Module 5

Configuring Routing and Advanced

Switching

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Learning Objectives
• Compare and contrast routing concepts.
• Compare and contrast dynamic routing concepts.
• Install and troubleshoot routers.
• Explain tiered switching architecture.
• Explain virtual LANs.

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Lesson 5.1
Routing Technologies

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 Routing Technologies
Routing is the process of selecting a path for data packets to travel across one or more
networks and reach their destination. It relies on rules, algorithms, and routing tables that
store details about known networks and the best routes to them.

Goal: Ensure that data sent from a source host arrives at the correct destination host, even
if the hosts are on different networks separated by multiple routers.

Static vs. Dynamic Routing: Routes can be set manually by a network administrator
(static) or learned automatically through dynamic routing protocols (like OSPF, EIGRP, or
BGP) that exchange routing information with other routers.

A routing table is a database stored on a router (or sometimes on a host) that tells the
device where to forward packets destined for various networks. Without a routing table, a
router wouldn’t know how to deliver data to other parts of the network

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 Routing Tables and Path Selection
The following main parameters define a routing entry:
Protocol: The source of the route. Paths can be configured
statically or learned by exchanging information with other routers
via a dynamic routing protocol like OSPF/BGP. Protocol
Destination: Destination—Routes can be defined to specific hosts
but are more generally directed to network IDs. The most specific
(longest) destination prefix will be selected as the forwarding path
Destination
if there is more than one match.

Interface: The local interface to use to forward a packet along the

chosen route. This might be represented as the IP address of the
Interface
interface or as a layer 2 interface ID.

Gateway/next hop: The IP address of the next router along the Gateway/next hop
path to the destination.

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 Static and Default Routes
A static route is manually added to the routing table and only changes if edited by the administrator.
Configuring static routing entries can be useful in some circumstances, but it can be problematic if the
routing topology changes often, as each route on each affected router needs to be updated manually.

A default route acts as a "catch-all" route when no specific route to a destination exists in the routing table.
It is often referred to as the "gateway of last resort."

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Static and Default Routes

• Directly connected routes

Routing • Remote routes
table
entries • Host routes
• Default route

Route Type Purpose Configured How? Example

Directly Routes to networks directly on Automatic, interface-
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected.
Connected router. based.
Remote Routes to distant networks. Static or dynamic. 192.168.2.0/24 via 192.168.1.2.
Host Routes to a single IP address. Static or dynamic. 192.168.1.10/32 via 192.168.1.2.
Default Routes for unknown destinations. Static or dynamic. 0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.1.1.

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 Routing Table Example
Router A:
o The router is directly connected to networks 10.0.1.0/24 (via
interface G0) and 10.0.2.0/24 (via interface G1).
o The router has been configured with static routes to
10.0.3.0/24 and 10.0.4.0/24, both of which are reachable via
interface G1.
Router B:
o Configured in the same way as Router A.
o The networks 10.0.2.0/24 and 10.0.3.0/24 are directly
connected, and the paths to 10.0.1.0/24 and 10.0.4.0/24 are
configured as static entries.
Router C:
o Configured differently than Routers A and B.
o It is directly connected to 10.0.3.0/24 and 10.0.4.0/24, but the
only static route configured is for 0.0.0.0/0. This is a default
route. While the router has no specific knowledge of networks
10.0.1.0/24 and 10.0.2.0/24, it will forward packets for these
destinations over its G0 interface.

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Packet Forwarding

Consult the Make a

Receive the Examine Forward the
routing forwarding
packet the packet packet
table decision

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Hop Count

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 Router Configuration
Router placement:
• Same subnet or IP
network must not be
separated by a router
• Different subnets or IP
networks must be
separated by a router

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Routing Tools

show route show arp route traceroute

• Displays • Lists • Shows IP • Tracks a

routing current routing packet’s
table ARP table table of a path to
entries host destination

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Activity: Trivia

What is the function What are directly

of a routing table? connected routes?

What is traceroute
used for?

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Lesson 5.2
Dynamic Routing Technologies

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Static vs. Dynamic Routing
Feature Static Routing Dynamic Routing
Configuration Manually configured Automatically adjusts to network
changes
Flexibility Inflexible - Updates require Flexible - Adapts in real-time
manual intervention
Control Complete control over routing Less direct control over the routes
paths that data takes
Use Case Ideal for small, stable networks Ideal for larger, more complex
where routes do not change networks with frequent changes
often

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Dynamic Routing Protocols
Definition

• Dynamic routing protocols are algorithms that automatically

update route information and adjust the paths between network
nodes by distributing network topology information.

Advantages

• Scalability, adaptivity to network changes, and reduced network

administration overhead

Considerations

• Requires more processing power and memory

• Proper configuration is critical for security and efficiency
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 Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
Dynamic routing protocols are broadly categorized into two types based on where they operate: IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)
and EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
1. Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP):
IGPs are used for routing within a single autonomous system (AS), such as an enterprise network or ISP's internal network.

2. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP):

EGPs are used for routing between different autonomous systems (AS), such as between ISPs or large enterprise networks.

Feature IGP EGP

Scope Within an AS (intra-domain) Between ASes (inter-domain)
Examples RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS BGP
Complexity Simple to moderate Complex and policy-driven
Speed of Convergence Faster Slower (focus on stability)
Scalability Limited to single AS Highly scalable (global)
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 Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
Dynamic routing protocols can be categorized based on their functionality and algorithms:

1. Distance Vector Protocols:

• Routers exchange information with their directly connected neighbors.

• They calculate the best path based on the number of "hops" (distance) to the destination.
• Examples:
◦ RIP (Routing Information Protocol): Simple but limited to 15 hops.
◦ EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol): Cisco proprietary, more advanced.
2. Link-State Protocols:

• Each router builds a complete map (topology) of the network by exchanging information with all routers.
• Best path is calculated using algorithms like Dijkstra's Algorithm.
• Examples:
◦ OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): Widely used in enterprise networks.
◦ IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System): Common in ISP networks. 18
 Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
3. Path Vector Protocols:

• Used primarily in inter-domain routing, such as between ISPs.

• Maintains path information (e.g., AS numbers in BGP).
• Example:
◦ BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): The backbone of the internet.

Key Terms:
Convergence: The time it takes for all routers to update and agree on the best paths.
Metric: A value used by protocols to determine the best route (e.g., hop count, bandwidth, delay).
AS (Autonomous System): A collection of networks under a single administrative domain.

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RIP Protocol
Definition

• A legacy dynamic routing protocol that finds the best path

between the source and destination networks.

Features

• Uses hop count as the metric for path selection

• 15 maximum allowed hops

Considerations

• Not ideal for large networks because of the hop count limit
• Slow to converge in response to network changes

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Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP)
Definition

• An advanced distance-vector protocol that is used on a computer

network for automating routing decisions and configurations

Features

• Uses metrics such as bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability for path
selection
• Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 without needing separate
configurations

Considerations

• More complex to configure

• Cisco Systems proprietary protocol
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Definition

• A dynamic link-state protocol that efficiently exchanges routing

information within an autonomous system using the Shortest Path
First algorithm.

Features

• Computes the shortest path first

• Supports complex network topologies

Considerations

• Can be complex planning and configuration

• Requires more bandwidth than distance-vector protocols
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Definition

• Gateway protocol that enables the Internet to exchange

routing information between autonomous systems.

Features

• Scalable to the Internet’s size, handling thousands of routes

• Uses path vector protocol for establishing routing decisions
• Supports CIDR, allowing for efficient IP address
management and route aggregation.

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Lesson 5.3
Network Address Translation

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

What it does Why it is needed

Modifies the network Increases network security
address information in by hiding internal IP
packet headers while in addresses from external
transit networks

Enables multiple devices

on a local network to Conserves public IP
share a single public IP addresses
address

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NAT Types

Dynamic Static
Maps internal addresses Translates one internal
to a pool of external IP address to one
addresses dynamically external IP address.

Allows a larger number Allows inbound

of devices to share the connections initiated
same external IP from outside the
address network.

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Edge Routers
An edge router

• Is located at the boundary of a network

that connects to external networks
(e.g., the Internet).
• Manages the flow of data between the
internal and external networks.
• Routes data to its destination, performs
NAT and applies security measures.
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Port Address Translation

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Lesson 5.4
Firewalls

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Firewall Types
Unified Threat
Hardware Software Cloud-based Management
(UTM)

Standalone
appliances Operating
system-based

All-in-one
Integrated within Firewall as a
security
routers service (FAAS)
appliances

Third-party
Next-Generation software-based
(NGFW)

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Firewall
The basic function of a firewall is traffic filtering. The firewall processes traffic
according to rules; traffic that does not conform to a rule that allows it access is
blocked.

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Stateless vs. Stateful
Stateless inspection Stateful inspection
(Packet filtering) (Circuit Level Gateway)
Filters based on IP addresses, Inspects packets and tracks the
protocol, and port numbers state of active connections

Acts at the network layer Acts at the session layer

Suitable for smaller networks or Ideal for corporate networks

less complex security where it is critical to protect
requirements sensitive data

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Lesson 5.5
Virtual LANS

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Virtual LANs and Subnets

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Virtual LANs and Subnets
Creates separate networks within a single physical network infrastructure

Simplified
Segmentation Flexibility
Administration
• Divides a network • Users and • Network
into small, isolated devices are changes or
segments grouped by moves can be
• Doesn’t require function, easily managed
separate hardware
department or without changing
team physical setup
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VLAN IDs and Membership

VLAN IDs

• Each VLAN is assigned a unique ID

• Each device is a member of a VLAN
• Devices use VLAN IDs to manage traffic
• Inter-VLAN routing is needed for devices
to communicate between VLANs
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 Tagged and Untagged Ports
• Port tagging: method of marking data packets with a VLAN ID
• Tagged ports: configured to receive and understand packets that have a
VLAN identifier
• Untagged ports: set to receive data without a VLAN identifier

Feature Tagged Ports (Trunk) Untagged Ports (Access)

Traffic Type Tagged (VLAN ID added) Untagged (no VLAN ID)
VLANs
Multiple VLANs Single VLAN
Supported
Common Use
Switch-to-Switch, Router, AP End devices like PCs or printers
Case
switchport mode switchport mode
Configuration
trunk access
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VLAN Types
• Management
• Default VLAN • Native VLAN • Voice VLAN
VLAN
• VLAN with ID1 • Receives all • Handles VoIP • Manages
• Should remain untagged system traffic network
unused frames • Ensures voice devices and
• Separate communication services
• Change
unused ports Native and quality • Isolate from
from ID1 Default VLANs • Prioritizes user data traffic
• Match Native voice traffic • Separate from
VLAN IDs Default VLAN
on switches

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VLAN Types
Key Differences Between Default VLAN and Native VLAN

Feature Default VLAN Native VLAN

Definition VLAN where all ports are assigned initially. VLAN for untagged traffic on trunk ports.

Default Setting VLAN 1 VLAN 1

Configuration Scope Applies to all unconfigured ports. Applies only to trunk ports.

Traffic Type Data traffic for unconfigured ports. Untagged traffic on trunk ports.
Deletable? No, VLAN 1 cannot be deleted. Yes, can assign another VLAN.

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Trunking and IEEE

Trunking bundles
physical links into one
logical link

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 Trunking and IEEE

On a large network, a single switch will not provide enough ports for all the hosts
that need to be connected to the network. This means that multiple switches
must be interconnected to build the network fabric. Multiple switches may also be
deployed to provide redundant links. The interconnections between switches are
referred to as trunks. One of the ports on each switch would be configured as a
trunk port for this purpose.

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 VLAN Routing
VLAN Routing

VLAN routing, also known as Inter-VLAN Routing, enables

communication between devices in different VLANs. Since
VLANs logically isolate networks at Layer 2, routing must occur at
Layer 3 (network layer) to allow devices in separate VLANs to
communicate.

Why is VLAN Routing Needed?

• VLANs are separate broadcast domains, and devices in
different VLANs cannot communicate directly.
• Routing is required to forward traf c between VLANs.

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fi
Lesson 5.7
Routing and VLAN Troubleshooting

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Routing Table Issues
Suspect a routing issue if you ping a host’s default
gateway but not some or all hosts on remote network.

Review Examine
Check
Verify routing static and Use
subnet
connectivity table dynamic traceroute
masks
entries routes

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Default Route and Routing Loop Issues
Misconfigured default routes or distributing default
routes to other routers can lead to routing loops.

Review
Verify host Ping default Check router Identify
physical
configuration gateway settings routing loops
connections

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VLAN Assignment Issues
Devices on a VLAN need a matching IP configuration
(address, subnet mask, gateway, DNS).

Check Ping the Ping the Ping a

physical loopback default remote host
connectivity address gateway or server

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Summary
• Routing Tables: Routers' internal maps guide data packets to
their destinations
• Dynamic Routing: Protocols automate routing information
exchange between routers
• NAT: Translates between private and public IP addresses for
internet access
• VLANs: Create logical network segments within a physical
network

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