) = 3(1,0) + 2(0,1)
f (v 2 ) = f (0,1) = (4, −5) = 4(1,0) − 5(0,1)

3 4 
∴ A = [ T ]β =  
 2 −5
γ = {(1, 2),(2,3)} be the basis of R .
2
Let
∴ f (v1 ) = f (1, 2) = (11, −8)
f (v 2 ) = f (2,3) = (18, − 11)
Consider the augmented matrix
[[v1 ][v2 ] | [f (v1 )] :[f (v2 )]]

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 1 2 11 18 
~ 
 2 3 −8 −11
1 2 11 18 
~  R 2 → R 2 − 2R1
 0 −1 −30 −47 
1 2 11 18 
~  R 2 → −R 2
 0 1 30 47 
1 0 −49 −76 
~ 
 0 1 30 47 
 −49   −76 
∴ [f (v1 )]v = , [f (v 2 )]v = 
1
 30  2
 47 
 −49 −76 
∴ [ T ]γ =  
 30 47 
10. 2(b)(ii) Find the nullity and a basis of the null space of the linear transformation A : R 4 → R 4
given by matrix
0 1 −3 −1
1 0 1 1 
A= (CSE–2011)
3 1 0 2
 
1 1 −2 0 

Given
0 1 −3 −1
1 0 1 1 
A=
3 1 0 2
 
1 1 −2 0 

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1 0 11
0 1 −3 −1
~  R1 ↔ R 2
3 1 0 2
 
1 1 −2 0 

1 0 1 1
0 1 −3 −1 R 3 → R 3 − 3R1
~ 
0 1 −3 −1 R 4 → R 4 − R1
 
1 1 −3 −1

1 0 1 1
0 1 −3 −1
~ 
0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0
st nd
∵ The pivot elements are in 1 & 2 column.
∴ x3 & x4 be the free variable.
(Null space is the homogeneous system of equation)
∴ Let x3 = k1, x4 = k2
∴ x1 + x 3 + x 4 = 0 ⇒ x1 = –k1 – k2
x2 – 3x3 – x4 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 3k1 + k2
 x1   − k1 − k 2   −1  −1
 x   3k + k  3 1
∴  2 =  1 2
= k1   + k 2  
 x 3   k1  1 0
       
x4   k2  0 1
Null space of A = spanned {k (–1,3,1,0), k(–1,1,0,1)}
∵ both matrices are L.I.
∴ They form a basis of null space.
∴ Basis of null space of A = {(–1,3,1,0), (–1,1,0,1)}

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Nullity of A = Dim of null space of A = 2

11. 2(c)(i) Show that the vector (1,1,1), (2,1,2), (1,2,3) are L.I. in R3. Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear
transformation defined by T(x,y,z) = (x + 2y + 3z, x + 2y + 5z, 2x + 4y + 6z). Show that the
image of above vectors under T are L.D. Given the reasn for the same. (CSE–2011)
Let S = {(1,1,1), (2,1, 2),(1, 2,3)}

Let α(1,1,1) + β(2,1, 2) + γ (1, 2,3) = (0,0,0)

∴ (α + 2β + γ, α + β + 2 γ , α + 2β + 3γ ) = (0,0,0)

⇒ α + 2β + γ = 0
α + β + 2γ = 0
α + 2β + 3γ = 0
Consider
1 2 1 0 
[ A | 0] = 1 1 2 0
1 2 3 0 

1 2 1 0 
R2 → R2 − R 1
~  0 −1 1 0 
R 3 → R 3 − R1
 0 0 2 0 

1 2 1 0 
~  0 -1 1 0 
 0 0 1 0 

∵ there is no free variables.

∴ The given vectors are L.I.
Again, T(x, y, z) = (x + 2y + 3z, x + 2y + 5z, 2x + 4y + 6z)

∴ T(1,1,1) = (6,8,12)
T(2,1, 2) = (10,14, 20)

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T(1,2,3) = (14,19, 28)

Let {e1 ,e2 ,e3} be the standard basis of R3.
∴ Image T = Range T = spanned by {T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)}
From the matrix, whose rows are T(e1), T(e2), T(e3)
 6 8 12 
∴ A = 10 14 20 
14 19 28

R1
3 4 6 R1 →
~  5 7 10  2
R
14 14 28 R2 → 2
2
3 4 6
R 2 → R 2 − R1
~  2 3 4
R 3 → R 3 − 4R1
 2 3 4 

3 4 6
~  2 3 4 R3 → R3 − R 2
 0 0 0 

3 4 6
~  0 1 0  R 2 → 3R 2 − 2R1
 0 0 0 
st nd
∵ The pivot elements are only in 1 & 2 row, Z is a free variable.
If any one variable is free in the system of equation. Then the system is L.D.
12. 3(a) Let T : R4 → R3 be a l.T. defined by
T(x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) = (x 3 + x 4 − x1 − x 2 , x 3 − x 2 , x 4 − x1 )
Then find the rank and nullity of T. Also determine null space & range space of T. (CSE–2009)
Given T(x1, x2, x3, x4) = (x3 + x4 – x1 – x2, x3 – x2, x4 – x1)

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Let (x1, x2, x3, x4) ∈ ker T

⇒ T(x1, x2, x3, x4) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ –x1 – x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
–x1 + x3 =0
–x1 + x4 = 0
Consider the aigmneted matrix
 −1 −1 1 1 0 
[A | 0] =  0 −1 1 0 0  (1)
 −1 0 0 1 0 

 −1 −1 1 1 0 
~  0 −1 1 0 0 R3 → R3 − R2
 0 1 −1 0 0 

 1 1 −1 −1 0  R1 → − R1
~  0 1 −1 0 0 R 2 → −R 2
 0 0 0 0 0  R3 → R3 − R2

1 0 0 −1 0 
~  0 1 −1 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 0 
st nd
∵ The pivot elements are in 1 & 2 column
∴ x3 & x4 be the free variables.
Let x3 = k1, x4 = k2
Now x1 − x 4 = 0 ⇒ x1 = k 2
x 2 − x3 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = k1

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 x1   k 2  0 1 
x   k  1   
∴  2  =  1  = k   + k 0
 x 3   k1  4
1  2
0
       
 x 4  k 2  0 1 
Null space = spanned by {k1(0,1,1,0), k2(1,0,0,1)
Basis of null space = {(0,1,1,0), (1,0,0,1)}
∴ Nullity = dim. of null space = 2.
For range
Transpose the equation (1)
 −1 0 −1
 −1 −1 0 
~ 
 1 +1 0 
 
1 0 1
1 0 1
 −1 −1 0 
~ R1 → −R1
 1 +1 0
 
1 0 1

1 0 1 
 0 −1 1  R 2 → R 2 + R1
~  R3 → R3 − R 4
 0 1 −1
  R 4 → R 4 − R1
0 0 0 
1 0 0
 0 −1 1
~  R3 → R3 + R 2
0 0 0
 
0 0 0

∴ Range space = spanned by {(1,0,0), (0,–1,1)}

Basis of Range space = {(1,0,0), (0,–1,1)

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∴ Dim Range space = Rank = 2.

13. 2(a) Show that
β = {(1,0,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)} is a basis of R3.
Let T : R3 → R3 be a L.I. such that
T(1,0,0) = (1,0,0), T(1,1,0) = (1,1,1) and T(1,1,1) = (1,1,0). Find T(x,y,z). (CSE–2008)
Let (x,y,z) ∈ R3.
such that (x,y,z) = α(1,0,0) + β(1,1,0) + γ(1,1,1)
= (α + β + γ, β + γ, γ)
α+β+γ=x
β+γ=y
γ=z ⇒β=y–z⇒α=x–y (1)
∴ (x, y, z) = (x – y)(1, 0, 0) + (y – z)(1, 1, 0) + z (1, 1, 1)
Any element (x, y, z) ∈ R3 is a linear combination of the set B
(x, y, z) span B.
Also the given vector in B are L.I.
The set B form a basis of R3.
2nd Part
Let (x, y, z) ∈ R3 such that
(x, y, z) = α(1,0,0) + β(1,1,0) + γ(1,1,1)
∴ T(x,y,z) = αT(1,0,0) + βT(1,1,0) + γT(1,1,1)
⇒ T(x,y,z) = α(1,0,0) + β(1,1,1) + γ(1,1,0)
= (α + β + γ, β + γ, β)
= (x – y + y – z, y – z + z, y – z) [by (1)]
T(x, y, z) = (x, y, y – z)
Hence, T(x, y, z) = (x, y, y – z)

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14. 1(b) Let T be a linear transformation from R3 to R4 defined by

T(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = (2x1 + x 2 + x 3 , x1 + x 2 , x1 + x 3 , 3x1 + x 2 + 2x 3 )
Determine a basis fot the null space of T. What is dim. of the range space of T. (CSE–2007)
Let (x,y,z) ∈ ker T
⇒ T(x,y,z) = 0
⇒ (2x1 + x 2 + x 3 , x1 + x 2 , x1 + x 3 , 3x1 + x 2 + 2x 3 ) = 0

⇒ 2x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 0
x1 + x 2 = 0
x1 + x 3 = 0
3x1 + x 2 + 2x 3 = 0
Consider the augmented matrix
2 1 1 0
 
1 1 0 0
[ A | 0] = 1 0 1 0
(1)
 
 3 1 2 0 

1 1 0 0
 
2 1 1 0
~ 
1 0 1 0
 
 3 1 2 0 

1 1 0 0
  R 2 → R 2 − 2R1
0 −1 1 0
~  R3 → R3 − R 1
 0 −1 1 0
  R 4 → R 4 − 3R1
 0 −2 2 0 

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1 1 0 0
 
0 −1 1 0 R3 → R3 − R 2
~ 
0 0 0 0 R 4 − R 4 − 2R 2
 
0 0 0 0 

1 1 0 0
 
0 1 −1 0
~  R 2 → −R 2
0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 

1 0 1 0
 
0 1 −1 0
~ 
0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 
st nd
∵ Pivot elements are in 1 & 2 column.
∴ x3 be the free variable
∴ x3 = k
Now x1 + x3 = 0 ⇒ x1 = –k
x2 – x3 = 0 ⇒ x2 = k
∴ Null space = {k(–1,1,1)}
∴ Basis for Null space =– {(–1,1,1)}
∴ Dim of Null space = 1
Range space
Transpose the equation (1)
 2 1 1 3
~  1 1 0 1 
 1 0 1 2 

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1 1 0 1 
~  2 1 1 3  R1 ↔ R 2
 1 0 1 2 

1 1 0 1
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1
~  0 −1 1 1
R 3 → R 3 − R1
 0 −1 1 1

1 1 0 1 
~  0 −1 1 1 
 0 0 0 0 

∴ Basis of Range space ={(1,1,0,1), (0,–1,1,1)}

Dimension of Range space = 2.
15. 2(b) Consider the vector space
X = {p(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to 3 with real coefficnet
over the real field R defined the mapping
D(p(x)) = p'(x)
D(p0 + p1x + p 2 x 2 + p3 x 3 ) = p1 + 2p 2 x + 3p3 x 2
Is D a L.T. on X}
If it is, then construct the matrix representation for D w.r.t. ordered basis {1,x,x2,x3} for X.
(CSE–2007)
Yes 0 is a L.T. on X (Differentiation is a LT)
Now D(1) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3
D(x) = 1 = 1.1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3
D(x2) = 2x = 0.1 + 2.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3
D(x3) = 3x2 = 0.1 + 0.x + 3.x2 + 0.x3

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0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
∴ D= 
0 0 0 3
 
0 0 0 0

16. 2(a) If T : R2 → R2 is defined by T(x,y) = (2x – 3y, x + y). Find the matrix T relative to the basis
β = {(1,2), (2,3)} (CSE–2006)

Given
T : R2 → R2 is such that
T(x,y) = (2x – 3y, x + y)
∴ β = {(1,2), (2,3)}
∴ T(v1) = T(1,2) = (–4, 3)
T(v2) = T(2,3) = (–5, 5)
Cosnider the augmented matrix
[[v1 ] [v 2 ] | [T(v1 )] [T(v 2 )]]
 1 2 −4 −5 
~ 
2 3 3 5 
1 2 −4 −5
~  R 2 → R 2 − 2R1
 0 −1 11 15 
1 2 −4 −5 
~  R 2 → −R 2
 0 1 −11 −15
1 0 18 25 
~ 
 0 1 −11 −15
 18 25 
∴ T = [ T ]V =  
 −11 −15
17. 2(a) Let T be a L.T. on R3, whose matrix relative to the standard basis of R3 is

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 2 1 −1
1 2 2 
 
 3 3 4 

Find the matrix of T relative to basis β = {(1,1,1),(1,1,0),(0,1,1)} (CSE–2005)

By the given hypothesis

T(e1 ) = 2.e1 + 1.e2 + 3.e 2 = (2,1,3)

T(e 2 ) = 1.e1 + 2.e 2 + 3.e3 = (1, 2,3)

T(e3 ) = −1.e1 + 2.e 2 + 4.e3 = (−1, 2, 4)
∴ The explicit description of T : R3 → R2 is given by
T(x,y,z) = (2x + y – z, x + 2y + 2z, 3x + 3y + 4z)
Let β = {(1,1,1), (1,1,0), (0,1,1)}
T(v1 ) = T(1,1,1) = (2,5,10)
T(v 2 ) = T(1,1,0) = (3,3,6)
T(v3 ) = T(0,1,1) = (0, 4,7)
Consider the augmented matrix
[[w1 ] [w 2 ] [w 3 ] : [T(v1 )] [T(v2 )] [T(v3 )]]
1 1 0 2 3 0 
~ 1 1 1 5 3 4
1 0 1 10 6 7 

1 1 0 2 3 0 
R 2 → R 2 − R1
~  0 0 1 3 0 4 
R 3 → R 3 − R1
 0 −1 1 8 3 7 

1 1 0 2 3 0 
~  0 1 0 −5 −3 −3 R2 → R2 + R3
 0 −1 1 8 3 7 

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1 1 0 2 3 0 
 
~  0 1 0 −5 −3 −3 R3 → R3 + R2
 0 0 1 3 0 4 

1 0 0 7 6 3 
 
~  0 1 0 −5 −3 −3 R1 → R1 − R 2
 0 0 1 3 0 4 

7 6 3
T = [ T ]β =  −5 −3 −3
 3 0 4 

18. 1(b) Show that f : R3 → R is a L.T., where f(x,y,z) = (3x + y – z). What is dimension of ker ?
Find a basis for kernel. (CSE–2004)
Let (x, y, z) ∈ ker f
⇒ f(x, y, z) = 0
⇒ (3x + y – z) = 0
⇒ 3x + y – z = 0
∴ The augmented matrix is
[ A | 0] = [ 3 1 −1 | 0]
st
∵ pivot element are only in 1 column.
∴ y, z be the free variables.
i.e. y = k1, z = k2
1
∴ x= ( − k1 + k 2 )
3

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 − k1 k 2 
x  3 + 3
 y  
∴   =  k1 
 z   k 
 2

 
 −1 / 3 1 / 3
= k1  1  + k 2  0 
 
 0   1 

∴ Basis for kernel = {(–1,3,0), (1,0,3)}

∴ Dimension of kernel = 2
19. 2(a) Show that the linear transformation from R3 to R4 which is repeated by the matrix
1 3 0
0 1 −2 
  is one to one. (CSE–2004)
2 1 1
 
 −1 1 2

Consider
1 3 0
0 1 −2 
A=  (1)
2 1 1
 
 −1 1 2

1 3 0 
 0 1 −2  R 3 → R 3 − 2R1
~ 
 0 −5 1  R 4 → R 4 + R1
 
0 4 2 
1 3 0
0 1 −2  R 3 → R 3 + 5R1
~
0 0 −9  R 4 → R 4 − 4R 2
 
0 0 10 
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1 3 0 R3
0 R3 →
1 −2  −9
~ 
0 0 1 R
  R 4 → 4 and R 4 → R 4 − R 3
0 0 0 10

∵ There is no free variable.

∴ The solution is trivial
∴ x=y=z=0
∴ ker A = {(0,0,0)}
∴ A is one–one [∵ If ker T = 0 ⇒ T is 1–1]
For images
Transpose the equation (1)
1 0 2 −1
A =  3 1 1 1 
0 −2 1 2 

1 0 2 −1
~  0 1 −5 4  R 2 → R 2 − 3R 1
 0 −2 1 2 

1 0 2 −1
~  0 1 −5 4  R 3 → R 2 + 2R 2
 0 0 -9 10 

∴ Basis of Image A = {(1,0, 2, −1), (0,1, −5, 4), (0,0, −9,10)}

Dim Image A = 3.
20. 1(a) Show that the mapping T : R3 → R3 where T(a,b,c) = (a – b, b – c, a + c) is linear and non–
singular. (CSE–2002)
Let x = (α1 , β1 , γ1 ), y = (α 2 , β2 , γ 2 )
∴ αx + βy = α(α1 , β1 , γ1 ) + β(α 2 , β 2 , γ 2 )

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= (αα1 + βα 2 , αβ 1 + ββ2 , αγ1 + βγ 2 )

∴ T(αx + βy) = T(αα1 + βα 2 , αβ1 + ββ2 , αγ1 + βγ 2 )

= [((αα1 + βα 2 ) − (αβ1 + ββ2 )),((αβ1 + ββ2 ) − (αγ1 + βγ 2 ))(αα1 + βα 2 + αγ1 + βγ 2 )]
= [(α(α1 − β1 ) + β(α 2 − β2 )),(α(β1 − γ1 ) + β(β2 − γ 2 )),(α(α1 + γ1 ) + β(α 2 + γ 2 ))]
= α(α1 − β1 , β1 − γ1 , α1 + γ1 ) + β(α 2 − β2 , β2 − γ 2 , α 3 − γ 3 )
= αT(α1 , β1 , γ 1 ) + βT(α 2 , β2 , γ 2 )

= αT(x) + βT(y)
∴ T is linear.
Let (a,b,c) ∈ ker T
⇒ T(a,b,c) = 0
⇒ (a − b,b − c,a + c) = (0,0,0)

⇒ a−b=0 ⇒a=b
b–c=0 ⇒b=c
a+c=0 ⇒ c = –a
1 −1 0 0 
 
or  0 1 −1 0 
1 0 1 0 

 1 −1 0 0 
~  0 1 −1 0  R2 → R2 − R 1
 0 1 1 0 

 1 −1 0 0 
~  0 1 −1 0 R3 → R3 − R 2
 0 0 2 0 

∵ there is no free variable ⇒ a = 0, b = 0, c = 0 (solution in classroom)

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∴ ker T = {0} ⇒ T is non–singular.

21. Let T : R5 → R5 be a linear mapping given by T(a,b,c,d,e) = (b–d, d+e, b, 2d+e, b+e) obtain
bass for its null space and range space. (CSE–2002)
T : R5 → R5 be a L.T. such that
T(a, b,c,d,e) = (b − d,d + e, b, 2d + e, b + e)
Let (a,b,c,d,e) ∈ ker T
⇒ T(a,b,c,d,e) = 0
⇒ (b–d, d+e, b, 2d+e, b+e) = 0
⇒ b – d = 0, d + e = 0, b = 0, 2d + e = 0, b + e = 0
Consider the augmented matrix
0 1 0 −1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1 1 0
[ A | 0] = 0 1 0 0 0 0 (1)
 
0 0 0 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 

0 1 0 −1 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0 1 0 R 2 → R 2 + R1
~ 0 0 0 1 0 0 R 3 → R 3 − R1
 
0 2 0 0 1 0 R 4 → R 4 + 2R1
0 0 0 0 1 0 

0 1 0 −1 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 1 0
~ 0 0 0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 


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0 1 0 −1 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0 1 0
~ 0 0 0 1 0 0 R 4 → R 4 − 2R 3
 
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 

0 1 0 0 0 0
  R1 → R1 + R 3
0 0 0 0 1 0
~ 0 0 0 1 0 0 R4 → R4 − R2
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 R5 → R5 − R 2
0 0 0 0 0 0

nd th th
∵ The pivot element in 2 , 4 and 5 column a & c are free variable.
Let a = k1, c = k2
b = 0, e = 0, d = 0
Basis of null space = {(1,0,0,0,0), (0,1,0,0,0)}
For Range of matrix : Transpose the equation (1) [Theory in Class Notes]
0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0  1 0 1 0 0 

~ 0 0 0 0 2 ~ 0 0 0 0 2 R4 → R4 + R2
   
 −1 1 0 1 0  0 1 1 2 0
 0 1 0 1 1   0 1 0 1 1 

0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 

~ 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 1 1 2 0
 0 0 -1 −1 1 
Basis of Range space = {(1,0,1,0,0), (0,1,1,2,0), (0,0,–1,–1,1)}

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ADDITIONAL

MATRICES OF THE SUM AND THE PRODUCT OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

1. Let V and W be finite dimensional V.S. with ordered basis β and γ resp. an let
T,U : V → W be L.T. then
(i) [T + U ]βγ = [T ]βγ + [U ]βγ (ii) [aT ]βγ = a[T ]βγ for all scalar a.
(i) Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be the ordered basis of V and let γ = {w 1 , w 2 ,..., w m } be the ordered basis
W
∴ dim V = n
dim W = m
Since, T : V → W is a L.T.

∴ [T ]βγ = a ij
m
where T( v j ) = ∑ a ij w i , 1≤j≤n (1)
i =1

Again U : V → W is a L.T.

[U]
m
∴ γ
β = b ij where U( v j ) = ∑ b ij w i , 1≤j≤n (2)
i =1

Adding (1) & (2)

m m
∴ T(u j ) + U( v j ) = ∑ a ij w i + ∑ b ij w i , 1≤j≤n
i =1 i =1

m
⇒ (T + U)( v j ) = ∑ (a ij + b ij ) w i , 1≤j≤n
i =1

⇒ [T + U]βγ = a ij + b ij

⇒ [T + U]βγ = [T]γ + [ U]βγ

Multiply in equation (1) by scalar 'a'.
m
∴ aT( v j ) = a ∑ a ij w i , 1≤j≤n
i =1

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n
(aT)( v j ) = ∑ (aa ij ) w i , 1≤j≤n
i =1

[aT]βγ = aa ij

⇒ [aT]β = a[T ]βγ

2. Let V, W and Z be finite dimensional vector spaces with ordered bases α, β and γ
respectively. Let T : V → W and U : W → Z be a linear transformations. Then
[ UT]αγ = [ U]βγ [T]βα .

Let α = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be the ordered basis of V

and β = {w1 , w 2 ,..., w m } be the ordered basis of W

γ = {u1 , u 2 ,..., u p } be the ordered basis of Z

Let [ U]βγ = A and [T]βα = B .

Then, we have to prove that [ UT]αγ = AB .
p
∵ γ
[ U] = A
β ⇒ U( w k ) = ∑ A i u i k
, 1≤k≤m
i =1

[T ]
m
∵
β
α =B ⇒ T( v j ) = ∑ B k w k , j
1≤j≤n
k =1

Now,
m  m
UT ( v j ) = U(T( v j )) = U ∑ Bkj w k  = ∑ Bkj U ( w k )
 k =1  k =1
m p p
m  p
= ∑ Bkj ∑ A ik u i = ∑  ∑ A ik Bkj u i = ∑ (AB)ij u i
k =1 i=1 i =1  k =1  i =1

Thus, the (i,j)th element of [ UT]αγ = (AB)ij where 1 ≤ i < p, 1 ≤ j ≤ n

∴ [ UT]αγ = AB = [ U ]βγ [T]βα .

⇒ [ UT]αγ = [ U ]βγ [T]βα .

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Corollary. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space with an ordered basis β. Let T, U ∈ L(V).
Then [UT]β = [U]β[T]β.
Example. Let U : P3 (R ) → P2 (R ) and T : P2 (R ) → P3 (R ) be the linear transformations respectively
defined by
x
U(f ( x )) = f ' ( x ) and T (f ( x )) = ∫0 f ( t )dt

Let α and β be the standard ordered bases of P3(R) and P2(R), respectively. Find [UT]β.
0 0 0
 
 0 1 0 0 1 0 0   1 0 0
   
[ UT]β = [ U]βα [T ]βα =  0 0 2 0   0 0  =  0 1 0  = [I]β .
1
 0 0 0 3   2   
  1  0 0 1
0 0 
 2

3. If T is a linear transformation from V → W and β and γ are ordered bases for V and W
respectively then for each v ∈ V, we have
[T( v)]γ = [T]βγ [ v]β

Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } and γ = {w1 , w 2 ,..., w n }

If v = a1v1 + a 2 v 2 + ... + a n v n and T ( v) = b1w1 + b 2 w 2 + ... + b m w m
Then, T( v) = T (a1v1 + a 2 v 2 + ... + a n v n )
= a1T( v1 ) + a 2T( v 2 ) + ... + a n T ( v n )

So, [T( v)]γ = [a1T( v1 ) + a 2T( v 2 ) + ... + a n T ( v n )]γ

= [a1T( v1 )]γ + [a 2T ( v 2 )]γ + ... + [a n T( v n )]γ

= a1[T ( v1 )]γ + a 2 [T( v 2 )]γ + ... + a n [T( v n )]n

= a1[T ( v1 )]γ + a 2 [T ( v 2 )]γ + ... + a n [T ( v n )]n

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 a1 
a 
= [[T ( v1 )]γ [[T ( v 2 )]γ ...[T( v n )]γ ] 2 
⋮
 
a n 
But = [[T ( v1 )]γ [T( v 2 )]γ ...[T ( v n )]γ ] = [T]βγ

Hence, [T( v)]γ = [T ]βγ [ v]β

Alternate proof.
Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } and γ = {w1 , w 2 ,..., w n }

[T]βγ = [a ij ]
m
so T( v j ) = ∑ a ij w i , 1 ≤ j ≤ n
i =1

If v = a1v1 + a 2 v 2 + ... + a n v n and T ( v) = b1w 1 + b 2 w 2 + ... + b m w m

n  n n m m  n 
Then T ( v) = T ∑ a j v j  = ∑ a jT ( v j ) = ∑ a j ∑ a ij w i = ∑  ∑ a ja ij w i
 j=1  j=1 j=1 i =1 i =1  j=1 
m
Also T ( v) = ∑ b i w i
i=1

 a1 
n n
a 
∴ bi = ∑ a ja ij = ∑ a ija j = [a i1 a i 2 ... a in ]  2  for all 1 ≤ i ≤ m
j=1 j=1 ⋮
 
a n 

 b1   a1 
 b   a11 ... a1n  a 
⇒  2  = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮   2 
⋮   ⋮ 
   a m1 … a mn   
b n  a n 

Hence, [T( v)]γ = [T]βγ [ v]β

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Left multiplication Transformation

Let A be an m×n matrix with entries from a field F. The left multiplication transformation is
denoted by LA be a mapping LA : Fn → Fm defined by
L A ( x ) = Ax where x ∈ F n .
4. Let A be an m×n matrix with entries from F then the left multiplication transformation
L A : Fn → Fm

is linear. If β and γ be the standard ordered basic for Fn & Fm then prove that [L A ]βγ = A .

Define
 x1 x2 ... xn 
 1  0 0 
  1 0 
 0    = Basis of Fn.
β =    
0 0 ...  0  
      
... ...
  ... 
   0   1  
 0  n×1 n×1 n×1 

 y1 y2 ym 
 1  0 0 
  1  0 
 0    = Basis of Fm.
γ =    
0 0 ...  0  
      
... ...
  ... 
   0   1  
 0  m×1 m×1 m×1 

Now,
L A ( x 1 ) = Ax1

 1   a 11  1  0 0
 a 11 ... a 1n          0
  0 a 21  0 1
=  ... ... ...    =  = a1  + a 21  + .. + a m1  
a  ...  ...  ... ... ...
 m1 ... a mn           
 0  a m1  0 0 1 

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= a 11 y1 + a 21 y 2 + ... + a m1 y m
…
L A ( x n ) = Ax n

 0   a 1n 
 a 11 ... a 1n     
0 a
=  ... ... ...    =  2 n 
  ...  ... 
a m1 ... a mn     
 1  a mn 
= a 1n y1 + a 2 n y 2 + ... + a mn y n

 a 11 ... a 1n 
[L A ]β =  ... ... ...  = A
γ

a m1 ... a mn 

5. Let V and W be F.D.V.S. with ordered basis β and γ. Let T : V → W be linear then
T is invertible iff [T ]βγ is invertible.

Also [T −1 ]γ = ([T ]βγ ) .

β −1

Let T be invertible
then we have to prove that
[T] γ
β is invertible.
Since, T is invertible ⇒ T is one–one and onto.
Also, we know that the dimension theorem is
Rank T + NullityT = dim V (1)
Since, T is one–one.
⇒ ker T = {0}

⇒ dim ker T = 0

⇒ Nullity T = 0

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∴ From equation (1) & (2)

Rank T = dim V (3)
We know that
Range T ⊆ W
But T is onto.
⇒ Range T = W
⇒ dim RangeT = dim W

⇒ Rank T = dim W (4)

∴ From equation (3) & (4)
dim V = dim W = n (say) (A)
∴ [T ]γ
β = n × n matrix.

Sine, T is invertible.
∴ ∃ a function T −1 : W → V satisfy
TT −1 = I W and T −1T = I V .

∴ I n = [I V ]β = [T −1T ]β

I n = [T −1 ] γ [T ] β
β γ
(5)
I n = [I W ]γ = [TT −1 ]γ

I n = [T ]β [T −1 ]γ
γ β
(6)
∴ From equation (5) & (6)
[T ] [T ]
γ
β
−1 β
γ = I n = [T −1 ]γ [T ]β
β γ

⇒ [T ]βγ is invertible.
and [T ] = ([T] )
−1 β
γ
γ −1
β [∵ AB = I = BA then B = A–1]

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Note
(1) Let V and W be finite dimensional vector spaces with ordered bases β and γ respectively.
Let T and U be linear transformation from V to W. Then
(i) [T + U ]βγ = [T ]βγ + [U ]βγ (ii) [αT ]βγ = α[T ]βγ for all scalar α.

(2) Let V be a finite dimensional vector space with ordered basis β and T and U be linear
operator on V. Then
(i) [T + U ]β = [T ]β + [U ]β (ii) [αT ]β = α[T ]β .
(3) Let V and W and Y be finite dimensional vector spaces with ordered basis α, β and γ
respectively. Let T : V → W and U : W → Y be a linear transformation. Then
[UT ]αγ = [U]βγ [T]βα .
(4) If U and T are linear operator on an n–dimensional vector space V and β is an ordered
basis for V, then
[UT ]β = [U ]β [T ]β .
(5) Let V and W be finite dimensional vector spaces with ordered bases β and γ respectively. Let
T : V → W be a linear transformation. Then,

T is invertible if and only if [T ]β is invertible.

γ

[ ] ( )
β
Moreover T −1 γ = [T ]βγ
−1

(6) Let V be a finite dimensional vector space with an ordered basis β. Let T : V → V be a linear
operator on V. Then
T is invertible if and only if [T ]β is invertible

[ ]
and T −1 β = [T ]β−1 .

6. If T : V → W is a linear transformation and β and γ are ordered bases for V and W

respectively then for each v ∈ V, we have [T( v)]γ = [T]βγ [ v]β

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Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be the ordered basis for V

γ = {w 1 , w 2 ,..., w m } be the ordered basis for W

Since β be an ordered basis for V

∴ any element of V defined as linear combination of element of β.
Let v = a1v1 + a 2 v 2 + ... + a n v n

and T ( v) = b1w1 + b 2 w 2 + ... + b m w m

Then, T( v) = T (a1v1 + a 2 v 2 + ... + a n v n )

= a1T( v1 ) + a 2T( v 2 ) + ... + a n T ( v n )

So, [T( v)]γ = [a1T( v1 ) + a 2T( v 2 ) + ... + a n T ( v n )]γ

= [a 1T ( v1 )]γ + [a 2T ( v 2 )]γ + ... + [a n T ( v n )]γ

= a1[T ( v1 )]γ + a 2 [T( v 2 )]γ + ... + a n [T( v n )]n

= a1[T ( v1 )]γ + a 2 [T( v 2 )]γ + ... + a n [T( v n )]n

 a1 
a 
= [[T ( v1 )]γ [[T ( v 2 )]γ ...[T( v n )]γ ] 2 
⋮
 
a n 
But [[T( v )]
1 γ [T( v 2 )]γ ...[T( v n )]γ ] = [T]βγ

Hence, [T( v)]γ = [T ]βγ [ v]β

Method–II
Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be the ordered basis for V

γ = {w 1 , w 2 ,..., w m } be the ordered basis for W

[T]βγ = (a ij )
m
where T ( v j ) = ∑ a ij w i , 1 ≤ j ≤ n
i =1

If v = a1v1 + a 2 v 2 + ... + a n v n
and T ( v) = b1w 1 + b 2 w 2 + ... + b m w m

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 n 
Then T ( v ) = T  ∑ a jv j 
 
 j=1 
n n m m  n 
= ∑ a jT ( v j ) = ∑ a j ∑ a ijw i = ∑  ∑ a ja ij w i
 
j=1 j=1 i =1 i =1  j=1 
m
Also T( v) = ∑ b i w i
i=1

 a1 
n n
a 
∴ bi = ∑ a ja ij = ∑ a ija j = [a i1 a i 2 ... a in ]  2  for all 1 ≤ i ≤ m
j=1 j=1 ⋮
 
a n 

 b1   a1 
 b   a11 ... a1n  a 
⇒  2  = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮   2 
⋮   ⋮ 
   a m1 … a mn   
b n  a n 
Hence, [T( v)]γ = [T]βγ [ v]β

7. Let U : P3 (R ) → P2 (R ) and T : P2 (R ) → P3 (R ) be the linear transformations respectively

defined by
x
U(f ( x )) = f ' ( x ) and T (f ( x )) = ∫0 f ( t )dt

Let α and β be the standard ordered bases of P3(R) and P2(R), respectively. Find [UT]β.
[ UT ]β = [ U ]βα [T ]βα

0 0 0
 
0 1 0 01 0 0   1 0 0
   
=0 0 2 00 0  =  0 1 0  = [ I]β .
1
 0 0 0 3   2   
  1   0 0 1
0 0 
 3

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Left multiplication Transformation

Let A be an m×n matrix with entries from a field F. The left multiplication transformation is
denoted by LA be a mapping LA : Fn → Fm defined by
L A ( x ) = Ax where x ∈ F n .
8. Let A be an m×n matrix with entries from F then the left multiplication transformation
L A : Fn → Fm
is linear. If β and γ be the standard ordered basic for Fn & Fm then
[L ] γ
A β = A.

Define
 x1 x2 ... xn 
 1  0 0 
  1 0 
 0    = Basis of Fn.
β =    
0 0 ...  0  
      
... ...
  ... 
   0   1  
 0  n×1 n×1 n×1 

 y1 y2 ym 
 1  0 0 
  1  0 
 0    = Basis of Fm.
γ =    
0 0 ...  0  
      
... ...
  ... 
   0   1  
 0  m×1 m×1 m×1 

Now,
L A ( x 1 ) = Ax1

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 1   a11 
 a11 ... a1n     
  0 a
=  ... ... ...    =  21 
a  ...  ... 
 m1 ... a mn    a 
 0   m1 
1 0 0
0 1 0
= a1   + a 21   + .. + a m1   = a 11 y1 + a 21 y 2 + ... + a m1 y m
... ... ...
     
0 0 1
…
L A ( x n ) = Ax n

 0   a 1n 
 a 11 ... a 1n     
0 a
=  ... ... ...    =  2 n  = a 1n y1 + a 2 n y 2 + ... + a mn y n
  ...  ... 
a m1 ... a mn     
 1  a mn 
 a 11 ... a 1n 
∴ [L A ]β =  ... ... ...  = A
γ

a m1 ... a mn 

9. Find linear transformation U, T : F 2 → F 2 such that

UT = T0 (The zero transformation)

But TU ≠ T0.
Let T : F2 → F2 defined by
 x  x − x 2 
T  1 ,  1 
x 2   0 
and U : F2 → F2 defined by
 x  x 
U 1  =  2 
x 2   0 

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Both the set are the L.I.

Now, we have to prove that
UT = T0.
Consider
x   x  
UT  1  = U T  1  
x 2   x 2  
 x − x 2  0 
= U 1 = 
 0  0 
⇒ UT = T0 ∀ x1 , x 2 ∈ F
x   x 
and TU  1  = T U  1  
x 2   x 2  
x 
= T 2 
0
 x − 0  x 2 
= 2  =   ≠ T0
 0  0
⇒ TU ≠ T0 ∀ x1,x2 ∈ F
10. Let V and W be finite dimensional vector space then
V is isomorphic to W iff dim V = dim W.
Necessary part dim V = dim W of previous Theorem till equation (A)
Conversely, let dim V = dim W = n (say)
Let β = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } be the ordered basis of V
γ = {w 1 , w 2 ,..., w n } be the ordered basis of W
∴ ∃ a L.T. T : V → W such that
T( v i ) = w i

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one–one
Let v ∈ ker T ⇒ T(v) = 0

⇒ T ∑ α i v i  = 0
n
[∵ β = < v1 , v 2 ,..., v n > be a basis of V]
 i =1 
n
⇒ ∑ α T(v ) = 0
i =1
i i [∵ T is linear]

n
⇒ ∑α w
i =1
i i =0

⇒ αi = 0 ∀i [∵ {w 1 ,..., w n } being basis is linearly independent]

n
Now, v = ∑ α i v i
i =1

v = α1 v1 + ... + α n v n

v=0 [∵ α i = 0 ∀ i]
∴ ker T = {0} ⇒ T is one–one.
onto
Let w ∈ W
n
⇒ w = ∑aiwi
i =1

n
 n 
= ∑ a i T ( v i ) = T ∑ a i v i  [∵ T is linear]
i =1  i =1 
n
= T ( v) [∵ v = ∑ a i v i ]
i =1

∴ T is onto.
∴ T is an isomorphism
∴ V ≅ W.

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Note.
(1) Let V and W be finite dimensional vector space over the field F of dimension n and m and
let β and γ be the ordered basis for V and W resp. Then the function
φ : L(V, W ) → M m×n (F) defined by

φ(T ) = [T ]β
γ
for T ∈ L(V, W )
is an isomorphism.
(2) Let V and W be the finite dimension vector space with ordered β and γ
and T,U : V → W are L.T. then
[T ]γ
β = [U ]β ⇒ T = U .

11. Let T, U : R3 → R3 be defined by

T ( x , y, z ) = ( 2 x , y + z ) and U ( x , y, z ) = ( x − z, y )
Find
(1) T + U, 2T – 3U
(2) [T + U ]βγ , [2T − 3U ]βγ , where β.γ are standard ordered bases for R3 and R2 respectively.

(1) ( T + U ) ( x , y, z ) = T ( x , y, z ) + U ( x , y, z )
= (2x, y + z ) + ( x − z, y)
= (3x − z, 2 y + z )
and ( 2T − 3U )( x , y, z ) = ( 2T )( x , y, z ) − (3U )( x , y, z )
= (2T )( x , y, z ) − (3U )( x , y, z )
= 2( 2 x , y + z ) − 3( x − z, y )
= (4 x , 2 y + 2z ) − (3x − 3z, 3y )
= ( x + 3z, − y + 2z )

Let β = {e1 , e2 , e3 }, γ = {e1 , e 2 } be the standard ordered bases for R3 and R2 respectively
Then,

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(T + U )(e1 ) = (3,0)
(T + U )(e 2 ) = (0,2)
(T + U )(e3 ) = ( −1,1)
3 0 − 1
∴ [T + U ]βγ =  
0 2 1 
Again ( 2T − 3U )(e1 ) = (1,0)
( 2T − 3U )(e2 ) = (0,−1)
( 2T − 3U )(e3 ) = (3,2)

[2T − 3U ]βγ = 
1 3
0
∴ .
0 − 1 2 
12. Let T : R 3 → R 2 , U : R 2 → R 2 be defined by
T ( x , y , z ) = ( 2 x , y + z ) , U ( x , y ) = ( y, x )
(1) Find, UT, [UT] (2) Verify that [UT] = [U][T].
(3) Is TU defined ?
All matrices are relative to standard ordered bases.
(1) UT ( x , y ) = U (T ( x , y ))
= U (2x, y + z )
= ( y + z, 2 x ) [∵ U(x,y) = (y,x)]
(2) Now
( UT )(1,0,0) = (0,2)
( UT )(0,1,10) = (1,0)
( UT )(0,0,1) = (1,0)

[UT] = 
0 1 1
∴ 
 2 0 0

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U(1, 0) = (0, 1), U(0,1) = (1,0)

[U ] = 
0 1  2 0 0
 , [T ] =  0 1 1
 1 0  

[U ][T ] = 
0 1 2 0 0
∴  
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1
=  = [UT ]
 2 0 0
Hence, verified.
(3) Since, Range U is not contained in domain of T
∴ TU is not defined.
13. Find the dimensions of
(
(i) L P3 ( R ), R 2 ) (ii) L(M 2×3 (R ), P3 ( R ) )
We know that
dim L( V, M ) = dim V. dim W
Therefore,
(i) ( )
dim L P3 ( R ), R 2 = dim P3 ( R ). dim R 2
= 4×2 = 8
(ii) dim L( M 2×3 ( R ), P3 ( R )) = dim M 2×3 ( R ). dim ( P3 ( R ))
= 6 × 4 = 24
14. Let T : R 2 → R 2 be defined by
T(x,y) = (x – y, x – 2y).
(1) Find [T ], [T ]−1 . Prove that T is invertible

[ ]
(2) Find T −1 ( x, y) using the fact that T −1 = [T ]−1 .
(1) T (e1 ) = T (1,0) = (1,1)

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T (e 2 ) = T(0,1) = ( −1,−2)
1 − 1
[T] =  
1 − 2
∴ [T] is invertible [∵ [T ] = −1 ≠ 0 ]
2 − 1
and [T ]−1 =  
1 − 1

(2) [T ] = [T]
−1 −1 2 − 1
= .
1 − 1
⇒ T −1 (e1 ) = ( 2,1)

T −1 (e 2 ) = ( −1,−1)

Now T −1 ( x , y ) = xT −1 (e1 ) + yT −1 (e 2 ) [Here T–1 is L.T. because T is invertible]

= x ( 2,1) + y( −1,−1)
= ( 2 x − y, x − y )

Note.
Let V be a finite–dimensional vector space over F and T : V → V a linear transformation. If β
and β' are two ordered bases of V then there exists a non–singular matrix P over F such that
[T ]β' = P −1[T]β P .
15. Let T be a linear operator on R2 defined by
T ( x1 , x 2 ) = ( x1 ,0)

Let β be the standard ordered basis for R2

and β' = {α1 = (1,1), α2 = (2,1)} be an ordered basis for R2. Find a matrix P such that

[T]β' = P −1[T ]β P

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Note.
To find the non–singular matrix P such that [T ]β' = P −1[T ]β P ,
we choose a linear transformation S : V → V such that
S(v1) = w1,
where β = {v1, v2, …, vn}, β' = {w1, w2, …, wn} are two basis of V.
Take P = [S]β' .

The standard ordered basis of R2 is

β = {e1 = (1,0), e 2 = (0,1)}
Now,
T (e1 ) = T (1,0) = (0,1) = 1e1 + 0e 2
T (e 2 ) = T(0,1) = (0,0) = 0e1 + 0e 2

[T]β = 
1 0
∴ 
 0 0
Let β' = {α1 = (1,1), α2 = (2,1)}
T ( α1 ) = T(1,1) = (1,0)
and T ( α2 ) = T( 2,1) = ( 2,0)
Consider the augmented matrix
1 2 : 1 2
1 1 : 0 0
 
1 2 : 1 2
~  R 2 → R 2 − R1
0 − 1 : − 1 − 2
1 2 : 1 2 
~  R 2 → −R 2
0 1 : 1 2 

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1 0 : − 1 − 2 
~ R1 → R1 − 2 R 2
0 1 : 1 2 
− 1 − 2
∴ [T]β' =  .
1 2 

Choose S : R 2 → R 2 such that S(e1 ) = α1 and S(e 2 ) = α2

We know P = [S]β' . We have
α1 = (1,1) = 1e1 + 1e 2 and α2 = ( 2,1) = 2e1 + 1e2

∴ S( α1 ) = S(1.e1 + 1.e2 )
= 1.S(e1 ) + 1.S(e 2 ) , [∵ S is a L.T.]
or S( α1 ) = 1.α1 + 1.α2
Similarly,
S( α2 ) = 2.α1 + 1.α2

1 2 
∴ P = [S]β' =  
1 1 
1  1 − 2  − 1 2 
⇒ P −1 =  = .
(1 − 2)  − 1 1   1 − 1
Finally, we shall verify that
[T ]β' = P −1[T]β P .
 − 1 2  1 0  1 2 
P −1[T ]β P =    
 1 − 1  0 0   1 1 
 − 1 0  1 2 
=   
 1 0  1 1 
 − 1 − 2
=   = [T ]β' .
 1 2 

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16. T is a linear operator on R2 defined by

T ( x1 , x 2 ) = ( − x 2 , x1 ) (1)
Let β = {e1 = (1,0), e2 = (0,1)}, β' = {α1 = (1,2), α2 = (1,−1)} be two ordered bases for R 2 . Find
a matrix P such that
[T ]β' = P −1[T]β P
Do yourself.
 1 2
 0 − 1 −  1 1 
Ans. [T ]β =   , [T]β' = 3 3, P = [S]β' =   .
1 0   − 5 1
  2 − 1
 3 3
17. Let T : R3 → R3 be the linear transformation whose matrix with respect to the standard–
basis
0 0 1 
{e1, e2, e3} of R is 0 1 0 . Then T has eigenvectors that span R3.
3

1 0 0

Let β = {e1 , e2 , e3}

0 0 1
[T]β = 0 1 0
1 0 0
Now T (e1 ) = T(1,0,0) = (0,0,1) = e3
T (e 2 ) = T(0,1,0) = (0,1,0) = e 2

∴ T does not map subspace spanned by e1 and e2 on itself.

(b) The eigenvalue of T is given by T − λI = 0
− λ 0 1 
⇒  0 1− λ 0  = 0
 
 1 0 − λ 

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⇒ λ3 − λ2 − λ + 1 = 0
⇒ λ2 (λ − 1) + (λ − 1) = 0

⇒ (λ2 − 1)(λ + 1) = 0

⇒ (λ + 1)(λ − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1, 1, –1
⇒ T does not have distinct eigenvalues.
∴ (b) is not correct answer.
(c) Let us find, eigenvalues corresponding to λ = 1
 − 1 0 1   x 1  0 
 0 0 0   x  = 0 
  2   
 1 0 − 1  x 3  0

1 0 1  x1  0
0 0 0   x  = 0  R 3 → R 3 + R1
  2   
0 0 0  x 3  0

So, there are two independent eigenvector corresponding to λ = 1 [∵ Here two free variables]
Also, T has one eigenvector corresponding to λ = –1.
So, eigenvectos of T span R3
∴ (c) is correct
(d) T(a,b,c) = (0,0,0)
⇒ T ((a (1,0,0) + b(0,1,0), c(0,0,1)) = (0,0,0)

⇒ aT(1,0,0) + bT(0,1,0), cT(0,0,1) = (0,0,0) [∵ T is L.T.]

⇒ a(0,0,1) + b(0,1,0), c(1,0,0) = (0,0,0)
⇒ a = 0, b = 0, c = 0
⇒ (a,b,c) = (0,0,0)
Hence, T has zero null space.
∴ (d) is not correct answer.

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18. Let T : R3 → R3 be the linear transformation whose matrix with respect to the standard
0 a b
basis of R is  − a 0 c  , where a, b, c are real numbers not all zero. Then T does not

3

− b − c 0
map any line through the origin onto itself.
Let β = {e1 , e2 , e3 }
 0 a b
[T]A = − a 0 c

 
− b − c 0
0 a b
⇒ T = − a 0 c = −abc + bac = 0
−b −c 0

∴ Rank T = 2 [∵ It is skew–symmetric matrix]

∴ nullity T = 1 [by dimension theorem]
⇒ T is not one–one
(b) It is not onto [∵range has two vectors, so it will not generate R3]
(c) The equation of line passing through origin is given by
x y z
= =
l m n
Any point on the line is (l, m, n)
∴ T(l,m,n) = T(l(1,0,0) + m(0,1,0) + n(0,0,1))
= lT(1,0,0) + mT(0,1,0) + nT(0,0,1)
= l(0, –a, –b) + m(a, 0, –c) + n(b,c,0) = (ma + nb, –al + nc, –bl – mc)
(ma + nb, –al + nc, –bl – mc) does not lie on line.
∴ (c) is correct answer.
(d) Rank T ≠ 1 [∵ It is skew symmetric]

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19. Let T : R3 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by

T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y – z).
Then the matrix of T with respect to the ordered bases
0 − 1 1 
β = ((1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 0), (0, 1, 0)) and γ = ((1, 1), (1, 0)) is  .
 2 1 0
T( x , y, z) = ( x + y, y − z)
T(1,1,1) = (2,0)
T (1,−1,0) = (0,−1)
T(0,1,0) = (1,1)
Consider the augmented matrix
1 1 : 2 0 1
1 0 : 0 − 1 − 1
 
1 0 : 0 − 1 1 
~  (verify)
 0 1 : 2 1 0
0 − 1 1
∴ [T]βγ =  
 2 1 0
On X = C(0, 1) define T : X → Y by T(f(x)) = ∫0 f ( t )dt , for all f in X. Then T is one–one
x
20.
and onto.
Do yourself.
21. The function f(x, y) = (excosy, exsiny) from R2 to R2 is one–one on all of R2 .
Do yourself.
22. Let V, W and X be three finite dimensional vector space such that dim V = dim X
Let S : V → W and T : W → X are two Linear Transformation such that
T or S : V → X is injective. Then S and Tare injective.
Do yourself

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23. Let the linear transformations S and T : R3 → R3 be defined by

S(x,y,z) = (2x, 4x – y, 2x – 3y – z)
T(x, y, z) → (xcosθ + ysinθ, –xsinθ + ycosθ, z) where 0 < θ < π/2.
Then,
(a) S is one to one but not T (b) T is one to one but not S
(c) both S and T are one to one (d) neither S nor T is one to one
Do yourself
Hint.
Matrix of linear transformation for S & T are
2 0 0 
S = 4 − 1 0 
2 3 − 1

cos θ − sin θ 0
T =  sin θ cos θ 0
 0 0 1

Both S & T are invertible.

24. Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear transformation defined by
T(x, y, z) = (x + y – z, x + y + z, y – z).
Then the matrix of the linear transformation T with respect to the ordered basis
1 1 1
B {(0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)} of R is 1 − 1 0 .
3

1 − 1 1

Do yourself.
25. Let T : R4 → R4 be the linear map satisfying
T(e1) = e2, T(e2) = e3, T(e3) = 0, T(e4) = e3.
Where {e1, e2, e3, e4} is the standard basis of R4 . Then T is nilpotent.

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Hint. Matrix associated with T is given by

0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
T=
0 1 0 1
 
0 0 0 0

Rank T = 2
⇒ T3 = 0
T is nilpotent.
26. Let T: P3 [0, 1] → P2 [0, 1] be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(p(x)) = p"(x) + p'(x).
Then the matrix representation of T with respect to the, bases { 1, x, x2, x3} and {1, x, x2}
is
0 1 2 0 
0 0 2 6 
 
0 0 0 3

β = {1, x, x 2}, x 3 and γ = {1, x, x }

2
Let
∴ T (1) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 0.x 2

T ( x ) = 1 = 1.1 + 0.x + 0.x 2

T ( x 2 ) = 2 + 2 x = 2.1 + 2.x + 0.x 2

T ( x 3 ) = 6x + 3x 2 = 0.1 + 6 x + 3.x 2

0 1 2 0
∴ [T] = 0 0 2 6
γ
β
0 0 0 3

27. Let T : F2 → F3 be a Linear Transformation defined by

T(x1, x2) = (x1, x1 + x2, x2). Then the nullity of T is 0.
Do yourself.

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28. Let T : P3 → P3 be a Linear Transformation defined by

x
T(P(x)) = ∫1 p' ( t )dt .
If the matrix of T relative to the standard bases B1 = (1, x, x2, x3) is M and MT denotes the
 0 −1 −1 −1
 −1 2 0 0 
transpose of the matrix M, then M + M is 
T .
 −1 0 2 1 
 
 −1 0 1 1 
x
Given T ( p( x )) = ∫1 p' ( t )dt = p( x ) − p(1)
T(1) = 1 – 1 = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3
T(x) = x – 1 = –1.1 + 1.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3
T(x2) = x2 – 1 = –1.1 + 0.x + 1.x2 + 0.x3
T(x3) = x3 – 1 = –1.1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 1.x3
0 − 1 − 1 − 1
0 1 0 0 
M= 
0 0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 1 
0 0 0 0
− 1 1 0 0
M =
T
− 1 0 1 1
 
− 1 0 0 1

 0 −1 −1 −1
 −1 2 0 0 
M+M =
T 
 −1 0 2 1 
 
 −1 0 1 1 

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 1 −1 0 
 
29. Consider the 3 × 3 matrix T =  1 − 2 1  . Show that there is a non–zero vector which is
 0 1 − 1
 
not in the kernel of T is false?
1 − 1 0  1 − 1 0 
1 − 2 1  ~ 0 − 1 1  R 2 → R 2 − R1
   
0 1 − 1 0 1 − 1

1 − 1 0
~ 0 − 1 1 R3 → R3 + R2
0 0 0

Rank T = 2
30. Let T : R3 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T ( x , y , z ) = ( x + y, y + z ) ,
then T is linear and has a proper subspace as kernel.
1 1 0 
Hint. [T] =  
0 1 1 
31. {v1, v2, v3} is a basis for R3
Let T : R3 → R3 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(v1) = v1 + v2, T(v2) = v2 + v3, T(v3) = v3 + v1,
then T is 1 – 1.
Let β = {v1, v2, v3}
T ( v 1 ) = v1 + v 2 = v1 + v 2 + v 3
T ( v 2 ) = v 2 + v 3 = 0.v1 + 1.v 2 + 1.v 3
T ( v 3 ) = v 3 + v 2 = 1. v1 + 1. v 2 + 0. v 3

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1 0 1 
∴ [T ]β = 1 1 0
 
 0 1 1 
Here, T is invertible.
32. Let A : R 6 → R 5 and B : R 5 → R 7 be two linear transformations. Then A is one–one and B
is not one–one .
Do yourself.
33. If A : R2 → R2 is a non–zero linear transformation and A2 = 0, then A has at least one
non–zero eigenvector.
Do yourself
34. Let W be the vector space of all real polynomials of degree at most 3.
Define T : W → W by
T(P)(x) = p'(x) where p' is the derivative of p.
The matrix of T in the basis {1, x, x2, x3}, considered as column vectors, is given by
0 1 0 0
 
0 0 2 0
0 .
0 0 3
 
0 0 0 0 

Do yourself
35. For a positive integer n, let Pn, denote the space of all polynomials p(x) with coefficients
in R such that deg p(x) ≤ n, and let Bn denote the standard basis of Pn given by
Bn = {l, x, x2,..., xn}.
If T : P3 → P4 is the linear transformation defined by
T(p(x)) = x2p'(x) + ∫0 p( t )dt
x

and A = (aij) is the 5 × 4 matrix of T with respect to standard bases B3 and B4, then a32 =
3
and a33 = 0 .
2
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0 0 0 0 
1 0 0 0 

Hint. [T] = 0 3 / 2 0 0 
 
0 0 7 / 3 0 
0 0 0 13 / 4
3
a 32 = , a 33 = 0
2
36. Let T : R3 → R2 be a Linear Transformation defined by
T(x, y, z) = (3x + 11y + 5z, x + 8y + 3z).
Let β = {(1,0,1), (0,1,1), (1, 0, 0)}, γ = {(1, 1), (1, 0)} be the ordered basis of R3 and R2.
Find [T ]βγ . Also, find the dimension of the null space of this transformation.
T (1,0,1) = (8,4) = 4(1,1) + 4(1,0)
T (0,1,1) = (16,11) = 11(1,1) + 5(1,0)
T (1,0,0) = (3,1) = 1(1,1) + 2(1,0)

4 11 1
∴ [T ]βγ =  
 4 5 2
Let (x,y,z) ∈ ker T
⇒ T( x , y, z) = (0,0)

⇒ 3x + 11y + 5z = 0
x + 8 y + 3z = 0

Since, the system of linear equation has one free variable

∴ dimension of null space is 1.

37. Let T : R2 → R3 be a Linear Transformation such that

T(1,1) = (0,0,1) and T(l,2) = (0,1,1).
Then find the linear transformation T(x, y).

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Also, find the associated matrix referred to the standard bases.

T ( x , y ) = (0, y − x , x ) (verify)
Now, T(1,0) = (0, –1, 1)
T(0,1) = (0,1,0)
 0 0
∴ [T] = − 1 1
 1 0

38. Let L : R3 → R3 be a Linear Transformation defined by

L(x,y,z) = (kx + y + z, x + ky + z, x – y + kz).
Find the matrix P associated with the above transformation with respect to the standard
basis.
Further, find the values of k for which P has zero as one of its eigenvalue
L(1,0,0) = (k,0,0) = k(0,0,0) + 0(0,1,0) + 0(0,0,1)
L(0,1,0) = (0,k,0) = 0(1,0,0) + k(0,1,0) + 0(0,0,1)
L(0,0,1) = (0,0,k) = 0(1,0,0) + 0(0,1,0) + k(0,0,1)
Matrix associated with above transformation is given by
k 0 0 
P =  0 k 0 
 0 0 k 
All the eigenvalues of P are equal to k. So, k = 0.
39. Let V = R5 and W = R7. Let T : V → W be a linear map.
If N(T) denotes the null space of T and R(T) denotes its range, then
dim N(T) + dim R(T) = ?
dimN(T) + dimR(T) = dimV = 5
40. Let T : R2 → R2 be the linear map which maps each points in R2 to its reflection on the x–
axis. What is the determinant of T? What is its trace?

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 x    x 
T    =  
  y   − y
1 0   x   x 
0 − 1  y  = − y
    
1 0 
⇒ [T ] =  
0 − 1
Determinant of T = –1 and trace = 0.
41. Let V be the real vector space of all polynomials in one variable with real coefficients
and of degree less than, or equal to, 3 provided with the standard basis {1, x, x2, x3}. If
p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3,
define T(p)(x) = a0 + a(x + 1) + a2(x + 1)2 + a3(x + 1)3
Write down the matrix representing the linear transformation T with respect to this basis.
T(1) = 1
T(x) = 1 + x
T(x2) = 1 + 2x + x2
T(x3) = 1 + 3x + 3x2 + x2
1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3
∴ [T ] =  
0 0 1 3
 
0 0 0 1

42. Let V be thereat vector space of all polynomials of degree ≤ 3 with real coefficients.
Define the linear transformation.
T(α + α1x + α2x2 + α3x3) = α1(x + 1) + α2(x+1)2 + α3(x + 1)3
Write down the matrix of T with respect to the basis {1, x, x2, x3} of V.

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1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3
Ans. [T] = 
0 0 1 3
 
0 0 0 1

43. Let V be the space of all polynomials in one variable with real coefficients and of degree
less than, or equal to, 3. Define the linear transformation
T(α + α1x + α2x2 + α3x3) = α0 + α1(1 + x) + α2(l + x)2 + α3(1 + x)3
Write down the matrix of T with respect of the basis {1, l + x, 1 + x2, 1 + x3}
T(1) = 1
T(1 + x) = 2 + x
T(1 + x2 ) = 1 + (1 + x)2 = 2 + 2x + x2
T(1 + x3) = 1 + (1 + x)3 = 2 + 3x + 3x2 + x3
Consider the augmented matrix
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
 
0 1 0 0 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3
 
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

1 0 0 0 1 1 − 1 − 5
 
0 1 0 0 0 1 2 3
~ R1 → R1 − R 2 − R 3 − R 4
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3
 
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

1 1 − 1 − 5
0 1 2 3
[T] =  
0 0 1 3
 
0 0 0 1

44. Let V be the real vector space of all polynomials is R[x] with degree less than, or equal to
4. Consider the linear transformation which maps p ∈V to its derivative p'. If the matrix

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of this transformation with respect to the basis {1, x, x2, x3, x4} is A, write down the
matrix A3.
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0

T = 0 0 0 3 0 = A
 
0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 6 0 

A 2 = 0 0 0 0 12
 
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 6 0
0 0 0 0 24

A 3 = 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 

45. Let T : R2 → R2 be a linear transformation defined by

T(x, y) = (2x + y, x – 2y).
Find the matrix of this transformation with respect to the basis {(1,1), (1,–1)}.
T (1,1) = (3,1)
T (1, − 1) = (1,3)
Consider the augmented matrix
1 1 3 1
 
1 − 1 − 1 3
1 1 3 1
~  R 2 → R 2 − R1
0 − 2 − 4 2 

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1 1 3 1  1
~  R2 → − R2
0 1 2 −1 2

1 0 1 2 
~  R 2 → R1 − R 2
0 1 2 −1

[T] = 
2
1
∴ 
2 − 1
46. Let P3 denote the (real) vector space of all polynomials (in–one variable), with real
coefficients and of degree less than, or equal to, 3, equipped with the standard basis
{1, x, x2, x3}.
Find the matrix (with respect to this basis) of the linear transformation.
L(p) = p" – 2p' + p, p ∈ P3
L(1) = 1
L( x ) = x − 2

L( x 2 ) = x 2 − 4 x + 2

L( x 3 ) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x

1 − 2 2 0
0 1 − 4 6 
∴ [L] =   (verify)
0 0 1 − 6
 
0 0 0 1

47. Let T : M2 (R) → M2 (R) be the linear transformation defined by

T(A) = 2A + 3AT.
Find the matrix of this transformation with respect to the basis {Ei, 1 ≤ i ≤ 4} where
1 0 0 1  0 0 0 0 
E1 =   , E2 =   , E3 =   , E4 =  
 0 0  0 0  1 0 0 1 
T(E1 ) = 2E1 + 3E1T = 2E1 + 3E1 = 5E1

T (E 2 ) = 2E 2 + 3E T2 = 2E 2 + 3E1

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T (E 3 ) = 2E1 + 3E T3 = 2E 3 + 3E 2

T (E 4 ) = 2E 4 + 3E T4 = 2E 4 + 3E 4 = 5E 4

5 0 0 0
0 2 3 0
[T] =  
0 3 2 0
 
0 0 0 5

48. Let Pn denote the vector space of all Polynomials in one variable with real coefficients
and of degree–less than, or equal to n, equipped with the standard basis {1, x, x2, …, xn}.
Let T: P2 → P3 be a Linear Transformation defined by
x
T (p)( x ) = ∫0 p( t )dt + p' ( x ) + p(2)

Find the matrix of this transformation with respect to the standard bases of P2 and P3.
Hint. T (1) = x + 1
x2 x2
T(x) = +1+ 2 = +3
2 2
x3
T(x 2 ) = + 2x + 4
3
1 3 4 
1 0 2 
[T ] = 
0 1 / 2 0 
 
0 0 1 / 3

49. Let V be a finite dimensional real vector space and let A: V → V be a linear map such
that A2 = A. Assume that A ≠ 0 and that A ≠ I. Show that following statements are true ?
(a) ker (A) ≠ {0} (b) V = ker(A) ± R(A)
(c) The map I + A is invertible
Do yourself

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50. Let T: V → V be a linear transformation on a vector space V over a field K satisfying the
property
Tx = 0 ⇒ x = 0.
If x1, x2, …, xn are linear independent elements in V,
Show that T(x1), T(x2), …, T(xn) are also linearly independent.
True.
Let c1T( x1 ) + c 2 T( x 2 ) + ... + c n T ( x n ) = 0

⇒ c1x1 + c 2 x 2 + ... + c n x n = 0

Since, x1 , x 2 ,..., x n are linearly independent.

So, (c1 = c 2 = ... = c n = 0)
Hence, T ( x1 ), T ( x 2 ),..., T( x n ) are linearly independent.
51. Let V be the vector space of consisting of polynomials of R[t] of deg ≤ 2. The map
T: V → V sending f(t) to f(t) + f'(t) is invertible.
True.
Basis, B = {1, x, x 2 }
T(1) = 1
T(x) = x + 1
T( x 2 ) = x 2 + 2x

1 1 0
[T] = 0 1 2
0 0 1

det ([T]) is nonzero.

∴ T is invertible.

52. Let W be a subspace of a vector space V(F).

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V
Then there exists a linear transformation T : V onto
→ such that
W
Ker T = W.
V
Define a mapping T : V → such that
W
T(x) = x + W ∀x∈W
Let x,y ∈ W and α,β ∈ W.
(i) T(x+ y) = (x + y) + W
= (x + W) + (y + W)
= T(x) + T(y)
(ii) T(αx) = αx + W
= α(x + W)
= αT(x).
∴ T is a linear transformation.
Now, for any x ∈ V/W,
x = v + W, for some v ∈ V
i.e. x = T(v), v ∈ V; [by (1)]
∴ T is onto.
V
Hence T is a linear transformation of V onto .
W
Let x ∈ Ker T ⇔ T(x) = 0 ∈ V/W
⇔ T(x) = W
⇔x+W=W
⇔ x ∈ W.
Hence, Ker T = W.
53. Let T : V → U be a linear transformation. Then
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V
= Range T
Ker T

We know that, Range T is defined as

Range T = T(V) = {T(x) : x ∈ V}
and Ker T = {x ∈ V : T(x) = 0}.
Let Ker T = W.
We know that W is a subspace of V and T(V) is a subspace of U.
Define a mapping
V
f: → T(V) as
W
f (x + W) = T(x) , ∀ x ∈ V (1)
Let x,y ∈ V and α,β ∈ F.
(i) f is well–defined,
Let x + W = y + W ⇒ x – y ∈ W = ker T
⇒ T(x – y) = 0
⇒ T(x) – T(y) = 0
⇒ T(x) = T(y)
(ii) f is one–to–one,
f(x + W) = f(y + W)
⇒ T(x) = T(y)
⇒ T(x) – T(y) = 0
⇒ T(x – y) = 0 ⇒ x–y∈W ⇒x+W=y+W
(iii) f is a homomorphism
f {( x + W ) + ( y + W )} = f {( x + y) + W}

= T ( x + y) [by (1)]

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= T ( x ) + T ( y) [as T is L.T.]
= f (x + W) + f (y + W) [by (1)]
and
f {α ( x + W )} = f (αx + W )

= T ( αx ) [by (1)]
= αT ( x ) [as T is L.T.]
= αf ( x + W ) [by (1)]
Thus f is a homomorphism.
Finally , f is onto, since for any u ∈ T(V)
⇒ u = T(v), for some v ∈ V,
i.e. u = f(v + W), by (1) and v + W ∈ V/W.
V
Hence V/W = Range T i.e. ≈ Range T
ker T

Note.
(1) If A and B be two subspaces of V.S. V over the field F then prove that
A+B B
≅
A A∩B
A+B A
(2) ≅ Replace A by B and B by A
B A∩B

********************

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