100 Viva Questions with Answers (Based on Java Syllabus)

Unit I: Java Basics & OOP Concepts

1. Q1: What is JVM and how does it work?

Ans: JVM (Java Virtual Machine) executes Java bytecode and enables platform
independence. It converts bytecode to machine-specific code.

2. Q2: Explain the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM.

Ans: JDK is Java Development Kit (tools + JRE), JRE is Java Runtime Environment (JVM +
libraries), and JVM runs bytecode.

3. Q3: What is a constructor in Java?

Ans: A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects. It has the same name as the
class and no return type.

4. Q4: What are access specifiers in Java?

Ans: Access specifiers control visibility: public, private, protected, and default.

5. Q5: What is the difference between ‘==’ and ‘.equals()’?

Ans: ‘==’ compares references, while ‘.equals()’ compares content.

6. Q6: What is inheritance in Java?

Ans: Inheritance allows a class to acquire properties and methods of another class using the
‘extends’ keyword.

7. Q7: Define polymorphism with example.

Ans: Polymorphism means many forms. It allows one interface to be used for different types
of actions. Example: method overriding.

8. Q8: What is encapsulation?

Ans: Encapsulation is the binding of data and code. It hides internal details using private
variables and provides public methods.

9. Q9: What is abstraction in Java?

Ans: Abstraction hides implementation details and shows only functionality. Achieved via
abstract classes and interfaces.

10. Q10: What is an interface?

Ans: An interface is a reference type in Java used to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritance.

Unit II: Exception Handling, I/O, and Multithreading

11. Q1: What is an exception in Java?

Ans: An exception is an event that disrupts program execution. It is handled using try-catch
blocks.

12. Q2: Differentiate between checked and unchecked exceptions.

Ans: Checked exceptions are checked at compile time, while unchecked occur at runtime.

13. Q3: What is try-with-resources?

Ans: A try statement that declares resources to be closed automatically after use.

14. Q4: What are byte and character streams?

Ans: Byte streams handle binary data, character streams handle character data.

15. Q5: How to read and write files in Java?

Ans: Using FileReader/FileWriter for characters or FileInputStream/FileOutputStream for

bytes.

16. Q6: What is multithreading?

Ans: Multithreading is executing multiple threads concurrently to perform tasks

simultaneously.

17. Q7: Explain thread life cycle.

Ans: States: New → Runnable → Running → Waiting → Terminated.

18. Q8: What is thread synchronization?

Ans: It controls thread access to shared resources to avoid data inconsistency.

19. Q9: What is inter-thread communication?

Ans: Threads communicate via wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods.

20. Q10: What are thread priorities?

Ans: Thread priority decides the order of thread execution; range is 1 (min) to 10 (max).

Unit III: Java New Features

21. Q1: What is a functional interface?
Ans: An interface with a single abstract method. Example: Runnable.

22. Q2: What is a lambda expression?

Ans: A lambda expression is a short block of code that takes parameters and returns a value.

23. Q3: What is method reference?

Ans: Method reference is a shorthand syntax for calling methods using :: operator.

24. Q4: What is Stream API?

Ans: Stream API processes sequences of elements using functional-style operations like
map, filter, reduce.

25. Q5: Explain default and static methods in interfaces.

Ans: Default methods have a body; static methods belong to the interface class itself.

26. Q6: What is Base64 encoding?

Ans: It converts binary data to a text format. Useful for encoding binary streams.

27. Q7: Explain try-with-resources.

Ans: It ensures automatic resource management and closing.

28. Q8: What is Java Module System?

Ans: Introduced in Java 9, it organizes code into modules to improve scalability.

29. Q9: What are type annotations?

Ans: Type annotations are applied to any use of a type and improve code clarity.

30. Q10: What is a sealed class?

Ans: A sealed class restricts which classes can extend it.

Unit IV: Java Collections Framework

31. Q1: What is Java Collection Framework?

Ans: A set of classes and interfaces to store and manipulate data in collections.

32. Q2: Difference between List and Set.

Ans: List allows duplicates and maintains order; Set does not allow duplicates.

33. Q3: What is the difference between HashSet and TreeSet?

Ans: HashSet is unordered; TreeSet maintains sorted order.

34. Q4: What is Map in Java?

Ans: Map stores key-value pairs. Keys are unique; values can be duplicated.

35. Q5: What is the use of Iterator?

Ans: Iterator is used to traverse collections element by element.

36. Q6: Explain Comparable and Comparator interfaces.

Ans: Both are used for sorting. Comparable is natural ordering; Comparator is custom
sorting.

37. Q7: What is HashMap?

Ans: HashMap stores data as key-value pairs and allows one null key and multiple null
values.

38. Q8: What is LinkedHashMap?

Ans: It is a HashMap with predictable iteration order.

39. Q9: What is the use of Properties class?

Ans: Used to maintain configuration and property files.

40. Q10: What is the difference between Vector and ArrayList?

Ans: Vector is synchronized; ArrayList is not.

Unit V: Spring Framework & Spring Boot

41. Q1: What is Spring Framework?

Ans: A Java framework that simplifies enterprise Java development using dependency
injection and AOP.

42. Q2: What is dependency injection?

Ans: It is a design pattern that injects objects rather than creating them manually.

43. Q3: What is Spring Boot?

Ans: Spring Boot simplifies Spring application development by auto-configuration and

embedded servers.

44. Q4: Explain @RestController in Spring Boot.

Ans: @RestController combines @Controller and @ResponseBody. Used for REST APIs.

45. Q5: What is @Autowired?

Ans: It automatically injects dependent beans.

46. Q6: What are Spring Bean Scopes?

Ans: Singleton, Prototype, Request, Session, and Application define bean lifecycles.

47. Q7: What is the purpose of application.properties?

Ans: Used to configure Spring Boot application settings.

48. Q8: What is RequestMapping in Spring Boot?

Ans: It maps HTTP requests to handler methods.

49. Q9: Explain RESTful web services.

Ans: RESTful web services use HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) for
communication.

50. Q10: What is the use of Logger in Spring Boot?

Ans: Logger records runtime information, errors, and debugging messages.