Complete ML/AI Learning Roadmap 2025
8-Phase Learning Structure
Phase 1: Python Fundamentals
• Basic Syntax : Variables, data types, operators, I/O, documentation
• Control Structures : Conditionals, loops, loop control, comprehensions
• Functions & Modules : Function definition, scope, lambda, modules, standard library
• Data Structures : Lists, dictionaries, tuples, strings/regex
• OOP & Advanced : Classes, inheritance, file handling, exceptions, decorators
Phase 2: Python Data Science
• NumPy : Arrays, operations, mathematical functions, manipulation, random generation
• Pandas : DataFrames, cleaning, manipulation, file I/O, time series
• Visualization : Matplotlib basics/advanced, Seaborn statistical/advanced plots
• Environment & Tools : Jupyter, virtual environments, Git, project structure, SQL &
NoSQL
Phase 3: Math for ML/AI
• Linear Algebra Basics : Vectors, norms, dot/cross products, linear independence,
projections
• Advanced Linear Algebra : Matrix operations, eigenvalues, SVD, PCA
• Statistics : Descriptive stats, distributions, sampling, CLT, hypothesis testing
• Probability : Probability rules, conditional probability, Bayes theorem, random variables
• Calculus : Derivatives, partial derivatives, chain rule, optimization
Phase 4: Data Structures & Algorithms
• Linear Structures & Search/Sort : Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, binary search,
sorting
• Trees & Graphs : Binary trees, BST, decision trees, graph representation, graph
algorithms
• Hash Tables & Advanced : Hash functions, applications, dynamic programming,
greedy algorithms
• ML-Specific & Complexity : Matrix operations for NN, tree ensembles, Big O notation,
complexity analysis, PySpark basics
Phase 5: ML Fundamentals
• ML Fundamentals & Regression : ML workflow, types, bias-variance, data splits, linear
regression, scikit-learn
• Advanced Regression & Classification : Regularization, logistic regression, cost
functions, metrics
• Classification Evaluation & Trees : ROC curves, confusion matrix, decision trees,
random forest
• Instance-based & SVM : Gradient boosting, KNN, curse of dimensionality, SVM kernels
• Unsupervised Learning : K-means, hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN, clustering
metrics, PCA
• Model Evaluation : Data splitting, cross-validation, hyperparameter tuning, model
selection
• Feature Engineering : Feature selection, scaling, categorical encoding, gradient
variants, scikit-plot/Yellowbrick
• Ensemble Methods : Bagging, boosting, imbalanced data, end-to-end pipelines
Phase 6: Advanced ML/DL
• Neural Networks : Perceptron, architecture, activations, forward/backpropagation
• Deep Learning Core : Loss functions, optimization, regularization, gradient problems,
hyperparameters
• Computer Vision : Convolutional layers, CNN architectures, pooling, preprocessing,
transfer learning
• NLP : Text preprocessing, word embeddings, RNNs/LSTMs, seq2seq models
• Advanced Topics : GANs, autoencoders, time series forecasting, reinforcement
learning
• Frameworks & Deployment : PyTorch, TensorFlow/Keras, model deployment, MLOps
basics, MLflow/DVC, Cloud ML workflow
Phase 7: LLMs & Generative AI (2025)
• LLM Fundamentals : Introduction to LLMs, tokenization, language modeling,
transformer overview, self-attention, multi-head attention, Hugging Face Transformers
• Transformer Architecture : Positional encoding, layer normalization, feed-forward
networks, GPT/BERT/T5 architectures
• Pre-training & Fine-tuning : Pre-training objectives, fine-tuning strategies, LoRA,
QLoRA, instruction tuning
• Prompt Engineering : Prompt design, few-shot learning, chain-of-thought, advanced
prompting, prompt optimization
• RAG & Vector Databases : RAG architecture, document chunking, embedding models,
vector databases, semantic search
• Advanced LLM Topics : RLHF, constitutional AI, LLM evaluation, multimodal LLMs, LLM
agents, LangChain/LlamaIndex, spaCy & NLP metrics
Phase 8: Capstone Projects & Deployment
• Beginner Projects : House price prediction, customer churn, sentiment analysis,
image classification
• Intermediate Projects : Time series forecasting, recommendation systems, fraud
detection, customer segmentation
• Advanced Projects : Multi-modal AI, real-time ML, GANs, reinforcement learning,
object detection, advanced chatbots, interactive Dashboards (Dash/Streamlit),
Tableau/PowerBI
• 2025 Cutting-Edge Projects : LLM fine-tuning, RAG systems, LLM agents,
multimodal LLM apps
• Deployment & Portfolio : MLOps pipelines, production APIs, GitHub portfolio,
technical communication, Ethics, bias, SHAP/LIME
