NLP Course Topics Summary

NLP Session 1 updated- Dr. Chetana Gavankar.pdf

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List all topics covered in this pdf

The topics covered in the uploaded PDF on Natural Language Processing (NLP) by Dr. Chetana Gavankar
include:

1. Course Objectives:
Identifying fundamental concepts in NLP.
Explaining computational properties of natural languages.
Applying mathematical models in NLP applications.
Examining research and development trends in NLP.
2. Topics to Learn in the Course:
Word Embedding
Language Modeling (N-gram and Neural Language Models)
Part-of-Speech Tagging
Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and Maximum Entropy HMM
Topic Modeling
Vector Semantics
Parsing
Encoder-Decoder Models, Attention, and Contextual Embeddings
Word Sense Disambiguation
Semantic Web Ontology and Knowledge Graphs
3. Evaluation Plan:
Quizzes, assignments, mid-term exam, and final exam.
4. Introduction to NLP:
Definition and goals of NLP.
History and development of NLP.
Applications and challenges of NLP.
5. Applications of NLP:
Question answering, text categorization, text mining.
Machine translation, usage checking, spelling correction.
Healthcare, fake news detection, sentiment analysis.
Social media monitoring and plagiarism detection.
6. Levels of Language Analysis:
Morphological, lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic levels.
7. NLP Tools:
Commercial tools like IBM Watson, Google Cloud NLP, Amazon Comprehend.

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 Open-source tools like NLTK, SpaCy, Gensim, GPT, AllenNLP, and Berkeley Neural Parser.
8. NLP Preprocessing Steps:
Tokenization, removing punctuation, stop-word removal, stemming, and lemmatization.
9. Evaluation of Language Understanding Systems:
Metrics and methods for evaluating complex outputs.
10. Types of Ambiguities in NLP:
Structural, grammatical, and lexical ambiguities.
11. Levels of Language Understanding:
Morphological, lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and discourse knowledge.
12. NLP System Organization:
Natural language understanding and generation.
13. References and Resources:
Books, online tutorials, tools, and further reading links.
14. Why NLP is Challenging:
Complexity, ambiguity, and cultural variations in languages.
15. Context-Free Grammar (CFG):
Rules and examples for natural language syntax representation.

This provides a comprehensive overview of the topics included in the session. Let me know if you need
detailed explanations for any specific topic!

explain each topic in details with numericals where ever required

Providing detailed explanations of all the topics from the uploaded PDF is a large task. I will cover each
topic in sections. For now, I will explain the first part (Course Objectives and Introduction to NLP).
Subsequent sections will follow based on your preference. Let me know if you'd like a specific order or all
topics at once.

1. Course Objectives

Objective 1: Identify and recall fundamental concepts and techniques in NLP

This involves understanding key terms and definitions such as tokenization, stemming, and
lemmatization.
Example: Given a sentence, "The leaves are falling," identify its components: words (leaves, falling),
their root forms (leaf, fall), and grammatical categories (noun, verb).

Objective 2: Explain computational properties of natural languages and algorithms

This includes concepts like language ambiguity and complexity.

Example: In morphological analysis, the word "unbelievable" can be decomposed into morphemes:
"un-" (prefix), "believe" (root), "-able" (suffix).

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Objective 3: Apply mathematical models in NLP

Techniques such as N-grams, TF-IDF, or embeddings to solve NLP problems.

Example: Calculate the bigram probability for the sentence "I love NLP":

P ("I love NLP") = P ("I love") × P ("love NLP")

If P ("I love") = 0.2 and P ("love NLP") = 0.1, then P ("I love NLP") = 0.2 × 0.1 = 0.02.

Objective 4: Examine trends, challenges, and opportunities in NLP

Research focus areas like large language models (e.g., GPT) and challenges like bias and fairness in
NLP systems.

2. Introduction to NLP

What is Natural Language Processing?

NLP is the application of computational techniques to analyze and generate human language.
Example Task: Build a chatbot for customer support using NLP techniques like intent recognition
and response generation.

Applications of NLP

1. Machine Translation:
Example: Translating "Bonjour" (French) to "Hello" (English).
Models like Google Translate use statistical or neural methods for this task.
2. Sentiment Analysis:
Example: Analyzing customer reviews like "The product is amazing" to classify it as positive
sentiment.
Numerical Example: Compute sentiment score using word embeddings and classify the
review.

Why Study NLP?

1. Real-life Applications: NLP powers virtual assistants (e.g., Alexa, Siri).

2. Research Potential: Topics like emotional intelligence in machines or zero-shot learning.

3. Preprocessing Steps

Step 1: Tokenization

Splitting text into words or sentences.

Example: "I love NLP" → ["I", "love", "NLP"].

Step 2: Removing Punctuation

Example: From "Hello, world!" to "Hello world".

Step 3: Stop Word Removal

Remove commonly used words like "is", "the".

Example: From "The cat is sleeping" to ["cat", "sleeping"].
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Step 4: Stemming and Lemmatization

Stemming: Reduce words to base forms (e.g., "running" → "run").

Lemmatization: Uses vocabulary rules to convert words to their dictionary forms (e.g., "ran" →
"run").

4. Ambiguities in NLP

Structural Ambiguities

Example: "Visiting relatives can be annoying."

Meaning 1: Relatives who are visiting are annoying.
Meaning 2: The act of visiting relatives is annoying.

Lexical Ambiguities

Example: The word "bank" can mean:

A financial institution.
The side of a river.

Grammatical Ambiguities

Example: "I saw her duck."

Meaning 1: Observed her pet duck.
Meaning 2: Watched her duck to avoid something.

This is a detailed start for the first few topics. Let me know if you'd like to continue with advanced topics
like Word Embeddings, Language Models, and Applications or provide feedback on the current
structure.

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