tor more Updates VISIT: WWW. PASS LEARNING OUTCOMES : Q DATA TYPES Q OPERATORS Q MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE TYPES Q EXPRESSIONtor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com DATA TYPES Data type in Python specifies the type of data we are going to store in any variable, the amount of memory it will take and type of operation we can perform on a variable. Data can be of many types e.g. character, integer, real, string etc. Python supports following data types: > Numbers (int, float, complex) > String > List > Tuple > Dictionarytor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com NUMBERS From the name it is very clear the Number data types are used to store numeric values. Numbers in Python can be of following types: (i) Integers a) _ Integers(signed) b) Booleans (ii) Floating point numbers (iii) Complex Numberstor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com INTEGERS Integers allows to store whole numbers only and there is no fraction parts. Integers can be positive and negative e.g. 100, 250, -12, +50 There are two integers in Python: 1) Integers(signed) : it is normal integer representation of whole numbers. Integers in python can be on any length, it is only limited by memory available. In Python 3.x int data type can be used to store big or small integer value whether it is +ve or -ve. 2) Booleans: it allows to store only two values True and False. The internal value of boolean value True and False is 1 and 0 resp. We can get boolean value from 0 and 1 using bool() function.tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com INTEGERS >>>bool(1) True >>int(False) 0 >>>str(False) ‘False’ # str() function is used to convert argument to string type.tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com FLOATING POINT NUMBERS It allows to store numbers with decimal points. For e.g. 2.14. The decimal point indicate that it is not an integer but a float value. 100 is an integer but 100.5 is a float value. In Previous chapter we have already discussed float values can be of type type: 1. Fractional Form : 200.50, 0.78, -12.787 2. Exponent Form : it is represented with mantissa and exponent. For e.g >>>x = 1.5E2 # means 1.5 x 10? which is 150 >>>print(x) # 150.0 >>>y=12.78654E04 >>>print(y) # 127865.4tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com FLOATING POINT NUMBERS Floating point number are mainly used for storing values like distance, area, temperature etc. which have a fractional part. Floating point numbers have two advantage over integers: v they can represent values between the integers v they can represent a much greater range of values But floating point numbers suffers from one disadvantage also: ¥ Floating point operations are usually slower than integer operations. In Python floating point numbers represent machine level double precision floating point numbers i.e. 15 digit precision.tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com COMPLEX NUMBERS Python represent complex numbers in the form A+B). To represent imaginary numbers, Python uses j or J in place of i. So in Python j = V—1. Both real and imaginary parts are of type float eg. a=0+6j b=25+3J >oraad+5j >>>print(a) # (4+5)) >>>b=0+2j >>>b #(2)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com COMPLEX NUMBERS Python allows to retrieve real and imaginary part of complex number using attributes: real and imag If the complex number is a then we can write a.real or a.imag Example >>>a=1+3.54) >>>print(a.real) #1.0 >>>print(a.imag) # 3.54tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com STRING In previous chapter we have already discussed about string. Let us recall the things: 1. String is a collection of any valid characters in a quotation marks (‘ or“ ) 2. Each character of String in Python is a Unicode character 3. Strings are used to store information like name, address, descriptions. Etc For example: “hello”, ‘welcome’, “sales2018", “python@kvoef.com”tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com STRING In Python string is a sequence of characters and each character can be individually access using index. From beginning the first character in String is at index 0 and last will be at len-1. From backward direction last character will be at index -1 and first character will be at—len. Dente Ta sass) message W E L c Oo M Etor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com STRING To access individual character of String (Slicing). we can use the syntax: StringName[index position] >>>stream="Science” >>>print(stream0]) S >>>print(stream|3}) e >>>print(stream|-1]) etor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com STRING What will be the output: >>>stream="Science” >>>print(stream|[5]) #Output 1 >>>print(stream|-4]) #Output 2 >>>print(stream|-len(stream)]) #Output 3 ( >>>print(stream|8}) #Output 4tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com STRING We cannot change the individual letters of string by assignment because string in python is immutable and hence if we try to do this, Python will raise an error “object does not support Item assignment” >>>name[1]=77 # error However we can assign string to another string. For e.g >>>name="Ronaldo” >>>name="Bekham” # no errortor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com LISTS AND TUPLES Lists and Tuples are compound data types i.e. they allows to store multiple values under one name of different data types. The main difference between Lists and Tuples is List can be changed/modified i.e. mutable type whereas Tuples cannot be changes or modified i.e. immutable type. Let us take this with example: Lists: A list in python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data type between square brackets. [a’’e’’o'/'/u']tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLES - LIST >>> family=["Mom","Dad","Sis","Bro"] >>> family [Mom', 'Dad', 'Sis', 'Bro'] >>> print(family) [Mom’, ‘Dad’, ‘Sis’, 'Bro’] >>> Employee=["E001","Naman",50000, 10.5] >>> Employee [E001', 'Naman’, 50000, 10.5] >>> print(Employee) [E001', 'Naman', 50000, 10.5]tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLES - LIST The values stored in List are internally numbered from 0 onwards. i.e. first element will be at position 0 and second will be at 1 and so on. >>> Employee=["E001","Naman",50000, 10.5] >>> print(Employee[1}) Naman >>> Employee[2]=75000 >>> print(Employee) ['E001', 'Naman', 75000, 10.5] You can check the number of items in list using len() function >>> print(len(Employee)) 4tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TUPLES Tuples as those list which cannot be changed i.e. not modifiable. Tuples are defined inside parenthesis and values separated by comma Example: >>> favorites=("Blue","Cricket’,"Gajar Ka Halwa") >>> student=(1,"Aman",97.5) >>> print(favorites) (‘Blue’, ‘Cricket’, 'Gajar Ka Halwa’) >>> print(student) (1, ‘Aman’, 97.5)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TUPLES Like List, Tuples values are also internally numbered from 0 and so on. >>> print(favorites[1]) Cricket >>> print(student[2]) 97.5 >>> student[2]=99. >>> student[2]=99 # Error, tuple does not support assignment i.e. immutabletor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com DICTIONARY Dictionary is another feature of Python. It is an unordered set of comma separated key-value pairs. Dictionary Items are defined in Curly Brackets { } Keys defined in Dictionary cannot be same i.e. no two keys can be same. >>> student={Roll':1,'Name':"Jagga",'Per':91.5} >>>print(student) >>> print(student[Per’]) 91.5 >>> val=(1:100,2:300,4:900} # Key name can be string / numeric >>> print(val(1]) 100 Dictionary is mutable. i.e. We can modify dictionary elements. >>>vall2]=1000 >>>print(val) # {1: 100, 2: 1000, 4: 900}tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com DATA TYPE SUMMARY redonetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE TYPES Python data object can be broadly categorized into two types - mutable and immutable types. In simple words changeable/modifiable and non-modifiable types. 1. Immutable types: are those that can never change their value in place. In python following types are immutable: integers, float, Boolean, strings, tuples Sample Code: a=10 b=a c=15 # will give output 10,10,30 a=20 b=40 could be changed effortlessly, but this is not the case. Let c=b n cl From this code, you can say the value of integer a, b,ctor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com IMMUTABLE TYPES Note: In python each value in memory is assigned a memory address. So each time a new variable is pointing to that value they will be assigned the same address and no new memory allocation. Let us understand the case. >>> print(id(a)) SO) Python provides id() function to get the >>> print(id(c)) memory address to which value /variable is progr) refers f Caer rer sary bator more updates visit: www.python4csip.com IMMUTABLE TYPES Now let us understand the changes done to variable a, b,c >>> print(id(a)) BN ESTCUUYL IO} >>> print(id(b)) >>> print(id(c)) Python provides id() function to get the memory address to which value /variable is pfening E bator more updates visit: www.python4csip.com IMMUTABLE TYPES From the previous code it is clear that variable names are stored references to a value-object. Each time we change the value the variable’s reference memory address changes. So it will not store new value in same memory location that's why Integer, float, Booleans, strings and tuples are immutable. Variables (of certain type) are NOT LIKE storage containers i.e. with fixed memory address where value changes every time. Hence they are immutabletor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com MUTABLE TYPE Mutable means in same memory address, new value can be stored as and when it is required. Python provides following mutable types: 1. Lists 2. Dictionaries 3. Sets Examples: (using >>> employee=["E001","Rama","Sales",67000] SRA CRU CR RTC >>> print(id(employee)) Ones: 71593896 ———___ i cd >>> employee[3]=75000 eee) >>> print(id(employee)) _ lu 71593896 «—— >>>tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com VARIABLE INTERNALS Python is an object oriented language. So every thing in python is an object. An object is any identifiable entity that have some characteristics/properties and behavior. Like integer values are object - they hold whole numbers only(characteristics) and they support all arithmetic operations (behavior). Every python object has three key attributes associated with it: 1. type of object 2. value of an object 3. id of an objecttor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TYPE OF AN OBJECT type of an object determines the operations that can be performed on the object. Built-in function type() returns the type of an object Example: >>> a=100 >>> type(a) >>> type(100) >>> name="Jaques" >>> type(name) tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com VALUE OF AN OBJECT The data items stored in the object is a value of object. The value stored in an object is a literals. We can using print() to get the value of an object Example: >>> a=100 >>> print(a) 100 >>> name="Kallis” >>> print(name) Kallis >>>tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ID OF AN OBJECT It is the memory address of any object. Although id is dependent upon the system where it is installed but in most cases it returns the memory location of the object. Built in function id() returns the id of an object Example: >>> a=h >>> id(5) 1911018608 >>> print(id(a)) 1911018608 >>>tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com OPERATORS are symbol that perform specific operation when applied on variables. Take a look at the expression: (Operator) 10 + 257~~-~>(Operands) Above statement is an expression (combination of operator and operands) ie. operator operates on operand. some operator requires two operand and some requires only one operand to operatetor more updates visit: www.pytnon4csip.com TYPES OF OPERATORS - ARITHMETIC Binary Operators: are those operators that require two operand to operate upon. Following are some Binary operators: es Co (aecceecorcnennna Ex anOTTTTCE (ScEEREEEREEEEREE (ct pEEEEEEEEE | Fer cso |tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TYPES OF OPERATORS - ARITHMETIC Unary Operators They require only one operand to operate like unary + and - For e.g. >>> ash >>> print(+a) 5 >>> print(-a) 5 >>>tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLE - BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATOR >>> num1=20 >>> num2=7 >>> val = num1 % num2 >>> print(val) 6 >>> val = 2°*4 >>> print(val) 16tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLE - BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATOR >>> val = num / num2 >>> print(val) 2.857142857142857 >>> val = num // num2 >>> print(val) 2tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following code >>> a,b,c,d = 13.2,20,50.0,49 >>> print(a/4) >>> print(a//4) >>> print(20**3) >>> print(b**3) >>> print(ci/6) >>> print(d%5) >>> print(d%100)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following code >>> x,y=-8,-15 >>> print(x//3) >>> print(8/-3) ->>> print(8//-3)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following code >>> x,y=-8,-15 >>> print(x//3) ————________. (3s) >>> print(8/-3) >>> print(8//-3)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following code >>> x,y=-8,-15 >>> print(x//3) ————________. (3s) >>> print(8/-3) —__ = >>> print(8//-3)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following code >>> x,y=-8,-15 >>> print(x//3) ————__. >>> print(8/-3) —— 7 5 ->>> print(8//-3)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following code par -11 1/5 per -11%5 >>> 11%-5 >>> 11//-5tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following ci >>-11//5 ——_. EB per -11%5 >>> 11%-5 >>> 111-5tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following ci >>-11//5 ——_. EB >e>-11 % 5 —___ >>> 11%-5 >>> 11//-5tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following ci >>-11//5 ——_. EB >e>-11 % 5 —___ >> 11%-5____, 7 >>> 111-5tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... What will be the output of following ci >>-11//5 ——_. EB >e>-11 % 5 —___ >> 11%-5____, 7 per i-5tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TYPES OF OPERATORS -AUGMENTED ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS It perform operation with LHS and RHS and result will be assigned to LSH Peotone Sent ncen reece kenny RHS minus to LHS and result Ee eer el to LHS i [ RHS muttiby toLHS and result assigned toLHS | Prue kere meee) | LHS divided by RHS and remainder assigned to LHS | RHS and remainder assigned to LHS Rae rancor chore Pee eee eke) Peetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TYPES OF OPERATORS -RELATIONAL OPERATOR Are used to compare two values and return the result as True or False depending upon the result of comparison aa Eee ee ene eer ees Ce eee Eee een ens een Not equal to oe ORC UM Oe ORCL REALtor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com FEW POINTS TO REMEMBER - COMPARISONS v For numeric types, the values are compared after removing trailing zeros after decimal point from floating point number. For example 6 and 6.0 will be treated as equal. ¥ Capital letters (ASCII code 65-90) are considered as less than small letters (ASCII code 97-122). ¥ >>>'Hello’<‘hello’ # will give result true v In string be careful while comparison, because special characters are also assigned to some ASCII code. Like ASCII code of space is 32, Enter is 13. v >>>'Hello’ ==" Hello’ # false, because there is space before H in second string v Like other programming language, In Python also we have to be very careful while comparing floating value because it may gives you unexpected result. So it is suggested not to use equality testing with floating values.tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com COMPARISON WITH FLOATING VALUES >>> 0.1+0.1+0.1==0.3 Will return False How? Let us check the value of 0.1+0.1+0.1 >>>print(0.1+0.140.1) Output :- 0.30000000000000004 That's why 0.1 + 0.1+ 0.1 == 0.3 is False Reason: In python floating numbers are approximately presented in memory in binary form up to the allowed precision 15 digit. This approximation may yield unexpected result if you are comparing floating value using equalitytor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com RELATIONAL OPERATOR WITH ARITHMETIC OPERATORS. Relational operator have lower priority than arithmetic operators, So if any arithmetic operator is involved with relational operator then first arithmetic operation will be solved then comparison . For example >>>a,b,c = 10,20,30 >>>a+10 > b-10 Result : True Here Comparison will be 20>10tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? If the value of a is 100 , What is the difference between the below 2 statements Statement 1 : >>> a== 60 Statement 2 : >>> a=60tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com IDENTITY OPERATOR These operators are used to check if both object are pointing to same memory address or not. is aisb Return True, if both operands are pointing to same memory location, otherwise False is not aisnotb Return True, if both operands are not pointing to same memory location, otherwise Falsetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLE OF IDENTITY OPERATORS >>>a=10 >>> b=10 >>>c= 20 >>>aisb >>> aisc >>> ais notc >>>c-=10 >>>aisc # True # False # True # Truetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EQUALITY(==) VS IDENTITY(IS) When we compare two variables pointing to same value, then both Equality nd identity (is) will return True. >>> a b= 10,10 >>>a==b # True >>>aisb # True But in few cases, when two variables are pointing to same value == will return True and IS will return Falsetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLE >>> s1='kvoef >>>s2=input(‘Enter any String’) Enter any String: kvoef >>> s1==s2 # True >>> sliss2 # False >>>$3 = ‘kvoef >>>s1 is s3 # Truetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com FEW CASES-PYTHON CREATES TWO DIFFERENT OBJECT THAT STORE THE SAME VALUE 1 Input of String from the console Q Dealing with large integer value Q Dealing with floating point and complex literalstor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com LOGICAL VALUE - ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER TYPE In python every value is associated with Boolean value True or False. Let us See which values are True and False False values RIS None False All other values are considered as true Zero (0) Empty Sequence “ *,{], 0, 0tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com LOGICAL OPERATORS Python supports 3 logical operators : and , Or, not or operator «_it combines 2 expressions, which make its operand. The or operator works in 2 ways: (i) Relational expression as operand (ii) Numbers or string or lists as operandtor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com RELATIONAL EXPRESSION AS OPERANDS When relational expression is used as operand then OF operator return True if any expression is True. If both are False then only OF operator will return False. >>> (5>6) or (6>5) # True >>> (4==4) or (7==9) # True >>> (6156) or (7>100 # Falsetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com NUMBERS/STRINGS AS OPERANDS When numbers/strings are used as operand then output will be based on the internal Boolean value of number/string. The result will not be the True or False but the value used with OI. However internal value of result will be True or False. >>> (0) or (0) #0 >>> (0) or (10) #10 >>> (4) of (0.0) #4 >>> 20>10 or 8/0 >5 >>> ‘kv or” #kv >>> 20<10 or 8/0 >5 >>> (9) or (7) #9 >>> ‘abe’ or ‘xyz’ # abetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com and operators: it combines 2 expressions, which make its operand. The and operator works in 2 ways: (i) Relational expression as operand (ii) Numbers or string or lists as operandtor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com RELATIONAL EXPRESSION AS OPERANDS When relational expression is used as operand then and operator return True if both expressions are True. If any expression is False then and operator will return False. >>> (8>6) and (6>5) # True >>> (4==4) and (7==9) # False >>> (7I=6) and (10+10>18) # Truetor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com NUMBERS/STRINGS AS OPERANDS When numbers/strings are used as operand then output will be based on the internal Boolean value of number/string. The result will not be the True or False, but the value used with aNd. However internal value of result will be True or False. >>> (0) and (0) #0 >>> (0) and (10) #0 >>> (4) and (0.0) #0 >>> 20<10 and 8/0 >5 >>> ‘kv’ and” #° >>> 20>10 or 8/0 >5 >>> (9) and (7) #7 >>> ‘abc’ and ‘xyz’ # xyztor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com CHAINED COMPARISON Python can chain multiple comparisons which are like shortened version of larger Boolean expressions. In python rather than writing 10<20 and 20<30, you can even write 10<20<30, which is chained version of 10<20 and 20<30. Suppose you want to check age is greater than or equal to 13 and less than or equal to 19 then you can write using chain of condition like: 13<=age<=19 Suppose you want to check A is greater than B and C, you can write using chain of condition like: B<=A>=Ctor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com BITWISE OPERATORS Python provides another category of operators — Bitwise operators. Similar to logical operators except it works on binary representation of actual data not on its decimal value. eet Bitwise and Op1 & Op2 It compares two bits and generate. a result of 1 if both bits are 1; otherwise it return O Bitwise or Op1 | Op2 It compares two bits and generate a result of 4 if any bits are 1; otherwise it return O a Bitwise xor Op1 * Op2 It compares two bits and generate a result of 1 if either bit is 1; otherwise if both Operand are 1 or O it will return False = Bitwise ~Op1 The Compliment operator is used compliment to invert all of the bits of the operandEXAMPLES - & >>>a=10 >>> b=12 >>> bin(a) >>> bin(b) >>>a&b >>> bin(a & b) tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com #0b1010 #0b1100 #8 #0b1000EXAMPLES - | >>>a=10 >>> b=12 >>> bin(a) >>> bin(b) >>>a|b >>> bin(a & b) tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com #0b1010 #0b1100 #8 #0b1110EXAMPLES - “ >>>a=10 >>> b=12 >>> bin(a) >>> bin(b) >>>atb >>> bin(a & b) tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com #0b1010 #0b1100 #6 #0b0110tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLES - ~ >>>a=10 >>> b=12 >>> bin(a) # 0b1010 >>> bin(b) #061100 >>> ~a #-11 Reason: - First the binary of a i.e. 10 is 1010, now using ~ operator it will invert all the bits so bits will be 0101 , Now Python will find 2's compliment of bits as : 1011 and result will be -veOPERATOR PRECEDENCE Highest 0. Parenthesis Left-to-right aa Exponent Right-to-left = Bitwise compliment Left-to-right 4K, Positive or negative Left-to-right eae Arithmetic operator Left-to-right hes Add, Sub Left-to-right & Bitwise & Left-to-right i Bitwise XOR Left-to-right | Bitwise OR Left-to-right <,<=,>,25,<>, Comparison & Identity Left-to-right not x Boolean Not Left-to-right and Boolean AND Left-to-right or Boolean OR Left-to-righttor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-to-right associativity except exponential operator which has right-to-left associativity. For example if an expression contains multiplication, division and modulus then they will be evaluated from left to right. Take a look on example: >o>8*9/11 12 >>> (((8°9) / 11) 12) >>> 8* ((9/11)//2) >>>8* (40/ (11//2))tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-to-right associativity except exponential operator which has right-to-left associativity. For example if an expression contains multiplication, division and modulus then they will be evaluated from left to right. Take a look on example: eR 9A >>> (((8°9) / 11) 12) >>> 8* ((9/11)//2) >>>8* (40/ (11//2))tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-to-right associativity except exponential operator which has right-to-left associativity. For example if an expression contains multiplication, division and modulus then they will be evaluated from left to right. Take a look on example: >>>8 9/11 [2 —————> >>> (((8°9) / 11) 112) ___. ip >>> 8* ((9/11)/2) >>> 8* (40! (I1/2))tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-to-right associativity except exponential operator which has right-to-left associativity. For example if an expression contains multiplication, division and modulus then they will be evaluated from left to right. Take a look on example: >>>B* 9/11 [2 —————> >>> (((8°9)/ 11) 12) ___. ip >>> 8 ((9/11)//2) “00 >) >>> 8 * (401 (11/12))tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-to-right associativity except exponential operator which has right-to-left associativity. For example if an expression contains multiplication, division and modulus then they will be evaluated from left to right. Take a look on example: >>>B* 9/11 [2 —————> >>> (((8°9)/ 11) 12) ___. ip >>> 8 ((9/11)//2) “00 >) >>>8*(40/(11/12))tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from right to left. i.e. 3" 4 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4 ** 2) not (3 **4) **2 Guess the output o> ge 4et2 >>> 3% (4** 2) >>> (34) #2tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from right to left. i.e. 3" 4 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4 ** 2) not (3 **4) **2 Guess the output >e> ge 42 >>> 3% (4** 2) >>> (34) 2tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from right to left. i.e. 3" 4 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4 ** 2) not (3 **4) **2 Guess the output ey ed Pelee >anana—___ >>> (gr) *2tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from right to left. i.e. 3" 4 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4 ** 2) not (3 **4) **2 Guess the output o> gt 42 >on EE Pee =>tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXPRESSION We have already discussed on expression that is a combination of operators, literals and variables (operand). The expression in Python can be of any type: 1) Arithmetic expressions nN String expressions be ) ) }) Relational expressions ) Logical expressions ) a Compound expressionstor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION 10+ 20 30 % 10 RELATIONAL EXPRESSION XY X<¥z STRING EXPRESSION >>> “python” + “programming” #pythonprogramming >>> “python” * 3 #pythonpythonpythontor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EVALUATING EXPRESSION - ARITHMETIC Q Executed based on the operator precedence and associativity Q Implicit conversion takes place if mixed type is used in expression IMPLICIT CONVERSION (COERCION) An implicit conversion is a conversion performed by the interpreter without programmer's intervention. It is applied generally whenever differing types are intermixed in an expression, so as not to lose information. The rule is very simple, Python convert all operands up to the type of the largest operand(type promotion)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com IMPLICIT CONVERSION (COERCION) If both arguments are standard numeric types, the following coercions are applied: > If either argument is a complex number, the other is converted to complex > Otherwise, if either a argument is a floating number, the other is converted to floating point > No conversion if both operand are integerstor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLE - OUTPUT? n1=10 n2=5 n4=10.0 n5=41.0 A=(n1+n2)/n4 B=n5in4 * n1/2 print(A) print(B)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLE - OUTPUT? n1=10 n2=5 n4=10.0 n5=41.0 A=(n1+n2)/n4 B=n5in4 * n1/2 print(A) > print(B)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EXAMPLE - OUTPUT? n1=10 n2=5 n4=10.0 n5=41.0 A=(n1+n2)/n4 B=n5in4 * n1/2 print(A) 7 print(B)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com FIND THE OUTPUT? a) ab=105 c=bla b) ab=105 c=bila c) ab=10,5 c=b%ator more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EVALUATING EXPRESSION - RELATIONAL Q Executed based on the operator precedence and associativity Q All relational expression yield Boolean value True, False Q for chained comparison like — xb<=c)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com EVALUATING EXPRESSION - LOGICAL Executed based on the operator precedence and associativity Q Executed in the order of not, and , or Q Logical operators are short-circuit operators OUTPUT? (10<20) and (20<10) or (5<7) and not 7<10 and 6<7<8tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TYPE CASTING We have leamt in earlier section that in an expression with mixed types, Python internally changes the type of some operands so that all operands have same data type. This type of conversion is automatic i.e. implicit conversion without programmer's intervention An explicit type conversion is user-defined conversion that forces an expression to be of specific type. This type of explicit conversion is also known as Type Casting. Remember, in case of input() with numeric type, whatever input is given to input) is of string type and to use it as a number we have to convert it to integer using int() function. It is an explicit conversion or Type Casting. Syntax: -tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com TYPE CASTING - EXAMPLES >>> num‘ = int(input(“Enter any number “)) d= float(a) # ifa is of int type then it will be converted to float OUTPUT (i) int(17.8) #7 (ii) int(‘20") #20 (ii) float(17) #170 (iv) complex(17) #17+0j (v) complex(2,7) #2+7j (vi) str(13) #413 (vii) str(0019) #47 (viii) bool(0) (ix) bool(‘a’)tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com MATH MODULE OF PYTON Other than build-in function, Python provides many more function through modules in standard library. Python provides math library that works with all numeric types except for complex numbers To use standard math library we have to import the library in our python program using import statement import math math library contains many functions to perform mathematical operations like finding square root of number, log of number, trigonometric functions etc.1 ceil() floor() fabs() Pow() sart() sin() exp() math.ceil(num) math.floor(num) math.fabs(num) math.pow(b,e) math.sqrt(num) math.sin(num) math.exp(num) tor more updates visit: www.pytnon4csip.com SOME MATHEMATICAL FUNCTION FESS ECE oc Itreturns the number rounded to next integer It returns the number rounded to previous integer Returns the absolute value i.e, number without sign Return the value of (b)® It returns the square root of number Returns the sin value of number Returns natural logarithm e raised to the num a math.ceil(2.3) Ans-3 math.floor(2.3) Ans- 2 math.fabs(-4) Ans - 4 math.pow(2.3) Ans-8 math.sqrt(144) Ans- 12 math.sin(math. radian(90)) Ans- 1.0 math.exp(2) Ans- 7.3890..tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com SOME MATHEMATICAL FUNCTION The math module of Python also contains two useful constant pi and e math.pi gives you the value of constant TT = 3.141592... math.e gives you the value of constant e = 2.718281 So, while writing any formula which uses the constant pi you can use math.pi, like area = math.pi * radius * radiusrr more updales vIsiL. www.pytnon4csip.com VALID ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION USING MATH LIBRARY (i) math.pow(8/4,2) (ii) math.sqrt(4*4+2*2+3*3) (iii) | 2+math.ceil(7.03) INVALID ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION (i) 20/4 (ii) 2(l+b) (iii) math.pow(0,-1) (iv) math.log(-5)+4/2tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com WRITE THE CORRESPONDING PYTHON EXPRESSION FOR THE @ Ve+P +e (ii) a (i) Px+—h, may (iv) (cos x/ tan x) + (vy) |e=x]tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... i) | What are data types? What are python built-in datatypes. ii) Which data type of python handles Numbers? (ii) Why Boolean considered a subtype of integer? iv) Identify the data types of the values: 5, 5j, 10.6, ‘100’, “100”, 2+4), [10,20,30], (“a’,”b”,"c’), {1:100,2:200} (v) What is the difference between mutable and immutable data type? Give name of one data type belonging to each category (vi) What is the difference in output of the following ? print(len(str(19//4))) print(len(str(19/4))tor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... (vii) What will be the output produced by these? 12/4 14114 14%4 = 14.0/4 14.0//4 14.0%4 (viii) Given two variable NM is bound to string “Malala” (NM="Malala”). What will be the output produced by following two statement if the input given is “Malala”? Why? MM = input(“Enter name :”) Enter name : Malala (a) NM== MM (b) NMis MMtor more updates visit: www.python4csip.com JUST A MINUTE... (ix) What will be the output of following code? Why (i) 25 or len(25) (ii) len(25) or 25 (x) What will be the output if input for both statement is 6 + 8 / 2 10 == input(“Enter value 1:”) 10==int(input(“Enter value 2:”) (xi) WAP to take two input DAY and MONTH and then calculate which day of the year the given date is. For simplicity take month of 30 days for all. For e.g. if the DAY is 5 and MONTH is 3 then output should be “Day of year is : 65”