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Language Translator
 Language Translator
 Translators are system programms, which translate programs written
in any high, or assembly language into 1’s and 0’s or machine language.

Program code Language Machine code

translator

 There are three types of language processors or translators

 Assembler
 Compiler
 Interpreter
Language Translator
 Assembler
 The software that translates assembly code into the computer’s
machine code is called assembler
 A program written by a programmer in assembly language is called
source program
 After this source code has been converted into object code
Language Translator
 Complier
 A compiler is a computer software that translates a whole program,
called the source code at once into machine code (object code)
 Interpreter
 An interpreter in another type of translator used for translating a
language program into machine code
 It takes one statement of program and translates it into a machine
instruction which is immediately executed by computer
 TRANSLATION PROCESS

Source Program / code

Target Program / code

 Programs

• Source Program:
• The program we write in English langue using the editor is called Source
program.
• This program is given to the compiler for translation.

• Target Program:
• The program i.e. produced by the compiler after translating the source
program is called target program.
• This program is in binary form.
 Variable ,keyword, constant, data type
 Variable:
 an entity that may change its value during program execution is
called variable.
 Keyword:
 are words that meaning is already defined to the language.
 Constant:
 an entity that cant be changed during program execution.
 Data type:
 are used to show the type of data .
 Data Type

 data type is used to

• Identify the type of a variable when the variable is declared

• Identify the type of the return value of a function

• Identify the type of a parameter passed to function

 Data Type (continued)
 When the compiler encounters a declaration for a variable, it sets up a
memory location for it
 An operator used on a variable or variables is legal only if
 The operator is defined in that programming language for a variable
of that type
 The variable or variables involved with the operator are of the same
or compatible types
Classifications of Data Types

 Built-in data types

 Fundamental data types (int, char, double,
float, void,bool)

 Programmer-defined data types

 Structure
 Union
 Enumeration
 Fundamental Data Types

 void – used to denote the type with no values

 int – used to denote an integer type
 char – used to denote a character type
 float, double – used to denote a floating point type
 int *, float *, char * – used to denote a pointer
type, which is a memory address type
 bool- boolean values (true,false)
Constant & Variable

 A constant is an entity or value that does not change during the

execution of a program.
 an entity that may vary during program execution is called a variable.
 Variable names are names given to locations in memory.
 These locations can contain integer, real or character constants.
Rules for Constructing Identifiers in C
 The first character in the variable name must be an alphabet(A-Z,a-z)
or underscore.
 Capital letters A-Z, lowercase letters a-z, digits 0-9, and the
underscore character
 First character must be a letter or underscore
 There can be no embedded blanks
 Keywords cannot be used as identifiers
 Identifiers are case sensitive
 No commas or blanks are allowed within a variable name.
 No special symbol other than an underscore (as in gross_sal)
can be used in a variable name.
Example:
si_int Identifiers refer to the names of data types,
m_hra
pop_e_89 constants, variables, and functions
C constants can be divided into two major categories
 Primary Constant
 Secondary Constant
 These constants are further categorized as shown in below figure
 Rules for constructing Integer Constants

 An integer constant must have at least one digit

 It must not have a decimal point
 It can be either positive or negative
 If no sign precedes an integer constant, it is assumed to be positive
 No commas or blanks are allowed within an integer constant
 The allowable range for integer constant is -32768 to 32767
 Example: 25, +134, 0, -600
Rules for constructing Character Constants

 A character constant is a single alphabet, a single digit or a single

special symbol enclosed within single quotes
 The maximum length of a character constant can be 1 character
 Example:
‘A’, ‘l’, ‘5’, ‘=’, ‘ ’, ‘.’
Definitions
 Initialization
 Declaration
 Variable
 Constant
 Terminator
 Data type
 Assignment operator
 Int a =4;
Simple C Program
/* A first C Program*/

#include <stdio.h>

void main()

{
printf("Hello World \n");

}
Preprocessor Directives

 The first thing to be checked by the compiler.

 Starts with ‘#’.
 Tell the compiler about specific options that it needs to
be aware of during compilation.
 There are a few compiler directives.
 #include <stdio.h>
 Tell the compiler to include the file stdio.h during compilation
 Anything in the header file is considered a part of the program
Simple C Program
 Line 1: #include <stdio.h>

 As part of compilation, the C compiler runs a program called

the C preprocessor.
 The preprocessor is able to add and remove code from your
source file.
 In this case, the directive #include tells the preprocessor to
include code from the file stdio.h.
 This file contains declarations for functions that the program
needs to use. A declaration for the printf function is in this file.
Simple C Program
 Line 2: void main()

 This statement declares the main function.

 A C program can contain many functions but must always
have one main function.
 A function is a self-contained module of code that can
accomplish some task.
 The "void" specifies the return type of main. In this case,
nothing is returned to the operating system.
Simple C Program
 Line 3: {

 This opening bracket denotes the start of the program.

Simple C Program
 Line 4: printf("Hello World From About\n");

 Printf is a function from a standard C library that is used to print

strings to the standard output, normally your screen.
 The compiler links code from these standard libraries to the code
you have written to produce the final executable.
 The "\n" is a special format modifier that tells the printf to put
a line feed at the end of the line.
 If there were another printf in this program, its string would
print on the next line.
Simple C Program
 Line 5: }
 This closing bracket denotes the end of the program.
 Structure of a C program
#include <stdio.h> Preprocessor directive (header file)
void main (void)
{
printf(“\nHello World\n”); Program statement
}

#include <stdio.h>
#define VALUE 10 } Preprocessor directive

int global_var;
Global variable declaration
Comments
void main (void)
{
/* This is the beginning of the program */

int local_var; Local variable declaration

local_var = 5;
global_var = local_var + VALUE; Variable definition

printf (“Total sum is: %d\n”, global_var); // Print out the result
}
Comments

 Explanations or annotations that are included in a

program for documentation and clarification purpose.
 Completely ignored by the compiler during compilation
and have no effect on program execution.
 Starts with ‘/*’ and ends with ‘*/’
 Some compiler support comments starting with ‘//’
Statements
 A specification of an action to be taken by the computer
as the program executes.
 In the previous example, there are 2 lines following
variable declaration and variable definition that
terminate with semicolon ‘;’.
 global_var = local_var + VALUE;
 printf (“Total sum is: %d\n”, global_var);
 Each line is a statement.
Basic Functions
 A C program consists of one or more functions that contain
a group of statements which perform a specific task.
 A C program must at least have one function: the function
main.
 We can create our own function or use the functions that has
been created in the library, in which case we have to include
the appropriate header file (example: stdio.h).
 In this section, we will learn a few functions that are pre-
defined in the header file stdio.h
 These functions are:
 printf()
 scanf()
 In addition to those functions, we will also learn about Format
Specifier and Escape Sequence which are used with printf()
and scanf().
printf()
 Used to send data to the standard output (usually the
monitor) to be printed according to specific format.
 The general form of printf( ) function is,
 printf ( “format string", <list of variables> ) ;
 <format string> can contain,
 %f for printing real values
 %d for printing integer values
 %c for printing character values

 Control string is a combination of text, format specifier and

escape sequence.
 Example:
 printf(“Thank you”);
 printf (“Total sum is: %d\n”, global_var);
 %d is a format specifier
 \n is an escape sequence
scanf()

 Read data from the standard input device (usually keyboard) and
store it in a variable.
 General format:
 scanf(“Control string”, &variable);
 The general format is pretty much the same as printf() except that
it passes the address of the variable (notice the & sign) instead of
the variable itself to the second function argument.
 Example:
int age;
printf(“Enter your age: “);
scanf(“%d”, &age);
Summary
 The three primary constants and variable types in C are
integer, float and character.
 A variable name can be of maximum 31 characters.
 Do not use a keyword as a variable name.
 An expression may contain any sequence of constants,
variables and operators.
 Input/output in C can be achieved using scanf( ) and
printf( ) functions.