Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and C++

Concepts
1.1 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, Concept of OOP, Features of OOP
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of 'objects'. Objects are
instances of classes, which are blueprints for creating objects. OOP focuses on organizing software design
around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. It provides a clear structure for programming and
enables code reuse and modularity. Some of the core concepts of OOP include:

1. Encapsulation: The bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data.

2. Inheritance: The ability of a class to derive properties and behaviors from another class.

3. Polymorphism: The ability of one function or method to behave differently based on the object.

4. Abstraction: Hiding the internal workings of an object and exposing only necessary information.

1.2 Introduction of C++, Structure of C++ Program, Executing and Debugging a C++
Program
C++ is a general-purpose, high-level programming language that is an extension of the C programming
language. It supports both procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms. C++ is known for its
efficiency and performance, making it popular for developing system software, game development, and real-
time applications.

The programming language was created, designed & developed by a Danish Computer Scientist – Bjarne
Stroustrup at Bell Telephone Laboratories (now known as Nokia Bell Labs) in Murray Hill, New Jersey. C++
was initially known as “C with classes, ” and was renamed C++ in 1983. ++ is shorthand for adding one to
variety in programming; therefore C++ roughly means that “one higher than C.”
Structure of a C++ Program:

A basic C++ program consists of the following structure:

Executing and Debugging a C++ Program:

To execute a C++ program, you need to compile it using a C++ compiler (such as g++ or clang). Once compiled,
you can run the program using the system's terminal or IDE. Debugging involves identifying and fixing errors
in your code.

1.3 Beginning with C++: Program Features, Comments, Cin, Cout, Return Statement
Program Features in C++: C++ allows for the creation of both low-level system applications and high-level
software. Its features include control structures (loops, conditions), functions, and the ability to manipulate
both primitive and user-defined types.

Comments in C++:
Comments are used to explain the code and make it more understandable. In C++, there are two types of
comments:

1. Single-line comment: // This is a single-line comment.

2. Multi-line comment: /* This is a multi-line comment */

Cin and Cout in C++:

int x;

cout << 'Enter a number: ';

cin >> x;

cout << 'You entered: ' << x;

Return Statement in C++:

The return statement is used to return a value from a function. In the case of the main function, return 0
indicates successful execution.

🌟 Core Features of C++

1. 🔄 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

🧱
 Helps organize complex code into reusable components.
2. Rich Standard Library (STL)
 Provides data structures (like vectors, maps, stacks), algorithms, and iterators.

⚙️
 Saves time by offering built-in, efficient solutions.
3. Low-Level Memory Manipulation
 You can use pointers, memory allocation (malloc/new), and direct hardware access.

🧠
 Useful for system-level programming.
4. Function Overloading & Operator Overloading
 Functions can have the same name but different parameters.
 Operators like +, *, etc., can be redefined for custom types.
5. 🚀 Fast and Efficient
 C++ is compiled, so it runs much faster than interpreted languages.

🧩
 Suitable for performance-critical applications like gaming, simulations, and OS development.
6. Templates (Generic Programming)
 Write functions and classes that work with any data type.
  Example: std::vector<T> where T can be int, float, string, etc.
7. 🔐 Strong Type Checking
 Helps catch errors at compile time.

🧰
 Prevents unintended operations between incompatible types.
8. Multi-Paradigm Language

📦
 Supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming styles.
9. Namespaces

📤
 Avoids name conflicts in large projects by grouping code into logical scopes.
10. File Handling
 Supports robust file input/output with fstream, ifstream, and ofstream.
11. 🔄 Exception Handling
 Use try, catch, and throw to manage errors and unexpected behavior gracefully.
12. 🎯 Platform Independent (with Compiler Support)

📍
 Though C++ code is compiled, it can be ported to different platforms with slight modifications.
13. Inline Functions & Macros

📊
 Improve performance by replacing function calls with actual code at compile time.
14. Bit Manipulation
 Efficient control over bits and bytes, helpful in embedded and low-level programming.

🧑‍💻 Real-World Use Cases of C++

 Operating systems (Windows, Linux kernel parts)