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Introduction to Data Engineering
Learn the skills needed to break into Data Engineering.

Daniel Beach
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Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What is a Data Engineer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What To Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Focus of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Knowledge and Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
What are the topics we will cover? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 1 - The Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

What Is a Data Pipeline? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Data Pipelines built with Passion and Creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Storage and File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Repeatable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Resilient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Scalable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
In Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 2 - Data Pipeline Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Project Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Data Pipeline Code Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Code Readability and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Containerzation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Architecture First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 3 - Pipeline Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Architecture Applied to Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Data Size and Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Calculating Compute Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Calculating Storage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Understanding the End Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
CONTENTS

Understanding Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Code Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Batch vs Streaming Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Puzzle Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Chapter 4 - Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Access Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
SQL/NoSQL Databases vs files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Row vs Columnar Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Common file types in data engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Parquet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Avro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Orc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
CSV / Flat-file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Storage location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Partitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Chapter 5 - Compute and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
RAM/Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
CPU/Cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Cluster/Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Chapter 6 - Mastering SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Introduction To SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Does the type of database matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The fundamentals of SQL/Databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
OLTP vs. OLAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Table design/layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Table Design in Real Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Understanding Indexing Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
How to write fast/tune queries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Where to look for common problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
SQL Fundementals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
SQL Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Chapter 7 - Data Warehousing / Data Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Data Warehouse vs Data Lake vs Lake House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Facts and Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
CONTENTS

Constraints and Schema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Column Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The Role of ID’s in a Data Warehouses or Data Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
CDC / History Tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Chapter 8 - Data Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Data Types and Schema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Data Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Data Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Modeling Data Logically. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Logical data models lead to physical relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Grain of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Uniqueness of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Access Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Talking to the Business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Normal Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
De-Duplication of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Join Integrity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Keys - Primary and Foreign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
The Idea Behind Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Relational Databases (SQL) vs Data Lake (File Based) Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
The number of Fact tables and Dimensions and normalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
File size and table size matter in the new File-Based Data Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Partitions vs Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Walking the data model line between old and new. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Chapter 9 - Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

What is Data Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Reasoning about Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Double meanings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Data Value Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Measures of Data Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Correct Header or Column Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Correct Data/File Formatting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Chapter 10 - DevOps for Data Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Dockerfiles and Docker-compose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Unit Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
CI/CD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CONTENTS

Automation is the name of the game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Introduction
This book is all about the movement of data, specifically developing data pipelines and how to
become an awesome Data Engineer.
With the rise of Business Intelligence, Data Science, Machine Learning, and the general propensity
for companies to gather as much data as possible, the ability to design data pipelines has become a
valuable skill.
Data engineering is an interesting combination of technical and non-technical skills, and varies
from many classic software engineering disciplines. In this book I want to cover the basic topics and
discuss at a high level what are the most important skills to a Data Engineer.

What is a Data Engineer?

What is a Data Engineer? That has changed a lot and will continue to change as technology is
ever-changing, but there are many things that remain constant.
Data Engineers facilitate the movement of data, and enable businesses to consume that data.

• Facilitate data movement.

• Enable data consumption.

The Data Engineer has become a sought-after position and unfortunately, it has not become easier
to find those people with the requisite skills to do the job. Learning those skills as an individual is
not exactly an easy task either. It seems the training and classes are still lagging behind the demand
for real-world Data Engineering knowledge.
This is the gap I’m attempting to fill with the topics in this book. I rewound myself to my first days
as a new data developer and thought about how hard it is to even know what topics to learn.

What To Expect
In this book, I want to give you the skills and knowledge, especially the underlying theory, to write
beautiful, fast, scalable data pipelines. It’s impossible to teach everything and cover every topic, but
I at least want you to know, what you should focus on. Hopefully, you discover many topics that
you can dive into at your leisure.
This book isn’t about how to write code.
Introduction 2

Data pipelines are so different and varied in their structure, based on technology stacks being used,
but most of the concepts are the same. Some people wrongly assume that they should learn how to
be a great coder, especially in the beginning, sure, that is helpful. But, as you grow in your career
you will quickly realize that it’s other skills that enable you to be a good Data Engineer.

• Knowledge and concepts first.

• Writing code second.

What I don’t want to teach you is how to write code. You will see me using Python in my examples,
and that is just for the ease of code readability. I expect you are a smart and savvy person, you
reading this book after all.
The theory and ideas behind many data engineering topics are more important than how well you
write code, which comes with time and experience.

Chapters
Here are the chapters and topics you can expect to encounter.

• The Theory Of Data Engineering and Pipelines

• Data Pipeline Basics
• Pipeline Architecture
• Storage - Files
• Compute and Resources
• SQL and Databases
• Data Warehousing and Data Lakes
• Data Modeling
• Data Quality
• DevOps

The Focus of This Book

This book is going to focus on theory, rather than diving into every detail of writing code for Data
Engineering. Programming skills are built over time, if you’re looking to sharpen your skills in some
language, then, by all means, take some courses or classes.
Many times the harder skills to develop are those that are less obvious, the skills that come with
experience.
It’s hard to know what you don’t know when you are starting out. I will insert code snippets and
examples where I feel it would make a point or concept clear.

• The book is about the underlying concepts and theories.

Introduction 3

• Try to learn lessons before you learn them the hard way.
• Data Engineering is a journey, to fail is to succeed.

I’m going to give you the headstart you need to help you surpass all your contemporaries and learn
the skills that are central to becoming a successful data engineer. The best part is, you can do all
this with Python, in which most of our examples will be written, but the choice of language doesn’t
matter as much as the skill sets and thought processes.
I’ve personally built a successful career as a Senior Data Engineer, never have taken a Computer
Science class in my life, and used Python for 90%+ of my professional life.

Knowledge and Experience

Building data pipelines require a unique set of knowledge that crosses many disciplines and isn’t
easy to come by without specific experience. What makes it even harder is that many of the skills,
like data modeling, for example, are somewhat esoteric, half art and half science. The good news is
that I can help speed you down the path to success by giving you the 20,000-foot view of the topics
and problems you will encounter in the real world.

• Data Engineering covers a wide variety of topics and technology.

• Data Engineering is both art and science.

I want to share those experiences, tips, and tricks in this book to jump-start you into building reliable,
scalable data pipelines.

What are the topics we will cover?

Theory and Basics

First, we will discuss the theory of data pipelines, I encourage you not to skip this section. It’s
important to understand where you going before you go on a trip.
Next, we will dive into the basic components of every data pipeline regardless of the complexity, I
call these the fundamental skills and thought processes.

Architecture and Storage/Files

These two topics will be quickly followed by architecture, the high-level choices we make in the
beginning will affect every step we take from that point forward.
Of course, we will cover the basics of storage options (files). File types play a big part in data
engineering, that should be no surprise.
Introduction 4

Compute and Resources

In the age of the Cloud, we must covert compute (ram, cpu), and how to think and work with these
resources. Big Data processing requires utilizing all available compute resources available.
Cost eventually becomes a question in our data pipelines, being able to calculate resource usage is
a very useful skill.

SQL and Databases

No data engineering book would be complete without a quick overview of SQL and relational
databases. Although their importance is waning today you will still find them used for meta-data
and highly transactional storage systems.
A data engineer who doesn’t know their way around SQL queries and tuning is going to run into
serious problems. Popular tools like Spark have made SQL even more popular with SparkSQL, so
fundamental knowledge about querying datasets will serve you for a long time to come.

Data Warehouses / Data Lakes

Closely related to SQL and relational databases is the topic of Data Warehousing and Data Lakes.
Although the storage layer can range from SQL Server to Parquet files, much of the methodology
remains the same.
Being able to provide usable analytics is at the crux of solving and providing most businesses with
value.

Data Modeling
Another topic near and dear to my heart is Data Modeling. It’s half art and half science, easily one
of the most important topics in the book.
What good is a data pipeline if the model fails to provide the needed value?

Data Quality
Probably a less popular topic, but one of great importance to the longevity and usability of data
output by engineers is Data Quality. It’s still a fairly new topic even in the data engineering world,
with not many good tools to pick from, so I will do my best to give a good overview.

DevOps
Things just wouldn’t be complete without taking a look at DevOps-CI/CD and the role it plays in
data pipelines. It’s an often overlooked and ignored part of data engineering that has a cult-like
following in the great software engineering world.
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