Day 7 - OOP: Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction

Easy & Simple Notes for Beginners

🎯 What We'll Learn Today

Inheritance (Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hybrid)

Polymorphism (Method Overriding & Overloading)

Abstraction (Abstract Base Classes)

Real-world examples with practical code

Complete OOP concepts recap

🔗 1. Inheritance
Definition: Inheritance allows a new class (child) to acquire properties and methods from an
existing class (parent).

Real-life Example: A child inherits traits from parents - eye color, height, etc.

Benefits:

Code Reuse: Don't write same code again

Maintainability: Easy to update and fix

Scalability: Easy to add new features

Basic Syntax:

python
 class Parent:
def parent_method(self):
print("I'm from parent")

class Child(Parent):
def child_method(self):
print("I'm from child")

# Child can use both methods

obj = Child()
obj.parent_method() # Inherited from parent
obj.child_method() # Own method

🏗️ 2. Types of Inheritance
2.1 Single Inheritance
Definition: One parent, one child.

Example:

python
 class BMW: # Parent class
def super_turbo_engine(self):
print('Super Turbo Engine!')

class Audi(BMW): # Child class inherits from BMW

def auto_pilot(self):
print('Auto Pilot Mode!')

# Usage
audi_r8 = Audi()
audi_r8.auto_pilot() # Own method
audi_r8.super_turbo_engine() # Inherited method

Logic: Audi gets BMW's engine technology + adds its own features.

2.2 Multiple Inheritance

Definition: Child class inherits from multiple parents.

Example:

python
 class JBL:
def speaker(self):
print('High Quality Sound')

class Sony:
def camera(self):
print('4K Camera')

class Mobile(JBL, Sony): # Inherits from both

def apps(self):
print('Mobile Apps')

# Usage
m = Mobile()
m.speaker() # From JBL
m.camera() # From Sony
m.apps() # Own method

Logic: Mobile gets sound from JBL + camera from Sony + adds its own apps.

2.3 Multilevel Inheritance

Definition: Chain of inheritance - grandparent → parent → child.

Example:

python
 class GrandFather:
def land(self):
print('Land Property')

class Father(GrandFather):
def bank_balance(self):
print('Big Bank Balance')

class Son(Father):
def political_power(self):
print('Political Power')

# Usage
s = Son()
s.land() # From GrandFather
s.bank_balance() # From Father
s.political_power() # Own method

Logic: Son inherits land from grandfather, money from father, and has own political power.

2.4 Hybrid Inheritance

Definition: Combination of two or more types of inheritance.

Example:

python
 class Hybrid(Mobile, Father): # Multiple + Multilevel
def info(self):
print('This is a Hybrid Class')

# Usage
h = Hybrid()
h.speaker() # From JBL (via Mobile)
h.bank_balance() # From Father
h.info() # Own method

Logic: Combines features from different inheritance types.

🔄 3. Polymorphism
Definition: Polymorphism means "one name, many forms." Same function name behaves
differently for different classes or data types.

Real-life Example: The word "run" - humans run, cars run, programs run - same word, different
meanings.

3.1 Built-in Polymorphism

python

# + operator works differently

print(5 + 5) # 10 (addition)
print('5' + '5') # '55' (concatenation)
print([1,2] + [3,4]) # [1,2,3,4] (list joining)

3.2 Method Overriding

Definition: Child class changes the behavior of parent's method.

Example:

python

class Car:
def speed(self):
return '200 km/hr'

class Audi(Car):
def speed(self): # Override parent method
return '300 km/hr'

class BMW(Car):
def speed(self): # Override parent method
return '250 km/hr'

# Usage
c = Car()
a = Audi()
b = BMW()

print(c.speed()) # 200 km/hr

print(a.speed()) # 300 km/hr
print(b.speed()) # 250 km/hr

Logic: Same method name speed() but different behavior for each car.

3.3 Method Overloading (Python Way)

Definition: Same method name with different parameters.
Example:

python

class Greet:
def hello(self, name=None):
if name:
print(f'Hello {name}!')
else:
print('Hello!')

# Usage
g = Greet()
g.hello() # Hello!
g.hello('Ankit') # Hello Ankit!

Logic: Same method hello() works with or without parameters.

🎭 4. Abstraction
Definition: Abstraction hides complex implementation and shows only the relevant details. It's like
designing an interface.

Real-life Example: TV Remote - you press power button, TV turns on. You don't need to know the
internal circuit.

Python Implementation: Uses abc module (Abstract Base Class).

Example:

python
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Website(ABC): # Abstract class

@abstractmethod
def login(self):
pass # Must be implemented by child

@abstractmethod
def logout(self):
pass # Must be implemented by child

class MySite(Website):
def login(self):
print('Login Done!')

def logout(self):
print('Logout Done!')

# Usage
s = MySite()
s.login()
s.logout()

# Note: You CANNOT create object of Website directly!

# w = Website() # This will give error

Logic:

Abstract class defines what methods must exist

Child class decides how to implement them

 Forces consistent interface across all child classes

📚 5. Complete OOP Concepts Recap

Concept Description Example

Class Blueprint for creating objects class Car:

Object Real instance created from class my_car = Car()

Inheritance Child acquires parent's properties class Audi(BMW):

Polymorphism Same function, different behavior speed() method in different cars

Abstraction Hide complex details, show interface Abstract Website class

Bundle data and methods, protect with access Private __balance in bank
Encapsulation
modifiers account
 

🌟 6. Real-World Examples Summary

Banking System Example

python
 class Bank: # Abstract parent
def interest_rate(self):
pass

class SBI(Bank):
def interest_rate(self):
return "7% per year"

class HDFC(Bank):
def interest_rate(self):
return "6.5% per year"

# Polymorphism in action
banks = [SBI(), HDFC()]
for bank in banks:
print(bank.interest_rate())

Vehicle Hierarchy

python
 class Vehicle: # Base class
def move(self):
print("Moving...")

class Car(Vehicle): # Single inheritance

def move(self): # Override
print("Driving on road")

class Boat(Vehicle): # Single inheritance

def move(self): # Override
print("Sailing on water")

class AmphibiousCar(Car, Boat): # Multiple inheritance

def move(self): # Override
print("Can move on land and water")

🎯 Key Takeaways
✅ Inheritance enables code reuse and creates parent-child relationships
✅ Single Inheritance: One parent → one child
✅ Multiple Inheritance: Many parents → one child
✅ Multilevel Inheritance: Chain of inheritance (grandparent → parent → child)
✅ Hybrid Inheritance: Combination of multiple types
✅ Polymorphism allows same method name to behave differently
✅ Method Overriding changes parent's method behavior in child
✅ Abstraction hides complexity and provides clean interfaces
✅ Abstract classes cannot be instantiated directly
✅ OOP makes code modular, reusable, and maintainable

📝 Practice Questions
Question 1: Single Inheritance
Create a Vehicle class with start() method. Create a Car class that inherits from Vehicle and adds
honk() method.

Answer:

python

class Vehicle:
def start(self):
print("Vehicle started")

class Car(Vehicle):
def honk(self):
print("Beep beep!")

# Usage
my_car = Car()
my_car.start() # Inherited method
my_car.honk() # Own method

Question 2: Method Overriding

Create Animal class with sound() method. Create Dog and Cat classes that override the sound()
method.

Answer:

python

class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Animal makes sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Woof!")

class Cat(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Meow!")

# Usage
animals = [Dog(), Cat()]
for animal in animals:
animal.sound() # Polymorphism in action

Question 3: Multiple Inheritance

Create Flyable and Swimmable classes. Create Duck class that inherits from both.

Answer:

python
 class Flyable:
def fly(self):
print("Flying in the sky")

class Swimmable:
def swim(self):
print("Swimming in water")

class Duck(Flyable, Swimmable):

def quack(self):
print("Quack quack!")

# Usage
duck = Duck()
duck.fly() # From Flyable
duck.swim() # From Swimmable
duck.quack() # Own method

Question 4: Abstraction
Create an abstract Shape class with area() method. Create Circle and Rectangle classes.

Answer:

python
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass

class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius

def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius * self.radius

class Rectangle(Shape):
def __init__(self, length, width):
self.length = length
self.width = width

def area(self):
return self.length * self.width

# Usage
circle = Circle(5)
rectangle = Rectangle(4, 6)

print(f"Circle area: {circle.area()}")

print(f"Rectangle area: {rectangle.area()}")

🏆 Assignment Questions
Assignment 1: University System
Create a university system with:

Person class (name, age)

Student class inheriting from Person (student_id, course)

Teacher class inheriting from Person (employee_id, subject)

TechStudent class inheriting from Student (programming_language)

Assignment 2: Media Player

Create a media player system with:

Abstract MediaPlayer class with play() and stop() methods

AudioPlayer class implementing audio playback

VideoPlayer class implementing video playback

UniversalPlayer class inheriting from both (multiple inheritance)

Assignment 3: Banking System

Create a banking system with:

Bank class with basic banking operations

SavingsAccount class inheriting from Bank

CurrentAccount class inheriting from Bank

Override interest_rate() method in each account type

Demonstrate polymorphism with different account types

Assignment 4: Gaming Characters

Create a game character system with:

Character class (name, health, attack)

Warrior class inheriting from Character (sword_skill)

Mage class inheriting from Character (magic_power)

Archer class inheriting from Character (bow_skill)

Override attack() method in each character type

Assignment 5: Transportation System

Create a transportation system with:

Abstract Transport class with move() method

LandTransport class for land vehicles

WaterTransport class for water vehicles

AirTransport class for air vehicles

Amphibious class inheriting from multiple transport types

💡 Remember
Inheritance creates parent-child relationships

Polymorphism allows same method name, different behavior

Abstraction hides complexity, shows only necessary details

Use real-life examples to understand concepts better

Practice with different inheritance types

Abstract classes cannot be instantiated directly

Method overriding changes parent's method in child class
🚀 Next Steps
1. Practice all inheritance types with your own examples
2. Create abstract classes for common interfaces

3. Use polymorphism to make your code flexible

4. Combine all OOP concepts in larger projects

5. Study real-world applications of OOP patterns

Happy Learning! 🎉