LawofSu

cces
sio
ns 1
Page

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

Ar
ti
cle1o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de-ano
ver
whel
min
glyi
nfl
uen
tialp
rov
isi
ont
hatl
ayst
he
f
oun
dat
ionf
orv
irt
ual
lyt
heen
tir
elegalf
ramewo
rko
ftheco
unt
ry–decl
arest
hat“
the
hu
manp
ers
oni
sthes
ubj
ecto
fri
ght
s[an
ddu
ties
]fr
omi
tsbi
rt
htoi
tsdeat
h”.The
mes
saget
hisexcep
tio
nal
lyi
mpo
rtan
tar
ti
clep
urp
ort
stoco
nveyi
spr
ett
ycl
ear
:thata
hu
manp
ers
ons
tar
tst
oho
ldr
ight
san
dtoas
sumedu
tiesaso
fbi
rt
han
dceas
est
odos
o
u
pondeat
h.Int
heco
nte
xto
fthep
urp
oseathan
d,t
hatmean
sahu
manp
ers
onwi
lln
o
l
ongerhav
eri
ght
sordu
tiesaso
fdeat
h.The s
ame -al
bei
twi
th cer
tai
nsl
ight
q
ual
if
icat
ion
s-go
esal
sof
oranabs
ent
ee,who
mthel
awas
simi
lat
est
othedead,att
he
t
imewhenhei
sdu
lydecl
aredabs
ent
.

Thei
mpl
icat
iono
fthep
rov
isi
oni
sthatap
ers
onwi
llp
erman
ent
lys
topt
ohav
ebo
th
r
ight
san
ddu
tiesf
romt
hemo
men
tatwhi
chhei
sco
nsi
der
eddeadi
nter
mso
fthe
l
angu
ageo
fthel
aw.Thatdo
esn
ot,t
hou
gh,i
nan
ywaymeant
hatt
her
ight
san
ddu
ties
o
fsu
chap
ers
onwi
lldi
e,o
rbedi
spo
sedo
fwi
thhi
m –atl
eas
tno
tini
tsmo
der
nsen
se.
Tr
ueen
ough,t
hos
eri
ght
san
ddu
ties
,su
chasanacademi
cormi
li
tar
yran
k,t
hathav
e
s
tri
ctl
ytodowi
tht
hep
ers
ono
fthedead-an
dthu
sdon
otf
ormp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ance
-wi
llt
ermi
nat
eup
ondeat
h.

Thev
astmaj
ori
tyo
fther
ight
san
ddu
tiest
hatt
hedeadhadacq
uir
edwhi
leal
iv
ewi
ll
,
ho
wev
er,p
asst
oot
herp
ers
ons– u
sual
lyhi
ssu
rvi
vi
ngn
exto
fki
n.Nev
ert
hel
ess
,the
dev
olu
tio
ndo
esn
othap
penar
bit
rar
il
y.Thel
aws
yst
emat
ical
lyr
egu
lat
esho
wap
ers
on’
s
es
tat
eisdi
spo
sedo
fup
ondeat
h.

Sp
eak
ingi
nro
ughgen
eralt
erms
,theLawo
fSucces
sionsi
sthatbr
ancho
flawwhi
ch
go
ver
nst
heman
neri
nwhi
ch,an
d,o
fco
urs
e,t
owho
m,t
her
ight
san
ddu
tieso
fadead
p
ers
on,t
echn
ical
lyr
efer
redt
oast
hedeceas
ed,s
hou
ldp
ass
.Whati
sats
tak
eher
eis
t
hede
vol
uti
ono
fpr
ivat
eri
ght
san
ddu
ties
.An
dthep
art
iesi
nvo
lvedatbo
then
dso
fthe
gamear
eper
son
swhoacti
nani
ndi
vi
dualcap
aci
tyr
epr
esen
tin
gpr
ivat
ein
ter
est
s.It

1
LawofSu
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sio
ns 2
Page
go
eswi
tho
uts
ayi
ng,t
her
efo
re,t
hatt
heLawo
fSu
cces
sio
nsbel
ongst
otheci
vi
l/
pri
vat
e
l
awcat
ego
ryi
nthef
ami
lyt
reeo
flaws
.

DESCRIPTION OFTHECOURSE

The Co
urs
e,hen
ce i
tsn
ame,i
sa s
tudyo
fpr
imar
il
yho
wthe Et
hio
pian Law o
f
Su
cces
sio
nsr
egu
lat
est
hedev
olu
tio
noft
hes
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
on.Asamat
tero
fru
le,
s
ucces
sio
nrel
ateso
nlyt
othedi
spo
sit
iono
fthees
tat
eofap
ers
onwhohasdi
ed.Ithas
n
othi
ngt
odowi
tht
her
ight
san
dobl
igat
ion
sofal
iv
ingp
ers
on.

Tho
ser
ight
san
ddu
tiest
hatdev
olv
ebys
ucces
sio
nwer
eacq
uir
edbyt
hedeceas
ed
du
rin
ghi
sli
fet
ime.An
dtheyar
egen
eral
lyo
fpr
opr
iet
aryn
atu
re.Mo
reo
ver
,theydev
olv
e
t
oper
son
sval
idl
ydes
ign
atedbyhi
mor
,indef
aul
tofs
uchdes
ign
ati
on,i
nacco
rdan
ce
wi
tht
hep
rov
isi
onso
fthel
aw.Thes
ucces
sor
sar
emo
stl
ythedeceas
ed’
snexto
fki
n,v
iz.
p
eop
lewhoar
erel
atedt
ohi
mpu
rsu
antt
oei
thero
fthel
ineso
ffami
li
alr
elat
ion
shi
p
s
ti
pul
atedbyf
ami
lyl
aw.

Co
nseq
uen
tly
,the Law o
fSu
cces
sio
nsi
sin
ext
ri
cabl
yin
ter
twi
ned wi
th man
yot
her
br
ancheso
flawi
ncl
udi
ng,bu
tno
tli
mit
edt
o,t
hel
awso
ffami
ly
,pr
oper
ty,an
dco
ntr
act
s,
n
ott
omen
tio
nthebas
icl
aw–t
heco
nst
it
uti
on.Amo
ngt
hemo
sts
tri
ki
ngi
nst
anceso
f
t
he i
nti
mat
eli
nkt
he Et
hio
pian Law o
fSu
cces
sio
nshaswi
thf
ami
lyl
aw an
d,by
ext
ens
ion
,wi
tht
heco
unt
ry’
sCo
nst
it
uti
oni
sthati
tpr
omo
teseq
ual
it
ywi
thr
esp
ectt
o
s
ucces
sio
nby
,fo
rexamp
le,p
rov
idi
ngf
orani
den
ticalt
reat
men
tofmenan
dwo
men
,as
wel
lasal
lchi
ldr
en–i
rr
esp
ect
iveo
fwhet
hert
heyar
elegi
ti
mat
e,i
ll
egi
ti
mat
e,o
rwer
e
ado
pted.Whati
smo
re,t
aki
ngacu
efr
omp
rop
ert
ylaw,i
treco
gni
zest
her
ighto
fa
p
ers
ont
odi
spo
seo
fhi
spr
oper
tyho
wev
erhel
ik
esaf
terhi
sdeat
h,o
nco
ndi
ti
ont
hathe
do
ess
obyal
egal
lyv
ali
dwi
ll
.

We can mak
eon
esi
mpl
ein
fer
ence f
rom t
he mu
tuali
nter
rel
ati
ont
he Law o
f
Su
cces
sio
nshaswi
thv
ari
ouso
therbr
ancheso
flaws
:Thati
s,t
heCo
urs
epr
esu
ppo
ses
cr
oss
-di
sci
pli
nar
ykn
owl
edge
. Nat
ural
ly,t
hisi
mpl
ies t
he i
ndi
spen
sabi
li
tyo
f an
i
nter
dis
cip
lin
aryap
pro
ach.Bu
tmai
nlybecau
seo
fther
equ
iremen
tso
fthel
evelatwhi
ch
t
he Co
urs
eisi
nten
ded t
obe admi
ni
st
ered,t
he ap
pro
ach emp
loy
ed her
eischi
efl
y

2
LawofSu
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Page
s
peci
fi
c.Thati
s,i
tisl
arge
lyco
nfi
nedt
othes
tudyo
fthep
rov
isi
onso
ftheEt
hio
pian
Lawo
fSu
cces
sio
ns.

Gen
eral
ly,t
heCo
urs
eexp
lor
esho
wtheEt
hio
pianLawo
fSu
cces
sio
nss
tri
vest
ost
ri
kea
bal
ancebet
weeni
tst
woap
par
ent
lyco
ntr
adi
cto
rymaj
oro
bject
ives
.Ont
heo
nehan
d,
t
hel
awgo
est
oagr
eatl
engt
htor
esp
ectt
her
ighto
fthedeceas
edt
odi
spo
seo
fhi
s
p
rop
ert
yinwhat
everl
awf
ulwayhet
hin
ksf
itev
enaf
terhi
sdeat
h.An
dont
heo
ther
,it
t
ri
est
opr
otectt
hei
nter
est
sofr
ight
fuls
ucces
sor
san
dcr
edi
tor
s,whohav
elegi
ti
mat
e
cl
aimso
vert
hes
ucces
sio
n.

Sp
eci
fi
cal
ly,i
n co
nnect
ion wi
th whati
stechn
ical
lycal
led t
est
ates
ucces
sio
n,t
he
Co
urs
eres
ear
cheswhat
,bes
idesal
lowi
ngt
hedece
asedp
owert
ost
ipu
lat
ethemo
dal
it
ies
o
fdev
olu
tio
nofhi
sowns
ucces
sio
n,t
hel
awhast
osayabo
utt
het
ypes
,an
dthev
ali
dit
y
r
equ
iremen
tso
fwi
ll
sbywhi
cht
hedeceas
edmaydi
spo
seo
fhi
ses
tat
e;hi
spo
wero
f
di
sher
is
onan
dthes
cop
ether
eof
;who
m hemayo
rmayn
otdes
ign
atet
orecei
vehi
s
i
nher
it
ancean
dtheco
ndi
ti
onshemayo
rmayn
otat
tacht
her
eto
;et
c.Ital
soas
ses
ses
t
heman
neri
nwhi
cht
heLaw r
egu
lat
esi
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n-t
hedev
olu
tio
noft
he
s
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
onwhohasl
eftn
owi
llatal
l,o
rthato
fap
ers
onaco
mpet
entco
urt
o
flaw hasdecl
ared t
he wi
llp
urp
ort
edl
ylef
tbyhi
m n
otv
ali
d.The Co
urs
e al
so
exami
nesp
oss
ibl
escen
ari
oso
fpar
tl
ytes
tat
ean
dpar
tl
yin
tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
ns.

As
ucces
sio
n,whet
hert
est
ateo
rin
tes
tat
e,co
nsi
st
sint
hegr
ossr
ight
san
dobl
igat
ion
sof
t
hedeceas
edwheni
top
ensatt
het
imeo
fthede
atho
fthel
ater
.So
,bef
orean
yri
ght
o
rdu
tyi
sexer
cis
edi
nco
nnect
ionwi
tht
hei
nher
it
ance,t
hen
etwo
rtho
fthes
ucces
sio
n
mu
stbedet
ermi
nedan
dper
son
swhohav
elegi
ti
mat
ecl
aimso
vert
hes
ucces
sio
nmu
st
bes
creen
edo
ut.Ino
therwo
rds
,ther
esho
uldbeawi
ndi
ngu
poft
hedeceas
ed’
saf
fai
rs
i
nwhi
cht
heas
set
san
dcl
aimso
wnedar
eiden
tif
iedan
dco
llect
ed,debt
san
dtaxes
as
cer
tai
nedan
dpai
d,mai
nten
ancecl
aimsen
ter
tai
ned,an
dsi
ngu
larl
egaci
eso
rder
edby
t
hedeceas
ed,i
fan
y,p
aidbef
orean
ypr
oper
tyo
rri
ghto
fthei
nher
it
ancei
sdel
iv
eredt
o
p
rop
erl
yiden
tif
ieds
ucces
sor
s.TheCo
urs
edeal
sinadet
ail
edf
ashi
onwi
thho
wthel
aw
go
ver
nst
hiswi
ndi
ngu
ppr
oces
s,whi
chi
sint
hel
awo
fsu
cces
sio
nst
echn
ical
lyr
efer
red
t
oas“
li
qui
dat
ion
”ofas
ucces
sio
n.

Fu
rther
mor
e,t
heCo
urs
elo
oksi
ntot
hep
res
cri
pti
onso
ftheLaw f
ort
het
reat
men
tof

3
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 4
Page
i
ssu
est
hatmayar
is
esu
bseq
uen
ttol
iq
uidat
ion
.It
,amo
ngo
ther
s,s
peci
fi
cal
lydwel
lsu
pon
t
heman
nero
fpar
ti
ti
ono
fthep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ancer
emai
ni
ngaf
tert
hewi
ndi
ngu
p
o
fthel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
s.Ital
soco
nsi
der
sthen
oti
ono
fco
llat
ion
,ther
ighto
fcr
edi
tor
s
whoap
pearaf
terp
art
it
ion
,an
dpact
sinr
elat
iont
osu
cces
sio
n.

GENERALCOURSEOBJECTIVES

Ov
eral
l,t
heCo
urs
eisde
sign
edt
osu
ffi
cien
tlyeq
uips
tuden
tswi
tht
hek
nowl
edgean
d
s
kil
lst
heyn
eedt
oov
ers
eet
hedev
olu
tio
noft
hes
ucces
sio
nofadeadp
ers
ont
hems
elv
es,
t
ogi
ves
oun
dexp
ertadv
iceo
nsu
cces
sio
n-r
elat
edi
ssu
es,an
dtos
olv
ebo
thr
ealan
d
hy
pot
het
icalcas
esi
nthear
eao
fsu
cces
sio
nsi
nacco
rdan
cewi
tht
her
elev
antp
rov
isi
ons
o
fthel
aw.

Sp
eci
fi
cal
ly,i
tisexp
ect
edt
hataf
terco
mpl
eti
ngt
heCo
urs
e,s
tuden
tswi
llbeabl
eto
,
i
nteral
ia:

 Di
scu
sst
hemean
ing,t
ime,p
lace,an
dman
nero
fop
eni
ngo
fas
ucces
sio
n;
 Iden
tif
ytho
set
hin
gst
hatmak
eupt
hei
nher
it
anceo
fadeadp
ers
onan
dtho
set
hat
don
ot;
 En
umer
atet
hek
indso
fsu
cces
sio
nsr
eco
gni
zedbyl
aw;
 El
abo
rat
ethemean
ingo
fcap
aci
tyt
osu
ccee
dan
dtheco
ndi
ti
onsr
equ
iredt
her
efo
r;
 Iden
tif
ytho
sep
ers
onswhohav
ethecap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedadeadp
ers
onan
dtho
se
t
hatdon
ot;
 Di
scu
sst
hemean
ingo
fin
tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n,an
d en
umer
ate,i
nor
dero
fthei
r
p
ref
eren
ce,t
hep
ers
onscal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
onwhohaddi
edi
ntes
tat
e;
 Di
sse
rtat
eabo
utt
hep
owero
fap
ers
ont
odi
spo
seo
fhi
spr
oper
tyaf
terhi
sdeat
h;
 Name t
he k
inds o
f wi
ll
sreco
gni
zed by t
he Law,an
d di
scu
sst
he v
ali
dit
y
r
equ
iremen
tsat
tachedt
oeach;
 St
atet
heav
ail
abl
elegalmet
hodst
opr
ovet
heexi
st
encean
dco
nten
tso
fawi
ll
;
 el
abo
rat
ethep
oss
ibl
egr
oun
dsf
ort
hep
art
ialo
rfu
lli
nval
idat
iono
fawi
ll
;
 In
ter
nal
izet
hemean
ingo
fli
qui
dat
iono
fas
ucces
sio
n;

4
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 5
Page
 Exp
lai
nthemo
deso
fap
poi
ntmen
t,du
ties
,li
abi
li
ti
es,an
dsco
peo
fpo
wero
fa
l
iq
uidat
or;
 Iden
tif
ythet
ypes
,mo
deso
fpay
men
t,an
dtheo
fther
eci
pi
ent
soft
hedebt
sofa
s
ucces
sio
n;
 Di
scu
sst
hemean
ingo
fpar
ti
ti
onan
dtheman
neri
tisl
awf
ull
yco
ndu
cted;
 Un
der
stan
dthen
atu
reo
fco
nven
tio
nsr
elat
ingt
oani
nher
it
ancean
dexp
lai
nthe
r
ati
onal
efo
rthep
rohi
bit
iono
fpact
sonf
utu
res
ucces
sio
ns;an
d
 Fu
llyap
preci
atean
dhel
pen
for
cet
her
ight
sofwo
menan
dchi
ldr
enwi
thr
esp
ectt
o
s
ucces
sio
n.

GOALS AND SCOPEOFTHEMATERIAL

Ev
ery
onei
sbo
rn.Ev
ery
oneget
sper
son
ali
ty.Ev
ery
oneacq
uir
esr
ight
san
ddu
tiesu
pon
bi
rt
hthr
ough,amo
ngo
therco
unt
les
sdi
ffer
entway
s,s
ucces
sio
n.Co
nver
sel
y,ev
ery
one
di
es,an
dle
avesbehi
nd al
lhi
sli
fet
imees
tat
etohi
ssu
cces
sor
s.Thi
siso
urdai
ly
exp
eri
ence
.An
dweal
lar
epas
sin
g,o
rar
ebo
undt
opas
sthr
ought
hisap
par
ent
lyen
dles
s
hu
manl
if
ecy
cle.

Bu
tthel
awy
ers
tan
dsap
artf
rom al
lot
her
s.Whats
etst
hel
awy
erap
arti
sthef
actt
hat
hei
sexce
pti
onal
lyi
nter
est
edi
nsu
cces
sio
n-r
elat
edmat
ter
s.Thr
ougho
uthi
scar
eer
,a
l
awy
eri
spr
ofes
sio
nal
lye
nvel
opedi
nsu
cces
sio
ns.Hi
sowni
nev
itabl
ein
div
idu
alhu
man
e
f
ateas
ide,hegr
app
leswi
thi
ssu
eso
fsu
cces
sio
nasamat
tero
fcar
eeran
doccu
pat
ion
.

Iti
s,u
nfo
rtu
nat
ely
,remar
kabl
eho
wfewbo
okshav
ebeenwr
it
tent
oel
abo
rat
edi
rect
ly
ho
wlawy
ers–p
ros
pect
iveo
rcu
rren
t–dealwi
ths
ucces
sio
ns.Mo
res
oist
hen
umbero
f
co
mmen
tar
ieswr
it
tent
oexp
lai
nther
athergen
eralan
dof
teno
bscu
rego
ver
nin
glegal
r
ules
.Thi
spr
obl
em i
smo
rep
ron
oun
cedan
d,s
otos
ay,co
mpo
undedi
nou
rco
unt
ry.

Nee
dles
stos
ay,o
ursi
san
ati
onwher
esu
cces
sio
nsar
emo
reo
ftent
hann
otcar
ri
edo
ut
ar
bit
rar
il
yatwo
rst
,an
dinacco
rdan
cewi
thcu
sto
m atbes
t.Att
hat
,iti
saco
unt
ry
wher
e,becau
seo
fli
tt
leo
rnol
egalawar
enes
sorbycho
ice,p
eop
leaso
fri
ghtt
endt
o
s
ett
les
ucces
sio
nsi
next
ra-
legalway
satt
hep
eri
lofv
iol
ati
ngt
hep
rov
isi
onso
fthe

5
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 6
Page
ap
pli
cabl
eru
leso
flaw.Whati
smo
stdep
res
sin
gist
hef
actt
hatdu
elar
gel
ytoa
chr
oni
clacko
fref
eren
cemat
eri
als
,laws
tuden
tsf
indi
tsof
rus
trat
ingt
olear
nho
wto
“
dealwi
ths
ucces
sio
nsl
ik
eal
awy
er”
.

Toaddi
nsu
ltt
oin
jur
y,t
heEt
hio
pianLawo
fSu
cces
sio
nswasp
romu
lgat
eds
omef
ift
y
y
ear
sagoasp
arto
fthe1960Ci
vi
lCo
deo
ftheEmp
ireo
fEt
hio
pia.Iti
s,t
her
efo
re,o
nly
as
mal
lexagger
ati
ont
osayt
hatmo
sto
fit
spr
ovi
si
onsar
evi
rt
ual
lyo
bso
let
e.Ass
uch,
t
heyr
equ
ireanar
duo
ust
asko
fret
uni
ngan
dtweak
ing,aswel
lasa gr
eatdealo
f
co
mmen
tin
g,t
omak
ethem r
elev
antt
othep
res
ents
oci
alco
ndi
ti
onsan
dco
nst
it
uti
onal
o
rder
.

Thi
smat
eri
ali
samo
des
tat
temp
ttof
il
lthatv
oid.Iti
sdi
rect
edt
o“l
egals
ucces
sio
n”,
n
amel
y,t
hedev
olu
tio
nofs
ucces
sio
npu
rsu
antt
oal
lper
ti
nen
tlegalp
rov
isi
ons
.Thati
s
n
otj
ustabo
utt
he“
Ethi
opi
anLawo
fSu
cces
sio
ns”p
rop
er.Thep
urp
osei
stoexp
lai
nthe
dev
olu
tio
nofs
ucces
sio
ninacco
rdan
cewi
thn
oto
nlyt
hep
rov
isi
onso
ftheEt
hio
pianLaw
o
fSu
cces
sio
ns,bu
tal
sowi
tht
her
uleso
fal
lrel
evan
tlaws
,in
clu
din
gtheCo
nst
it
uti
on,as
ar
ecu
rren
tlyi
nfo
rce.

Themat
eri
ali
sno
tin
ten
dedt
obeaco
mpr
ehen
siv
esu
rveyo
fsu
cces
sio
ns.No
risi
t
mean
ttobeal
awy
er’
str
eat
is
eonl
egals
ucces
sio
n.Rat
her
,iti
sas
nap
sho
toft
he
dev
olu
tio
nofs
ucces
sio
ninco
mpl
ian
cewi
thal
lthep
ert
inen
tru
leso
flawef
fect
ivet
oday
.
Itf
ocu
seso
nlyo
ncer
tai
nis
suest
hatmaybehel
pfu
ltot
hos
ewhos
tudyan
dpr
act
ice
l
aw.Thei
nten
tio
nher
eist
opr
ovi
deadet
ail
edexp
lan
ati
ono
f,amo
ngo
thermat
ter
s,t
he
man
nero
fdev
olu
tio
n,l
iq
uidat
ion
,an
dpar
ti
ti
ono
fsu
cces
sio
n.

CONTENTS AND ORGANIZATION

Themat
eri
ali
sor
gan
izedasf
oll
ows
:Thef
ir
stChap
ter
,whi
chi
sen
tit
led“
Dev
olu
tio
nof
Su
cces
sio
ns”
,ismean
ttoi
ntr
odu
cet
hes
tuden
ttot
hebas
icso
flawf
uldev
olu
tio
nof
s
ucces
sio
n.TheChap
teri
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreeSect
ion
s.Thef
ir
stSect
ioni
songen
eral
co
nsi
der
ati
ono
fsu
cces
sio
ns.Itdi
scu
ssest
hemean
ing,t
ime,p
lace,an
dman
nero
f
o
pen
ingo
fsu
cces
sio
n;o
utl
inest
het
ypeso
fsu
cces
sio
n;an
dexp
lai
nswhomays
ucceed
an
dwhat
.Thes
eco
ndSect
iont
akesadet
ail
edl
ookati
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n,whi
chi
s

6
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 7
Page
o
neo
fthet
wok
indso
fsu
cces
sio
ns.Thet
hir
d,an
dthel
astSect
iono
ftheChap
ter
,on
i
tsp
art
,exami
nest
heo
thert
ypeo
fsu
cces
sio
n-t
est
ates
ucces
sio
n.Itco
nsi
der
sthel
aw
r
elat
ingt
owi
ll
s;ho
wav
ali
dwi
llmaybemadean
drev
oked,t
hep
reci
seef
fecto
fgi
ft
s
i
nwi
ll
s,t
heman
nero
fin
ter
pret
ati
ono
fthet
ermso
fawi
ll
,thep
ower
soft
hedeceas
ed
et
c.

Whet
hert
est
ateo
rin
tes
tat
e,as
ucces
sio
nsho
uldbel
iq
uidat
ed.Thes
eco
ndChap
ter
deal
swi
tht
hel
egalr
ule
sgo
ver
nin
gthel
iq
uidat
iono
fas
ucces
sio
n.Thi
sChap
teri
s
di
vi
dedi
ntos
ixdi
st
inctSect
ion
s.TheFi
rs
tSect
ioni
smean
ttoi
ntr
odu
cet
hees
sen
ce
o
fthep
roces
sofl
iq
uidat
ion
,theco
nten
tso
ftheChap
teran
dit
sgen
eralo
bject
ives
.The
Seco
nd,whi
chi
sen
tit
led“
TheLi
qui
dat
oro
faSu
cces
sio
n”,exami
nesi
ssu
ess
uchas
whot
hel
iq
uidat
ori
s,ho
whei
sap
poi
nted,an
dwhathi
sfu
nct
ion
s,p
ower
san
ddu
tiesar
e.
Sect
ionThr
eeexp
lor
est
hep
rocedu
reo
fdet
ermi
nin
gthei
den
tit
yoft
her
ight
fulhei
rs
an
dlegat
eeso
fas
ucces
sio
n.Whe
reas
,theFo
urt
hSect
ionl
ook
sin
toho
was
ucces
sio
n
s
hou
ldbeadmi
ni
st
ered.An
dtheFi
ft
hSect
ionexami
nest
hen
atu
reo
fdebt
sthatmay
becl
aimedf
rom as
ucces
sio
n,t
heo
rdert
obef
oll
owedi
npay
ings
uchdebt
s,an
dthe
man
nero
fthei
rpay
men
t.TheSi
xth,an
dthel
ast
,Sect
ionp
rov
idesabr
iefo
ver
viewo
f
p
oss
ibl
egr
oun
dsf
ort
hecl
osu
reo
fthel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
san
dmat
ter
spr
eceden
tan
d
s
ubs
equ
entt
her
eto
.

Whatf
oll
owsaf
tert
hewi
ndi
ngu
poft
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
sisp
art
it
ion
,whi
chr
oughl
y
mean
spr
act
ical
lybes
towi
ngo
npr
oper
lyi
den
tif
iedhei
rsact
ualr
ighto
vert
hei
nher
it
ance.
Thet
hir
d,an
dthef
inal
,Chap
terl
ook
sin
toho
wthel
aw han
dlesi
ssu
esr
elat
edt
o
p
art
it
ion
.Ital
sodwel
lsu
pont
hemean
ingan
def
fect
sofco
llat
ion
,ther
eco
urs
eof
cr
edi
tor
swhoap
pearaf
terp
art
it
ion
,an
dco
nven
tio
nsmadei
nco
nnect
ionwi
thf
utu
re
s
ucces
sio
ns.

7
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 8
Page

CHAPTERONE
DEVOLUTION OF
SUCCESSIONS

INTRODUCTION

Dev
olu
tio
nofs
ucces
sio
nsi
sak
eychap
teri
nthel
awo
fsu
cces
sio
ns.Iti
sdev
otedt
othe
s
tudyo
fman
yoft
hegen
eralr
ulesan
dgu
idi
ngp
rin
cip
leso
fthel
awo
fsu
cces
sio
ns.It
deal
swi
tht
hei
ssu
esl
ik
e,whatco
nst
it
utest
hei
nher
it
abl
epr
oper
tyo
fthedeceden
t(o
r
t
hedeceas
ed)
,whatr
ight
san
dpo
wer
sdo
est
het
est
ato
r(wi
llmak
er)hav
e,whatr
ight
s
an
dobl
igat
ion
soft
he hei
rsan
d/l
egat
eeshav
e,t
he mechan
ismso
fdev
olu
tio
nof
s
ucces
sio
n(v
iai
ntes
tat
e an
dtes
tat
e way
s),t
he f
ormal
it
ies o
f mak
ing a wi
ll
,
mechan
ismso
frev
ocat
ionan
dlap
seo
fwi
ll
,et
c.

Thechap
teri
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hrees
ect
ion
s:Gen
eralcons
ider
ati
onsofdev
olut
ionof
s
ucces
sions
,int
est
ates
ucces
sions
,andwi
ll
s.

Up
onco
mpl
eti
ono
fthi
schap
ter
,yo
uwi
llbeexp
ect
edt
o:
 Deci
dewhi
chr
ight
soft
hedeceas
eds
hal
lbet
ran
sfer
redt
othehei
rsu
pont
he
deat
hoft
hedeceas
ed;
 Adv
isep
eop
let
het
hin
gst
hatmak
eupi
nher
it
ance;
 Pas
saj
udgmen
tonwhi
chp
ers
onshav
ecap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
ed;
 Pr
epar
eat
reeo
frel
ati
ons
hipt
hatel
abo
rat
esi
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
ns;
 Exp
lai
nthei
mpo
rtan
ceo
ftheco
ncep
tofr
epr
esen
tat
ion
;
 Di
squ
ali
fywi
ll
sthatar
eno
tmadeacco
rdi
ngt
other
equ
iremen
tso
fthel
aw;
 Ev
alu
ate whet
her t
he r
eas
ons gi
ven by t
he t
est
ato
rto di
si
nher
it hi
s
chi
ld/
chi
ldr
enar
eju
sti
fi
abl
eorn
ot.

8
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 9
Page

1.
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE
DEVOLUTION OFA SUCCESSION

1.
1.1. TheConcep
tofPat
ri
mony

Thel
it
eralmean
ingo
fpat
ri
mon
yist
hees
tat
ethatdes
cen
dedf
romt
hef
athert
ohi
s
des
cen
dan
ts.Ho
wev
er,t
hisdo
esn
otexcl
udet
hees
tat
ethatdes
cen
dsf
romt
hemo
ther
t
oherdes
cen
dan
tsan
d/o
rfr
omo
theran
ces
tor
sint
hep
ater
nalaswel
lasi
nthe
1
mat
ern
all
ine.

Int
hel
awo
fpr
oper
ty,p
atr
imo
nymayhav
eadi
ffer
entmean
ing.Asi
tisdi
scu
ssedi
n
2
Mar
celPl
ani
ol, ap
ers
on’
sri
ght
san
dobl
igat
ion
sap
preci
abl
einmo
neyl
ook
edu
ponasa
who
lear
ecal
ledhi
s/herp
atr
imo
ny. Ther
eisal
inkbet
weenap
ers
onan
dpat
ri
mon
y.
Thi
sli
nkcanbeexp
res
sedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngf
ourway
s:

A) On
lyp
ers
onshav
epat
ri
mon
ywi
tht
heexcl
usi
ono
fot
herbei
ngs
.Per
son
s
ar
ebei
ngst
hatar
ecap
abl
eofhav
ingr
ight
soro
win
gobl
igat
ion
s.
B) Ev
eryp
ers
onn
eces
sar
il
yhasap
atr
imo
ny,i
rr
esp
ect
iveo
fthef
actt
hat
t
hep
ers
onhasn
opr
oper
tyatal
l.Pat
ri
mon
yisl
ink
edt
othep
ers
onal
it
y
o
fthep
ers
on.
C) Pat
ri
mon
yisau
nit
. Al
lthep
rop
ert
yan
dal
lthechar
geso
fap
ers
on
f
orm as
ingl
emas
s. Ho
wev
er,t
hisp
rin
cip
leo
fun
ityo
fpat
ri
mon
yis
s
ubj
ectt
oexcep
tio
ns. On
eexamp
leo
ftheexcep
tio
nsi
s— anhei
r
s
eemst
ohav
etwop
atr
imo
nies
.
D) Pat
ri
mon
yisi
nsep
arabl
efr
omt
hep
ers
on.Ther
efo
re,t
her
ecan
’tbea
t
otalt
ran
sfero
fpr
oper
tyo
fthep
ers
onwhi
lehe/
shei
sst
il
lal
iv
e.A
p
ers
oncandi
spo
seo
nlyp
arto
fthe co
nst
it
uen
tel
emen
tso
fhi
s/her
p
atr
imo
ny,o
neaf
tert
heo
ther
. Hi
s/herp
atr
imo
ny,co
nsi
der
ed asa
u
niv
ers
ali
ty,i
sthe co
nseq
uen
ce o
f hi
s/her o
wn p
ers
onal
it
y an
d
n
eces
sar
il
yremai
nsat
tachedt
ohi
s/herp
ers
onal
it
y. Tr
ans
mis
sio
nof

1
Bl
ack’sLawDicti
onar
y,(6t
hEdit
ion
)
2
MarcelPlan
iol
,Treat
is
eo ntheCi
vilCo
de,Vo
lume1
,Par
tII,p
p265f
f.

9
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 10
Page
p
atr
imo
nyi
nit
sto
tal
it
ytak
esp
laceo
nlyaf
tert
hep
ers
on’
sdeat
h. At
t
hat mo
men
t,t
he deceas
ed’
spat
ri
mon
yis at
tr
ibu
ted t
o hi
s/her
s
ucces
sor
s.

Man
ylegalexp
ert
sar
gued,bas
edo
nthes
epr
inci
pleso
fpat
ri
mon
y,t
hatap
ers
ons
hou
ld
n
othav
ether
ightt
oregu
lat
ehi
s/heres
tat
eaf
terhi
s/herdeat
h,asdeat
hhasbr
oughta
co
mpl
etes
epar
ati
ono
fthep
ers
onan
dan
dpat
ri
mon
y.(
SeeWi
ll
sbel
owf
ordet
ail
sof
di
scu
ssi
ono
nthi
spo
int
)

1.
1.2. Op
eni
ngofSucces
sion

Asi
tisexp
res
sedi
nAr
ti
cle826o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de3,t
hes
ucces
sio
noft
hep
ers
ono
pen
s
att
hep
lacehe/
shehadhi
s/herp
rin
cip
alr
esi
den
ceatt
het
imeo
fhi
s/herdeat
h.(
For
det
ail
edco
nsi
der
ati
ono
ftheco
nce
pto
fres
iden
ce,r
efery
ourLawo
fPer
son
smat
eri
al.
)
Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle17
4oft
he1960Ci
vi
lCo
de,t
her
esi
den
ceo
fthep
ers
oni
sthe
p
lacewher
ehen
ormal
lyr
esi
des
.Then
ormal
it
yofr
esi
den
cewi
lls
howt
hatt
hep
ers
on’
s
s
oci
o-eco
nomi
cli
fei
nthes
oci
ety
.Whenap
ers
onhasman
yres
iden
ces
,on
eofs
uch
r
esi
den
cesmaybeco
nsi
der
edasap
rin
cip
alr
esi
den
ceo
fsu
chp
ers
on.Fo
rthep
urp
ose
o
fop
eni
ngo
fthes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
ed,i
tisap
pro
pri
atet
oco
nsi
dert
hep
rin
cip
al
r
esi
den
ceo
fthedeceas
edt
hep
lacewher
ehe/
shehasmo
sto
fhi
s/heri
nher
it
abl
e
p
rop
ert
y.

Examp
le
At
oMar
koshashi
sbu
sin
essi
nJi
mmat
own
.Af
terheen
cou
nter
eda
s
eve
rei
ll
nes
s,hewen
ttoAddi
sAbabaf
ort
reat
men
t.IfAt
oMar
kos
di
edi
nAddi
sAbaba,ev
eni
fhi
spl
aceo
fdeat
hisAddi
sAbaba,hi
s
s
ucces
sio
nshal
lop
enatJi
mma.

Thes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
eds
hal
lop
enj
ustatt
het
imeo
fhi
s/herdeat
h.As
sume
t
hatAt
oMar
kos
,int
heabo
veexamp
le,di
edo
nAu
gus
t29t
hju
stat3:
00O’
clo
cki
nthe

3
Ci
vi
lCo
deo
f1960t
heEmp
ireo
fEt
hio
pia,Gaz
ett
eExt
rao
rdi
nar
y,Pr
ocl
amat
ion№ 165o
f1960.

10
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 11
Page
af
ter
noo
n;At
oMar
kos
’ss
ucces
sio
nhaso
pen
edatt
hemo
men
twhenhi
sdeat
hoccu
rred.
Thati
s,hi
ssu
cces
sio
nhaso
pen
edj
ustat3:
00O’
clo
ck.Thedeceas
edmayhav
ehi
s/her
4
s
oci
etalt
iesathi
s/herp
rin
cip
alr
esi
den
ce.

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle1o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,t
hehu
manp
ers
oni
ssu
bjecto
fri
ght
s(an
d
al
sodu
ties
)fr
omi
tsbi
rt
htoi
tsdeat
h.Thi
smean
sadeadp
ers
onhasn
ori
ght
sordu
ties
.
Bu
tther
ear
ecer
tai
nri
ght
san
dobl
igat
ion
soft
hedeceas
edp
ers
ont
hatp
asst
othe
hei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
eeso
fthedeceas
ed. Ther
ear
eal
sor
ight
san
dobl
igat
ion
soft
he
deceas
edt
hatt
ermi
nat
ewi
thhi
s/herdeat
h.Mo
sto
fther
ight
san
dobl
igat
ion
sthatar
e
as
soci
atedwi
tht
hep
ers
ono
fthedeceas
eds
hal
lext
ingu
ishwi
tht
hedeat
hoft
he
deceas
ed.Ho
wev
er,man
yoft
her
ight
soro
bli
gat
ion
sthatar
erel
atedwi
tht
hep
rop
ert
y
an
d/o
rmo
neyo
fthedeceas
eds
hal
lpas
son
tohi
s/herhei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
ees
.

Examp
le
Wr
o.Semi
rawasemp
loy
eei
ntheNat
ion
alBan
kofEt
hio
pia.She
washeado
fon
eoft
hedep
art
men
ts.Up
ondeat
hofWr
o.Semi
ra,her
s
ucces
sor
scan
notcl
aim emp
loy
men
tatt
hen
ati
onalBan
k,ass
uch
r
ight
swhi
char
esp
eci
fi
ctoi
ndi
vi
dual
scan
notbet
ran
sfer
redt
ohei
rs
o
fthedeceas
ed.

So
meo
bli
gat
ion
soft
hedeceas
edco
uldal
sop
asst
ohi
shei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
ees
. Fo
r
i
nst
ance,i
fthedeceas
edi
sadebt
or,hi
shei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
eesar
ebo
undt
opayback
hi
sdebt
s.Asy
ouwi
lll
ear
nint
hef
utu
re,t
hehei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
eeso
fthedeceas
edwi
ll
n
otbebo
undt
opayt
hedebt
soft
hedeceas
edf
romt
hei
rownp
ers
onalp
rop
ert
y.They
ar
eon
lybo
undt
opays
uchdebt
sfr
omt
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ance,acco
rdi
ngt
othe
r
uleso
ftheEt
hio
pianl
awo
fsu
cces
sio
ns.

4
Youmu stn o
tt akeo p eni
n gofsuccessi
onan do p
eningo fwill(Ar t
icle965o ft
heCi v
ilCo de)asoneand
thes ame.Op eningo fawi l
lisquit
edi ff
erentinthatitisu suall
ymades ometimeafterthedeathofthe
deceased.Thes u ccess i
ono fthedeceas ediso pen
edj ustatt het imeo fhis/
herdeath.Ifanhei rdi
es
aftertheo penin
go fthes uccess
ion,butbeforetheo peningo fthewi llsu
chanhei rissaidtohavedied
aftergett
ingt her ightint hesuccessi
on.Ins uchcir
cums tances,thesuccessi
onwil
lpas st
ot hehei
rofthe
heirwhodi edaf tero peningofthes uccessi
on,butbeforeo p
eningo fthewill.

11
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 12
Page
1.
1.3 Thi
ngsmak
ingu
paSu
cces
sio
n

Gen
eral
lys
peak
ing,whatt
ran
sferf
romt
hedeceas
edt
ohi
s/herhei
rsan
dlegat
eesar
e
t
hos
eri
ght
san
ddu
tieso
fthedeceas
edwhi
char
is
efr
omv
ari
ousr
elat
ion
swhi
cht
he
deceas
edhadwi
tht
hir
dpar
ti
esdu
rin
ghi
s/herl
if
eti
me.Iti
spo
ssi
blet
oin
dicat
eso
me
o
fthep
rin
cip
alr
elat
ion
sbet
weent
hedeceas
edan
dthi
rdp
art
ieswhi
chcans
erv
eas
s
our
ceo
fri
ght
san
ddu
tieso
fthedeceas
edl
ik
e:co
ntr
act
ualr
elat
ion
sthedeceas
edhad
wi
tht
hir
dpar
ti
es;co
ntr
acto
fin
sur
ancebet
weent
hedeceas
ed;r
ight
swhi
char
is
efr
om
co
urtp
roceedi
ngsbet
weent
hedeceas
edan
dthi
rdp
art
ies
;an
dtho
ser
ight
sgen
eral
ly
r
efer
redt
oasp
rop
ert
yri
ght
s– t
hos
eri
ght
swecr
eat
ean
dexer
cis
eagai
nstt
hin
gs,
co
rpo
real(
mov
abl
eori
mmo
vabl
e)o
rin
cor
por
eal
.

Un
dert
hiss
ub-
sect
ion
,di
scu
ssi
onswi
llbemadeo
nthef
eat
ureso
fin
her
it
abl
epr
oper
ty
o
fthedeceas
ed.Asamat
tero
fpr
inci
pl
e,al
loft
hep
rop
ert
ywhi
chwer
eown
edo
r
p
oss
ess
ed by t
he deceas
ed o
nthe day o
fhi
s/herdeat
hshal
lco
nst
it
ute hi
s/her
i
nher
it
ance.Al
lthei
nher
it
abl
epr
oper
tyl
eftbyt
hedeceas
edatt
het
imeo
fhi
s/her
deat
har
ecal
ledt
hehe
redi
tar
yes
tat
e. Theher
edi
tar
yes
tat
esar
eno
tli
mit
edt
o
co
rpo
real(
tan
gibl
e)t
hin
gs. Theyal
soi
ncl
udei
nco
rpo
real(
int
angi
ble)t
hin
gss
uchas
t
hewo
rkso
fthemi
ndo
rli
ter
aryr
ight
s.

So
met
imesi
tmaybedi
ffi
cul
ttocl
ear
lyi
den
tif
ythep
rop
ert
yoft
hedeceas
edt
hat
co
nst
it
utet
hei
nher
it
ance
.

Exer
cis
e
Ide
nti
fyt
hei
nher
it
abl
epr
ope
rtyf
romt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
is
t
A) Li
fei
nsu
ran
ce
B) Pen
sio
nal
lowan
ce
C) In
demn
ityp
aymen
ts
D) Lan
d
E) Per
son
alchat
tel
s

12
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 13
Page

A.LIFEINSURANCE

Asp
res
cri
bedi
nAr
ti
cle827o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,l
if
ein
sur
anceco
uldo
rco
uldn
ot
co
nst
it
uteaher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.

Ar
t.827.— Thi
ngsmak
ingupi
nher
it
ance.— Li
fei
nsur
ance

(
1) Mo
niesdu
einp
erf
orman
ceo
faco
ntr
acto
fli
fei
nsu
ran
cet
owhi
cht
he
deceas
edwasap
art
y,s
hal
lfo
rmp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ancewher
ethedeceas
ed
hasn
otdet
ermi
nedt
heben
efi
ciar
yort
hei
nsu
ran
cei
smadet
otheben
efi
tof
t
hehei
rso
fthedeceas
edwi
tho
utan
yot
heri
ndi
cat
ion
.
(
2) Ino
thercas
es,t
heys
hal
lno
tfo
rmp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ance.

Readal
sot
hef
oll
owi
ngp
rov
isi
on,whi
chi
stak
enf
romt
heCo
mmer
cialCo
deo
f1960.

Ar
t691.— Def
ini
ti
on

Al
if
ein
sur
ancei
saco
ntr
actwher
ebyt
hei
nsu
reru
nder
tak
esagai
nstt
hepay
men
t
o
fon
eormo
rep
remi
umst
opayt
othes
ubs
cri
bero
rtot
heben
efi
ciar
yas
peci
fi
ed
s
umo
ncer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
onsdep
enden
tup
ont
hel
if
eordeat
hoft
hes
ubs
cri
bero
rthi
rd
p
art
yin
sur
ed.

Fr
omt
hedef
ini
ti
ono
fli
fei
nsu
ran
cei
tcanbes
eent
hat
:

A) Li
fei
nsu
ran
cei
saco
ntr
act
.
B) Theco
ntr
acti
smadebet
weent
hei
nsu
rer(
ins
uran
ceco
mpan
ye.
g.t
he
Et
hio
pianIn
sur
anceCo
rpo
rat
ion
)an
dthes
ubs
cri
ber(
aper
sonwhobu
yst
he
l
if
ein
sur
ancep
oli
cyan
d mak
esa p
eri
odi
calp
aymen
tofp
remi
umst
othe
i
nsu
rer
).
C) Thei
nsu
reru
nder
tak
eso
rco
mmi
tsi
ts
elft
opayt
heagr
eedamo
unto
f
mo
neyt
otheben
efi
ciar
yup
ondeat
hoft
hes
ubs
cri
ber
.

Ho
wli
fei
nsu
ran
cewo
uldmak
eupi
nher
it
ancei
sani
mpo
rtan
tqu
est
iont
hatdes
erv
es
di
scu
ssi
on.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngexamp
lecar
efu
lly
.

13
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 14
Page

Examp
le

As
sume Wr
o.Gen
ethas bo
ughta l
if
ein
sur
ance p
oli
cy f
rom t
he Et
hio
pian
In
sur
anceCo
rpo
rat
ion
.Themo
neyt
obeco
llect
edf
romt
hei
nsu
rermayo
rmayn
ot
f
ormp
arto
fthei
nher
it
anceo
fWr
o.Gen
et.Thef
oll
owi
ngco
ndi
ti
onsar
eimp
ort
ant
t
omak
ethei
nsu
ran
cemo
neyt
oco
nst
it
utet
hei
nher
it
ance.

A) Ifs
hedes
ign
atesn
oben
efi
ciar
yatal
l.Int
hiscas
e,s
hes
imp
lyp
ayst
he
p
remi
ums f
ort
he l
if
ein
sur
ance t
othe i
nsu
ran
ce co
mpan
y wi
tho
ut
i
ndi
cat
ingan
yben
efi
ciar
y.
B) Ifs
heco
ncl
udest
heco
ntr
acto
fli
fei
nsu
ran
cet
otheben
efi
tofherhei
rs
wi
tho
utan
yot
heri
ndi
cat
ion
.

On
lyu
ndert
heabo
vet
woco
ndi
ti
onst
hatt
hemo
neyt
obeco
llect
edf
romt
hei
nsu
rer
u
pondeat
hoft
hes
ubs
cri
berf
ormsp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ance. Ift
hes
ubs
cri
ber
,Wr
o.
Gen
et,des
ign
ateshers
pou
seo
ron
lyo
neo
fherchi
ldr
en,o
ran
yot
herp
ers
on,t
hemo
ney
t
obeco
llect
edu
ponde
atho
fthes
ubs
cri
bero
fthel
if
eshal
lno
tfo
rmp
arto
fthe
i
nher
it
anceo
fthes
ubs
cri
ber
.Int
hiscas
e,t
hemo
neywi
llbeav
ail
abl
eon
lyt
othe
des
ign
atedben
efi
ciar
ies
.ReadAr
t.827(
2)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
deagai
n.

Exer
cis
e

Ar
t.701o
ftheCo
mmer
cialCo
dep
rov
idesf
ort
heben
efi
ciar
yoft
he
l
if
ein
sur
anceasf
oll
ows
:

Ar
t.701.
— Benef
ici
aryofi
nsur
ancep
oli
cy

(
1) Ani
nsu
ran
cep
oli
cyf
ort
heev
ento
fdeat
hmaybemadet
o
t
heben
efi
tofs
peci
fi
edben
efi
ciar
ies
.
(
2) The f
oll
owi
ngp
ers
onss
hal
lbe deemed t
o be s
peci
fi
ed
ben
efi
ciar
iesn
otwi
ths
tan
din
gthatt
heyar
eno
tmen
tio
nedby
n
ame:

14
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 15
Page
(
a) Thes
ubs
cri
ber
’ss
pou
se,ev
enwher
ethemar
ri
age
t
ookp
laceaf
tert
hep
oli
cywasen
ter
edi
nto
.
(
b) Thes
ubs
cri
ber
’schi
ldr
en,whet
hero
rno
tbo
rnat
t
het
imewhent
hep
oli
cyi
sen
ter
ed.

Ho
wdoy
ouu
nder
stan
dAr
t.701(
2)o
ftheCo
mme
rci
alCo
de?

Ther
eisn
oun
ani
mit
yindeci
si
onso
fco
urt
sofv
ari
ousl
evel
sregar
din
gther
uleu
nder
Ar
t.701(
2)i
sco
ncer
ned.So
meco
urt
smak
ethi
spr
ovi
si
onap
pli
cabl
etoal
lcas
es.Fo
r
i
nst
ance,i
fAt
oKas
sabu
ysal
if
ein
sur
ancep
oli
cyt
otheben
efi
tofhi
sbr
otherGo
ben
a,
s
ome co
urt
s mak
e hi
s wi
fe Wr
o.Chal
tu an
d hi
s chi
ldr
en Mer
on an
d Abdi
ssa
ben
efi
ciar
yoft
hel
if
ein
sur
ance
. Thes
eco
urt
smai
nlybas
ethei
rar
gumen
tso
nthe
exp
res
sio
noft
he l
aw t
hats
ayst
he s
ubs
cri
ber
’ss
pou
sei
sben
efi
ciar
yev
en i
fthe
mar
ri
agei
sco
ncl
udedaf
tert
hep
oli
cywasen
ter
edan
dal
sot
hes
ubs
cri
ber
’schi
ldr
en
ar
eben
efi
ciar
iesev
eni
ftheyar
eno
tmen
tio
nedbyn
ame
.Ot
herco
urt
sdon
otaccep
t
t
hisar
gumen
t.TheFeder
alSu
premeCo
urtu
sual
lyr
eject
sdeci
si
onso
nsu
char
gumen
ts.
Acco
rdi
ngt
othel
att
erco
urt
s,i
tiso
nlyt
hep
ers
onwhoi
sin
dicat
edasben
efi
ciar
ywho
i
sgo
ingt
oco
llectt
hemo
ney
.Thes
pou
ses
hal
lbeben
efi
ciar
yon
lywhent
hes
ubs
cri
ber
mak
esher
/hi
m ben
efi
ciar
y,ev
ent
hei
nsu
ran
cei
sen
ter
edbef
oret
heco
ncl
usi
ono
fthe
mar
ri
age.The s
ubs
cri
bermu
sti
ndi
cat
ethathi
s wi
feo
rherhu
sban
dshal
lbe
ben
efi
ciar
yoft
hel
if
ein
sur
ance
.Li
kewi
se,he/
shemu
sti
ndi
cat
ethatt
hei
nsu
ran
cei
s
madet
otheben
efi
tofhi
s/herchi
ldr
enwi
tho
uti
ndi
cat
ingt
hei
rname
.Ifas
pou
seo
rthe
chi
ldr
en ar
eno
tin
dicat
ed i
nthi
sman
neran
difan
otherp
ers
oni
sap
poi
nted as
ben
efi
ciar
y,t
heyhav
enochan
ceo
fbeco
min
gben
efi
ciar
ies
.

Whi
chl
ineo
far
gumen
tdoy
ouf
avo
r?

Fo
rdet
ail
edi
nfo
rmat
iono
nthi
sis
sue,r
eadJo
urn
alo
fEt
hio
pianLaw,Vo
l.16,p
p
67—80an
dEt
hio
pianBarRev
iew,Vo
l.1№ 1,p
p35—94

B.PENSIONS AND INDEMNITIES

15
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 16
Page
In Et
hio
pia,p
ens
ioni
sregu
lat
ed by‘
Publ
ic Ser
van
ts’Pen
sio
nsPr
ocl
amat
ion№
345/
2003an
dtheamen
dmen
tPr
ocl
amat
ion№ 424/
2004.Themai
npu
rpo
seo
fpen
sio
n
s
chemei
nEt
hio
piai
stos
upp
ortt
hep
ers
onwhowasap
ubl
ics
erv
andu
rin
gthet
ime
whenhe/
shei
sun
abl
etowo
rk.Inaddi
ti
ont
othi
s,t
hep
ens
ions
chemehast
hep
urp
ose
o
fsu
ppo
rti
ngt
hos
eper
son
swhower
emai
ntai
nedbyt
hep
ens
ion
erdu
rin
ghi
s/herl
if
e
t
ime.Pen
sio
nismo
neyp
ayabl
etot
hes
pou
se,chi
ldr
eno
rpar
ent
soft
hedeceas
ed
p
ers
on bas
ed o
n co
ndi
ti
onss
peci
fi
ed u
nder Pr
ocl
amat
ion№ 345/
2003. The
mechan
ism o
fpay
men
tisr
egu
alt
ed by Ar
ti
cles34 — 39 o
fthi
sPr
ocl
amat
ion
.
Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t35(
1)o
fthi
sPr
ocl
amat
ion
,ifap
ers
onwhoi
sago
ver
nmen
temp
loy
ee
di
es,t
hewi
dowo
rthewi
dowerwo
uldbeen
tit
ledt
orecei
ve50% o
fthep
ens
iont
owhi
ch
t
hedeceas
edwaso
rwo
uldhav
ebeenen
tit
led.ThePr
ocl
amat
ional
sop
res
cri
best
he
amo
unto
for
phan
'sp
ens
ionan
dpar
ent
'sp
ens
ion
.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,eacho
fthedeceas
ed'
s
chi
ldr
enwo
uldr
ecei
ve20% o
fthep
ens
iont
owhi
cht
hedeceas
edwaso
rwo
uldhav
e
bee
nen
tit
led.Or
phan
sar
een
tit
ledt
orecei
vet
hisamo
unts
olo
ngast
heyar
eles
sthan
18y
ear
sofage. Themo
neyco
llect
edf
romp
ens
ional
lowan
cecanbegi
vent
othe
p
ers
onswhower
esu
ppo
rtedbyt
hep
ens
ion
er.Pen
sio
nmo
neyi
sno
tthees
tat
elef
tbyt
he
deceas
edatt
het
imeo
fhi
sdeat
h.Thep
urp
oseo
fpen
sio
nis
,asi
ndi
cat
edabo
ve,t
o
s
upp
ortt
hep
ens
ion
erwhenhe/
shei
sun
abl
etoear
nhi
s/herl
iv
eli
hoo
dthr
oughhi
s/her
wo
rko
rtos
upp
ortt
hos
ewhower
edep
enden
tont
hep
ens
ion
er(
onl
ysp
ous
ean
dver
y
cl
oser
elat
ives
)up
onhi
s/herp
ens
ional
lowan
ce.Thes
pou
seo
rther
elat
iveo
fthe
p
ens
ion
erhasn
ori
ghtt
opas
sthep
ens
ional
lowan
cet
owhi
chhe/
shei
sen
tit
ledt
o
hi
s/herhei
rs when he/
she (
the s
pou
seo
rthe r
elat
ive
) di
es.Ther
efo
re,p
ens
ion
al
lowan
cedo
esn
otco
nst
it
utet
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eoft
hedeceas
ed.

In
demn
ityi
smo
neyt
obep
aidt
othes
pou
seo
rrel
ati
veso
fthedeceas
edp
ers
on.
As
sumet
hatacarhi
tsDawi
tan
dki
ll
edhi
m.Thedr
ivero
rtheo
wnero
fthecarmay
beo
bli
gedt
opayco
mpe
nsat
iont
othes
pou
seo
rrel
ati
veso
fDawi
t. Thes
eper
son
s
s
ust
ain
edi
nju
rybecau
seo
fthedeat
hofDawi
t.Theo
newhocau
sedt
hedeat
hoft
he
p
ers
onmayp
ayco
mpen
sat
iono
rin
demn
ityt
othes
eper
son
s. Ho
wev
er,s
uchmo
ney
can
notf
ormp
arto
fthei
nher
it
anceo
fthedeceas
ed.Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fthep
ers
onwhoi
s
en
tit
ledt
orecei
vet
hei
ndemn
ityp
aymen
tdi
es,t
hemo
neycan
notgot
ohi
shei
rs
.

Exer
cis
e

16
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 17
Page

Ur
banl
andsan
dext
raho
useswer
enat
ion
ali
zedbyPr
ocl
amat
ion№ 47/
1975.The
o
wner
soft
heext
raho
useswer
eget
ti
ngco
mpen
sat
ionf
rom go
ver
nmen
t.Ar
ethes
e
co
mpe
nsat
ion
sin
her
it
abl
e?

Ap
ers
on’
ssu
cces
sio
nmaybeco
ndu
ctedi
non
eoft
het
wot
ypeso
fsu
cces
sio
ns.Asi
tis
p
res
cri
bedi
nAr
t.829,s
ucces
sio
nco
uldbeei
thert
est
ateo
rin
tes
tat
e.Itco
uldal
sobe
t
heco
mbi
nat
iono
fthet
wot
ypes
.Tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
nisas
ucces
sio
ninwhi
cht
hees
tat
e
o
fthedeceas
edp
ers
ons
hal
lpas
stohi
shei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
eesacco
rdi
ngt
otheo
rdero
f
t
hedeceas
edi
nthewi
llhe/
shemade. Ift
hedeceas
edmadeav
ali
dwi
ll
,hi
s/her
s
ucces
sio
nwo
uldbeco
ndu
ctedi
nacco
rdan
cewi
tht
hewi
ll
.A p
ers
onwhol
eftawi
lli
s
cal
ledat
est
ato
r.Thet
est
ato
rshal
lregu
lat
east
owhats
hou
ldhap
pent
ohi
spr
oper
ty
af
terhi
sdeat
h.Ift
het
est
ato
rhadn
owi
llatal
l,o
rhi
s/herwi
lli
sno
tval
id,t
he
s
ucces
sio
nofs
uchp
ers
ons
hal
lbeco
ndu
ctedbyt
heo
per
ati
ono
fthel
aw.Thati
s,i
n
t
hecas
ewhe
ret
her
eisn
owi
ll
,orwher
ethewi
lli
sin
val
id,t
hel
aws
hal
ldi
st
ri
but
ehi
s
es
tat
eamo
nghi
shei
rs
.

So
met
imesi
tmayhap
pent
hatt
hes
ucces
sio
nisaco
mbi
nat
iono
fbo
thi
ntes
tat
ean
d
t
est
ate.Man
yci
rcu
mst
ancesco
uldl
eadt
osu
cha s
it
uat
ion
.Fo
rin
stan
ce,p
rop
ert
y
whi
chwasn
oti
ncl
udedi
nthewi
llmaybedi
sco
ver
edl
ater
;thewi
llmaybep
art
ial
ly
i
nval
idat
ed;t
het
est
ato
rmayap
poi
ntau
niv
ers
all
egat
ee5whoi
sno
tal
egalhei
rtot
ake
o
nlys
omep
ort
iono
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
ean
dwi
thr
esp
ectt
other
esto
fthees
tat
e
he/
shemayk
eeps
il
ent
;et
c.

1.
1.4 Cap
aci
tyt
oSu
cceed

Thel
awr
equ
iress
omeo
newhoal
legest
ohav
ear
ighti
nthes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
ed
t
ofu
lfi
lls
omer
equ
iremen
ts.On
eisexp
ect
edt
ohav
ecap
aci
tyt
osu
cceed.Thi
siso
ne
o
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtan
treq
uir
emen
tst
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
ed.Thecap
aci
tyt
osu
cceed
dep
endsmai
nlyo
ntwoco
ndi
ti
ons
.Thef
ir
sto
nei
s;t
hehei
ran
d/o
rlegat
eemu
sts
urv
ive
t
hedeceas
edp
ers
on.Thes
eco
ndr
equ
iremen
tiss
uchhei
ran
d/o
rlegat
eemu
stn
otbe

5
Det
ail
eddi
scu
ssi
ono
nun
iver
sall
egat
eess
hal
lbemadei
nSect
ion1.
3bel
ow.

17
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 18
Page
u
nwo
rthy
. Thef
ir
stco
ndi
ti
oni
sano
bject
iveco
ndi
ti
onan
dthehei
ran
d/o
rlegat
ee
s
hal
llo
sehi
sri
ghtt
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
edf
orr
eas
onso
uts
idehi
svo
lit
ion
.Thes
eco
nd
co
ndi
ti
oni
sas
ubj
ect
iveco
ndi
ti
onwhi
cho
ccu
rswi
thawi
ll
fulacto
fthehei
ran
d/o
r
l
egat
ee.(
ReadAr
ti
cles830&831o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de)

A.THECONDITION OFSURVIVORSHIP

Thi
sco
ndi
ti
onr
equ
irest
hehei
rtobeal
iv
eatt
het
imeo
fthedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed.
Tos
urv
ivet
hedeceas
edmean
s,t
obeal
iv
eatt
het
imeo
fthedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed.
Thati
s,whent
hedeceas
edi
sdead,t
hehei
ran
d/o
rthel
egat
eeo
fthedeceas
edmu
st
beal
iv
ingp
ers
on.Ift
hehei
rli
vesev
enf
orav
erys
hor
tti
meaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
he
deceas
ed,webel
iev
ethathe/
shehass
urv
ivedt
hedeceas
ed.(
SeeAr
ti
cle830)

Ift
woo
rmo
rep
ers
onswhohav
ear
eci
pro
calr
ightt
osu
cceedeacho
therdi
eto
get
her
,
s
ayi
nanacci
den
t,ho
wdoweco
ndu
ctt
hes
ucces
sio
noft
hes
eper
son
s?Thati
s,whi
ch
p
ers
onhass
urv
ivedt
heo
ther
?

B.COMMORIENTS

Thi
sLat
inwo
rds
ign
ifi
est
hos
ewhodi
eatt
hes
amet
ime,as
,fo
rexamp
le,bys
hip
wreck
.
Whens
ever
alp
ers
onsdi
ebyt
hes
ameacci
den
t,an
dther
eisn
oev
iden
ceast
owho
s
urv
ived,t
hep
res
ump
tio
nofl
aw i
s,t
heyal
ldi
edatt
hes
amet
ime.Co
nsi
dert
hat
“
Frewo
yni
”isamo
theran
d“Sen
ait
”isherdau
ght
er.If“
Frewo
yin
i”an
d“Sen
ait
”di
e
t
oget
her
,wemayf
aces
omedi
ffi
cul
ti
esi
nco
ndu
cti
ngt
hes
ucces
sio
nso
fthes
eper
son
s.

Af
teranacci
den
t,deat
hmayn
oto
ccu
rimmedi
atel
yan
dso
mep
ers
onsdi
ebef
ore
o
ther
s.Deat
hisu
sual
lyco
nsi
der
edasap
roces
sthatmayt
akel
ongert
imet
hanwe
exp
ect
.Whe
nper
son
swhohav
ereci
pro
calr
ight
stos
ucceed each o
ther(
such as
Fr
ewo
ynian
dSen
ait
)di
eto
get
her
,weco
uldk
nowbyap
ost
–mo
rtem exami
nat
ionwho
s
urv
ived who
m. Ho
wev
er,t
hise
xami
nat
ioni
sno
tal
way
ssu
cces
sfu
l.Itco
uld be
i
mpo
ssi
blet
o det
ermi
ne who di
edf
ir
stan
d who di
ed s
eco
nd by a p
ost
–mo
rtem
exami
nat
ion
.Asr
esear
chwo
rksi
nthef
iel
doff
oren
sics
cien
cer
eveal
,det
ermi
nin
gthe
t
imeo
fdeat
hthr
oughp
ostmo
rtem exami
nat
ioni
son
eoft
hes
eri
ousp
robl
emso
fthe
di
sci
pli
ne.The l
aw had t
o dev
ise a mechan
ism f
orr
eso
lvi
ngt
he l
egalp
robl
ems
at
tachedwi
thco
mmo
rien
ts.Thati
s,t
hel
aw as
sumest
hats
uchp
ers
onshav
edi
ed

18
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 19
Page
s
imu
ltan
eou
sly(
att
hes
amet
ime)an
dhen
cen
oon
ehass
urv
ivedt
heo
ther
.

Exer
cis
e
Whatwi
llbet
heef
fecto
fdy
ingt
oget
her
?

Ar
t.832.— Per
sonsdy
ings
imul
taneous
ly

Wher
etwoo
rmo
rep
ers
onsar
edeadan
diti
sno
tpo
ssi
blet
opr
ovewhi
cho
fsu
ch
p
ers
onss
urv
ivedt
heo
ther
,thes
ucces
sio
nofeacho
neo
fsu
chp
ers
onss
hal
lbe
r
egu
lat
edasi
fhehadbeent
hel
asts
urv
ivo
rwi
tho
ut,ho
wev
er,r
ecei
vi
ngan
ythi
ng
f
romt
hes
ucces
sio
noft
heo
the
rper
son
s.

Exer
cis
e
Exp
lai
ntheco
nten
tso
fAr
t.832i
nyo
uro
wnwo
rds

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t.832o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,i
ftwoo
rmo
rep
ers
onswi
thr
eci
pro
calr
ight
sto
s
uccee
deacho
therdi
eto
get
heran
difi
tisn
otp
oss
ibl
etodet
ermi
net
heexactt
imeo
f
deat
hofs
uchp
ers
ons
,thel
aw hasdev
ised ani
ngen
iou
smet
hodt
odealwi
tht
he
p
robl
em.Thati
s,whent
hes
ucces
sio
nofeacho
fthes
eper
son
sisco
nsi
der
ed,he/
she
wi
llbes
eenast
hel
asts
urv
ivo
r.As
sumet
hatA & B(
per
son
swhohav
ether
eci
pro
cal
r
ightt
osu
cceedeacho
ther
)di
edi
nanacci
den
tan
ditwasi
mpo
ssi
blet
oiden
tif
ywhi
ch
o
fthem di
edn
extt
otheo
ther
.Let
’sn
owco
nsi
dert
hes
ucces
sio
nofA.Int
hiscas
e,A
s
hal
lbes
eenast
hel
asts
urv
ivo
r.Thati
s,Bhasdi
edbef
oreA.Becau
seBdi
edbef
ore
A,hedi
dno
tsu
rvi
veA an
dhasn
ocap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedA.Let
’sagai
nco
nsi
dert
he
s
ucces
sio
nofBn
ow.Att
hist
ime,Bwi
llbeco
nsi
der
edast
hel
asts
urv
ivo
r.Thi
smean
s,
A di
edbef
oreB.Ther
efo
re,A hasn
ocap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedB.Ast
hef
inalan
aly
sis
,the
ef
fecto
ftheas
sump
tio
nmadebyl
awi
s— t
hes
eper
son
shav
eno
tsu
rvi
vedo
nean
other
an
dtheycan
nots
ucceedeacho
ther
.

19
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 20
Page
Examp
le
Wr
o.San
iaan
dhers
onShems
uar
eli
vi
ngt
oget
heri
nthes
ameho
use.
On
eni
ghtt
hei
rho
usewasi
nun
dat
edan
dtheywer
etak
enbyt
hef
loo
d.
Thei
rbo
dieswer
edi
sco
ver
eds
evenday
sfr
omt
hedat
ewher
etheywer
e
t
akenbyt
hef
loo
d.Det
ermi
newhi
chp
ers
ons
hal
lsu
cceedt
heo
ther
!

Iti
sno
tkn
ownwhi
cho
fthes
eper
son
sdi
edf
ir
st.Iti
ssi
mpl
ypr
esu
med
t
hatt
heydi
eds
imu
ltan
eou
sly
.Ther
efo
re,t
heycan
nots
ucceedeach
o
ther
.

Thi
sas
sump
tio
nismadebyt
heEt
hio
pianl
aw an
dins
omeo
therco
unt
ri
est
her
ear
e
di
ffer
entas
sump
tio
ns.Fo
rin
stan
ce,acco
rdi
ngt
oAu
str
ali
anl
aw,t
heel
derp
ers
oni
s
p
res
umedt
ohav
edi
edbef
oret
hey
oun
gero
ne.Thes
amei
str
uewi
thEn
glan
dan
d
Wal
esl
aws
.

C.DEATH OFHEIR

Ift
hehei
risal
iv
eatt
het
imeo
fthedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed(
i.
e.,att
het
imeo
f
o
pen
ingo
fhi
ssu
cces
sio
n),t
hens
uchanhei
riss
aidt
ohav
esu
rvi
vedt
hedeceas
ed.If
t
hehei
rsu
rvi
vest
hedeceas
ed,he/
shef
ulf
il
lst
her
equ
irmen
tofs
urv
ivo
rshi
p.Ther
efo
re,
anhei
rwhodi
esev
enaf
teras
hor
tper
iodf
romt
hedeat
hoft
hedeceas
edwi
lln
otl
ose
hi
scap
aci
tyt
osu
cceed. Ho
wev
er,ap
robl
em ar
is
esi
fthehei
rhi
msel
f/her
sel
fdi
es.
Whatwi
llhap
pent
ohi
s/hers
har
efr
omt
hes
uces
sio
noft
hedeceas
ed?Acco
rdi
ngt
o
Ar
t.833,al
lther
ight
soft
hehei
rint
hes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
eds
hal
lpas
stot
he
hei
rso
fthehei
r.Yo
ucans
eet
her
elev
anceo
fthet
imeo
fop
eni
ngo
fthes
ucces
sio
n
cl
ear
lyi
nthi
sci
rcu
mst
ance.Ev
eni
fanhei
rdi
ess
omet
imeaf
terdeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed,
t
hehei
riss
aidt
ohav
edi
edaf
terget
ti
ngt
her
ightt
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
ed.

Examp
le
Ay
elean
dAl
emi
tuhav
eli
vedi
nmar
ri
agef
orabo
utt
wodecades
.Theyhav
ethr
ee
chi
ldr
enn
amel
y;Ts
egay
e,Gen
etan
dLo
mbes
so.Theel
ders
onTs
egay
edi
eda

20
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 21
Page
weekaf
terdeat
hofAt
oAy
ele.Int
hiscas
eTs
egay
edi
edaf
terget
ti
ngt
her
ight
s
t
osu
cceedhi
sfat
herAy
ele.Ts
egay
edi
edaf
ters
ecu
rin
gar
ightt
osu
cceedhi
s
f
ather
’si
nher
it
ance. AsTs
egay
eisdeadn
ow,hi
shei
rswi
llt
akehi
spo
rti
onf
rom
t
hes
ucces
sio
nofAy
ele. Byas
sumi
ngTs
egay
ehasn
odes
cen
dan
ts,hi
smo
ther
,
Al
emi
tuwi
llt
akewhats
hou
ldaccr
uet
oTs
egay
e.

D.UNWORTHINESS

Thes
eco
ndco
ndi
ti
ont
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
edi
srel
atedwi
thu
nwo
rthi
nes
s. Thati
s,
i
nor
dert
osu
cceedt
hede
ceas
ed,t
hehei
ran
d/o
rthel
egat
eemu
stn
otbeanu
nwo
rthy
p
ers
on.Anhei
ran
d/o
ral
egat
eecanbeco
meu
nwo
rthybecau
seo
fhi
scr
imi
nalact
ion
s.
Ther
ati
onal
ebehi
ndt
hisr
ulei
sthatap
ers
onmayn
otp
rof
itf
rom hi
s/hero
wncr
ime.
Asy
oumi
ghthav
eun
der
sto
odf
romy
ourr
eadi
ngo
fAr
ts.838–840,t
her
ear
esev
eral
f
act
orst
hatcanmak
eanhei
ran
d/o
ral
egat
eeu
nwo
rthy
.

 Thef
ir
stcr
imet
hatco
uldmak
eanhei
run
wor
thyi
shi
sin
ten
tio
nalmu
rdero
f:
o Thedeceas
edhi
msel
f,
o Thedeceas
ed’
sdes
cen
dan
t,
o Thedeceas
ed’
sas
cen
dan
tor
o Thedeceas
ed’
ssp
ous
e.

Yo
umu
str
ememebert
hatt
hehei
ran
d/o
rthel
egat
eemu
stbes
ent
encedf
orhi
scr
ime
bef
orehei
sco
nsi
der
edu
nwo
rthy
.Mo
reo
ver
,themu
rdermu
stbemadei
nten
tio
nal
ly,n
ot
byn
egl
igen
ce.

Thes
eco
ndr
eas
ont
hatmak
esap
ers
onu
nwo
rthyi
s,hi
s/herat
temp
ttok
il
lthep
ers
ons
en
umer
atedu
nderAr
ti
cle838(
a). Anat
temp
ttok
il
lap
ers
oni
sco
mmi
tt
inganact
wi
tht
hedes
ir
etok
il
lap
ers
onbu
tfai
ltodos
obecau
seo
fanext
ern
alcau
se.Thati
s,
t
hek
il
li
ngwasp
rev
ent
edn
otbyt
hewi
sho
ftheo
newhohasp
lan
nedt
oki
llap
ers
on,bu
t
byanext
ern
alf
act
or,s
uchass
hoo
tin
gwi
thagu
nwhi
chi
sno
tlo
aded,o
rhe/
shemi
ssed
t
het
argetbecau
sehe/
shedi
dno
tai
mst
rai
ght
,et
c.

Exer
cis
e
21
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 22
Page
At
oWo
rkuu
sual
lybeat
shi
swi
feSo
sin
a.Wr
o.So
sin
ahass
uff
ereda
l
otwi
thherhu
sban
d’sbe
hav
ior
.Ast
imewen
tby
,hi
sbeat
ingbecame
mo
rean
dmo
rehar
d.Si
xmo
nthsagos
hewen
ttoherf
ri
end,Kedi
ja’
s
ho
uset
oget
herwi
thherf
ourk
ids
.AsKedi
ja’
sin
comewass
oli
tt
li
e,
s
hewasu
nabl
etos
upp
orthergu
est
sfo
rmo
ret
hanf
ewday
s.So
sin
a
hadn
ocho
icet
hango
ingbackt
oherhu
sban
d.On
eni
ght
,Wo
rku
i
nti
midat
edSo
sin
awi
thak
nif
e.Whi
lehewasabo
utt
ost
ubher
,she
t
hrewabi
gst
onean
dhi
thi
shead.Wo
rkudi
edo
fas
ever
ebl
eedi
ng
wi
thi
nanho
ur.
As
sumet
hatSo
sin
awasben
efi
ciar
yint
hewi
llmadebyWo
rku
.Can
Shes
ucceedo
rsho
ulds
hebedecl
aredu
nwo
rthy
?Gi
ver
eas
ons
.

Thet
hir
dreas
ont
hatmak
esanhei
rorl
egat
eeu
nwo
rthyi
saf
als
eaccu
sat
ionagai
nst
t
hep
ers
onsen
umer
atedu
nderAr
t838(
a).Tomak
ethehei
rorl
egat
eeu
nwo
rthy
,the
f
als
e accu
sat
ion mu
sten
tai
lthe co
ndemn
ati
ono
fan
yofs
uch p
ers
onst
o cap
ital
p
uni
shmen
torr
igo
rou
simp
ris
onmen
tfo
rmo
ret
hant
eny
ear
s.

At
oBi
sr
atdi
edo
fli
verdi
seas
e.At
oBi
sr
atan
dAt
oZewdi
ewer
ego
odf
ri
ends
. At
o
Zewdi
e’ss
on,Tar
iku
,an
dhi
swi
fe,Wu
de(
step
mot
hero
fTar
iku
),don
otl
ik
eeacho
ther
.
Tar
ikuwan
tedt
oat
tr
ibu
tet
hedeat
hofBi
sr
att
oWr
oWu
de. Thu
shei
nst
it
utedan
accu
sat
ion agai
nstWr
o Wu
de s
ayi
ngt
hats
he mu
rder
ed Bi
sr
at.Bu
tTar
iku was
s
ent
encedt
oat
woy
eari
mpr
is
onmen
tfo
rfal
sel
yaccu
sin
gWr
oWu
de.

Tar
ikui
sgu
ilt
yofaf
als
eaccu
sat
ionagai
nsthi
sst
epmo
ther
,whoi
sas
pou
seo
fhi
s
f
ather
.Hi
sfal
seaccu
sat
ionco
uldr
esu
lti
ntheco
ndemn
ati
ono
fhi
sst
epmo
therf
or
mo
ret
han10y
ear
sofr
igo
rou
simp
ris
onmen
t.Ther
efo
re,heco
mmi
tt
edacr
imet
hat
wo
uldr
enderhi
mun
wor
thy
.

Thef
our
thr
eas
ont
hatco
uldmak
eanhei
roral
egat
eeu
nwo
rthyi
sper
jur
y.So
meo
ne
co
mmi
tsp
erj
urywhenhe/
shes
tan
dsasaf
als
ewi
tnes
sagai
nsts
omebo
dy.Ast
her
esu
lt
o
fthef
als
etes
ti
mon
yofanhei
rorl
egat
ee,i
fon
eoft
hep
ers
onsen
umer
atedu
nderAr
t
838 (
a) o
fthe Ci
vi
lCo
de i
s co
ndemn
ed t
o a cap
italp
uni
shmen
torr
igo
rou
s
i
mpr
is
onmen
tfo
rmo
ret
hant
eny
ear
s,t
hehei
rort
hel
egat
eewi
llbeco
meu
nwo
rthyt
o

22
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 23
Page
s
uccee
dthedeceas
ed.

Thef
ift
hreas
onr
elat
est
othei
nter
fer
encewi
tht
her
ighto
rpo
wero
fthet
est
ato
rin
mak
ingawi
ll
.Thehei
rort
hel
egat
eei
nthi
scas
e,byt
aki
ngadv
ant
ageo
fthep
hys
ical
s
tat
eoft
hedeceas
ed,hasp
rev
ent
edhi
mfr
om mak
ing,mo
dif
yin
gorr
evo
kin
gawi
ll
.
Su
chhei
rorl
egat
ees
hal
lbeco
ndemn
edasu
nwo
rthy
.Thi
slat
tercr
imemadebyt
he
hei
r/
legat
eei
sacr
imet
hataf
fect
sther
ight
soft
hef
reedo
moft
het
est
ato
rasf
aras
mak
ing,mo
dif
yin
gan
drev
oki
nghi
s/herwi
lli
sco
ncer
ned.In
fri
ngi
ngu
ponal
egal
ly
r
eco
gni
zedr
ighto
fthet
est
ato
rwo
uldt
hehei
r/
legat
eet
oaco
ndi
ti
ono
fun
wor
thi
nes
s.

Exer
cis
e
Ho
w do y
ouu
nder
stan
dthe exp
res
sio
n“byt
aki
ng adv
ant
age o
fthe
p
hys
icals
tat
eoft
hedece
ased?”

Thi
sco
uldr
elat
ewi
thhi
s/herp
hys
icals
tren
gth. Thedeceas
edmi
ghthav
ebeens
ick
f
oral
ongt
imean
dver
yweakp
hys
ical
ly.Thehei
rorl
egat
eemayt
aket
headv
ant
age
o
fthi
sweakco
ndi
ti
ono
fthedece
asedt
opr
even
thi
m/herf
rom mak
ing,mo
dif
yin
gor
r
evo
kin
gawi
ll
.

Itmu
stn
otedher
ethat
,ino
rdert
obeco
ndemn
edasu
nwo
rthy
,thehei
rorl
egat
eemu
st
hav
e co
mmi
tt
ed t
hisl
att
ero
ffen
ce o
nlywi
thi
nthr
ee mo
nthsbef
ore deat
hoft
he
deceas
ed.Ift
heo
ffen
cei
sco
mmi
tt
edbef
oret
hist
ime,t
hel
awwi
lln
otco
ndemnt
he
hei
rort
hel
egat
eeasu
nwo
rthy
.Thel
awco
nsi
der
sthr
eemo
nthsass
uff
ici
entt
imef
or
t
het
est
ato
rtot
hin
kabo
utt
heo
ffen
ceco
mmi
tt
edagai
nsthi
sri
ght
srel
ati
ngt
omak
ing,
o
rmo
dif
yin
gorr
evo
kin
gawi
llan
dtoactagai
nstt
heact
soft
heo
ffen
der
.Ift
he
t
est
ato
rkeep
squ
ietf
ort
hreemo
nthsaf
tert
heo
ffe
ncei
sco
mmi
tt
ed,t
hel
awt
akest
hat
asi
fthet
est
ato
rhasr
ati
fi
edt
heact
soft
heo
ffen
der
.

Ifanhei
roral
egat
eeco
mmi
tsan
yoft
heo
ffe
nceswhi
char
eli
st
edu
nderAr
t.838
af
tert
hedeat
hoft
hede
ceas
ed(
whi
chmean
saf
tero
pen
ingo
fthes
ucces
sio
n),he/
she
wi
lln
otbedep
riv
edo
fhi
s/herr
ight
stos
ucceedt
hedeceas
ed. Becau
set
hehei
rhas
co
mmi
tt
edt
hecr
imeaf
terhe/
shei
scal
ledt
oan
dgo
tar
ighto
vert
hes
ucces
sio
n.Iti
s
s
aidher
ethatt
hecr
imehasn
oco
nnect
ionwi
tht
hes
ucces
sio
n.

23
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 24
Page
Iti
sthel
aw t
hati
mpo
sesal
iabi
li
tyo
fun
wor
thi
nes
sup
onano
ffen
siv
ehei
r. The
i
mpo
sit
iono
fun
wor
thi
nes
shasanexcep
tio
n.Al
tho
ught
hehei
rhasco
mmi
tt
edt
he
o
ffen
cesp
res
cri
bedu
nderAr
ts.838an
d840,he/
shewo
uldn
otl
osehi
s/hercap
aci
tyas
u
nwo
rthy
,ift
hedeceas
edhadgi
vens
uchhei
ranamn
est
y,o
rifhehadf
orgi
venhi
m/her
.
Thep
ardo
nmaybeei
theranexp
res
sedo
rani
mpl
iedo
ne.A v
eryco
mmo
nwayo
f
p
ardo
nin
ganhei
risexp
res
sin
gthep
ardo
ninawi
ll
.Ift
hedeceas
edmadeawi
llaf
ter
t
heo
ffen
cewasco
mmi
tt
ed,he/
sheco
uldexp
res
shi
s/herf
orgi
ven
essi
nthewi
ll
,to
mak
ethehei
rben
efi
ciar
yoft
hewi
ll
.Ift
hehadgi
venal
egacyt
otheo
ffen
deraf
ter
t
heo
ccu
rren
ceo
ftheo
ffen
cewi
thf
ullk
nowl
edgeo
ftheco
mmi
ssi
ono
ftheo
ffen
ce,
t
hatwo
uldt
akenasan
otherwayo
fpar
don
ingt
heo
ffen
der
.

E.UNBORN CHILD

Asi
tisi
ndi
cat
edi
nAr
ti
cle1o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,t
hehu
manp
ers
oni
sthes
ubj
ecto
f
r
ight
sfr
omi
tsbi
rt
htoi
tsdeat
h. Fr
omt
his
,itmayap
peart
oyo
uthatamer
ely
co
ncei
vedchi
ldhasn
ori
ghtt
osu
cceed.Ho
wev
er,t
hisr
ulehasanexcep
tio
nint
hata
mer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
ldco
uldbeco
nsi
der
edbo
rnwhen
everhi
sin
ter
ests
oreq
uir
es.To
at
tr
ibu
tep
ers
onal
it
ytoamer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
ld,i
tmu
stbebo
rnal
iv
ean
dsho
wit
s
v
igo
rfo
rsu
rvi
valbyi
tsv
iabi
li
ty.“
A chi
lds
hal
lbedeemedt
obev
iabl
ewher
ehel
iv
es
f
orf
ort
y-ei
ghtho
ursaf
terhi
sbi
rt
h…”(
Art
icl
e4(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de)

Whent
hef
athero
famer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
lddi
es,t
hel
awco
nsi
der
sthatt
hei
nter
esto
f
t
hechi
ldr
equ
ireshi
sco
nsi
der
ati
onasap
ers
on.Su
chachi
lds
hal
lno
tbet
reat
edasa
n
on–exi
st
entbei
ng. Ins
uchacas
e,hi
s/heri
nte
res
treq
uir
est
hathe/
shei
sap
ers
on
s
ubj
ectt
ori
ght
s.Hen
ce,al
tho
ughhe/
shei
sanu
nbo
rnchi
ld,t
hel
awal
lowshi
m/hert
o
p
art
ici
pat
eint
hes
ucces
sio
n. Ho
wev
er,hi
sri
ght
sint
hes
ucces
sio
nshal
lber
eal
ized
af
terhi
s/herv
iabi
li
tyi
spr
oved.

F.CHILDREN BORN IN MARRIAGE,OUTSIDEMARRIAGEAND

ADOPTED CHILDREN

TheEt
hio
pianl
aw o
fsu
cces
sio
nmak
esn
odi
st
inct
ionbas
edo
nthes
tat
uso
fachi
ld
whet
hers
uchchi
ldi
sbo
rni
nmar
ri
age
,ou
tsi
deawedl
ockmar
ri
ageo
rhe/
shei
san
ado
pted chi
ld. Nev
ert
hel
ess
,yo
usho
uldn
ote her
ethatt
he es
tabl
is
hmen
toft
he

24
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 25
Page
p
ater
nit
yofani
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldi
sdu
lyo
bli
gat
orybef
orehecl
aimst
osu
cceedt
he
deceas
ed,i
fthedeceas
edi
spu
tat
ivef
ather
.

Anado
ptedchi
ld,f
oral
lin
ten
tsan
dpu
rpo
ses
,isas
simi
lat
edt
oan
atu
ralchi
ld. The
o
nlyexcep
tio
nfo
rthi
sru
lei
s,asp
res
cri
bedu
nderAr
t.182o
ftheRev
isedFami
lyLaw
o
f2000,(
ort
he co
rres
pon
din
gpr
ovi
si
onsi
nthe Regi
onalRev
ised Fami
lyCo
des
)
ado
pti
oncan
notbeef
fect
iveagai
nstt
heas
cen
dan
tsan
dco
llat
eral
soft
heado
pterwho
o
ppo
sedt
he ado
pti
on.Ther
efo
re,t
he Et
hio
pianl
aw do
esn
otmak
e an
ydi
st
inct
ion
amo
ngchi
ldr
eno
fthedeceas
edbas
edo
nthef
actt
hatt
heyar
elegi
ti
mat
eoro
ther
wis
e.

G.SEX,AGEAND NATIONALITY OFHEIR6

Inmo
sto
fthecu
sto
msi
nEt
hio
pia,mal
echi
ldr
enar
efav
oredt
osu
cceedt
hei
rpar
ent
s.
Ins
omen
ati
onal
it
ies
,femal
echi
ldr
enar
eto
tal
lyp
recl
uded f
roms
ucceedi
ngt
hei
r
p
aren
ts. Par
ti
cul
arl
ythi
swast
rueasf
arass
ucceedi
ngl
andwasco
ncer
ned.The
FDRE Co
nst
it
uti
onhasr
eco
gni
zedt
hep
rop
ert
yri
ght
sofwo
men
.Ar
t35(
7)o
fthe
FDRECo
nst
it
uti
onp
rov
idesasf
oll
ows
:

“
Womenhav
ether
ightt
oacq
uir
e,admi
ni
st
er,co
ntr
ol,u
sean
dtr
ans
fer
p
rop
ert
y.Inp
art
icu
lar
,theyhav
eeq
ualr
ight
swi
thmenwi
thr
esp
ectt
ous
e,
t
ran
sfer
,admi
nis
trat
ionan
dco
ntr
olo
flan
d.Theys
hal
lal
soen
joyeq
ual
t
reat
men
tint
hei
nher
it
anceo
fpr
oper
ty.
”

Mo
reo
ver
,bo
tht
heFede
ralan
dRegi
onall
andu
sean
dadmi
nis
trat
ionPr
ocl
amat
ion
s
hav
esp
eci
fi
cal
lyaddr
ess
edt
heco
nst
it
uti
onal
lygu
aran
teedr
ight
sofwo
meno
nlan
d.
Ir
res
pect
iveo
fthes
elegal ef
for
ts,wo
men
’sr
ight
sonl
and ar
eno
tres
pect
ed
s
ati
sfact
ori
ly
.Ther
ear
est
il
ldeepr
oot
edbel
ief
sint
heman
yso
ciet
iest
hatwo
men
s
hou
ldn
oti
nher
itl
and.Ho
wev
er,t
her
ear
een
cou
ragi
ngr
epo
rtsi
nreal
izi
ngt
hes
eri
ght
s
o
fwo
meni
nal
mos
tal
lRegi
onalSt
ates
.

TheFeder
alRu
ralLan
d Admi
ni
st
rat
ionan
dLan
dUs
ePr
ocl
amat
ion№ 456o
f2005
hass
omep
rov
isi
onswhi
chr
eco
gni
zet
her
ight
sofwo
meno
nlan
d.Fo
rin
stan
ce,Ar
t5
(
1)(
c)p
res
cri
best
hat
—“Wo
menwhowan
ttoen
gagei
nagr
icu
ltu
res
hal
lhav
ether
ight
t
o getan
dus
eru
rall
and.
” Al
so Ar
t6(
4) o
fthe s
ame Pr
ocl
amat
ionp
rov
ides
6
Ar
ti
cle837,Ci
vi
lCo
de

25
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 26
Page
t
hat
—“Wher
elan
disj
oin
tlyhel
dbyhu
sban
dan
dwi
feo
rbyo
therp
ers
ons
,theho
ldi
ng
cer
ti
fi
cat
eshal
lbep
rep
aredi
nthen
ameo
fal
ljo
intho
lder
s.
”

Si
mil
arr
uleshav
ebeenado
ptedbyt
heRegi
onalSt
ates
’lan
dlaws
.Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
he
So
uther
n Nat
ion
s, Nat
ion
ali
ti
es an
d Peo
ples Regi
onal St
ate’
s Ru
ral Lan
d
Admi
ni
st
rat
ionan
dUt
il
izat
ionPr
ocl
amat
ion№ 110o
f2007i
nit
spr
eambl
est
ated
t
hat
:

WHEREAS,i
tis bel
iev
ed t
hatens
uri
ng women’
sland hol
ding r
ighti
s
neces
sar
yforagr
icu
ltu
ralp
rodu
cti
onandp
rodu
cti
vi
tyand…”

Ther
ear
eot
heri
mpo
rtan
tpr
ovi
si
onswhi
chen
sur
ethel
andr
ight
sofwo
meni
nthe
Pr
ocl
amat
ion
.Fr
omt
hes
eef
for
ts,i
tcanbes
eent
hatt
her
ear
eso
mei
mpr
ovemen
tsi
n
t
her
eco
gni
ti
ono
flan
dri
ght
sofwo
men
.

Exer
cis
e
Whataddi
ti
onalef
for
ts,o
thert
hanl
egalef
for
ts,mu
stbemades
o
t
hatwo
mens
hou
lden
joyt
hei
rco
nst
it
uti
onal
lygu
aran
teedr
ight
sof
l
andwhi
chi
nef
fecti
ncl
udeal
sot
her
ightt
oin
her
itl
and?

Wi
thr
esp
ectt
oage,i
tcan
notbeagr
oun
dtodi
scr
imi
nat
ehei
rs
.Asl
ongast
her
eisn
o
v
ali
dwi
lll
eftbyt
hedeceas
edt
hatdi
scr
imi
nat
est
hehei
rsbas
edo
nthei
rages
,the
r
ight
soft
hehei
rst
oin
her
itt
hedeceas
edcan
notbeaf
fect
edbyt
hei
rage. Fo
r
examp
le,i
fthedeceas
edhasa50y
earo
lds
onan
da5y
earo
lddau
ght
er,bo
tho
fthem
hav
ether
ightt
osu
cceedhi
m.Mo
reo
ver
,ther
eisn
opr
imo
gen
itu
rer
ightu
ndert
he
Et
hio
pianl
aw.Thati
s,t
heel
des
tchi
ldhasn
osp
eci
alp
riv
il
egei
nthes
ucces
sio
nof
p
aren
ts.Thes
amei
str
uewi
thr
esp
ectt
onat
ion
ali
tyo
fthehei
r.Bu
tthi
sru
lei
ssu
bject
t
othep
rov
isi
onso
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dewhi
chr
est
ri
cto
wner
shi
pofi
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
tyby
f
ore
ign
ers
.(SeeAr
ti
cles390— 393)

1.
2 INTESTATESUCCESSIONS

InEt
hio
pia,mo
sto
fthes
ucces
sio
nsar
ein
tes
tat
e.Whent
hedeceas
edl
eav
esn
owi
llat
al
loraco
urtf
orv
ari
ousr
eas
onsi
nval
idat
est
hewi
llmadebyhi
m,i
tiss
aidt
hatt
he

26
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 27
Page
s
ucces
sio
nisi
ntes
tat
e.In s
uch a cas
e,t
he di
st
ri
but
iono
fthe es
tat
e wi
llbe i
n
acco
rdan
cewi
tht
heo
per
ati
ono
fthel
awr
athert
hant
hev
oli
ti
ono
fthedeceas
ed.In
t
hei
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n,t
hel
awf
oll
ows“
thep
res
umedwi
llo
fthedeceas
ed.
”Thi
sty
pe
o
fsu
cces
sio
niso
lderan
dmo
rehi
st
ori
cthans
ucces
sio
nbywi
ll
.(ReadAr
ti
cles842—
848o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de)

1.
2.1 Dev
olu
tio
nacco
rdi
ngt
othedegr
eeo
frel
ati
vi
ty

Thep
rov
isi
onso
fin
tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
nar
ebas
edo
nthei
deat
hat— hadt
hedeceas
ed
madeawi
llhe/
shewo
uldhav
edi
st
ri
but
edhi
s/heres
tat
ebyf
oll
owi
ngt
hedegr
eeo
f
r
elat
ion
shi
p.Thati
s,he/
shewo
uldgi
vehi
s/heres
tat
etohi
s/hercl
oses
trel
ati
vesi
nthe
f
ir
stp
lace.Int
hes
eco
ndp
lace,r
elat
iveswhoar
esi
tuat
edata r
elat
ivel
ydi
st
ant
p
osi
ti
on when co
mpar
ed wi
tht
he r
elat
iveso
fthe f
ir
stdegr
ee s
hal
lsu
cceed t
he
deceas
ed.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,t
hel
awco
nsi
der
sthechi
ldr
eno
fap
ers
onar
ehi
s/hercl
oses
t
r
elat
ives
.

A.FIRST RELATIONSHIP

Chi
ldr
eno
rot
herdes
cen
dan
tsar
enu
mbero
necan
didat
est
osu
cceedap
ers
on(
SeeAr
t.
842(
1))
.Al
lchi
ldr
en o
fthe p
ers
on who di
ed i
ntes
tat
e hav
e eq
ualr
ight
sint
he
s
ucces
sio
nir
res
pect
iveo
fthei
rage,s
ex,et
c.di
ffe
ren
ces
.Ifo
neo
fthechi
ldr
eno
fthe
deceas
ed i
sa p
redeceas
ed chi
ld,t
hati
s,i
fhe/
shedi
ed bef
oret
hedeat
hoft
he
deceas
ed,he/
shewo
uldl
osehi
s/hercap
aci
tyt
osu
cceed,asdi
scu
ssedabo
ve.The
r
eas
oni
shedi
dno
tfu
lfi
llo
nei
mpo
rtan
treq
uir
emen
t,whi
chi
ssu
rvi
vi
ngt
hedeceas
ed.
Al
tho
ughap
redeceas
edhei
rlo
sthi
s/hercap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
ed,hi
s/hero
wn
des
cen
dan
ts wi
llr
epr
esen
thi
m.Ther
efo
re,r
epr
esen
tat
ion co
uld be t
aken as an
excep
tio
ntot
her
uleo
fsu
rvi
vor
shi
p.

Ap
ers
onwhocl
aimst
ohav
ear
ighti
nas
ucces
sio
nisexp
ect
edt
obeal
iv
eatt
het
ime
o
fdeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed.Thi
sist
her
equ
iremen
tofs
urv
ivo
rshi
p.Thei
deai
sthatan
hei
rwhodi
dno
tsu
rvi
vet
hedeceas
eds
hou
ldl
osehi
s/herr
ighti
nthes
ucces
sio
n.Thati
s,
ap
redeceas
edhei
rhasl
osthi
s/hercap
aci
ty.Ho
wev
er,hi
s/herdes
cen
dan
ts,wi
tht
he
excl
usi
ono
fal
lot
herhei
rs
,shal
lrep
res
entap
rede
ceas
edhei
r.Asar
uleap
redeceas
ed
hei
rhasn
ocap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
ed.Bu
thi
s/herdes
cen
dan
tscanr
epr
esen
t

27
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 28
Page
hi
m/her
.Thi
ssi
tuat
ion mak
esr
epr
esen
tat
ion an excep
tio
nalci
rcu
mst
ance t
othe
gen
eralr
ule.

B.SECOND RELATIONSHIP

Ift
hedeceas
edi
sno
tsu
rvi
vedbyhi
s/herchi
ldr
eno
rot
herdes
cen
dan
ts,t
hef
atheran
d
t
hemo
thero
fthedeceas
edwi
llbecal
ledt
ohi
s/hers
ucces
sio
n.Int
hecas
ewher
e
hi
s/herde
scen
dan
tss
urv
ivehi
m/her
,al
lot
herhei
rso
fthedeceas
edwi
llbeexcl
uded
f
romt
hes
ucces
sio
nacco
rdi
ngt
other
uleso
fthei
nter
stat
esu
cces
sio
n.Hi
s/herf
ather
an
dhi
s/hermo
therar
eint
hes
eco
ndo
rderi
ntheq
ueu
eoft
her
elat
iveso
fthedeceas
ed.
Thef
atheran
dmo
thero
fthedeceas
edwi
llt
akeeq
uals
har
eoft
hewho
lees
tat
eoft
he
deceas
ed.

Int
hecas
ewher
eon
eoft
hep
aren
tshasdi
edbe
for
ethedeceas
ed,s
uchp
aren
tshal
l
ber
epr
esen
tedbyhi
s/herchi
ldr
en(
oro
therdes
cen
dan
ts)
.No
tet
hatt
hechi
ldr
en(
fir
st
degr
eedes
cen
dan
ts)o
fthep
aren
tso
fthedeceas
edar
ehi
s/herbr
other
san
dsi
st
ers
,of
f
ullo
rofhal
fbl
ood.

Int
hecas
ewher
ebo
thp
aren
tshav
esu
rvi
vedt
hedeceas
ed,hal
foft
heher
edi
tar
y
es
tat
eoft
hedeceas
edgo
est
othef
atheran
dtheo
therhal
fgo
est
othemo
ther
.Thi
sis
bas
edo
nthep
rin
cip
let
hathei
rso
fthep
ater
nall
inet
hemat
ern
all
ines
hal
lhav
eeq
ual
s
har
esi
nthei
nher
it
anceo
fthedeceas
ed,s
olo
ngast
heyar
eateq
ualdi
st
ancef
rom
t
hede
ceas
ed.Int
hep
ater
nall
ine,wef
indt
hef
athero
fthedeceas
edan
dhi
s(t
he
f
ather
’s
)des
cen
dan
ts.Int
hemat
ern
all
ine,wege
tthemo
thero
fthedeceas
edan
dher
des
cen
dan
ts.

Inas
it
uat
ionwher
ethef
atherp
redeceas
edt
hedeceas
edan
dwher
edes
cen
dan
tsdo
n
ots
urv
ivehi
m,t
her
eisn
obo
dyt
otak
ethees
tat
eoft
hedeceas
edi
nthep
ater
nall
ine
att
hatl
evel
.Int
hiscas
e,t
hehei
rso
fthemat
ern
all
inet
aket
hewho
lees
tat
eoft
he
deceas
ed.

Exer
cis
e

Dan
iel
,whoi
sa35y
earo
ldmer
chan
t,di
edo
fleu
kemi
a.Dan
ieldi
edi
ntes
tat
ean
d

28
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 29
Page
hehadn
ochi
ld.Dan
iel
’sp
aren
tshadt
hreechi
ldr
en,i
ncl
udi
ngDan
iel
.Hi
smo
ther
Wr
o.Ban
chu
,hi
sbr
othe
rWo
ndi
muan
d hi
ssi
st
erChal
tus
urv
ived Dan
iel
.At
o
Er
gan
o,Dan
iel
’sf
atherdi
edt
hreey
ear
sago
.A 15y
earo
ldbo
y,Si
say
,cl
aimeda
r
ighti
nthes
ucces
sio
nofDan
iel
.Si
sayal
legedt
hathei
sthes
ono
fAt
oEr
gan
o
whowasbo
rni
nanext
ramar
it
alr
elat
ion
shi
pbet
weenAt
oEr
gan
oan
dhi
smo
ther
.
Hep
rodu
ced r
eli
abl
eev
iden
cet
hats
howshi
sack
nowl
edgmen
tbyAt
oEr
gan
o.
Co
nsi
der
ingt
he es
tat
elef
tby Dan
ieli
s1,
200,
000 (
one mi
ll
iont
wo hu
ndr
ed
t
hou
san
d)Bi
rr
,whatamo
unts
hal
lbedi
st
ri
but
edt
oeachhei
r?

C.THIRD RELATIONSHIP

Ap
ers
onhasf
ourgr
andp
aren
ts,t
woo
nthep
ater
nall
inean
dtwoo
nthemat
ern
all
ine.
Ift
hedeceas
edi
ssu
rvi
vedbyal
loft
hef
ourgr
andp
aren
ts,hal
foft
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e
s
hal
lbedev
olv
edo
nthep
ater
nalgr
andp
aren
tsan
dther
esthal
fwi
llgot
othemat
ern
al
gr
andp
aren
ts.Eacho
fthem s
hal
lbeen
tit
ledt
oon
e-f
our
tho
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.If
o
neo
fthe
mpr
edeceas
edt
hedeceas
edan
diss
urv
ivedbydes
cen
dan
ts,he/
shewi
llbe
r
epr
ese
nte
dbys
uchdes
cen
dan
ts.

Ifa p
redeceas
ed gr
andp
aren
tisn
ots
urv
ived bydes
cen
dan
ts,hi
s/herp
ort
ions
hal
l
dev
olv
eup
ont
heo
thergr
andp
are
nto
fthes
amel
ine
.Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fthep
ater
nal
gr
andf
atherp
redeceas
edt
hedece
asedan
difhei
sno
tsu
rvi
vedbydes
cen
dan
ts,t
he
p
rop
ert
ythatwasdes
ti
nedt
ohi
mort
ohi
srep
res
ent
ati
veswi
lln
owbet
ran
sfer
redt
othe
p
ater
nalgr
andmo
ther
.In t
hisci
rcu
mst
ance
,the mat
ern
algr
andmo
ther
,in
stead o
f
t
aki
ngo
nlyo
ne-
fou
rtho
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e,s
hei
sen
tit
ledt
orecei
vehal
foft
he
her
edi
tar
yes
tat
e(i
fshei
sal
iv
e).Ift
hisp
ater
nalgr
andmo
theral
sop
redeceas
edt
he
deceas
ed,hero
wndes
cen
dan
tswi
llr
epr
esen
ther
.Ifherdes
cen
dan
tsdon
ots
urv
iveher
,
t
her
eisn
obo
dyt
orecei
vet
he p
rop
ert
yont
he p
ater
nall
ineo
fthi
rdr
elat
ion
shi
p.
Ther
efo
re,t
hewho
leher
edi
tar
yes
tat
ewi
lldev
olv
eup
ont
hemat
ern
algr
andp
aren
ts.
Ther
ear
etwomat
ern
algr
andp
aren
tsan
deacho
fthem wi
llbeen
tit
ledt
orecei
vehal
f
o
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.

D.FOURTH RELATIONSHIP

29
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 30
Page
Ap
ers
onhasei
ghtgr
eat
-gr
andp
aren
ts,f
ouro
nthep
ater
nall
inean
dtheo
therf
ouro
n
t
hemat
ern
all
ine
.Thedi
st
ri
but
iono
fthees
tat
efo
llo
wst
hes
amep
att
ernast
hato
fthe
cas
eofp
aren
tsan
dgr
andp
aren
ts.

7
1.
2.2 Pat
ern
apat
ern
is-
mat
ern
amat
ern
is

Ar
ti
cles842t
o848des
cri
bet
her
ulei
nwhi
chi
nte
stat
esu
cces
sio
nisgo
ver
ned.Thati
s,
t
hecl
oses
trel
ati
veo
fthedeceas
edwo
ulds
ucceedhi
m/her
.Thi
sru
lehasanexcep
tio
n.
Theexcep
tio
nis— al
tho
ught
her
ear
ecl
oserr
elat
iveso
fthedeceas
ed,acer
tai
n
p
rop
ert
ymaydev
olv
eup
onf
ardi
st
antr
elat
ives
.Thel
awcal
lst
hisexcep
tio
nasp
ater
na
p
ater
nismat
ern
amat
ern
is.

Theexce
pti
onalr
uleo
fpat
ern
apat
ern
ismat
ern
amat
ern
isi
sdes
ign
edt
oal
locat
ean
i
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
tyt
hati
sobt
ain
edbyt
hedeceas
edf
romo
neo
fthel
inesbywayo
f
do
nat
iono
rsu
cces
sio
ntot
hehei
rso
fthel
inef
rom whi
cht
hep
rop
ert
yiso
btai
ned.Fo
ra
bet
teru
nder
stan
din
g,s
tudyt
hef
oll
owi
ngexamp
le.

Examp
le

At
oTez
eraacq
uir
edaho
usef
rom hi
spat
ern
algr
andf
atherbywayo
fsu
cces
sio
n.
Tez
erai
say
oun
gun
mar
ri
edmanan
dhehasn
odes
cen
dan
ts.Tef
era'
sfat
her
,At
o
To
dan
o,di
edo
nTahs
as30,1998E.C.At
oTo
dan
o'so
nlychi
ldwasTez
era.Near
l
ay
earaf
terdeat
hofhi
sfat
her
,Tez
eraDi
edo
nTi
r7,1999E.C.Wr
o.Hay
mi,
Tez
era'
smo
ther
,hass
urv
ivedhers
on.AsTez
erawasn
ots
urv
ivedbydes
cen
dan
ts,
hi
spar
ent
swi
llbecal
ledt
ohi
ssu
cces
sio
n.Bu
t,hi
sfat
herp
redeceas
edhi
m an
dthe
p
redeceas
ed hei
r(Tez
era’
sfat
her di
ed wi
tho
utl
eav
ing o
ther des
cen
dan
ts.
Ther
efo
re,t
hemo
therwi
llbecal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
n.Ho
wev
er,t
her
eimmo
vabl
e
p
rop
ert
ywhi
chi
sor
igi
nat
edf
romt
hep
ater
nall
ine.Wi
thr
esp
ectt
othechat
tel
s,
Wr
o.Hay
micans
ucceedhers
on.Bu
tshecan
nots
ucceedt
heho
use.Al
tho
ughWr
o
Hay
mii
sacl
oserr
elat
iveo
fherdeceas
eds
on,t
heho
usewi
llgot
othehei
rso
fthe
t
hir
drel
ati
ons
hipo
fthep
ater
nall
ine.Becau
set
hedeceas
edo
btai
nedt
heho
use
f
romt
hep
ater
nall
inebywayo
fsu
cces
sio
n.

7
Ar
ti
cles849t
o852,Ci
vi
lCo
de

30
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 31
Page
Yo
umi
ghthav
eun
der
sto
odf
romt
her
eadi
ngo
fAr
t.850,t
hatt
hehei
rwhoi
sthecl
oser
r
elat
iveo
fthedeceas
edan
dsho
uldhav
esu
cceededt
hedeceas
ed,bu
tlo
sthi
sri
ghtas
ar
esu
lto
fpat
ern
apat
ern
ismat
ern
a mat
ern
is,wi
llhav
eau
suf
ructr
ighto
nthe
i
mmo
vabl
e.A u
suf
ructr
ighti
sar
ightt
ous
eap
rop
ert
yort
oder
iveaf
rui
tfr
omt
hat
p
rop
ert
y.Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fthep
rop
ert
yisaho
use,ap
ers
onwi
thau
suf
ructr
ightcan
ei
therl
iv
eint
heho
use(
aus
eri
ght
)orhe/
shecanr
entt
heho
usean
dco
llectt
her
ent
al
mo
ney(
der
ivi
ngf
rui
toft
heho
use)
.Hen
ce,ap
ers
onwi
thau
suf
ructr
ightcan
nots
ell
t
heho
usen
orcanhet
ran
sferi
tbydo
nat
ion
.Ther
efo
re,Wr
oHay
miwi
llhav
eau
suf
ruct
r
ightan
dshei
sno
tobl
igedt
opayan
yco
mpen
sat
iont
ohei
rso
fthep
ater
nall
inef
rom
whi
cht
hei
mmo
vabl
e(ho
use)i
sobt
ain
ed(
SeeAr
t.850(
2))
.

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t851,t
oap
plyt
her
ulep
ater
nap
ater
nismat
ern
amat
ern
is,t
her
ehast
o
beanhei
rint
hel
inef
rom whi
cht
hei
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
tyi
sobt
ain
ed,i
fthei
mmo
vabl
e
p
rop
ert
yiso
btai
ned.Ift
hei
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
tyi
sacq
uir
edf
romt
hep
ater
nall
ine,t
her
e
hast
obeanhei
rint
hatl
ine.Incas
eofabs
enceo
fan
yhei
rint
hep
ater
nall
ine
,the
i
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
tys
hal
ldev
olv
eup
ont
hemat
ern
all
ine
.Theco
nver
sei
sal
sot
rue.

Toap
plyt
her
ulep
ater
nap
ater
nismat
ern
amat
ern
is,t
hef
oll
owi
ngf
iveco
ndi
ti
onsmu
st
al
lexi
stt
oget
her
.Ifo
neo
fthem i
smi
ssi
ng,i
tcan
notbe ap
pli
cabl
e.The f
ive
co
ndi
ti
onsar
e:

1. Thedeceas
edmu
stdi
ein
tes
tat
e.(
Theexcep
tio
nalr
ulecan
notbeap
pli
edi
f
t
her
eisawi
ll
)
2. Hi
s/hero
wn des
cen
dan
tsmu
stn
ots
urv
ivet
he deceas
ed.(
Ift
her
e ar
e
des
cen
dan
ts,Ar
t.842s
hal
lap
ply
)
3. Thep
rop
ert
ymu
stbeani
mmo
vabl
eon
e.(
Art
.849(
1)&(
2))
4. Thep
rop
ert
ymu
stbeacq
uir
ed byt
hedeceas
ed f
rom ei
therp
ater
nalo
r
mat
ern
all
inesbywayo
fsu
cces
sio
nordo
nat
ion
.(Ar
t.849(
1)&(
2))
5. Ther
emu
stbeanhei
rint
hel
inef
rom whi
cht
hep
rop
ert
yhaso
rigi
nat
ed.
(
Art
.851)

1.
2.3 Es
cheat

Whent
her
ear
enohei
rso
fthedeceas
edu
ptot
he4t
hrel
ati
ons
hip
,thep
rop
ert
yshal
l
dev
olv
eont
heSt
ate
.Thi
sco
ndi
ti
oni
sus
ual
lys
aidt
obeEs
cheat
.Es
cheati
srev
ers
ion

31
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 32
Page
o
fpr
oper
tyt
othes
tat
eint
heabs
enceo
flegalhe
irso
rcl
aiman
ts.TheSt
atet
akest
he
p
rop
ert
yoft
hedeceas
edn
otbywayo
fsu
cces
sio
n,bu
tbecau
ses
uchp
rop
ert
yhasn
oon
e
t
ocl
aimi
t.Pr
oper
tywhi
chi
sbo
nav
acan
tia(
own
erl
esso
rvacan
tpr
oper
ty)bel
ongst
o
t
heSt
atean
diti
svi
athi
spr
inci
pl
ethatt
heGo
ver
nmen
tist
aki
ngt
hep
rop
ert
yoft
he
deceas
edt
hathasn
ohei
rupt
othe4t
hrel
ati
ons
hip
.(SeeAr
ti
cle852)

1.
2.4 Rep
res
ent
ati
onan
dren
unci
ati
on

A. REPRESENTATION8

Itcanbes
aidt
hatt
her
etwomo
deso
fsu
cces
sio
n,s
ucceedi
ngdi
rect
lyan
dsu
cceedi
ng
t
hro
ughr
epr
esen
tat
ion
.Hei
rswhoar
ecl
oses
ttot
hedeceas
edar
ecal
ledt
osu
cceed
di
rect
lyan
dper
son
all
y.Ho
wev
er,t
hep
ers
onswhoar
etobecal
ledt
osu
cceeddi
rect
ly
an
dper
son
all
ymi
ghthav
e di
ed bef
oret
he o
pen
ingo
fthe s
ucces
sio
n,byl
eav
ing
des
cen
dan
tsbehi
ndt
hem.Ins
uchacas
e,t
hel
awal
lowss
uchdes
cen
dan
tst
obecal
led
t
othes
ucces
sio
n.Rep
res
ent
ati
oni
sanexcep
tio
ntot
her
equ
iremen
tofs
urv
ivi
ngt
he
deceas
ed.Asar
ule,t
hehei
rmu
sts
urv
ivet
hede
ceas
ed.Bu
tthi
sru
lei
sexcep
tedby
r
epr
ese
ntat
ion
.Acco
rdi
ngt
othi
sexcep
tio
nalr
uleo
frep
res
ent
ati
on,t
hedes
cen
dan
tso
f
ap
redeceas
ed hei
rcan t
akep
arti
nthe s
ucces
sio
n by t
aki
ngt
he f
ooto
fthe
p
redeceas
edhei
r.Whenr
epr
esen
tat
ioni
sef
fect
edi
tisp
ers
tri
pes
,no
tpercap
ita.That
i
s,t
hedes
cen
dan
tso
fthep
redeceas
edhei
rshal
ltak
ewhatwo
uldbet
akenbyt
he
p
redeceas
edhei
r,hadhe/
shebeenal
iv
e.

Examp
le
Ay
ant
udi
edi
ntes
tat
ean
dshel
eft90,
000Bi
rrasaher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.
Shehadt
hreechi
ldr
en,Br
ook
,Ez
anaan
dMet
ti
.Br
ookp
redeceas
ed
Ay
ant
u.Br
ookhi
msel
fwass
urv
ivedbyt
hreechi
ldr
en;Mer
on,Ak
aluan
d
Mi
ke.AsBr
ooki
ssu
rvi
vedbydes
cen
dan
ts,hes
hal
lber
epr
esen
tedby
t
hem.Br
ook
’schi
ldr
enwo
uldr
ecei
vewhatwo
uldhav
ebeent
akenby
Br
ook
.Thati
s,t
heys
hal
lbeen
tit
ledt
o30,
000Bi
rran
deacho
fthem
hasaneq
uals
har
eint
hes
ucces
sio
n.Ay
ant
u’sgr
andchi
ldr
enwi
llo
nly
t
akep
rop
ort
ion
atel
yamo
ngt
hems
elv
est
hes
har
ethatt
hei
rdeceas
ed

8
Ar
ti
cle853,Ci
vi
lCo
de

32
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 33
Page
p
aren
t(Br
ook
)wo
uldhav
etak
eni
fhewer
eal
iv
e.Thi
sisap
ers
tri
pes
r
epr
ese
ntat
ion
.

B.RENUNCIATION9

An hei
rwho i
sa s
ucces
sormayn
otn
eces
sar
il
ybe wi
ll
ingt
opar
ti
cip
atei
nthe
s
ucces
sio
n.Ins
uchacas
e,heco
uldr
eno
uncet
hes
ucces
sio
n.Ren
unci
ati
oni
sar
efu
sal
t
oaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
n.A p
ers
onmayr
eno
uncet
hes
ucces
sio
nfo
rvar
iou
sreas
ons
.If
he/
shei
srel
ati
vel
yinabet
tereco
nomi
cpo
sit
ion
,hemayr
eno
uncet
hes
ucces
sio
ntot
he
ben
efi
tofhi
sco
-hei
rs
.Thehei
rwhohasr
eno
uncedt
hes
ucces
sio
nshal
lnev
erbes
een
ast
hehei
roft
hedeceas
ed.He/
shehasf
orf
eit
edhi
s/herr
ighti
nthes
ucces
sio
nan
d
hen
cehe/
shewi
lln
otber
epr
esen
tedbyhi
s/herde
scen
dan
ts.Ther
eas
oni
stheo
newho
hasn
ori
ghti
nthes
ucces
sio
nshal
lno
ttr
ans
fert
ohi
s/herdes
cen
dan
tswhathe/
she
do
esn
othav
e.Ho
wev
er,asi
tisp
res
cri
bedi
nAr
t.854(
2),t
hep
ers
onwho
ses
ucces
sio
n
hasbeenr
eno
uncedmayber
epr
esen
ted. Fo
rbet
teru
nder
stan
din
goft
hisp
rov
isi
on,
r
eadt
heexamp
lebel
ow.

Examp
le
Zemz
em’
smo
therW/
roWu
dei
sav
eryr
ichwo
man
.Zemz
em hasa
dau
ght
ercal
ledTen
aye.As
sumet
hatZemz
em di
edo
nMes
ker
em 14t
h
o
f1999E.
C.Ten
ayer
eno
uncedZemz
em’
ssu
cces
sio
n.Ju
stay
earaf
ter
t
hede
atho
fZemen
ay,W/
roWu
dedi
ed.No
w Ten
ayecans
ucceed
W/
roWu
debyr
epr
esen
tin
ghermo
therZemz
em.
Wu
de
(
Gran
dmo
ther
)

Zemz
em
(
Mot
her
)

9
Ar
ti
cle854,Ci
vi
lCo
de

33
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 34
Page

Ten
aye
(
Dau
ght
er)
(
Ten
ayer
eno
uncedZemz
em’
ssu
cces
sio
n)

Wi
tht
hes
amel
ogi
casr
enu
nci
ati
on,t
hehei
rwhoi
sdecl
aredu
nwo
rthycan
notbe
r
epr
ese
nte
d byhi
s/herdes
cen
dan
ts,ass
uch he
irhasal
readyl
osthi
s/herr
ightt
o
s
uccee
dthe deceas
ed,he/
she hasn
othi
ngt
otr
ans
fert
o hi
s/herdes
cen
dan
ts.To
s
uccee
dthedeceas
edt
hro
ughr
epr
esen
tat
ion
,ther
ehast
obebo
ndo
flegalr
elat
ion
shi
p
bet
weent
hedeceas
edan
dtheo
newhocl
aimst
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
ed.(
SeeAr
ts855
& 856)Fo
rin
stan
ce,as
sumet
hatAt
oOmo
dado
ptsachi
ldbyn
ameNegu
se.Omo
d’s
f
atherUj
uluo
ppo
sedt
heado
pti
onmadebyhi
sso
n.Negu
sucan
nots
ucceedUj
uluby
r
epr
ese
nti
nghi
sado
pti
vef
ather
,Omo
d.

1.
3 WILLS

A wi
lli
sthemo
sts
ati
sfact
orymean
sofar
ran
gin
gfo
rthedev
olu
tio
nofap
ers
on’
s
p
rop
ert
yaf
terdeat
h.InEt
hio
piaman
ypeo
pledon
otmak
ewi
ll
sev
eni
fther
eisn
o
co
mpr
ehen
siv
edat
aont
hep
ercen
tageo
fwi
ll
san
din
tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
ns.Whi
lemak
ing
a wi
ll
,the t
est
ato
rmak
esa di
spo
sit
iono
fhi
s/herp
rop
ert
ythr
ough a u
nil
ater
al
decl
arat
iono
fin
ten
tio
nwhi
chdo
esn
otr
equ
irer
ecei
ptbyan
otherp
art
ytobeco
me
co
mpl
ete.The v
ali
d execu
tio
nof a wi
llr
equ
ires t
hat t
he t
est
ato
rpo
sses
sed
t
est
amen
tar
ycap
aci
tyatt
het
imeo
fexecu
tio
nan
dthatt
hef
ormall
egalr
equ
iremen
ts
wer
eobs
erv
ed.Fo
rthemo
stp
art
,thet
est
ato
risf
reet
omak
ehi
s/hero
wnar
ran
gemen
ts.
Theo
nlyr
equ
iremen
tist
hatt
hei
nst
ruct
ion
sint
hewi
lln
otco
ntr
aven
elegalp
rohi
bit
ion
s
o
rpu
bli
cpo
licy
.A wi
lli
saj
uri
dicalactt
hats
hal
lhav
eal
egalef
fectaf
tert
hedeat
h
o
fthet
est
ato
rort
hewi
llmak
er.Iti
sani
nst
rumen
tbywhi
cha p
ers
onmak
esa
di
spo
sit
iono
fhi
s/herp
rop
ert
ytot
akeef
fectaf
terhi
s/herdeceas
ed,an
dwhi
chi
nit
s
10
n
atu
rei
sambu
lat
ory an
drev
ocabl
edu
rin
ghi
s/herl
if
eti
me.A wi
lli
sthei
nst
rumen
t,
whi
chexp
res
sest
hel
astwi
sho
fthet
est
ato
r.So
mep
eop
les
ayt
hatawi
llr
emai
nso
nly
10
Ambu
lat
o r
ymeansthatt
hewil
lisofn
oef f
ectunti
lthet
est
ato
r'sdeat
h,an
daco
mpet
entt
est
ato
rmay
chan
georrevok
eitatanyt
imebefor
ehi
s/herdeat
h.

34
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 35
Page
adr
aftdu
rin
gthet
est
ato
r'sl
if
e,i
ndi
cat
ingi
tsambu
lat
oryn
atu
re.

Ther
ear
edi
ffer
entk
indso
fwi
ll
smadebyf
ulf
il
li
ngt
hef
ormalr
equ
iremen
tst
hatt
he
l
awp
res
cri
bes
.Thel
awi
sver
yst
ri
ctwi
thr
esp
ectt
othef
ormal
it
yofmak
ingawi
ll
.A
wi
llt
hatdo
esn
ots
ati
sfyt
he r
equ
ired f
ormal
it
iesi
sin
val
id byt
he co
urto
flaw.
Tes
tamen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
ion
s(wi
ll
s)ar
edecl
arat
ion
sofi
nten
tio
n.Thu
s,p
urs
uan
ttot
he
gen
eralp
rov
isi
onso
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,t
heycanbei
nval
idat
edo
rbeco
mei
nef
fect
ive.

Iti
sbel
iev
edt
hatt
heEt
hio
pians
oci
etydo
esn
otk
nowmu
chabo
utt
hef
eat
ureso
fwi
ll
an
dho
wtof
ulf
il
lthef
ormalr
equ
iremen
ts.Thi
scanbeo
bser
vedf
romt
hewi
ll
sthatar
e
t
otal
lyo
rpar
ti
all
yin
val
idat
ed by t
he co
urt
sdu
etof
ail
uret
ofu
lfi
llt
he f
ormal
r
equ
iremen
ts.

Wi
lli
sdi
ffer
entf
rom do
nat
ioni
nthatdo
nat
ioni
saco
ntr
actwher
ebyap
ers
on,t
he
do
nor
,gi
vess
ome o
fhi
spr
oper
tyo
ras
sumesan o
bli
gat
ion wi
tht
he i
nten
tio
nof
11
gr
ati
fyi
ng an
otherp
ers
on,t
he do
nee. Wi
lli
sa u
nil
ater
alj
uri
dicalactwhi
ch i
s
di
ffer
entf
rom co
ntr
act
,inwhi
cht
hel
att
ern
eedsatl
eas
ttwop
art
ies
.Si
ncedo
nat
ioni
s
12
aco
ntr
act
,itn
eedst
heaccep
tan
cebyt
hedo
nee. Themo
sts
ign
ifi
can
tdi
ffer
ence,
ho
wev
er,bet
weendo
nat
ionan
dwi
lli
sthet
imei
nwhi
cht
heyar
eef
fect
ed.Do
nat
ion
s
hal
ltak
epl
acewhi
lebo
tht
hedo
noran
dthedo
neear
eal
iv
e.Asi
thasbeesdi
scu
ssed
abo
ve,wi
lli
sambu
lat
oryan
dhen
cebeco
mesef
fect
iveaf
terdeat
hoft
het
est
ato
r.
13
So
mes
imi
lar
it
iesal
soexi
stbet
wee
nwi
llan
ddo
nat
ion
.

1.
3.1 Co
ndi
ti
onsf
ort
hev
ali
dit
yofwi
ll
s

Theco
ndi
ti
onsp
res
cri
bedbyt
hel
awmu
stbes
ati
sfi
edt
omak
eawi
llav
ali
ddo
cumen
t.
Thewi
llbeco
mesef
fect
iveaf
teri
tsmak
erhasdi
ed.Thet
est
ato
risn
oti
nap
osi
ti
ont
o
exp
res
shi
s/herwi
shwhi
let
hewi
lli
sef
fect
ive.Becau
seo
fthi
s,t
hel
awhaso
ptedt
o
en
umer
atev
erys
tri
ngen
tco
ndi
ti
onsan
dfo
rmalr
equ
iremen
tsf
ort
hev
ali
dit
yofwi
ll
s.
Fai
lur
etoo
bser
vet
hes
eco
ndi
ti
onss
etbyt
hel
aw wo
uldr
endert
hewi
lli
nef
fect
ive.
Becau
seco
urt
sdon
othes
it
atet
oin
val
idat
eawi
lli
ftheyf
eelt
hatt
hewi
llhasn
ot

11
Art
icl
e2427,Ci
vi
lCo de
12
Art
icl
e2436,Ci
vi
lCo de
13
SeeCivi
lCodeArti
cles2427-

35
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 36
Page
co
mpl
iedwi
tht
her
equ
iredco
ndi
ti
ons
.A wi
lli
stheo
nlyev
iden
cef
ort
heexp
res
sio
nof
t
het
ruei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
r.Tos
erv
ethi
simp
ort
antp
urp
ose,i
tneedst
ofu
lfi
llal
l
t
he n
eces
sar
yco
ndi
ti
onsf
ori
tsv
ali
dit
y.The f
oll
owi
ngs
ub-
ti
tl
esar
eso
me o
fthe
co
ndi
ti
ons
.

A.PERSONALNATUREOFA WILL14

Thet
est
ato
rsho
ulds
eekt
heas
sis
tan
ceo
fnoo
neel
se.He/
shes
hou
ldmak
ethewi
llby
hi
msel
f/her
sel
f.Noan
yot
herp
ers
onmayt
akep
arti
nthemak
ingo
fawi
llo
nbehal
fof
t
het
est
ato
rorbywayo
fas
sis
ti
nghi
m/her
.No
rthet
est
ato
rco
uldap
poi
ntan
other
p
ers
ont
orep
res
enthi
m/herasf
arasmak
ing,mo
dif
yin
gorr
evo
kin
gawi
lli
sco
ncer
ned.
Excep
tfo
rwi
llan
dot
hers
peci
fi
cal
lys
ti
pul
atedj
uri
dicalact
s,an
otherp
ers
onmay
r
epr
ese
ntt
het
est
ato
r.Thef
oll
owi
ngdef
ini
ti
oni
ll
ust
rat
eswel
lthi
sco
ndi
ti
on.

Ar
t.2199— Def
ini
ti
on

Agen
cyi
saco
ntr
actwher
ebyap
ers
on,t
heagen
t,agr
eeswi
than
otherp
ers
on,
t
hep
rin
cip
al,t
orep
res
enthi
m an
dtop
erf
ormo
nhi
sbehal
fon
eors
ever
all
egal
ly
bi
ndi
ngact
s.

Examp
le
Abe
bemayau
tho
riz
e,byaco
ntr
acto
fagen
cy,Bel
etut
oper
for
m
s
omej
uri
dicalact
sonhi
sbehal
f.Bas
edo
nthi
sco
ntr
acto
fagen
cy,
Bel
etu may admi
ni
st
er t
he Abebe’
spr
oper
ty,o
rshe may be
au
tho
riz
edt
osel
lthep
rop
ert
y.Ho
wev
er,Abebecan
noti
nan
ycas
e
au
tho
riz
e Bel
etut
omak
e a wi
llo
nhi
sbehal
f.Mo
reo
ver
,Bel
etu
can
notal
terawi
llmadebyAbeben
orcans
her
evo
kean
ywi
llo
f
Abe
be.

Thet
est
ato
risn
oti
nap
osi
ti
ont
oexp
res
shi
s/he
rtr
uewi
shesaf
terhi
s/herdeat
h.If
s
omeo
nei
sal
lowedt
omak
eawi
llo
nbehal
foft
het
est
ato
r,he/
shecant
akeadv
ant
age
agai
nstt
het
ruei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
rver
yeas
il
y.Fo
rin
stan
ce,Ay
ele,ani
ndecen
t

14
Ar
ti
cle857,Ci
vi
lCo
de

36
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 37
Page
chi
ldo
fAt
oBek
elemaymak
eaf
als
ewi
lli
nthen
ameo
fhi
sfat
heru
pont
hedeat
hof
At
oBek
eleo
rev
enbef
orehi
sdeat
h.Ton
arr
owt
heo
ccu
rren
ceo
fsu
chs
it
uat
ion
sthe
l
awl
aysdo
wnv
erys
tri
ctf
ormal
it
iest
omak
eawi
ll
.

An
others
cen
ari
ooft
hep
ers
onaln
atu
reo
fwi
ll
sist
heo
nes
ti
pul
atedi
nAr
ti
cle858.
Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle858o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,n
otwop
ers
onsmaymak
eawi
llt
oget
her
u
sin
gthes
amedo
cumen
t.Thel
aw bel
iev
est
hatt
het
est
ato
rcan
notexp
res
shi
s/her
f
reei
nten
tio
nwhenhe/
shemak
esaj
oin
twi
ll
.Thati
s,i
fthet
est
ato
rmak
esaj
oin
twi
ll
,
s
uchwi
llco
uldi
nfl
uen
cehi
s/herf
reei
nten
tio
ntos
omeext
ent
.A wi
lli
sani
nst
rumen
t
t
hatt
het
est
ato
rcanr
epeat
edl
yal
tero
rrev
okedu
rin
ghi
s/herl
if
eti
me.Itwo
uldbe
di
ffi
cul
tfo
rthet
est
ato
rtoal
teran
drev
okeawi
lli
fhe/
shemak
esawi
llt
oget
herwi
th
an
otherp
ers
on. Thi
swo
ulddef
ini
tel
yaf
fecthi
s/herf
reedo
minmak
ing,al
ter
ingan
d
r
evo
kin
gawi
ll
.Ins
omeo
therj
uri
sdi
cti
ons
,awi
llmadebys
pou
sesj
oin
tlyi
sval
id.In
Et
hio
pia,ev
ens
pou
sescan
notmak
eawi
llt
oget
heri
rr
esp
ect
iveo
fthef
actt
hatt
hey
hav
eco
mmu
nit
yofp
rop
ert
yinmar
ri
age.

Ap
ers
onmayn
otbi
ndhi
msel
f/her
sel
ftomak
e,t
omo
dif
yort
orev
okeawi
llt
othe
adv
ant
ageo
rdi
sadv
ant
ageo
fan
yot
herp
ers
on.Thati
s,he/
shecan
notp
romi
set
omak
e
awi
llt
otheben
efi
tofar
elat
ive,af
ri
endo
ran
yot
herp
ers
on.Inaddi
ti
on,he/
she
can
notp
romi
set
omak
e,mo
dif
yorr
evo
keawi
llt
othedi
sadv
ant
ageo
fan
yper
son
.
Wheni
tiss
aidt
hatt
hewi
llmak
ercan
notp
romi
se,i
tsho
uldn
otbet
akeni
nas
ens
e
t
hati
fhe/
shep
romi
sest
omak
e,mo
dif
yorr
evo
keawi
ll
,thet
est
ato
rmayn
otbebo
und
bys
uchap
romi
se.Thati
s,n
otwi
ths
tan
din
gthep
romi
semade,t
het
est
ato
rcanr
evo
ke
t
hewi
llatan
yti
me.SeeAr
t859(
2).

Exer
cis
e

W/
roAbebechi
sa75y
ear
sol
dwo
man
.Hero
nlys
onGi
rmai
sadr
unk
ardan
dis
n
otl
ook
ingaf
terheran
dshehadn
oon
etos
upp
orther
.Shep
romi
sedt
omak
eawi
ll
t
ogi
veherho
uset
oan
eighbo
r,Wo
rki
tu,i
fthel
att
ermai
ntai
nsheru
nti
lherdeat
h.
Wo
rki
tuhashap
pil
yaccep
tedt
hep
rop
osi
ti
onmadebyW/
roAbebechan
dst
art
edt
o
mai
ntai
nher
.

Gi
vey
ourco
mmen
tso
nthi
sar
ran
gemen
t!

37
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 38
Page

B.CAPACITY TO MAKEA WILL15

Tes
tamen
tar
ycap
aci
tyi
sas
peci
alf
ormo
flegalcap
aci
ty.Acco
rdi
ngt
otheRev
ised
Fami
lyCo
de,t
est
amen
tar
ycap
aci
tyco
mmen
cesu
pont
heco
mpl
eti
ono
fthe16t
hyear
.
Pr
iort
othi
s,t
hemi
norcan
notmak
eawi
llev
enwi
tht
heco
nsen
tofhi
s/herl
egal
r
epr
ese
ntat
iv
e.Af
tert
heageo
ftes
tamen
tar
ycap
aci
tyhasbeenr
eached,t
hemi
nor
do
es n
otr
equ
iret
he co
nsen
tof hi
s/her l
egal r
epr
esen
tat
ive. Per
son
slack
ing
t
est
amen
tar
ycap
aci
tyar
etho
sewho
,du
etoas
tat
eofmen
taldi
st
urban
ce,men
tal
def
ici
encyo
run
sou
ndmi
nd,ar
eun
abl
etou
nder
stan
dthemean
ingo
fthedecl
arat
iono
f
i
nten
tio
ntheyhav
e made o
rtoacti
nacco
rdan
ce wi
tht
hisu
nder
stan
din
gint
he
execu
tio
nofawi
ll
.

I) Mi
nor
s

A Mi
nori
sap
ers
ono
fei
thers
exwhohasn
otat
tai
nedt
hef
ullageo
fei
ght
eeny
ear
s.
Acco
rdi
ngt
othe Rev
ised Fami
lyCo
de o
fthe Feder
alGo
ver
nmen
tan
dthato
f
Regi
onalSt
ates
,ami
norcanmak
eawi
llo
ncehe/
sheat
tai
nst
heageo
f16y
ear
s.The
f
oll
owi
ngAr
tist
akenf
romt
heFeder
alGo
ver
nmen
t’sRev
isedFami
lyCo
de.

Ar
t.295— Wi
ll
.

1. Thet
uto
rmayn
otmak
eawi
llo
nbehal
foft
hemi
nor
.
2. A mi
normayn
otmak
eawi
llbef
oreheat
tai
nst
heageo
fsi
xteeny
ear
s.
3. Thewi
llmadebef
orehehasat
tai
neds
uch ages
hal
lbeo
fnoef
fect
,
n
otwi
ths
tan
din
gthatt
hemi
norhasn
otr
evo
kedi
taf
terhav
ingat
tai
nedt
he
ageo
fsi
xteeny
ear
s.

Ev
eni
fthemi
nordo
esn
otr
evo
keawi
ll
,he/
shemadebef
oret
heageo
f16,af
ter
he/
shehasat
tai
ned16y
ear
sthatcan
notbear
eas
ont
omai
ntai
nsu
chawi
ll
.

II) Judi
cial
lyi
nter
dict
edp
ers
ons

15
Ar
ti
cles860t
o864

38
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 39
Page
Ju
dici
all
yin
ter
dict
edp
ers
onsar
etho
sewhoar
edecl
aredbyaco
urto
flaw n
ott
o
p
erf
orm j
uri
dicalact
s,s
uch asmak
ing a wi
ll
.On
eoft
he r
eas
onsf
ora j
udi
cial
i
nter
dict
ioni
samen
tali
ll
nes
s.Yo
umu
stder
ivet
hef
oll
owi
ngi
mpo
rtan
tpo
int
sfr
omt
he
r
eadi
ngo
fAr
ts861,368an
d862.

1. Ani
nter
dict
edp
ers
onmayn
otmak
eawi
llaf
terhi
sin
ter
dict
ion
.
2. A wi
llmadebyt
hei
nter
dict
edp
ers
onbef
orehi
sin
ter
dict
ioni
sval
id.
3. Al
tho
ught
hewi
llmadebyani
nter
dict
edp
ers
onbef
orehi
sin
ter
dict
ioni
s
v
ali
d,t
heco
urthast
hep
owert
oin
val
idat
esu
chwi
llei
thert
otal
lyo
rpar
ti
all
y.
4. Al
tho
ught
hewi
llmadebyani
nter
dict
edp
ers
onaf
terhi
sin
ter
dict
ion
,is
i
nval
id,t
he co
urthast
he p
owert
o mai
ntai
nsu
ch wi
llei
thert
otal
lyo
r
p
art
ial
ly.
5. Whent
heco
urtmai
ntai
nsawi
llmadebyt
hei
nter
dict
edp
ers
onaf
terhe/
she
i
sbei
ngi
nter
dict
ed,i
tshal
lco
nsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngp
oin
ts:
i
. Al
egacy(
mon
eyo
rpr
oper
tygi
vent
oso
mebo
dyt
hro
ugha wi
ll
)
mu
stn
otexceedf
ivet
hou
san
dsBi
rran
d;
i
i. Thehei
rs
-at
-l
awo
fthei
nter
dict
edp
ers
on(
thehei
rs
-at
–lawco
uld
bedes
cen
dan
tso
rot
herr
elat
ives
)sho
uldgetami
nimu
moft
hree-
fou
rths
o
fthes
ucces
sio
n.Thati
s,t
heo
uts
ider
s(n
on-
rel
ati
ves
)can t
akea
maxi
mumo
fon
lyo
ne-
fou
rtho
fthes
ucces
sio
n.

Gen
eral
ly,t
hel
awco
nsi
der
sthatt
hep
ers
oni
she
alt
hybef
orehi
s/heri
nter
dict
ionan
d
hi
s/herme
ntalco
ndi
ti
onswi
llaf
fecthi
s/herwi
llwhent
hel
awt
akess
uchact
ion
saf
ter
hi
sin
ter
dict
ion
.Inanact
uals
it
uat
ion
,thi
smayn
otal
way
sho
ldt
rue.

Examp
le
Co
nsi
dert
hatt
heco
urthasi
nter
dict
edAl
emuo
nMes
ker
em 30t
h,1999E.C.Ev
en
i
fiti
sco
nsi
der
edt
hathi
swi
llmadebef
oret
hisdat
eisv
ali
d,hi
smen
talco
ndi
ti
ons
du
rin
gsu
chp
eri
odmaybewo
rset
hant
heact
ualdat
eofi
nter
dict
ion
.Si
mil
arl
y,
al
tho
ughawi
llmadeaf
tert
hei
nte
rdi
cti
oni
sno
tval
id,t
heheal
thco
ndi
ti
onso
fthe
i
nter
dict
edp
ers
onmayhav
eimp
rov
edan
dsu
chco
ndi
ti
onsmayl
eadt
heco
urtei
ther
t
omai
ntai
noro
nlyp
art
ial
lyi
nval
idat
ethewi
ll
.

39
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 40
Page
III) Ins
ani
ty

Asi
ndi
cat
edi
nAr
t.863,awi
llmadebyani
nsan
eper
soni
sval
idu
nles
siti
spr
oved
t
hatt
hep
ers
onwasan
oto
rio
usl
yin
san
eper
sonatt
het
imeo
fmak
ingt
hewi
ll
.Ther
e
ar
escar
ceco
ndi
ti
onsi
nEt
hio
piat
hatmak
eap
ers
onn
oto
rio
usl
yin
san
e.(
Remember
y
ourLaw o
fPer
son
sco
urs
e)Ther
efo
re,get
ti
ngaj
udi
ciali
nter
dict
iono
fani
nsan
e
p
ers
oni
sawi
ses
tept
omak
ethewi
llmadebys
uchp
ers
oni
nef
fect
ive.

Whenat
est
ato
rmak
esawi
ll
,he/
shemu
stbecar
efu
lno
ttoi
ncl
udep
rov
isi
onst
hatar
e
co
ntr
aryt
olawo
rmo
ral
it
y.Mo
reo
ver
,thep
rov
isi
onso
fthewi
llmu
stn
otbedi
ffi
cul
tor
i
mpo
ssi
blet
oexecu
te.

C.PROVISIONS DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLETO EXECUTE

Ar
ti
cle 865 (
1)t
ell
sust
hata t
est
amen
tar
ypr
ovi
si
onwhi
ch f
ail
stos
peci
fyi
na
s
uff
ici
ent
lycl
earman
neri
tsben
efi
ciar
yori
tso
bjects
hal
lbeo
fnoef
fect
.Fr
omt
hisi
t
i
scl
eart
hatt
hep
rov
isi
onso
fawi
llmu
stcl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
ewhowi
llbet
heben
efi
ciar
y
an
dwhatt
hin
gso
rpo
rti
ono
fthi
ngshasbeenal
locat
edt
osu
chben
efi
ciar
y.

Examp
le
In herwi
llW/
ro Kebebu
sh exp
res
sed t
hat
:“Lets
omebo
dy t
ake my l
apt
op
co
mpu
ter
.”Iti
simp
oss
ibl
etodet
ermi
newhoi
sthats
omebo
dy.Ther
efo
re,t
he
t
est
ato
rmu
stcl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
etheben
efi
ciar
yofhi
s/herwi
ll
.Mo
reo
ver
,thet
est
ato
r
n
eedst
ocl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
etheben
efi
ciar
yofhi
swi
ll
.Thewo
rd“
obj
ect
”ref
erst
oa
p
rop
ert
yun
dert
hewi
ll
.Hen
ce,t
het
est
ato
rsho
ulds
peci
fyt
hep
rop
ert
ythathe
beq
ueat
hed t
othe ben
efi
ciar
y.If t
he t
est
ato
rsay
s,“
LetAy
eler
ecei
ve my
s
omet
hin
g”i
nhi
s/herwi
ll
,iti
sal
soi
mpo
ssi
blet
oexecu
tet
hiswi
llco
rrect
ly.What
t
hin
gsho
uldAy
eler
ecei
vei
sno
tcl
ear
.

Ther
eisa s
imi
larp
robl
em i
nsu
b-ar
t(2)
.Int
hiscas
e,t
hep
rov
isi
ono
fa wi
lli
s
i
mpo
ssi
bleo
rver
ydi
ffi
cul
ttoexecu
teo
rpu
titi
npr
act
ice.Thati
s,i
fap
rov
isi
ono
fa
wi
llco
ntai
nso
rder
soft
het
est
ato
rwhi
chcan
notbep
uti
ntoact
ion
,su
chp
rov
isi
onss
hal
l
bei
nval
idat
ed.Fo
rin
stan
ce,At
oAy
alew,i
nhi
swi
ll
,gav
ethebu
ildi
ngo
ftheMi
nis
try
o
fEdu
cat
iont
ohi
sfr
ien
dLemma.Iti
sno
tpo
ssi
blet
oexecu
tet
hiswi
ll
,ast
hebu
ildi
ng

40
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 41
Page
o
ftheMi
ni
st
ryo
fEdu
cat
ioni
sap
ubl
icp
rop
ert
y,n
otani
ndi
vi
dual
’sas
set
.Thet
est
ato
r
cangi
vebywayo
fwi
llp
rop
ert
ywhi
chbel
ongst
ohi
m/heratt
het
imeo
fhi
s/herdeat
h.

D.ILLICIT PROVISIONS

InAr
t866t
hewo
rd“
obj
ect
”ist
omeant
heai
m,p
urp
oseo
rgo
alo
fthewi
ll
.Ift
he
p
urp
oseo
fthewi
lli
sun
lawf
ul,i
tsp
rov
isi
ons
hal
lbeo
fnol
egalef
fect
.Mo
reo
ver
,the
p
rov
isi
onso
fawi
lls
hal
lbeo
fnoef
fecti
fthei
rpu
rpo
seo
rai
misi
mmo
ral
.Ho
wev
er,
t
her
eisn
ost
andar
diz
edi
mmo
ral
it
y.So
met
hin
gimmo
rali
nacer
tai
nar
eamayn
ot
n
eces
sar
il
ybei
mmo
ralatan
otherar
ea.Hen
ce,t
hej
udgmen
toni
mmo
ral
it
yco
uldbe
l
eftt
olo
calco
ndi
ti
ons
.

Examp
le
Co
lon
elWu
bshetmadet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
est
amen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
ion
:
Mys
onHai
lumar
ri
edawo
manwhoi
samembero
fap
oli
ti
calo
rgan
izat
ion
t
hatI don
otl
ik
e.Al
tho
ughI i
nsi
st
ed t
hathedi
vor
cet
hatwo
man
,he
r
efu
sedt
oobeymyo
rder
s.Ifan
yon
e,f
rom amo
ngmyf
ami
ly
,cau
sest
he
s
epar
ati
ono
fmys
onf
rom hi
swi
fe,Ibeq
ueat
hhi
m 10,
000Bi
rr
.

Thi
swi
llmaybeco
nsi
der
edasi
mmo
ralo
ne.Be
cau
se,mar
ri
agei
sav
eryr
esp
ect
ed
s
oci
ali
nst
it
uti
on.It
sdi
sso
lut
ionmu
stbei
ni
ti
atedbyt
hes
pou
sest
hems
elv
esan
dbyn
o
o
neel
se.Iti
sno
tpr
opert
oin
iti
atet
hedi
sso
lut
iono
fso
meo
ne’
smar
ri
agean
diti
sthi
s
co
ndi
ti
onst
hatmak
est
hewi
lli
mmo
ral
.Mo
reo
ver
,Co
lon
elWu
bshet
’sdau
ght
er-
in-
law
hasexer
cis
edo
neo
fherco
nst
it
uti
onal
lygu
aran
teedr
ight
s,asan
yon
ehast
her
ightt
o
beamembe
rofhi
sownwi
lli
nap
oli
ti
calo
rgan
izat
ion
…(SeeAr
t38(
2)o
ftheFDRE
Co
nst
it
uti
on)

E.VIOLENCE16

Thet
est
ato
rhast
omak
eawi
llo
nlybyhi
s/herf
reev
oli
ti
on.Thati
s,t
het
est
ato
rsho
uld
n
otmak
eawi
llu
nderat
hreato
run
deran
yco
ndi
ti
ont
hatco
uldaf
fecthi
s/herf
reedo
m
i
nthe mak
ingo
fa wi
ll
.Vi
olen
ce v
iti
atest
he f
reedo
mofmak
ing,mo
dif
yin
g an
d

16
Ar
ti
cle867,Ci
vi
lCo
de

41
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 42
Page
r
evo
kin
gawi
ll
.Thev
iol
encemayn
otn
eces
sar
il
ybedi
rect
edt
owar
dthet
est
ato
r.It
mayhap
pen agai
nsto
neo
fthe t
est
ato
r'sdes
cen
dan
ts,as
cen
dan
tso
ragai
nstt
he
t
est
ato
r'ss
pou
se.Int
hiscas
e,t
hev
iol
enceo
rthedu
res
smayp
utu
ndert
hreatt
hel
if
e,
ho
noro
rpr
oper
tyo
fthet
est
ato
roro
neo
ftheabo
vep
ers
ons
.Ar
ti
cles1706-
1709an
d
1808-
1818ar
ethep
rov
isi
onso
fthegen
eralco
ntr
act
san
dtheys
hal
lap
plybyan
alo
gyt
o
t
reatt
hecas
eso
fvi
olen
cewi
thr
esp
ectt
omak
ing,mo
dif
yin
gan
drev
oki
ngawi
ll
.

F.UNDUEINFLUENCE17

Acco
rdi
ngt
otheEt
hio
pianl
aw o
fsu
cces
sio
n,u
ndu
ein
flu
encei
sno
ta gr
oun
dto
i
nval
idat
ea wi
ll
.Thi
sist
her
ule.Un
duei
nfl
uen
cei
smo
reo
fps
ycho
logi
calt
han
p
hys
ical
.So
meo
nemayexer
tanexces
siv
ein
flu
enceo
nthet
est
ato
rtohav
eawi
ll
made,mo
dif
iedo
rrev
okedt
otheben
efi
tofo
nes
elf
.Al
tho
ughs
uchi
nfl
uen
ceaf
fect
s
t
hemi
ndo
fthet
est
ato
r,i
tisn
otco
nsi
der
edasas
eri
oust
hreat
.Ho
wev
er,t
her
ear
e
excep
tio
nalci
rcu
mst
ancesi
nwhi
chu
ndu
ein
flu
enceco
uldbeagr
oun
dtoi
nval
idat
ea
wi
llo
rredu
ce t
he amo
unti
ndi
cat
ed i
nthe wi
ll
. Es
peci
all
y,t
he excep
tio
nal
ci
rcu
mst
ancei
srel
evan
twhent
heo
newhoexer
tst
heu
ndu
ein
flu
encehasas
peci
al
o
ppo
rtu
nit
yto exer
tpr
ess
ureo
nthe t
est
ato
r.Gen
eral
ly,t
he excep
tio
nals
it
uat
ion
s
dep
endo
ntwoci
rcu
mst
ances
:

a) Ont
heco
ndi
ti
onso
fthet
est
ato
r;an
d,
b) Ont
hei
den
tit
yoft
hep
ers
onwhoexer
tst
heu
ndu
ein
flu
enceo
nthet
est
ato
r.

Theco
ndi
ti
onso
fthet
est
ato
rpu
thi
minaweakp
osi
ti
oni
nthathe/
shen
eedst
hehel
p
o
ras
sis
tan
ceo
fot
herp
ers
ons
.Theco
ndi
ti
onst
hatf
orcehi
mtos
eekt
heas
sis
tan
ceo
f
o
therp
ers
onsco
uldbehi
sbei
ngami
nor
,si
ck,et
c.

Thei
den
tit
yoft
hep
ers
onwhoi
sexer
ti
ngt
heu
ndu
ein
flu
encei
stheo
newho
,byt
aki
ng
t
headv
ant
ageo
ftheco
ndi
ti
onso
fthet
est
ato
r,get
sben
efi
tfr
omt
hewi
llo
fthe
t
est
ato
r.Thi
sper
sonco
uldbet
hegu
ardi
ano
rtu
toro
fami
nort
est
ato
r,o
rhe/
sheco
uld
beap
hys
ici
anwhop
res
cri
beso
rap
pli
esamedi
calt
reat
men
ttot
het
est
ato
rorhe/
she
co
uldbeacl
ergy
manwhop
ray
sfo
rthet
est
ato
rorgi
veshi
m as
pir
it
ualas
sis
tan
ce.A

17
Ar
ti
cles868t
o875,Ci
vi
lCo
de

42
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 43
Page
p
ers
on,whot
akesp
arti
nthemak
ingo
fthewi
llasawi
tnes
s,i
nter
pret
er,et
c.,can
ef
fect
ivel
yexer
tun
duei
nfl
uen
ceo
nthet
est
ato
ran
dthi
ssi
tuat
ioni
sanexcep
tio
nalo
ne.

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t869o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,i
fami
nort
est
ato
rmak
esawi
llt
otheben
efi
t
o
fhi
s/hergu
ardi
ano
rtu
tor
,theco
urtmayt
otal
lyi
nval
idat
ethewi
ll(
thet
est
amen
tar
y
p
rov
isi
oni
nrel
ati
ont
otheu
ndu
ein
flu
ence)o
rmayr
edu
cet
heamo
untgi
vent
osu
ch
gu
ardi
ano
rtu
tor
.A gu
ardi
ano
rat
uto
rhasabi
gop
por
tun
ityt
oexer
tin
flu
enceo
na
mi
nort
est
ato
ran
dgetaben
efi
tun
dul
y.Bu
tthi
spr
ovi
si
ons
hal
lno
tbeef
fect
ivei
fthe
gu
ardi
ano
rtu
tori
sanas
cen
dan
toft
het
est
ato
r.

Exer
cis
e
Whyt
hewi
llo
fthemi
nort
est
ato
rismai
ntai
nedi
fthegu
ardi
ano
rthe
t
uto
risanas
cen
dan
t?

Li
kewi
se,t
heco
urtmayr
edu
cet
heamo
untgi
vent
otheben
efi
ciar
yori
nval
idat
ethe
t
est
amen
tar
ypr
ovi
si
onwhent
heben
efi
ciar
yisap
hys
ici
anwhohasgi
venamedi
cal
t
reat
men
thasexer
tedu
ndu
ein
flu
enceo
nthet
est
ato
r.Fo
rthep
urp
oseo
fap
ply
ingt
he
p
rov
isi
onso
fun
duei
nfl
uen
ce,i
tdo
esn
otmat
terwhet
hert
hep
hys
ici
ani
sap
rof
ess
ion
al
o
rev
enhe/
shei
saq
uack
.Cl
ergy
menar
eper
son
swhocaneas
il
yin
flu
encet
hep
ers
on
whoi
s,e.
g.,s
ickan
dneedsp
ray
ers
othathi
s/hers
oulwo
uldr
esti
ntheheav
ens
.Sot
he
co
urtmayei
therr
edu
cet
heamo
untgi
vent
osu
chp
ers
onso
rin
val
idat
ethet
est
amen
tar
y
p
rov
isi
ont
otheben
efi
tofs
uchp
ers
ons
.Ir
res
pect
iveo
ftheu
ndu
ein
flu
enceexer
tedo
n
t
he t
est
ato
r,i
fthe o
ne who has exer
ted t
he u
ndu
ein
flu
ence i
sa r
elat
ive by
co
nsan
gui
nit
yofbyaf
fin
ityt
othet
est
ato
rori
fsu
chp
ers
oni
sthes
pou
seo
fthet
est
ato
r,
t
hewi
llwhi
chi
smadet
otheben
efi
toft
heo
newhoexer
tedt
hei
nfl
uen
ces
hal
lno
tbe
af
fect
ed,t
hati
s,i
tbeco
mesef
fect
ive.(
ReadAr
ts870an
dal
so871—876)

G.FRAUD18

Fr
audi
sadecei
tf
ulact
.Ho
wev
er,i
tisn
otagr
oun
dtoi
nval
idat
eawi
ll
,ift
hewi
ll
ben
efi
tst
hef
rau
dst
er(
thep
ers
onwhoco
mmi
tsf
rau
d).Her
eyo
usho
ulddi
st
ingu
ish

18
Ar
ti
cle876,Ci
vi
lCo
de

43
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 44
Page
bet
weenf
rau
dan
dun
duei
nfl
uen
ce.Int
hecas
eofu
ndu
ein
flu
ence,t
het
est
ato
rseek
s
o
ther
s'hel
p.Int
hecas
eoff
rau
d,t
het
est
ato
rmayn
otn
eces
sar
il
ybei
naweakp
osi
ti
on.
Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
hef
rau
dst
ermayp
romi
set
odos
omet
hin
gtot
het
est
ato
r,i
fthet
est
ato
r
mak
esawi
llt
otheben
efi
tofs
uchaf
rau
dst
er.Thef
rau
dst
ermayhav
enoabi
li
tyo
r
cap
aci
tyt
oper
for
m hi
s/herp
romi
se.Al
tho
ught
hep
romi
seo
fthef
rau
dst
erdecei
vest
he
t
est
ato
r,i
tisn
otp
oss
ibl
etoi
nval
idat
ethewi
llt
hatben
efi
tst
hef
rau
dst
er.An
other
examp
leco
uldbe— amanwhoi
sti
edbyt
hebo
ndo
famar
ri
agemayt
ellt
oawo
man
t
hathei
sawi
doweran
dmar
ri
edhero
nthatgr
oun
d.Ift
hewo
manmak
esawi
llt
othe
ben
efi
toft
hemanho
pin
gthatt
hemani
son
lyherhu
sban
d,t
hismayn
otbeagr
oun
dto
i
nval
idat
eawi
ll
.Bu
taswewi
lls
eeu
nders
ect
ionRev
ocat
ionan
dLap
seo
fWi
ll
sbel
ow,
awi
llmadet
oas
pou
ses
hal
llap
sei
fthemar
ri
agei
sdi
sso
lvedbywayo
fdi
vor
ce.

H.ERROR19

Whenawi
lli
smadeasar
esu
lto
fer
ror
,thep
rov
isi
onso
ftheCi
vi
lCo
der
elat
ingt
o
i
nval
idat
iono
fco
ntr
act
sshal
lap
ply
.(Ref
ert
otheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
isi
ons(
Art
s1697—
1705an
d1808— 1818)
)Gen
eral
ly,t
hemi
st
akewhi
chl
edt
het
est
ato
rtomak
ethewi
ll
i
nsu
chaman
nermu
stbef
undamen
tal
.Thati
s,i
tisn
otl
ogi
calt
oin
val
idat
eawi
llf
or
ev
eryt
ri
vi
alo
rmi
norer
ror
.Theer
rormu
stbeo
fak
indt
hat
,hadt
het
est
ato
rkn
ownt
he
t
rut
h,he/
shewo
uldn
othav
emadeawi
lli
nsu
chaman
ner
.Mo
reo
ver
,themi
st
akemu
st
becl
earf
romt
hewo
rdi
ngo
fthewi
lli
ts
elfo
rfr
om an
otherdo
cumen
ttowhi
cht
hewi
ll
r
efer
s.Thef
oll
owi
ngexamp
lewi
lli
ll
ust
rat
ethi
sst
atemen
t.

On
lyo
neo
rtwoo
fpr
ovi
si
onso
fawi
llmi
ghthav
ebeenaf
fect
edbyer
roran
dot
her
s
maybego
od.Theco
urtmayi
nval
idat
eon
lys
uchdef
ect
ivep
rov
isi
onsbyl
eav
ingo
ther
s
t
obeef
fect
ive.Then
ull
it
yofacer
tai
ndef
ect
ivep
rov
isi
oncan
notcau
set
hen
ull
it
yof
o
therp
rov
isi
onso
fthewi
ll
,un
les
sther
eisan
eces
sar
yco
nnect
ionbet
weent
heexecu
tio
n
o
fthep
rov
isi
on,whi
chhast
oben
ull
if
ied,an
dtheexecu
tio
nofan
otherp
rov
isi
on.(
Art
878)

Thet
est
ato
rmaymak
eal
egacyt
odep
endo
nacer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
on.Thi
smean
s,t
he
t
est
ato
rmayi
mpo
secer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
ono
rbu
rdeno
ntheben
efi
ciar
yoft
hes
ucces
sio
n.
Theben
efi
ciar
ywi
llr
ecei
vet
hel
egacywhenhe
/sheacco
mpl
is
hest
hebu
rdeno
rthe

19
Ar
ti
cle877,Ci
vi
lCo
de

44
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 45
Page
co
ndi
ti
oni
mpo
sed u
pon hi
m byt
he t
est
ato
r.Ho
wev
er,t
he l
aw do
esn
otbi
ndt
he
ben
efi
ciar
yort
hel
egat
eet
oacco
mpl
is
hthebu
rdeni
ftheco
ndi
ti
oni
simp
oss
ibl
eto
p
erf
ormo
riti
sil
legalo
rimmo
ral
.Thati
s,i
fther
eisani
mpo
sit
iono
fimp
oss
ibl
e,i
ll
egal
o
rimmo
ralco
ndi
ti
ono
rbu
rden
,thel
egat
eecanr
ecei
vewhati
spr
escr
ibedbyt
hewi
llt
o
hi
m/herwi
tho
utacco
mpl
is
hin
gwhatt
het
est
ato
ror
der
ed.

Examp
le

Thet
est
ato
rinhi
swi
lldi
spo
sest
hatt
heben
efi
ciar
yoft
hewi
lls
hal
lfl
yfr
omt
het
ip
Mo
untRasDas
hent
othet
ipo
fMo
untTu
luWal
elwi
tho
utu
sin
gan
ydev
ice.Ift
he
ben
efi
ciar
yacco
mpl
is
hest
hist
asks
ucces
sfu
lly
,thet
est
ato
rwi
shest
ogi
vehi
ma
n
ew car
.Thi
sco
ndi
ti
oni
simp
oss
ibl
etoacco
mpl
is
h.Ther
efo
re,t
hel
egat
eecan
r
ecei
vet
hen
ewcarwi
tho
utev
ent
ryi
ngt
hef
li
ght
.

1.
3.2 Fo
rm an
dpr
oofo
fwi
ll
s

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypeso
fwi
ll
s(Se
eAr
t880)
.Al
loft
hem ar
ereq
uir
edt
obemadeby
f
oll
owi
ngt
hef
ormalr
equ
iremen
tsp
res
cri
bedbyt
hel
aw.Fai
lur
etof
ulf
il
lthes
efo
rmal
r
equ
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tsmaycau
set
hei
nval
idat
iono
fthewi
llasawho
le.Thel
awi
ssos
tri
ctas
f
arasf
ulf
il
lmen
toft
hef
ormalr
equ
iremen
tsi
sco
ncer
ned.Asi
tisal
readyi
ndi
cat
ed
abo
ve,t
het
est
ato
risn
oti
nthep
osi
ti
ont
odef
endhi
m/herwhent
hewi
lli
sop
ened.Ev
en
i
fabs
olu
tep
rot
ect
iono
fthei
nten
tio
noft
est
ato
risn
otap
oss
ibi
li
ty,t
hel
awt
ri
est
oseal
al
lthep
oss
ibl
elo
opho
leswhi
chmi
ghtbecr
eat
eddu
rin
gthemak
ingo
fthewi
ll
.

A. FORM OFWILLS

20
I) Publ
icwi
ll
s

20
Ar
ti
cles881t
o883,Ci
vi
lCo
de

45
LawofSu
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Ap
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ato
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.
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.He/
shecanal
sowr
it
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he wi
lli
nthe abs
ence an
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he t
est
ato
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t
est
ato
ran
doff
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ses
.Readi
ngt
hewi
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res
enceo
fthet
est
ato
ran
dof
f
ourwi
tnes
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sno
tsu
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emu
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ndi
cat
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fthef
ulf
il
lmen
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his
r
equ
iremen
tint
hewi
lli
ts
elf
.Itcanbei
ndi
cat
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ngman
ner
:

“
..
.Thi
swi
lli
sreadi
nthep
res
enceoft
het
est
atorandoff
ourwi
tnes
ses
.”

Ift
hewi
lldo
esn
otco
ntai
nsu
chani
ndi
cat
ion
,itco
uldbei
nval
idat
ed.Theabs
enceo
f
s
uchi
ndi
cat
ionmaycau
set
hei
nval
idat
iono
fthewi
ll
.Ther
efo
re,u
tmo
stcar
esho
uldbe
t
akenwhe
npu
bli
cwi
lli
smade.Mo
reo
ver
,thet
est
ato
ran
dthef
ourwi
tnes
sess
hou
ldp
ut
t
hei
rsi
gnat
urei
mmedi
atel
yaf
tert
hewi
lli
sread.Thi
sisav
erys
tri
ctr
ule.As
sumet
hat
o
neo
fthewi
tnes
sesgo
eso
utaf
tert
heco
mpl
eti
ono
fther
eadi
ngbu
tbef
oret
hewi
lli
s
s
ign
ed.Ifhe/
sheco
mesbackaf
teral
it
tl
ewhi
le,an
dwhenhe/
shei
sback
,thet
est
ato
r
an
dthet
hreewi
tnes
seshav
eal
readys
ign
edt
hewi
ll
,thewi
lls
hal
lbeo
fnoef
fectan
d
i
tiss
ubj
ectt
oin
val
idat
ion
.

Exer
cis
e

Whydoy
out
hin
kthel
awi
ssos
tri
cti
nlay
ingdo
wns
uchp
rocedu
resi
n
t
hemak
ingo
fawi
ll
?

Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wocas
esan
dco
mmen
tont
hedeci
si
onso
ftheco
urt
s
atdi
ffer
entl
evel
s.

Öp
LÃ õÉ̀u
?

cu
`cT> KA

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ŸÃÓv
ኝvÄ‹
“ŸSMስcß­
‹›”
ǔʇÃIየ¨<è¡
`¡
`Ÿ}
ËS[u
%ELV}
ªM eK}
vKu
Uƒ¡
’ƒ¨ራj
‰ †¨<
¾ J’
<ƒu
}ÚT]u
õÉ̀u
?ƒÁe
¨c’
<Ĭ^i
’ T[
ÒÑÝ KT>SK }
¨<¡
õM Ápù
<::G<K~U ¨Ñ•
=X^“¨ßà K<:
:

ÃI¨<X’
@ u
ÖpLÃ õÉ̀ u
? u
û“M KA =e u
vu = u
S<K< ÉUêu
³_¨<
T>Á²
=Á 18k
”1977¯.
U.}
cÖ:
:

Thel
awp
res
cri
best
hef
ulf
il
lmen
tofv
erys
tri
ngen
tfo
rmal
it
ieswheno
nemak
esawi
ll
.
Ther
eas
oni
s:awi
llbeco
mesef
fect
iveaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
het
est
ato
r.Thet
est
ato
ris
n
oti
nap
osi
ti
ont
odef
endhi
s/herp
osi
ti
onsi
fso
meo
nemak
ess
omef
rau
dul
entact
agai
nstt
hewi
ll
.Ton
arr
owt
hep
oss
ibi
li
tyo
fmak
ingan
yfr
audu
len
tactagai
nstt
hewi
ll
,
t
hel
awl
aysdo
wnv
erys
tri
ctf
ormal
it
ies
.Inman
yin
stan
cest
heco
urt
sar
esos
eri
ousi
n
execu
tin
gthep
rov
isi
onso
fthel
awan
dtheyr
arel
yval
idat
eawi
llwheni
tfai
lst
ofu
lfi
ll
o
neo
fthei
mpo
rtan
tfo
rmalr
equ
iremen
ts.

57
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 58
Page
Exer
cis
e
Cana deafp
ers
ont
akep
arti
nthemak
ingo
fa p
ubl
icwi
llasa
wi
tnes
s?Whatabo
utt
hebl
ind?St
atey
ourr
eas
ons
.

A deafp
ers
oncant
akep
arti
nawi
llasawi
tnes
sifhe/
shei
sli
ter
ate.He/
shecanr
ead
t
heco
nten
tso
fthewi
llj
ustaf
teri
tisdr
awnu
p.Ifhe/
shei
sun
abl
etor
eadt
he
co
nten
tso
fthe wi
ll
,hi
s/herp
res
ence s
erv
esn
ous
efu
lpu
rpo
se ashe/
she hasn
o
mechan
ismo
fkn
owi
ngt
heco
nten
tso
fthewi
ll
.Bl
indp
eop
lemayt
akep
arti
nawi
llas
wi
tnes
sess
olo
ngast
heyhearwhent
heco
nten
tso
fthewi
llar
eread.Theo
nlyt
hin
g
exp
ect
edo
fthem i
stou
nder
stan
dthel
angu
agei
nwhi
cht
hewi
lli
sdr
awnu
p.

Thel
awi
nAr
t882p
res
cri
best
hatt
hen
umbero
fwi
tnes
sesco
uldber
edu
cedt
otwoi
f
o
neo
fthem i
saco
urtr
egi
st
rar
,an
otar
yoraj
udge(
Seet
heAmhar
icv
ers
ion
)in
hi
s/hero
ffi
cialcap
aci
ty.Soaj
udge
,oran
otar
yoraco
urtr
egi
st
rarr
epr
esen
tst
hree
o
rdi
nar
ywi
tnes
ses
,ifs
uchp
ers
onact
sasawi
tnes
sinhi
s/hero
ffi
cialcap
aci
ty.

21
II) Hol
ogr
aphwi
ll

Ho
logr
aphwi
lli
sawi
llt
hati
sto
tal
lymadebyt
het
est
ato
rhi
msel
f/her
sel
fint
he
abs
enceo
fwi
tnes
ses
.On
lyl
it
erat
eper
son
smaymak
eaho
logr
aphwi
ll
.Iti
sthet
est
ato
r
t
hatwr
it
esaho
logr
aphwi
llt
otal
lyan
dift
her
eisanaddi
ti
onalwo
rd(
eveni
fiti
sa
s
ingl
e wo
rd)wr
it
tenbyt
he han
dofan
otherp
ers
on,t
hati
sa s
uff
ici
entcau
set
o
i
nval
idat
ethewi
llwho
lly
.Thet
est
ato
rmu
stexp
lici
tl
yin
dicat
e,i
ntheho
logr
aphwi
ll
,
t
hati
tisawi
ll
.Abs
enceo
fsu
chani
ndi
cat
ioni
sal
soagr
oun
dfo
rthei
nval
idat
iono
f
t
hewi
ll
.Asar
ule,t
het
est
ato
rhi
msel
f/her
sel
fsho
uldf
ull
ywr
it
eaho
logr
aphwi
ll
.Ifi
t
i
sahan
dwr
it
tenwi
ll
,iti
spo
ssi
blet
okn
owf
ors
uret
hati
tiswr
it
tenbyt
het
est
ato
r.
Ev
ery
one hashi
s/hero
wn s
tyl
eofwr
it
ing.A machi
ne-
wri
tt
en do
cumen
thasn
o
i
ndi
vi
duals
tyl
ean
diti
sno
tpo
ssi
blet
oiden
tif
ywhohaswr
it
teni
t.Ther
efo
re,t
hel
aw
r
equ
iresahan
dwr
it
teni
ndi
cat
iono
fthef
actt
hatt
het
est
ato
rwr
it
est
hewi
llu
sin
ga
machi
ne.Thehan
dwr
it
teni
ndi
cat
ions
hou
ldbei
ncl
udedo
nev
eryp
ageo
fthewi
ll
.Thi
s
i
stoco
nfi
rmt
hatt
hemachi
newr
it
tenho
logr
aphwi
llhasbeenr
eal
lymadebyt
he
t
est
ato
r.

21
Ar
ti
cles884t
o886,Ci
vi
lCo
de

58
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 59
Page
Ar
t886o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
deadv
isest
het
est
ato
rno
ttos
imp
lyr
epr
odu
cegr
aphi
csy
mbo
ls
wi
tho
utu
nder
stan
din
gthei
rmean
ing.

Exer
cis
e
Ho
wdoy
ouu
nder
stan
dtheco
nten
tso
fAr
t886?

So
meo
nemaywr
it
eawi
llu
sin
ghi
s/herhan
dwr
it
ings
tyl
e. Thi
smayhap
penwi
tho
ut
u
nder
stan
din
gthemean
ingo
fwhathasbeenwr
it
teni
nthedo
cumen
tco
ntai
nin
gthewi
ll
.
Fo
rin
stan
ce,y
ouu
nder
stan
d En
gli
sh an
d Af
an Or
omo
.Ho
wev
er,y
ou may n
ot
n
eces
sar
il
yun
der
stan
dFr
encho
rSi
damal
angu
age.Bu
tyo
ucanco
pyado
cumen
tthat
i
swr
it
teni
nFr
encho
rSi
damal
angu
age,ast
hes
elan
guagesu
set
hes
ames
cri
pt(
the
Lat
ins
cri
pt)
.Ify
oudos
o,i
tiss
aidt
haty
ouhav
erep
rodu
cedgr
aphi
csy
mbo
lswi
tho
ut
u
nder
stan
din
gthei
rmean
ing.Ins
uchci
rcu
mst
ances
,theo
newhohasp
rodu
cedt
he
gr
aphi
csy
mbo
lsi
sno
tar
ealt
est
ato
r.Becau
ses
uchp
ers
ons
imp
lyco
piedawi
lli
na
l
angu
aget
hathe/
shedo
esn
otu
nder
stan
d.

Wi
thr
esp
ectt
oAr
t888
,thewi
llr
efer
stoan
otherdo
cumen
t.Yo
ucan
notu
nder
stan
d
t
hep
rov
isi
onso
fthewi
llwi
tho
utr
efer
ri
ngt
oan
otherdo
cumen
t.Whent
hewi
llr
efer
sto
an
otherdo
cumen
torwheni
tisi
mpo
ssi
bleo
rdi
ffi
cul
ttou
nder
stan
dthewi
llwi
tho
ut
r
efer
ri
ngt
oan
otherdo
cumen
t,s
uchado
cumen
tmu
sthav
ebeenwr
it
tenan
dsi
gnedby
t
het
est
ato
r.

Examp
le
As
sume t
hatt
he t
est
ato
rhad ack
nowl
edged hi
schi
ld bo
rno
uts
ide
mar
ri
ageo
rhehadwr
it
tenal
ett
ert
ochi
ld’
smo
therr
eco
gni
zi
ngt
hatt
he
chi
ldwashi
s.Ift
hewi
lls
ays
,fo
rin
stan
ce:
“
I her
eby beq
ueat
h Bi
rr 25,
000 t
o my chi
ld whom I
ack
nowl
edgedorr
ecogni
zeds
omet
imeago”
.

59
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 60
Page
In s
uch cas
es,we can
notu
nder
stan
dthe wi
ll
,un
les
swe s
upp
lemen
titwi
tht
he
ack
nowl
edgemen
tdo
cumen
torl
ett
er. Thel
aw u
nderAr
t888r
equ
irest
hats
ucha
do
cumen
torl
ett
ers
hou
ldbewr
it
tenan
dsi
gnedbyt
het
est
ato
r.

Exer
cis
e
Canabl
indp
ers
onmak
eaho
logr
aphwi
llbyu
sin
gabr
ailmachi
ne?
Exp
lai
n!

22
III) Or
alwi
ll

Or
alwi
lli
sawi
llmadev
erbal
lyt
otwowi
tnes
ses
.Asy
oumi
ghthav
eun
der
sto
odf
rom
Ar
t89
2oft
heCi
vi
lCo
de,t
het
est
ato
rdo
esn
otmak
eano
ralwi
llu
ndern
ormal
ci
rcu
mst
ances
.He/
shemak
ess
uchawi
llwhenhe/
shef
eel
sthathe/
shei
sgo
ingt
odi
e
wi
thi
nsho
rtp
eri
odo
fti
me,p
art
icu
lar
lyaf
teracci
den
ts,s
hock
sors
imi
lars
it
uat
ion
s.It
canbes
aidt
hato
ralwi
lli
sno
tap
rop
erwi
ll
. Thet
est
ato
rcanmak
eon
lyr
est
ri
cted
t
est
amen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
ion
sthr
oughano
ralwi
ll
.Thati
s,t
het
est
ato
rcan
notmak
ean
y
o
rdero
fhi
swi
shbywayo
fano
ralwi
ll
.Thel
awhasl
is
teddo
wnt
heco
nten
tso
fan
o
ralwi
ll
.The t
est
ato
rcan
notadd o
thert
est
amen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
ion
s,whi
ch ar
eno
t
i
ncl
udedi
nAr
t893.

Exer
cis
e
Co
mmen
tthef
oll
owi
ngo
ralwi
llmadebyAt
oAs
rat
!
IAt
oAs
ratWo
ldu
,her
ebymak
ethef
oll
owi
ngo
ralwi
llasIco
nsi
der
t
hatImaydi
eso
on.
1. I gi
ve hal
fofmywho
le es
tat
eto mybel
oved dau
ght
er
De
rar
tu.
2. Myo
therchi
ldr
ens
hou
ldt
aket
her
esto
fmyp
rop
ert
yineq
ual
p
rop
ort
ion
.
3. Tomys
pir
it
ualf
ather
,Ibeq
ues
tBi
rr3000.

22
Ar
ti
cles892t
o894,Ci
vi
lCo
de

60
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 61
Page
4. Myf
uner
als
hou
ldt
akep
lace att
he mo
nas
ter
yofDebr
e
Li
ban
os.
5. Iap
poi
ntW/
roAy
elechasagu
ardi
anf
ormymi
norchi
ld
Bi
ki
la.

Thel
awal
lowst
het
est
ato
rtomak
esev
eralwi
ll
sdu
rin
ghi
s/herl
if
eti
me.Thi
sisal
so
t
heman
ife
stat
iono
fhi
sri
ghtt
omak
e,r
evo
keo
ral
terawi
llatan
yti
me.Theco
nten
ts
o
fdi
ffer
entwi
ll
smadebyt
het
est
ato
rmayo
rmayn
otco
ntr
adi
cteacho
ther
.Ift
he
p
rov
isi
onso
fvar
iou
swi
ll
sco
ntr
adi
cteacho
theran
dcan
notbeen
for
cedt
oget
hert
he
l
ates
twi
lls
hal
lpr
evai
l.(
SeeAr
t895)

B.PROOFOFWILL

Iti
saco
mmo
npl
acep
ract
icet
hatt
her
ear
elo
tso
fco
ntr
over
cieso
nthev
ali
dit
yan
d
exi
st
enceo
fpr
oof
.Theo
newhocl
aimsar
ighti
nawi
llhast
opr
oveo
neo
rbo
tho
fthe
f
oll
owi
ngt
wot
hin
gs.Fi
rs
t,he/
shehast
opr
ovet
heexi
st
enceo
fthewi
ll
. Thati
s,
he/
shehast
osho
w awi
llmadebyt
het
est
ato
r.Seco
nd,he/
shehast
opr
ovet
he
co
nten
tso
fawi
ll
. Ino
therwo
rds
,thecl
aiman
thast
osho
wthef
actt
hathe/
shei
s
ben
efi
ciar
yoft
hewi
ll
.

Fr
om Ar
t897,o
necans
eet
hef
oll
owi
ngi
mpo
rtan
tpo
int
s:

a) Theexi
st
encean
dco
nten
tso
fawi
ll(
whet
herap
ubl
ico
rho
logr
aphwi
ll
)
s
hal
lbep
rov
edo
nlybyp
rodu
cin
gtheo
rigi
nalwi
lli
ts
elfo
rtheco
pyo
fthe
o
rigi
nalwi
ll
,cer
ti
fi
edt
obet
ruebyt
heco
urtr
egi
st
rar
. Theco
urtr
egi
st
rar
co
uldi
ssu
etheco
pyo
ftheo
rigi
nalwi
ll
,ifhe/
shehadr
ecei
vedt
heo
rigi
nal
wi
llt
obedep
osi
tedi
nhi
s/herar
chi
ves
. Ot
her
wis
e,t
hecl
aiman
tshal
lon
ly
p
res
entt
heo
rigi
nalwi
ll
.
b) Toben
efi
tfr
omt
hewi
ll
,ap
pro
valbyp
res
ent
ingt
hewi
lli
ts
elfi
sobl
igat
ory
an
dnoan
yot
hermean
sofev
iden
cecanbep
oss
ibl
e.Fo
rexamp
le,wi
tnes
ses
can
notp
rov
etheco
nten
tso
fap
ubl
icwi
ll
.
c) Ifs
omeo
nede
str
oyso
rcau
sest
hedes
tru
cti
ono
fawi
llbyhi
s/herf
aul
tor
n
egl
igen
ce,s
uch a p
ers
on maybe o
bli
ged t
opayco
mpen
sat
iont
othe

61
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 62
Page
be
nef
ici
aryo
fthewi
ll
. Togetco
mpen
sat
ionf
romt
hep
ers
onwhohas
des
tro
yedo
rcau
sedt
hedes
tru
cti
ono
fthewi
llbyhi
s/herf
aul
torn
egl
igen
ce,
t
heben
efi
ciar
ycanp
rov
ethef
actt
hathe/
shei
saben
efi
ciar
ybyan
ymean
s
o
fev
iden
ce.Fo
rin
stan
ce,he/
shecanp
rov
ethathe/
shei
sben
efi
ciar
yoft
he
wi
llbyp
rodu
cin
gwi
tnes
ses
.

Exer
cis
e
TheEt
hio
pianl
awo
fsu
cces
sio
nsdo
esn
otal
lowt
heco
nten
tso
fa
wi
llt
obep
rov
edbys
omemean
sofev
iden
ces
uchasv
ideo
edwi
ll
s,
et
c.Whydoy
out
hin
kdo
est
hel
awp
rohi
bits
uchmean
sofev
iden
ce
f
ort
hep
urp
oseo
fpr
ovi
ngt
heco
nten
tso
fawi
ll
?

1.
3.3 Rev
ocat
ionan
dlap
seo
fwi
ll
s

A.REVOCATION OFWILLS23

A wi
lli
sal
way
srev
ocabl
e,u
nti
lthedeat
hoft
het
est
ato
r.A t
est
ato
rmaymak
ean
agr
eemen
twi
thaben
efi
ciar
yno
ttor
evo
ket
hewi
ll
.Ho
wev
er,s
omet
imesel
der
lyp
eop
le
whohav
enodes
cen
dan
tso
fthei
rownmayp
romi
set
oleav
eso
mep
rop
ert
ytoap
ers
on,
o
nco
ndi
ti
ont
hatt
hel
att
ern
urs
est
hef
ormer
.Thi
spr
omi
secan
notbeen
for
cedast
he
wi
lli
sst
il
labl
etober
evo
ked.

Ther
ear
evar
iou
sway
sinwhi
chawi
llmaybev
olu
ntar
il
yrev
oked:

a. Byan
otherwi
ll
.
b. Byanexp
res
sin
ten
tio
ntor
evo
ke,madei
nthes
ameman
nerasawi
ll
,i.
e.,
t
hismu
stco
mpl
ywi
tht
hef
ormal
it
iess
eto
utbyt
hel
aw.
c. Bydes
tru
cti
on.
d. Byal
ien
ati
ono
fthet
hin
gbeq
ueat
hed

a.An
otherwi
ll

23
Ar
ti
cles898t
o901,Ci
vi
lCo
de

62
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 63
Page

Thet
est
ato
rmay
,inhi
swi
lli
ncl
udewo
rksl
ik
e:‘
Iher
ebyr
evo
keal
lfo
rmerwi
ll
san
d
t
est
amen
tsmadebyme’
.Thet
est
ato
rmayr
evo
kes
peci
fi
ccl
aus
eso
fawi
ll
,whi
le
l
eav
ingt
her
esto
fiti
ntact
.Ashasbeens
tat
edabo
ve,an
ew wi
llu
sual
lyi
mpl
iedl
y
r
evo
kesap
rev
iou
swi
ll
.Bu
tso
met
imes
,itmaybedi
spu
tabl
ewhet
heri
twast
hei
nten
tio
n
t
osu
ppl
emen
tthe p
rev
iou
swi
ll
.Thi
smaybe t
he cas
eift
he t
wo wi
ll
sar
eno
t
i
nco
nsi
st
ent
.Thes
eco
ndwi
llmayt
huso
per
ateasak
indo
fco
dici
l.A co
dici
lisa
f
ormaldo
cumen
twhi
chv
ari
es,bu
tdo
esn
otr
evo
ke,awi
ll
.

b.Ani
nten
tio
ntor
evo
ke

A wi
llmayber
evo
kedbyan
yot
herwr
it
teni
nst
rumen
t,p
rov
idedi
tisexecu
tedwi
tht
he
s
amef
ormal
it
iesasar
ereq
uir
edf
orawi
ll
.Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
het
est
ato
rmayr
evo
kewho
lly
o
rso
meft
hep
rov
iso
nso
fap
rev
iou
slymadewi
lln
otbyan
ewwi
llbu
tbyado
cumen
t
madebyf
oll
owi
ngs
imi
larf
ormal
it
ies
.Ev
eni
fsu
chdo
cumen
tisn
otawi
lli
thasa
p
owert
orev
okeav
ali
dwi
ll
.

d)Des
tru
cti
on

A wi
llmayber
evo
ked‘
byt
hebu
rni
ng,t
ear
ingo
rot
her
wis
edes
tro
yin
g...wi
tht
he
i
nten
tio
nofr
evo
kin
gthes
ame’
.So
mef
ormalacto
fdes
tru
cti
ons
eemst
oben
eces
sar
y,
al
tho
ught
hewho
leo
fthewi
lln
eedn
otbedes
tro
yed.Mer
elyt
hro
win
gthewi
lli
na
was
te-
pap
erbas
keti
sno
tsu
ffi
cien
t,ev
eni
fthet
est
ato
rin
dicat
est
oat
hir
dper
sont
hat
he/
sheco
nsi
der
sitt
obeanacto
frev
ocat
ion
.

Exer
cis
e
1. Ift
het
est
ato
rin
adv
ert
ent
lydes
tro
yst
hedo
cumen
tinwhi
cht
he
wi
lli
smade,cant
hatbet
akenasr
evo
cat
iono
fthewi
ll
?Gi
ve
r
eas
ons
!
2. Ift
het
est
ato
risi
naco
ndi
ti
ont
hathe/
shehasn
ocap
aci
tyt
o
mak
eawi
ll
,canhe/
sher
evo
keawi
llwhi
lei
nsameco
ndi
ti
on?
Why
/Whyn
ot?

e)Al
ien
ati
ono
fthet
hin
gbeq
ueat
hed

63
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 64
Page
Byal
ien
ati
ngt
het
hin
gbeq
ueat
hed,t
het
est
ato
rcanr
evo
ket
hewi
llhe/
shehasmade.
Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
nhi
s/herwi
llmadel
asty
ear
,as
sumehe/
shegav
eamu
let
ohi
s/her
f
ri
end. No
w,i
fthet
est
ato
rsel
lso
rdo
nat
est
hemu
let
oso
meo
therp
ers
on,i
tmean
s
t
hathe/
shehasr
evo
kedhi
s/herwi
ll
.Yo
umu
stn
oteher
ethatt
het
hin
gbeq
ueat
hedmay
co
mebackt
othep
oss
ess
iono
fthet
est
ato
ratal
aterdat
e.Ho
wev
er,t
hatdo
esn
ot
cau
set
her
evi
valo
fthewi
llwhi
chwasal
readyr
evo
ked.(
SeeAr
t900)

B.LAPSEOFWILLS24

Asdi
scu
ssedabo
ve,i
tist
het
est
ato
rbyhi
s/herwi
shwhor
evo
kest
hewi
llhe/
shehas
made.Lap
seo
fwi
llt
akesp
lacebyt
heo
per
ati
ono
fthel
aw.Ther
ear
ean
umbero
f
r
eas
onsf
ort
her
evo
cat
iono
fawi
llbyt
heo
per
ati
ono
fthel
aw.Ther
eas
onsdep
endo
n
t
het
ypeo
fthewi
ll
. Ther
efo
re,v
ari
oust
ypeso
fwi
ll
shav
evar
iou
sreas
onsf
ort
hei
r
l
aps
e.

a) Fai
lur
etodep
osi
taho
logr
aphwi
ll

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t903o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,aho
logr
aphwi
lls
hal
llap
sewher
eiti
sno
t
dep
osi
tedwi
than
otar
yori
naco
urtr
egi
st
rywi
thi
nsev
eny
ear
ssi
ncei
thasbeenmade.
Nos
uchi
mpo
sit
ionexi
st
sfo
rap
ubl
icwi
ll
.

Exer
cis
e
Whydot
hin
kdo
est
hel
awi
mpo
sel
aps
efo
rho
logr
aphwi
llwhi
let
her
e
i
snol
aps
efo
rap
ubl
icwi
llf
orr
eas
ont
hati
tisn
otdep
osi
tedwi
tha
n
otar
yorco
urtr
egi
st
ry?

b)Bi
rt
hofchi
ld

An
otherr
eas
onf
ort
hel
aps
eofawi
lli
sbi
rt
hofachi
ld.Ifachi
ldi
sbo
rnaf
terawi
ll
i
smade(
whet
herap
ubl
ico
raho
logr
aphwi
ll
)su
chawi
ll
,shal
llap
sei
fthen
ewl
ybo
rn
chi
ldaccep
tst
hes
ucces
sio
n.

24
Ar
ti
cles902t
o908

64
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 65
Page
Fr
om Ar
t905o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,y
oumayo
bser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngp
oin
ts:

 Al
tho
ught
hel
awp
rov
idest
hatt
hewi
lls
hal
llap
sei
fachi
ldi
sbo
rnt
o
t
het
est
ato
raf
termak
ings
uchawi
ll
,ther
eisas
it
uat
ionwher
esu
chwi
ll
co
uld bemai
ntai
ned t
otal
lyo
rpar
ti
all
ybyt
heco
urt
. Theco
urtmay
mai
ntai
nthewi
lli
rr
esp
ect
iveo
fthebi
rt
hoft
hechi
ld,i
fithadbeeno
fthe
o
pin
iont
hatt
het
est
ato
rwo
uldhav
emai
ntai
nedt
hewi
lldes
pit
ethebi
rt
hof
t
hechi
ld. Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fthet
est
ato
rmadeawi
llwhi
lehi
swi
fewas
exp
ect
inga chi
ld,i
two
uldbecl
eart
hatt
het
est
ato
rhadi
nten
dedt
o
mai
ntai
nthel
egaci
eso
rder
edi
nthep
rov
isi
onso
fthewi
llev
eni
fachi
ld
wasgo
ingt
obebo
rnt
ohi
m.A di
scr
eti
onar
ypo
weri
sgi
vent
otheco
urtas
t
othemai
ntai
ni
ngo
fthewi
llast
otalo
rpar
ti
al.Theco
urtmayar
ri
veata
deci
si
ono
nthi
smat
teraf
terhav
ings
eent
hep
rev
ail
ingci
rcu
mst
ances
.

 Whent
hewi
ll
,whi
cht
het
est
ato
rmak
esbef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
ld,i
s
act
iveei
therwho
llyo
rpar
ti
all
y,t
hen
ewl
ybo
rnchi
lds
hou
ldr
ecei
ve,at
l
eas
t,t
hree
–fo
urt
hs o
fthe s
har
e he wo
uldr
ecei
vei
nthe i
ntes
tat
e
s
ucces
sio
n. Thati
s,75% o
fthev
alu
ewhi
chhewo
uldbeen
tit
ledi
nthe
i
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n.

c)Di
sso
lut
iono
fmar
ri
age

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle906o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,l
egaci
esmadei
nfav
oro
fas
pou
seo
fthe
t
est
ato
rshal
llap
sewher
ethemar
ri
ageo
fthet
est
ato
rwi
tht
hats
pou
sei
sdi
sso
lved
t
hro
ughdi
vor
ceo
rco
urto
rderwhent
hemar
ri
agei
sco
ncl
udedwi
tho
uto
bser
vin
gthe
co
ndi
ti
onsf
ort
hev
ali
dit
yofmar
ri
age
.Ho
wev
er,s
uchal
egacycan
notl
aps
ewher
ethe
mar
ri
agei
sdi
sso
lvedbydeat
h.

Whenahu
sban
dorawi
femak
esawi
llt
othebe
nef
ito
fhi
s/hers
pou
se,i
tisbel
iev
ed
t
hatt
het
est
ato
rhasmadet
hewi
llwi
tht
heexp
ect
ati
ont
ahtt
hemar
ri
agewo
uld
co
nti
nueu
nti
lhi
s/herdeat
h.Ther
efo
re,t
het
est
ato
rmaygi
veaco
nsi
der
abl
eamo
unto
f
p
ers
onalp
rop
ert
ytohi
s/hers
pou
sewi
tht
heexp
ect
ati
ont
hatt
hemar
ri
agewo
uldp
ers
ist
.
Ift
hemar
ri
agedi
sso
lvest
hro
ughdi
vor
ce,t
her
eas
ont
hathascau
sedt
hemak
ingo
fthe

65
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 66
Page
wi
llt
otheben
efi
toft
hes
pou
sei
sal
readyl
ost
. Un
les
ssu
chawi
lll
aps
es,i
tmay
s
eri
ous
lyaf
fectt
hei
nter
est
soft
her
elat
iveso
fthet
est
ato
r.

d)Deat
h,u
nwo
rthi
nes
s,o
rren
unci
ati
onbyal
egat
ee

Ar
t907l
aysdo
wnt
her
uleo
flap
seo
flegaci
es.Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t907,t
hreef
act
ors
cau
set
hel
aps
eofl
egaci
es.

i
. Whent
hel
egat
eedi
esbef
oret
het
est
ato
r.Int
hiscas
e,t
hel
egat
eehas
n
ocap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedt
het
est
ato
rsi
ncehedo
esn
otf
ulf
il
lther
equ
iremen
t
o
fsu
rvi
vor
shi
p.
i
i. Whent
hel
egat
eecan
nots
ucceedt
het
est
ato
r.Thi
shasar
elat
ionwi
th
u
nwo
rthi
nes
s. When a l
egat
ee i
s co
ndemn
ed as u
nwo
rthy
,an
ythi
ng
des
ti
nedt
ohi
sben
efi
tshal
llap
se.
i
ii
. Whent
hel
egat
eedo
esn
otwan
ttot
aket
hel
egacy
.Thi
shass
omet
hin
g
t
odowi
tht
her
enu
nci
ati
ono
fthel
egat
eet
othes
ucces
sio
noft
het
est
ato
r.
Thel
aw p
ass
est
hel
egacywhenan
yon
eren
oun
cest
hes
ucces
sio
noft
he
t
est
ato
r,asi
tdo
esn
otco
nsi
derhi
m ast
hel
egat
eeo
fthet
est
ato
r.

Al
tho
ughwes
ayt
hatt
hel
egacys
hal
llap
sewher
ethel
egat
eedi
esbef
oret
het
est
ato
r,
t
her
eisap
oss
ibi
li
tyt
hatr
epr
esen
tat
ionco
uldt
akep
lace.Asy
our
ememberf
romy
our
p
rev
iou
sst
udi
es,o
nlychi
ldr
en o
rdes
cen
dan
tso
fa p
ers
on can r
epr
esen
thi
m/her
.
Acco
rdi
ngt
o Ar
t908(
a),t
he l
egat
ee who di
ed bef
oret
he t
est
ato
rwo
uld be
r
epr
ese
nte
difhe/
shei
sal
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
le(
orau
niv
ers
all
egat
ee)
.

Ther
eisav
eryn
arr
owchan
cef
ort
heexi
st
enceo
frep
res
ent
ati
oni
nthecas
ewher
ethe
l
egat
eei
sal
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
le(
oras
ingu
larl
egat
ee)
.Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t908(
b),
wher
ethes
ingu
larl
egat
ee25di
esbef
oret
het
est
ato
r,t
hedes
cen
dan
tso
fthes
ingu
lar
l
egat
ees
hal
lrep
res
enthi
mon
lywhent
hel
egacydes
ti
nedt
osu
chs
ingu
larl
egat
ee
dev
olv
esu
pont
hes
tat
easar
esu
lto
ffai
lur
eoft
hes
ingu
larl
egat
eet
orecei
vet
he

25
Di
scu
ssi
ono
nun
iver
salan
dsi
ngu
larl
egat
ees
hal
lbemadeu
nderAr
ti
cle912bel
ow.

66
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 67
Page
l
egacy
.Acco
rdi
ngt
othe r
uleso
fin
tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n,t
he her
edi
tar
yes
tat
eshal
l
dev
olv
eup
ont
he s
tat
e whenr
elat
ivesu
ptof
our
thr
elat
ion
shi
pdon
ots
urv
ivet
he
deceas
ed.Int
heabo
ves
it
uat
ion
,ther
uleso
fthei
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
nshal
lregu
lat
ethe
s
ingu
larl
egacy
,becau
seo
fthep
rio
rdeat
hoft
hes
ingu
larl
egat
ee. Ifa r
elat
ive
s
urv
ivedt
het
est
ato
r(f
romt
hen
ear
estr
elat
ive achi
ld— u
ptoaf
arap
artr
elat
iveat
t
hef
our
thr
elat
ion
shi
p),s
uchar
elat
ivewo
uldr
ecei
vet
hel
egacy
. Int
heabs
enceo
f
an
yre
lat
iv
eupt
othef
our
thr
elat
ion
shi
p,t
hel
egacys
hal
ldev
olv
eup
ont
hes
tat
e.
In
steado
fdev
olv
ingt
hep
rop
ert
yup
ont
hes
tat
e,t
hel
awf
avo
rst
her
epr
esen
tat
iveso
f
t
hep
redeceas
edl
egat
eet
oin
her
itt
hedeceas
edbywayo
frep
res
ent
ati
on.

Exer
cis
e
At
oWagawmadeap
ubl
icwi
ll6mo
nthsbef
orehi
sdeat
h.On
eoft
hep
rov
isi
onso
f
t
hewi
llgav
e5000Bi
rrt
ohi
sex-
wif
e,W/
roHi
li
na.Thei
rmar
ri
agewasdi
sso
lvedby
di
vor
ce 5 y
ear
sago
.The n
ew wi
fe an
dso
me o
fthe r
elat
iveso
fAt
o Wo
rku
chal
len
gedt
hewi
llo
nthegr
oun
dthatap
rov
isi
onmadet
otheben
efi
tofadi
vor
ced
wi
fes
hal
llap
sean
dshehasn
ori
ghtt
osu
cceedt
hedeceas
ed.CanHi
li
nas
ucceed
At
oWagaw?

1.
3.4 Co
nten
tsan
din
ter
pret
ati
ono
fwi
ll
s

A. CONTENTS OFWILLS

Thet
est
ato
rcandet
ermi
net
heco
nten
tsawi
llhe/
shemak
esf
reel
ysol
ongast
he
co
nten
tso
fhi
s/herwi
lldon
otv
iol
atet
hel
aw o
rsol
ongast
heyar
eno
tco
ntr
aryt
o
p
ubl
icmo
ral
.Ar
t909l
is
tsdo
wnt
heco
nten
tso
fawi
ll
.Bu
tthi
ssho
uldn
otbes
eenas
anexhau
sti
vel
is
t. Ito
nlygi
vesu
sil
lus
trat
ion
. Thes
een
umer
ati
onsmaygu
idet
he
t
est
ato
r.Ho
wev
er,i
tdo
esn
otmeant
hathe/
shehasn
opo
wert
odecl
aredi
spo
sit
ion
s
t
hatar
eno
tli
st
edi
nAr
t909. Yo
ucani
nfert
hisf
rom Ar
t909(
e). Theo
nly
l
imi
tat
ionwi
thr
esp
ectt
otheco
nten
tso
fawi
lli
s,t
het
est
ato
rcan
notdecl
arei
nhi
swi
ll
an
ythi
ngi
ll
egalan
d/o
rimmo
ral
.

Thegen
eralr
uleso
fin
ter
pret
ati
ono
fst
atu
tesmaybehel
pfu
lal
sot
oin
ter
prett
he
p
rov
isi
onso
fa wi
ll
. Whent
hep
rov
isi
onso
fa wi
llar
edo
ubt
ful
,wemayn
eedt
o
67
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 68
Page
i
nter
prett
hem.Thei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
risak
eyel
emen
tasf
arasi
nter
pret
ati
ono
f
awi
lli
sco
ncer
ned.We,t
her
efo
re,hav
etos
eekt
hei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
r.Thewi
ll
i
ts
elfmayr
evealt
hiso
ritmaybeo
btai
nedf
romo
therci
rcu
mst
ant
ialev
iden
ce. Yo
u
s
hou
ldn
oteher
ethatget
ti
ngt
hei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
risn
otaneas
ytas
k. Yo
u
s
hou
ldal
son
otet
hatt
hemo
tiv
eofs
eek
ingt
hei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
rmu
stn
otdr
ive
u
stoi
nter
prett
hewi
ll
,ift
hep
rov
isi
onso
fthewi
llar
ecl
ear
.

B.
INTERPRETATION OFWILLS

InEt
hio
pia,t
her
eisn
oobl
igat
ionf
orawi
llt
obedr
aft
edo
rexecu
tedbyap
rof
ess
ion
al
p
ers
on.Iti
sthu
sno
tun
commo
nfo
rwi
ll
stobemadewi
tho
utp
rof
ess
ion
aladv
ice.‘
Home
-
made’wi
ll
smayu
seco
llo
qui
alan
dun
clearl
angu
age.Bu
tev
enwher
eawi
lli
spr
epar
ed
byap
rof
ess
ion
al,ambi
gui
ti
esan
dun
cer
tai
nti
escanr
esu
lt.

Co
urt
s,es
peci
all
ytheSu
premeCo
urtmayco
nst
rue(
ori
nter
pret
)awi
ll
.Wo
rdsi
nawi
ll
,
asi
nan
yot
herdo
cumen
t,ar
eco
nst
ruedi
nthei
rco
ntext
.Thees
sen
tialt
asko
ftheco
urt
i
stogi
veef
fectt
othei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
r.Bu
tthi
sin
ten
tio
nist
obededu
cedf
rom
t
hewo
rdsu
sed.Iti
sno
tper
mis
sibl
etor
e-wr
it
ethewi
lls
imp
lybecau
set
heco
urt
s
usp
ect
sthatt
het
est
ato
r’swo
rdsdi
dno
treal
lys
peci
fyhi
s/herr
eali
nten
tio
ns.Ino
rder
t
oun
der
stan
dthel
angu
ageemp
loy
edbyt
het
est
ato
r,ho
wev
er,i
tisp
oss
ibl
eto‘
si
tin
hi
s/herar
mchai
r’
.

Thegen
eralr
ulei
sthatwo
rdsmu
stbeco
nst
ruedi
nthei
rus
ual
,orl
it
eral
,sen
se.Bu
tthi
s
i
ssu
bjectt
othe‘
speci
alv
ocabu
lar
y’o
fthet
est
ato
r.An
dital
somu
sty
iel
dtot
he
s
peci
alci
rcu
mst
anceso
fthet
est
ato
r.Su
ppo
seat
est
ato
rlef
tal
egacyt
o‘mywi
fe’
.He
wasn
otl
awf
ull
ymar
ri
ed,bu
tli
vedwi
thawo
mani
nani
rr
egu
laru
nio
n,who
m hewas
accu
sto
medt
ocal
l‘wi
fe’
.Thel
adywo
ulds
urel
ytak
ethel
egacy
,des
pit
ethef
actt
hat
t
hewo
rd‘
wif
e’wasami
sus
eoft
hel
angu
age.

Ther
ear
eal
sowel
l-
dev
elo
ped‘
can
ons
’orr
uleso
fst
atu
tor
yin
ter
pret
ati
on,whi
chas
sis
t
aco
urti
nco
nst
rui
ngl
awsmadebyt
hePar
li
ame
nt.Asagen
eralr
ule,t
hes
ecan
ons
maybeap
pli
edt
otheco
nst
ruct
iono
fan
ydo
cumen
t,i
ncl
udi
ngawi
ll
.Bu
t,s
incet
he
o
rdi
nar
ytes
tat
ori
sun
lik
elyt
o hav
ethe s
ame dr
aft
ings
kil
lsasa Par
li
amen
tar
y
dr
aft
sman
,theco
urt
smu
stu
set
hes
ecan
onswi
thmo
recar
ewhent
heyap
plyt
hem t
o
i
nter
pretwi
ll
s.(
SeeAr
ti
cles910an
d911)
68
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 69
Page

I) Legaci
esbyuni
ver
salt
it
le

So
met
imesi
tisdi
ffi
cul
ttodi
st
ingu
ishbet
weenu
niv
ers
all
egaci
esan
dsi
ngu
larl
egaci
es.
Thel
awi
ts
elfdo
esn
otcl
ear
lygi
vet
hemean
ingt
hes
eter
ms.Ho
wev
er,i
tisbel
iev
ed
t
hatt
hef
oll
owi
ngexp
lan
ati
onwi
lls
hedl
ighto
nthemean
ingso
fthes
eter
ms.Yo
umay
hav
ereco
gni
zed f
rom y
ourr
eadi
ngo
fAr
t912 (
1)t
he f
oll
owi
ngf
ouras
pect
sof
u
niv
ers
all
egaci
es.

 Whent
het
est
ato
rgi
veshi
s/herwho
lees
tat
etoo
nep
ers
on,t
hep
rop
ert
y
gi
vent
otheben
efi
ciar
yisa u
niv
ers
all
egacyan
dtheben
efi
ciar
yisa
u
niv
ers
all
egat
ee.
 Whent
het
est
ato
rgi
veshi
s/herwho
lees
tat
etot
woo
rmo
rep
ers
ons
,the
who
lees
tat
egi
vent
othes
eper
son
sisau
niv
ers
all
egacyan
dsu
chp
ers
ons
ar
eun
iver
sall
egat
ees
.
 Whent
het
est
ato
rgi
vesap
ort
iono
fhi
s/heres
tat
etoo
nep
ers
on,s
ucha
p
ort
iono
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eisau
niv
ers
all
egacyan
dtheben
efi
ciar
yof
t
hep
ort
iono
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eisau
niv
ers
all
egat
ee.
 Whent
het
est
ato
rgi
vesap
ort
iono
fhi
s/heres
tat
etot
woo
rmo
rep
ers
ons
,
s
uchp
ort
iono
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eisau
niv
ers
all
egacyan
dthep
ers
ons
ap
poi
ntedt
orecei
ves
uchap
ort
ionar
esai
dtobeu
niv
ers
all
egat
ees
.

Fr
omt
heabo
vep
oin
tso
necans
eet
hatau
niv
ers
all
egat
eei
stheo
newhoi
scal
ledt
o
t
hes
ucce
ssi
ont
orecei
veacer
tai
npo
rti
ono
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e,n
otap
art
icu
lar
t
hin
gfr
omt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Ther
efo
re,au
niv
ers
all
egat
eedo
esn
otk
now whatt
hin
g
he/
shei
sgo
ingt
orecei
vef
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.

II) Legaci
esbys
ingul
art
it
le

Whati
sas
ingu
laran
dle
gacyan
dwhoi
sas
ingu
larl
egat
ee?Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t912(
2),
an
yot
herdi
spo
sit
ion(
thati
s,o
uts
idet
heo
nesdi
scu
ssedabo
ve)i
sas
ingu
larl
egacy
.
Thegen
eralt
enden
cyo
fthel
awt
owar
dsi
ngu
larl
egaci
esi
sthat
,si
ngu
larl
egaci
esar
e

69
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 70
Page
mi
nort
est
amen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
ion
sus
ual
lygi
vent
ono
n–r
elat
ives
. Whenas
ingl
eit
em,
s
uchasabi
cycl
e,at
elev
isi
on,ano
ver
coat
,awat
ch,ar
adi
o,et
c.,i
sgi
vent
oso
meo
ne,
t
hep
rop
ert
yisas
ingu
larl
egacyan
dtheo
newhoi
sinap
osi
ti
ont
orecei
ves
ucha
p
rop
ert
yink
indi
sas
ingu
larl
egat
ee.A u
niv
ers
all
egat
ee,i
nmaj
ori
tyo
fthecas
es,do
es
n
otk
nowwhatt
hin
ghei
sgo
ingt
orecei
vebef
orep
art
it
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n.

Fi
tawr
ari An
jul
lo,i
n hi
stes
tamen
tar
y di
spo
sit
ion made t
he f
oll
owi
ng p
ers
ons
ben
efi
ciar
ies
.

1. Myel
ders
onEl
iass
hal
ltak
e40% o
fmyes
tat
ean
dinaddi
ti
ont
othe40%;
hes
hal
ltak
emywr
is
twat
ch.
2. Myl
it
tl
edau
ght
erMar
yshal
ltak
e40% o
fmyes
tat
e.
3. Lett
hemu
lebegi
vent
omys
pir
it
ualf
atherAbaMat
hewo
s.
4. Themai
dser
van
twhohass
erv
edmef
ort
hep
ast25y
ear
sshal
ltak
e2000
Bi
rr
.
5. Anen
vir
onmen
talo
rgan
izat
ioncal
ledGr
eenHi
llMo
vemen
tshal
ltak
e10%
o
fmyher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.

El
ias
,Mar
yan
dGr
eenHi
llMo
vemen
tar
eun
iver
sall
egat
eess
incet
heyar
eal
lowedt
o
r
ecei
vet
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
einacer
tai
npr
opo
rti
on.Bes
ides
,El
iasi
sas
ingu
larl
egat
ee
s
incehei
sgi
venawr
is
twat
chi
naddi
ti
ont
othe40% p
ort
iono
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.
Thati
s,El
iashast
wocap
aci
ti
esi
nthi
swi
ll
.AbaMat
hewo
s,whoi
stor
ecei
veamu
le,
i
sal
soas
ingu
larl
egat
ee.Thel
asts
ingu
larl
egat
eei
sthemai
dser
van
t,whoi
sal
lowed
t
orece
ive2000Bi
rr
.

Al
egacymaybegi
vent
othel
egat
eei
nfu
llo
wner
shi
poro
nlyt
hebar
eown
ers
hipr
ight
maybegi
vent
othel
egat
ee.Int
hel
att
ercas
e,t
hel
egat
ees
hal
lbeen
tit
ledt
ous
eor
der
ivet
hef
rui
tfr
omt
hel
egacywi
tho
uthav
ingt
her
ightt
oal
ien
ate(
sel
lordo
nat
e)i
t
t
othi
rdp
ers
ons
.

III)Legaci
esandr
ulesofp
art
it
ion

Theco
nten
tso
fAr
t913maybedi
ffi
cul
ttou
nder
stan
d.Thef
oll
owi
ngexamp
les
hal
l
cl
ari
fyt
heco
ncep
tinAr
t913.

70
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 71
Page

Examp
le
As
sumet
hatAt
oHabt
amumadet
hef
oll
owi
ngwi
llbyf
ulf
il
li
ngal
lthel
egal
r
equ
iremen
ts:

“
Myel
derdau
ght
erAy
ant
ushal
ltak
etheISUZUp
ick
upcar
.”

As
sumeal
sot
hatt
hisi
sthewho
leco
nten
toft
hewi
llo
fAt
oHabt
amu
.Let
u
sco
nsi
dert
hatAt
oHabt
amuhaso
thert
wochi
ldr
en(
othert
hanAy
ant
u).
Thi
swi
lldo
esn
otgi
vet
oAy
ant
uthep
ick
upcar
,inaddi
ti
ont
owhats
he
p
art
akeswi
thhers
ibl
ings
. Rat
her
,thewi
lls
hal
lbei
nter
pret
edt
hatt
he
p
ick
upcars
hal
lfal
lint
hep
ort
ional
locat
edt
oAy
ant
u.Thechi
ldr
eno
fAt
o
Habt
amu hav
e eq
ualp
ort
ion
sint
he s
ucces
sio
nsast
her
e ar
enoo
ther
di
spo
sit
ion
sint
hewi
ll
.Ot
herchi
ldr
en,s
incet
heyar
eun
iver
sall
egat
ees
,do
n
otk
now whatas
peci
fi
cpr
oper
tyt
heyar
ego
ingt
orecei
ve.On
lyAy
ant
u
k
nowst
hatt
hecarf
all
sinherp
ort
ion
.

Ap
robl
em mayar
is
ehe
re.Thati
s,t
hev
alu
eoft
heISUZU carmaybe
gr
eat
ert
hano
therp
ort
iono
fthei
nher
it
ance.IfAy
ant
uisi
nneedo
fthe
p
ick
upcar
,shecans
eto
fft
heexces
samo
untbyp
ayi
ngs
umso
fmo
neyt
othe
co
–hei
rs
.Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fthet
otalher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eisabo
utBi
rr600,000,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hep
ick
upcar
,eacho
ftheco
–hei
rsi
sen
tit
ledt
orecei
veBi
rr
200,
000.Ift
hev
alu
eoft
hecari
sBi
rr225,
000,Ay
ant
usho
uldeq
ual
izeher
s
har
ewi
tho
ther
sbyp
ayi
ngt
hem backBi
rr25,
000.

Yo
usho
uldn
oteher
ethatt
het
est
ato
rco
uldgi
veanexcl
usi
ver
ightt
oon
eofhi
s/her
hei
rs
,onacer
tai
npr
oper
ty,i
naddi
ti
ont
owhats
uchanhei
rshar
eswi
tho
therco
–hei
rs
.
Ho
wev
er,i
fthi
sist
hei
nten
tio
noft
het
est
ato
r,he/
shes
hou
ldexp
res
sitcl
ear
ly.

IV) Ef
fect
sofuni
ver
sall
egaci
es

71
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 72
Page
Whenap
ers
oni
sinap
osi
ti
ont
ore
cei
veau
niv
ers
all
egacy
,he/
shebeco
mesau
niv
ers
al
l
egat
ee.Theap
poi
ntmen
tofau
niv
ers
all
egat
eedo
esn
otf
oll
owan
ysp
eci
alf
ormal
it
y.
Thati
s,ap
ubl
ico
rho
logr
aphwi
llt
hatn
ormal
lyf
ulf
il
lst
hef
ormalr
equ
iremen
tsco
uld
ap
poi
ntau
niv
ers
all
egat
ee. Nos
peci
alwi
llwi
ths
peci
alf
ormal
it
iesi
sreq
uir
edt
o
ap
poi
ntau
niv
ers
all
egat
ee(
Art
.914)
.

When s
omeo
nei
sap
poi
nted asa u
niv
ers
all
egat
ee,he/
she i
sas
simi
lat
ed t
o an
hei
r–at
–law.Wheni
tiss
aidt
hatau
niv
ers
all
egat
eei
sas
simi
lat
edt
oanhei
r–at
–law,
i
tmean
sthatau
niv
ers
all
egat
eewhoi
san
on–hei
r(s
uchasaf
ri
end,as
erv
ant
,a
s
pir
it
ualf
ather
,a s
pou
se,et
c.)s
hal
lbe t
reat
edi
nal
lres
pect
sinr
elat
iont
othe
s
ucces
sio
nint
hes
ameman
nerast
hel
egalhei
rso
fthet
est
ato
r. Ther
ight
san
d
r
esp
ons
ibi
li
ti
eso
fsu
chu
niv
ers
all
egat
eeswi
llbes
imi
lart
othato
fthel
egalhei
rtot
he
t
est
ato
r.

26
1.
3.5 Co
ndi
ti
onalLegaci
es

Thet
est
ato
rmaymak
ehi
ssu
cces
sio
ntodep
endo
ncer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
ons
.Theco
ndi
ti
ons
ar
eoft
wot
ypes
.Int
hewo
rdso
ftheCo
de,t
heyar
esu
spen
siv
ean
dres
olu
tiv
eco
ndi
ti
ons
.
Weal
socal
lsu
spen
siv
eco
ndi
ti
onsasco
ndi
ti
onp
receden
tan
dres
olu
tiv
eco
ndi
ti
onsas
co
ndi
ti
ons
ubs
equ
ent
.

Su
spen
siv
eco
ndi
ti
on— Int
hecas
eofs
usp
ens
iveco
ndi
ti
ono
rco
ndi
ti
onp
receden
t,t
he
l
egat
ees
hal
lwai
tun
tilacer
tai
nti
mel
aps
eso
run
tilacer
tai
nci
rcu
mst
anceo
ccu
rs.
Ther
efo
re,t
hel
egat
eewi
lln
otbeen
tit
ledt
orecei
vet
hebeq
ues
tun
tilt
hef
ulf
il
lmen
tof
t
hes
peci
fi
edco
ndi
ti
on. Fo
rexamp
le,t
het
est
ato
rmayo
rderal
egacyi
nfav
oro
f
Mahl
et.Ho
wev
er,Mahl
etmaybei
nap
osi
ti
ont
orecei
vet
hep
rop
ert
yup
ont
heexp
iry
o
ffi
vey
ear
san
dun
tilt
hatt
ime,t
hep
rop
ert
ywo
uldr
emai
nint
hehan
dso
fsp
eci
fi
cal
ly
des
ign
atedp
ers
ons
.Thet
est
ato
rmayev
ens
ayt
hat
,Mahl
ets
hal
lrecei
vet
hep
rop
ert
y
whens
omeo
nedi
es. Hen
ce,t
hel
egat
ees
hal
lbeen
tit
ledt
otak
ethep
rop
ert
yup
on
deat
hoft
hats
peci
fi
edp
ers
on.

Res
olu
tiv
eco
ndi
ti
on— Res
olu
tiv
eco
ndi
ti
ono
rco
ndi
ti
ons
ubs
equ
enti
sas
it
uat
ionwher
e
t
hel
egat
eebr
ingsbackwhather
ecei
vedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
nwhenacer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
on
i
sfu
lfi
ll
ed. Thati
s,i
nthecas
eofr
eso
lut
iveco
ndi
ti
on,t
hel
egat
eei
sau
tomat
ical
ly

26
Ar
ti
cles916t
o919,Ci
vi
lCo
de

72
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 73
Page
en
tit
ledt
orecei
vet
hebeq
ues
t,u
nli
ket
hecas
eofs
usp
ens
iveco
ndi
ti
on. Fo
rin
stan
ce,
t
het
est
ato
rmayo
rderBr
ookt
orecei
ves
omep
rop
ert
yun
tilacer
tai
nci
rcu
mst
ance
o
ccu
rs.Br
ookr
etu
rnst
hep
rop
ert
yup
ont
heo
ccu
rren
ceo
fthemen
tio
nedci
rcu
mst
ance.
Fo
rexamp
le,t
het
est
ato
rmayn
otbehap
pywi
tht
hef
li
rt
ingo
fhi
sdau
ght
erwi
th
Zel
alem.(
Zel
alem i
smembero
fa gan
gofr
obber
s). Thet
est
ato
rmayo
rdera
co
ndi
ti
onall
egacyt
ost
ophi
sdau
ght
erf
rom mar
ryi
ngs
uchap
ers
on.Hemays
ayi
nhi
s
wi
llt
hat
,“mydau
ght
ers
hal
lrecei
vef
ourco
wss
olo
ngass
hedo
esn
otmar
ryZel
alem”
.
Int
hiscas
e,t
het
est
ato
r’sdau
ght
ercanen
joyt
hebeq
ues
tun
tils
hedeci
dest
omar
ry
Zel
alem. When
evers
hemar
ri
esZel
alem,s
hes
hal
lres
ti
tut
ewhats
her
ecei
vedf
rom
t
hes
ucces
sio
n.

Yo
umayhav
eun
der
sto
odf
rom Ar
t917t
hatt
het
est
ato
rmayi
mpo
seaco
ndi
ti
ono
f
mar
ryi
ngo
rno
tmar
ryi
ngo
fas
peci
fi
cper
son
. Ho
wev
er,t
het
est
ato
rhasn
ori
ghto
f
i
mpo
sin
g,i
ngen
eralt
erms
,no
tmar
ryi
ngo
rno
tremar
ryi
ng. Thet
est
ato
rcan
notev
en
i
mpo
seo
nthel
egat
eeaco
ndi
ti
ons
uchasn
otmar
ryi
ngo
rno
tremar
ryi
ngap
ers
onwho
bel
ongst
oacer
tai
nrace,n
ati
onal
it
y,membero
far
eli
gio
usgr
oup
,et
c.

Al
lper
son
swhohav
eat
tai
nedt
hemar
ri
ageabl
eagehav
eaco
nst
it
uti
onal
lygu
aran
teed
r
ightt
omar
ryan
dfo
undaf
ami
ly
. TheFDRE Co
nst
it
uti
oni
nAr
ti
cle34(
1)s
tat
es
t
hat
:

“
MenandWomenwi
thou
tanydi
st
inct
ionast
orace,nat
ion,nat
ional
it
yor
r
eli
gion,whohav
eat
tai
nedmar
ri
ageabl
eagedef
inedbyl
aw,hav
ethe
r
ightt
omar
ryandf
ounda f
ami
ly
…”

Thei
mpo
sit
iono
fmar
ryi
ngo
rno
tmar
ryi
ngas
peci
fi
cper
sondo
esn
otaf
fectt
his
co
nst
it
uti
onalr
ight
. Nev
ert
hel
ess
,theco
ndi
ti
ont
hati
mpo
ses
,ingen
eralt
erms
,no
tto
mar
ryo
rno
ttor
emar
ryi
nfr
ingest
her
ight
sofp
ers
ons
.Ho
wev
er,t
het
est
ato
rmay
i
mpo
seaco
ndi
ti
ono
fno
tmar
ryi
ngo
rno
tremar
ryi
ng(
Seet
heAmhar
icv
ers
iono
fthe
Ci
vi
lCo
de)
,bygi
vi
ngt
othel
egat
eeau
suf
ructr
ighto
nacer
tai
npr
oper
tyo
rbygi
vi
ng
hi
m/heracer
tai
namo
unto
fpen
sio
n. Theco
ndi
ti
ono
fno
ttomar
rys
eemst
oaf
fect
t
he r
ight
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
s. Nev
ert
hel
ess
,the co
ndi
ti
ono
fno
ttor
emar
ryi
sus
ual
ly
p
ract
iced.Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
het
est
ato
rmayo
rderhi
swi
fen
ott
oremar
rybygi
vi
nghera

73
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 74
Page
u
suf
ructr
ighto
nacer
tai
npr
oper
tyo
rbygi
vi
ngherap
ens
ioni
nthef
ormo
fan
nui
tyo
r
an
yot
herap
pro
pri
atef
orm.

1.
3.6 Char
ges

Char
gei
stheo
rdero
fat
est
ato
ragai
nsthi
s/herhei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
eesi
nwhi
chhe/
she
bi
ndst
hem t
otak
eso
mer
esp
ons
ibi
li
tyo
rtak
ecar
eofo
neo
rmo
rep
ers
ons
.Ho
wev
er,
t
he t
est
ato
rcan
notbi
ndt
he hei
rsan
d/o
rlegat
eest
ogi
veo
rtodos
omet
hin
gto
s
peci
fi
edp
ers
onsmo
ret
hant
hev
alu
eoft
hel
egacy
.

Examp
le
Thet
est
ato
rmayo
rdert
hatAt
oChal
awo
uldt
akehi
s(t
het
est
ato
r’s
)taxi
cab
who
sev
alu
eis60,
000bi
rr
.Thet
est
ato
ral
soo
rde
rst
hatAt
oChal
ashal
lmak
ea
mo
nthl
ypay
men
ttohi
sol
dmo
therW/
roWu
de5
00Bi
rr
.At
oChal
aiso
bli
gedt
o
mak
ethep
aymen
ttoW/
roWu
deu
ptot
heext
ento
fthev
alu
eoft
het
axi
cab.In
cas
eAt
oChal
afai
lst
opayt
hes
aidamo
unt
,W/
roWu
dehast
her
ightt
ocl
aim
p
aymen
t.Bu
tW/
roWu
decan
notdeman
dthedi
sso
lut
iono
fthel
egacymadet
oAt
o
Chal
aun
les
sthet
est
ato
ror
der
sthi
scl
ear
lyi
nhi
s/herwi
ll
.

Formor
edet
ail
sreadCi
vi
lCodeAr
ti
cles920— 923

1.
3.8Su
bst
it
uti
ovul
gar
is

Su
bst
it
uti
ovu
lgar
iswasv
eryco
mmo
ninRo
manwi
ll
s.Anal
ter
nat
ivehei
rwasap
poi
nted
i
ntheev
entt
hatt
hep
ers
oni
nst
it
ute
dast
hep
rimar
yhei
rfai
ledt
obeco
met
hehei
r(e.
g.
becau
sehe/
shedi
edbef
oret
het
est
ato
rorr
efu
sedt
hei
nher
it
ance)
.Acco
rdi
ngt
othe
Et
hio
pianCi
vi
lCo
de,Su
bst
it
uti
ovu
lgar
isi
sthes
it
uat
ionwher
ethet
est
ato
ror
der
s
an
otherp
ers
ont
otak
ethel
egacyi
ncas
eswher
etheap
poi
ntedu
niv
ers
alo
rsi
ngu
lar
l
egat
eef
ail
stoap
pearan
drecei
vewhatt
het
est
ato
ral
locat
est
ohi
m/her
.Thecau
ses
f
ort
hedi
sap
pear
anceo
ftheap
poi
ntedl
egat
eeco
uldv
aryf
rom cas
etocas
e.(
See
Ar
ti
cle928)
.

74
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 75
Page
1.
3.8 En
tai
ls

Theco
nce
pts
imi
lart
oen
tai
lexi
st
edi
nRo
manl
aw.Itwasal
soco
mmo
ninman
ypar
ts
o
fEu
rop
e.Iti
sar
est
ri
cti
ono
fin
her
it
ancet
oal
imi
tedcl
asso
fdes
cen
dan
tsf
orat
l
eas
tsev
eralgen
erat
ion
s.Iti
smai
nlyl
ink
edwi
thr
eales
tat
e.Theo
bjecto
fen
tai
list
o
p
res
erv
elar
ge es
tat
es i
nlan
dfr
om t
he di
si
ntegr
ati
ont
hati
s cau
sed by eq
ual
i
nher
it
ancebyal
lthehei
rsan
dbyt
heo
rdi
nar
yri
ghto
ffr
eeal
ien
ati
on(
dis
pos
al)o
f
p
rop
ert
yin
ter
est
s.Man
ychan
geshav
ebeendev
elo
pedr
egar
din
gen
tai
lsi
nthel
awo
f
s
ucces
sio
ns.Ins
omeco
unt
ri
es,(
E.g.En
glan
d)t
hel
awp
ermi
tst
heho
ldero
fen
tai
led
p
rop
ert
y(ei
therr
ealo
rper
son
al)t
odi
spo
seo
fitbydeed;o
ther
wis
etheen
tai
lper
si
st
s.
Int
heUn
itedSt
atesf
ort
hemo
stp
arten
tai
lsar
eei
theral
toget
herp
rohi
bit
edo
r
l
imi
tedt
oas
ingl
egen
erat
ion
.

InEt
hio
pia,t
het
est
ato
rhast
hep
owert
oor
dert
hathi
s/herhei
ran
d/o
rhi
s/herl
egat
ee
s
hal
lhan
dov
ert
hel
egacyt
oon
eormo
rep
ers
onsaf
ters
uchhei
ran
d/o
rlegat
eehas
ben
efi
tedwi
tht
hel
egacy
.Thet
est
ato
rmayo
rdert
hehei
ran
d/o
rlegat
eet
otr
ans
fer
t
hel
egacy(
orev
enp
ort
iono
fit
)tot
hes
peci
fi
edp
ers
on(
s)u
pont
hef
oll
owi
ngco
ndi
ti
ons
:

 Ont
heexp
iryo
facer
tai
nper
iod,f
orexamp
le,af
ter5y
ear
sfr
omt
he
o
pen
ingo
fthes
ucces
sio
n;
 Up
ont
hedeat
hoft
hehei
rort
hel
egat
ee;an
d,
 Ont
he acco
mpl
is
hmen
tofa cer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
on,f
ori
nst
ance,whent
he
t
est
ato
r'sl
it
tl
edau
ght
erget
smar
ri
ed.

En
tai
lisn
otwi
del
ypr
act
icedi
nthel
if
eoft
hes
oci
ety
.Ther
efo
re,i
nst
eado
fdi
scu
ssi
ng
i
t,i
ndet
ail
,thef
oll
owi
ngi
mpo
rtan
tpo
int
swi
llbep
rov
idedo
nther
esto
fthear
ti
cles
deal
ingwi
then
tai
l.

 On
cet
hel
egacyi
str
ans
fer
redi
ntot
hehan
dso
ftheho
lderen
tai
l,t
he
ho
lderen
tai
lneedst
oexp
ectt
ohav
eon
lyau
suf
ructr
ighto
nthel
egacy
.
Si
ncehe/
shei
sno
tat
rues
ucces
sor
,thel
awdo
esn
otv
esthi
m wi
thp
ower
s
o
fano
wnero
fthep
rop
ert
y.Ther
efo
re,t
heho
lderen
tai
lcan
notal
ien
ate
(
sel
lordo
nat
e)t
hep
rop
ert
ytot
hir
dpar
ti
es.Mo
reo
ver
,theho
lders
hou
ld
n
othav
ean
yat
tachme
ntwi
ths
uchp
rop
ert
yfo
rhi
s/herdebt
s(Ar
t.931(
1))
.

75
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 76
Page
 Co
urt
sar
egen
eral
lye
mpo
wer
edt
oor
dert
heal
ien
ati
ono
rtr
ans
fero
fa
p
rop
ert
yori
tsat
tachmen
t,i
fsu
cho
rderi
sju
sti
fi
abl
e.Ho
wev
er,i
nnocas
e
cant
heco
urtau
tho
riz
etheal
ien
ati
ono
rat
tachmen
toft
hep
rop
ert
yint
he
han
dso
ftheho
lderen
tai
l.Becau
se,t
heho
lderen
tai
liso
bli
gedt
out
il
ize
t
hep
rop
ert
ybyt
aki
ngal
lthen
eces
sar
ycar
eno
ttocau
seas
eri
ousdamage
t
othep
rop
ert
yan
dfi
nal
lyhan
dito
vert
othet
rues
ucces
soru
pont
he
o
pen
ingo
fthes
ubs
ti
tut
ion(
Art932)
.
 Thet
est
ato
rhast
her
ightt
oregu
lat
eon
lyu
nti
lthep
rop
ert
yist
ran
sfer
red
t
othep
ers
onwhoi
scal
ledt
osu
cceed.On
cet
hep
rop
ert
yist
ran
sfer
redt
o
t
hep
ers
onwhoi
scal
ledt
osu
cceedt
het
est
ato
rlo
sest
her
ightt
opas
san
y
o
rderco
ncer
nin
gthep
rop
ert
y(Ar
t934
).
 Int
hecas
ewher
etheho
lderen
tai
lref
usest
otak
ethel
egacyo
rifhe/
she
l
osescap
aci
tyt
osu
cceed,f
ori
nst
ance,bybei
ngu
nwo
rthy
,the p
ers
on
cal
ledt
osu
cceeds
hal
lbecal
ledt
otak
ethel
egacy
.Ho
wev
er,t
het
est
ato
r
mayv
arys
uchbyano
ther
wis
eor
der(
Art935)
.
 Wi
thr
esp
ectt
otheco
nten
tso
fAr
t936,t
her
eisl
acko
fcl
ari
ty.Mo
reo
ver
,
t
her
eisadi
scr
epan
cybet
weent
heAmhar
ican
dEn
gli
shv
ers
ion
sofAr
t
936(
2).Gen
eral
ly,i
tseemst
hatt
hel
awhasal
lowedt
heho
lderen
tai
lto
exer
cis
ea f
ullr
ighto
nthe p
rop
ert
yifi
tisabs
olu
tel
ycl
eart
hatt
he
s
ubs
ti
tut
ioncan
nott
akep
lace.

Exer
cis
e
Whatdi
ffer
encesan
dsi
mil
ari
ti
esdoy
ouo
bser
vebet
weenen
tai
lsan
d
s
ubs
ti
tut
iov
ulgar
is
?

27
1.
3.9 Di
sher
iso
n

Int
heEt
hio
pianl
awo
fsu
cces
sio
ns,t
het
est
ato
rhaswi
derr
ight
stodi
si
nher
ito
neo
r
mo
reo
fhi
s/herhei
rsbyt
hewi
llhe/
shemak
es.Hi
s/herr
ight
smayev
engot
otheext
ent
o
fdi
si
nher
it
ingal
lofhi
s/herchi
ldr
en.Di
sher
is
oni
sano
rderp
ass
edbyt
het
est
ato
rto
excl
udehi
s/herhei
rsf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Itu
sual
lys
erv
esasamean
sofp
uni
shmen
t
f
ort
hemi
sbehav
ioro
fhi
s/herhei
rs
.So
mep
eop
lear
guet
hatgi
vi
ngp
ower
stot
he

27
Ar
ti
cles937t
o940,Ci
vi
lCo
de

76
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 77
Page
t
est
ato
rtot
heext
ento
fdi
si
nher
it
inghi
s/herhe
irsi
sno
tpr
oper
.Atp
res
entt
ime,i
n
man
yco
unt
ri
est
hep
owero
fthet
est
ato
rtodi
si
nher
ithi
s/herhei
rshasbeenr
edu
cedo
r
t
her
ear
eman
yco
ndi
ti
onst
obef
ulf
il
ledt
odi
si
nher
it
,es
peci
all
yachi
ld.Inman
y
j
uri
sdi
cti
onsi
ntheUS,t
hep
ower
soft
het
est
ato
rtodi
si
nher
ithei
rs
,in
clu
din
gchi
ldr
en
i
sst
il
lef
fect
ive.Thes
it
uat
ioni
sdi
ffer
enti
nmo
stEu
rop
eanj
uri
sdi
cti
ons
.InEt
hio
pia,
t
hel
awal
lowst
het
est
ato
rtodi
si
nher
ito
neo
rmo
reo
fhi
s/herhei
rs
.Its
eemst
hatt
he
l
awco
nsi
der
edt
hatt
het
est
ato
r’so
nlyp
owerasf
arasp
uni
shi
ngdi
sobedi
entchi
ldr
eni
s
di
si
nher
it
ings
uchchi
ldr
en.

Thet
est
ato
rmaydi
si
nher
ithi
s/herhei
rei
therexp
res
slyo
rtaci
tl
y.Exp
res
sdi
sher
is
oni
s
ak
indo
fdi
sher
is
oni
nwhi
cht
het
est
ato
rexcl
udeshi
s/herhei
rfr
omt
hes
ucces
sio
ninan
exp
lici
tman
nerbys
tat
ingcl
ear
lyt
hathe/
shehasdi
si
nher
it
edt
hehei
r.Thet
est
ato
r
maydi
si
nher
ital
lofhi
s/herhei
rs(
des
cen
dan
tsan
dot
herhei
rs
)exp
res
slyan
dap
poi
nta
u
niv
ers
all
egat
ee.Fo
rin
stan
ce,At
oWagawmaydi
si
nher
ital
lhi
schi
ldr
enan
dot
her
hei
rsan
dhemayap
poi
nthi
sfr
ien
dGo
say
easau
niv
ers
all
egat
ee. Ins
uchacas
e,
Go
say
eiscal
ledt
orecei
vet
hewho
lees
tat
eofAt
oWagawwi
tho
utan
yco
nten
der
.If
t
het
est
ato
rdi
si
nher
it
sal
lhi
s/herhei
rsan
difhe/
shedo
esn
otap
poi
nts
omeo
neasa
u
niv
ers
all
egat
ee,t
her
eshal
lben
oon
etot
akehi
s/herher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e. Ins
uch
ci
rcu
mst
ances
,thel
aw hasdev
isedamechan
ismt
oen
abl
ethedes
cen
dan
tso
fsu
ch
di
si
nher
it
edhei
rst
otak
ethep
rop
ert
yoft
het
est
ato
rbywayo
frep
res
ent
ati
on(
SeeAr
t
937)
.

Des
cen
dan
tscan o
nly be di
si
nher
it
ed exp
res
sly
.Thati
s,n
o des
cen
dan
tmay be
di
si
nher
it
edt
aci
tl
y.Mo
reo
ver
,thet
est
ato
rshal
lcl
ear
lys
tat
eaj
ust
if
iabl
ereas
onwhy
he/
shehasdeci
dedt
odi
si
nher
ithi
s/herdes
cen
dan
ts.Thel
awmak
ess
uchi
mpo
sit
iono
n
t
het
est
ato
rwi
tht
hev
iewt
opr
otectt
hei
nter
esto
fthedes
cen
dan
tsi
nsu
cceedi
ngt
hei
r
as
cen
dan
ts.

Exer
cis
e
Gi
veexamp
leso
ftaci
tdi
sher
is
on!

77
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 78
Page
Iti
sst
atedabo
vet
hatt
het
est
ato
rmu
stgi
vej
ust
if
iabl
ereas
on(
s)t
odi
si
nher
ito
neo
r
mo
reo
fhi
s/herdes
cen
dan
ts.Thel
awdo
esn
otl
is
tdo
wnwhatt
hin
gsar
eju
sti
fi
abl
ean
d
n
otj
ust
if
iabl
e.A j
ust
if
iabl
ereas
oni
sas
ubj
ect
ives
tan
dar
d. Iti
sbel
iev
edt
hati
t
s
hou
ldi
mpr
essar
eas
onabl
eper
son
.Its
hou
ldbear
eas
ont
hati
ssu
ffi
cien
ttomo
vet
he
t
est
ato
rtot
hedeci
si
ono
fdi
si
nher
it
inghi
s/herde
scen
dan
t.Thet
est
ato
risexp
ect
edt
o
at
tr
ibu
tes
omeact
soft
hehei
rthathav
edi
ssat
is
fiedhi
m/her
.Ift
heact
sdo
nebyt
he
hei
rwer
eno
til
legalan
d/o
rno
timmo
ral
,itwo
uldbedi
ffi
cul
ttot
het
est
ato
rtogi
ve
j
ust
if
iabl
ereas
ons
.

Theco
urthasap
owert
oexami
nean
ddeci
dewhet
hert
her
eas
ongi
venbyt
het
est
ato
r
i
sju
sti
fi
abl
eorn
ot.Al
tho
ught
heco
urthast
hep
owert
oas
cer
tai
nwhet
hert
her
eas
on
gi
veni
sju
sti
fi
abl
eorn
ot,i
tcan
notas
cer
tai
nwhe
thert
hegi
venr
eas
oni
str
ueo
rfal
se.
An
yst
atemen
tthatt
het
est
ato
rgi
vesi
sat
rues
tat
emen
t.Ther
efo
re,t
hehei
rcan
not
cl
aimt
hatt
hes
tat
emen
toft
het
est
ato
risu
ntr
ue.

Exer
cis
e
1. Whydoy
out
hin
kdo
est
hel
awco
nsi
deran
yst
atemen
tgi
venbyt
he
t
est
ato
rasat
rues
tat
emen
t?
2. Co
nsi
dert
hatMr
.“A”bel
ongst
oaf
ait
hcal
led“
B”.“
A”br
oughtu
p
hi
sso
n“D”byt
eachi
ngs
tri
ctl
ythet
enet
sofr
eli
gio
n“B”
.“A”i
sa
k
nownben
evo
len
tan
dhu
man
eper
soni
nthev
ici
nit
y.As“
A”go
tol
der
he wan
ted hi
son
lys
ont
o getmar
ri
ed an
drep
lace hi
m i
n hi
s
hu
man
itar
ianan
dot
herk
indl
ywo
rks
.“D”hasf
all
eni
nlo
vewi
tha
wo
manf
romf
ait
h“C”an
dlas
tly“
A”l
ear
nedt
hisf
actf
roms
ome
p
eop
le.“
A”as
kedhi
sso
n“D”whyhecho
set
omar
ryawo
manf
rom
an
other r
eli
gio
n.“
D” ’
sres
pon
se was j
ustl
ove
.“D” co
ncl
uded
mar
ri
agewi
tht
hewo
mani
rr
esp
ect
iveo
ftheo
ppo
sit
ionan
ddi
sco
nten
t
o
fhi
sfat
her
.“A”haddeci
dedt
odi
si
nher
ithi
sso
nont
hebas
ist
hat
hi
sso
nmar
ri
edawo
manwhodo
esn
otbel
ongt
ohi
sfai
th.Do
est
he
r
eas
ongi
venby“
A”j
ust
if
ydi
si
nher
it
ance?Why
/Whyn
ot?

Iti
scl
eart
hatt
hes
ucces
sio
noft
het
est
ato
rshal
lop
enaf
terhe/
shei
sdead.A dead
p
ers
oncan
notexp
res
san
ythi
ngan
dhe/
shecan
notdef
endhi
msel
f/her
sel
fifs
omeo
ne
cl
aimst
hatt
hes
tat
emen
toft
het
est
ato
risf
als
e.Ther
efo
re,i
tisn
otp
oss
ibl
etop
assa

78
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 79
Page
deci
si
onbyhear
ingo
nlyo
nep
art
y.Becau
seo
fthi
s,t
hel
aws
imp
lyp
res
umest
hatan
y
r
eas
ongi
venbyt
het
est
ato
risat
rues
tat
emen
t.Mo
reo
ver
,thel
aw t
rus
tsp
aren
ts(
or
as
cen
dan
tsmo
ret
hanan
yot
herp
ers
onsr
egar
din
gmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
othei
rchi
ldr
en(
or
des
cen
dan
ts)
.Ther
efo
re,t
hel
awt
akesf
orgr
ant
edwhathasbeens
tat
edbyt
het
est
ato
r
asat
rues
tat
emen
t.

Whent
het
est
ato
rdo
esn
otmak
eso
meo
neben
efi
ciar
yinhi
s/herwi
ll
,wes
ayt
hat
he/
shehast
aci
tl
ydi
si
nher
it
eds
uchap
ers
on.Ho
wev
er,t
hisk
indo
ftaci
tdi
si
nher
it
ance
do
esn
otwo
rkagai
nstdes
cen
dan
thei
rs
.Itwo
rkso
nlyagai
nstt
hehei
rso
fseco
nd,t
hir
d
an
dfo
urt
hrel
ati
ons
hip
.Thi
sisamechan
ismo
fpr
otect
iongi
venbyt
hel
aw t
othe
des
cen
dan
thei
rs(
SeeAr
t939(
1)&(
2))
.

Ift
het
est
ato
rap
poi
ntss
omeo
neasau
niv
ers
all
egat
eet
orecei
vet
hewho
lep
rop
ert
y,
t
hatdo
esn
oti
mpl
ythedi
sher
is
ono
fthechi
ldr
eno
fthet
est
ato
r.Ins
uchacas
e,t
he
u
niv
ers
all
egat
eei
scal
ledt
osu
cceedt
het
est
ato
rasi
fhe/
shei
son
eofhi
schi
ldr
en
(
SeeAr
t939(
3))
.

Examp
le
W/
ro Gel
ane hasap
poi
nted i
n herl
astwi
llAt
o Ber
ekett
otak
e her
her
edi
tar
yes
tat
e asa who
le. She hast
wo chi
ldr
en,Mes
ker
em an
d
Wo
des
sa.Shegav
eno
thi
ngt
oherchi
ldr
en.Asi
tisn
otal
lowedt
otaci
tl
y
di
si
nher
itchi
ldr
en,At
oWo
des
sa can
nott
aket
hewho
lep
rop
ert
yoft
he
s
ucces
sio
n.In
stead,hewo
uldbeco
nsi
der
edaso
neo
fthechi
ldr
eno
fW/
ro
Gel
anean
dshal
lpar
tak
ethep
rop
ert
yto
get
herwi
tht
hem.

Di
si
nher
it
inghei
rsi
sal
egal
lyr
eco
gni
zedp
owero
fthet
est
ato
r. Ho
wev
er,i
fthel
aw
co
nsi
der
sthatt
hep
rov
isi
onso
fthewi
llar
edef
ect
ivewi
thr
esp
ectt
oan
ymat
ter
,an
dif
t
hehei
rsi
mpu
gnt
hedef
ect
ivep
rov
isi
on,t
hent
hep
rov
isi
ont
hatdi
si
nher
it
sthehei
rs
s
hal
lbeo
fnoef
fect
.Fo
rin
stan
ce,as
sumet
hato
neo
fthep
rov
isi
onso
fawi
llco
ntai
ns
ani
ll
ici
tpr
ovi
si
on.Ift
hiss
amewi
llco
ntai
nsap
rov
isi
ont
hatdi
si
nher
it
son
eormo
reo
f
t
hehei
rso
fthet
est
ato
r,o
nlybychal
len
gin
gthei
ll
ici
tpr
ovi
si
ons
,thedi
si
nher
it
edhei
rs
cangett
hei
nval
idat
iono
fthedi
sher
is
on.

79
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 80
Page

CHAPTERTWO
LIQUIDATION OFSUCCESSION
AND DETERMINATION OF
RIGHTFULSUCCESSORS

2.1.PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

2.1.1.TheEs
senceof"
Liq
uidat
ion"
1
As
ucces
sio
n,whet
hert
est
ateo
rin
tes
tat
e,o
pen
swhent
hedeceas
eddi
es .An
datt
he
t
imeo
fit
sop
eni
ng,i
tco
nsi
st
sint
hegr
ossr
ight
san
dobl
igat
ion
soft
hedeceas
ed.In
o
therwo
rds
,thei
nher
it
anceo
fadeadp
ers
on,whi
chi
stechn
ical
lycal
ledt
he“
est
ate”
,
i
sin
iti
all
yacr
udet
otals
umo
fthedeceas
ed’
sri
ght
s(s
uchasp
rop
ert
iesan
dcl
aims
)
an
dobl
igat
ion
s(s
uchasdebt
sin
cur
redan
dowedbyt
hedeceas
edi
nhi
sli
fet
ime,an
d
t
hos
ethatar
eowedbyt
hes
ucces
sio
n).

Itgo
eswi
tho
uts
ayi
ngt
hatbef
orean
yri
ghto
vert
hin
gsmak
ingu
pthei
nher
it
ance
p
ass
est
ohei
rs
-at
-aw2an
l d/o
rlegat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
le3,s
omek
indo
fscr
een
ingmu
st
bemade.Thatmean
s,bef
orean
ypr
oper
tyo
rri
ghto
fthei
nher
it
ancei
sdel
iv
eredt
o
p
rop
erl
yiden
tif
iedhei
rs
,ther
esho
uldbeawi
ndi
ngu
poft
hedeceas
ed’
saf
fai
rs
.In
p
art
icu
lar
,as
set
san
dcl
aimst
hedeceas
edo
wneds
hou
ldbei
den
tif
iedan
dco
llect
ed,
debt
san
dtaxesas
cer
tai
nedan
dpai
d,mai
nten
ancecl
aimsen
ter
tai
ned,an
dsi
ngu
lar
l
egaci
eso
rder
edbyt
hedeceas
ed,i
fan
y,p
aid.

“
Liq
uidat
ion
”ist
het
echn
icalt
erm weu
sei
nthel
aw o
fsu
cces
sio
nst
oref
ert
othat

1 Arti
cle826(1),the1960Ci vilCodeofEt hio
pia.
2 Arti
cle1060(1),Id.,impl
iesthatasucces s
ionispart
it
ionedamongheir
s-at
-l
aw.
3 See,Arti
cle915( 1),Id,whichsti
pul
atesthatu nl
essotherwi
sep
rov
idedbythetes
tat
or,l
egat
ees
byuni
vers
alti
tlear eassi
milatedtohei
rs-at-l
aw.

80
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 81
Page
wi
ndi
ngu
ppr
oces
s.Li
qui
dat
ioni
slegal
lyi
mpo
rtan
tfo
raho
sto
freas
ons
.Fo
rin
stan
ce,
t
hep
rop
ert
yfo
rmi
ngp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ancemer
geswi
tht
heo
therp
rop
ert
yoft
hehei
r
4
o
nlyaf
tert
hecl
osu
reo
fthel
iq
uidat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n .

Int
heev
ento
fmu
lti
pl
ici
tyo
fhei
rs
,co
-hei
rss
tar
ttop
riv
atel
yexer
cis
eact
ualr
ighto
ver
t
he i
nher
it
ance o
nlyaf
terp
art
it
ioni
smade.“
Par
ti
ti
on”
,whi
ch i
sus
ual
lyef
fect
ed
t
hro
ughdi
vi
si
on,i
sinr
ought
ermst
hep
roces
sofp
ract
ical
lydel
iv
eri
ngt
oeachhei
rhi
s
p
rop
ers
har
eoft
hep
rop
ert
yan
dri
ght
sremai
ni
ngaf
terl
iq
uidat
ion
.Obv
iou
sly
,par
ti
ti
oni
s
madeo
nlywher
ether
ear
emo
ret
hano
ner
ight
fulhei
rs
.

So
,par
ti
ti
on do
esn
ott
akep
lace u
nles
san
dun
tilt
he s
ucces
sio
n hasbeen f
ull
y
l
iq
ui ed5.Iti
dat sno
tev
enani
ndi
spen
sabl
epar
toft
hep
roces
sofdev
olu
tio
nofa
s
ucces
sio
n.Ther
ewi
llben
opar
ti
ti
onwher
e,al
lthep
rop
ert
yint
hei
nher
it
ancehav
ing
bee
ndi
spo
sedo
fint
heco
urs
eofl
iq
uidat
ion
,ther
eremai
nsn
othi
ngt
opar
ti
ti
on.No
rwi
ll
t
her
ebean
ypar
ti
ti
onwher
ether
eisj
usto
nep
rop
erl
yiden
tif
iedhei
r.

Bu
t,whati
sthedo
ctr
inalmean
ingo
f“l
iq
uidat
ion
”?Bl
ack
,on
eoft
hemo
str
eno
wned
l
egall
ingu
ist
sofal
lti
me,at
tachest
hef
oll
owi
ngmean
ingt
othet
erm:

“
Liq
uidat
ioni
sthe s
ett
lemen
tofacco
unt
sort
he wi
ndi
ngu
poft
he
bu
sin
ess
.[Iti
s]t
he acto
rpr
oces
sofmak
ingo
fcl
ear
,fi
xed an
d
det
ermi
nedt
hatwhi
chwasbef
oreu
ncer
tai
noru
nas
cer
tai
ned.Pay
men
t,
s
ati
sfact
ion
,co
llect
ion
,orr
eal
izat
iono
f as
set
s an
d di
schar
ges o
f
l
iabi
li
ti
es;wi
ndi
ngu
pors
ett
li
ngwi
thcr
edi
tor
san
ddebt
ors
.Thes
ett
li
ng
o
fthef
inan
cialaf
fai
rso
fthei
ndi
vi
dualu
sual
lybyl
iq
uidat
ing/
tur
nin
gin
to
6
cas
h/al
las
set
sfo
rthedi
st
ri
but
iont
ocr
edi
tor
s,hei
rs
,et
c…”

Ascanben
otedf
romt
heabo
veo
bser
vat
ion
,li
qui
dat
ioni
samu
lti
facet
eds
creen
ing
p
roces
srel
ati
ngt
oset
tl
emen
tofacco
unt
sorwi
ndi
ngu
pof
,ino
urcas
e,t
hees
tat
eof
t
hedeceas
ed.Iti
stheacto
rpr
oces
sofas
cer
tai
nin
gthatwhi
chwasu
ncer
tai
nin
co
nnect
ionwi
thas
ucces
sio
n.It
,amo
ngo
thert
hin
gs,i
nvo
lvesp
aymen
t,s
ati
sfact
ion
,
co
llect
ion
,orr
eal
izat
iono
fas
set
san
ddi
schar
geso
fli
abi
li
ti
es,whi
chi
swi
ndi
ngu
por

4 Arti
cle1053(1),Id.
5 See,Arti
cle1062,Id.
6 Black
sLawDi ction
ary.

81
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 82
Page
s
ett
li
ngwi
thcr
edi
tor
san
ddebt
orso
fthes
ucces
sio
n.Ital
soi
ncl
udesdet
ermi
nin
gthe
n
etv
alu
eoft
hes
ucces
sio
nupf
orp
art
it
ion
.

TheEt
hio
pianLaw o
fSu
cces
sio
nst
akesas
omewhats
imi
lars
tan
cewi
thr
esp
ectt
o
l
iq
uidat
ion
.Ar
ti
cle 944 o
fthe Ci
vi
lCo
de p
rov
idesf
orwhatt
he l
iq
uidat
iono
fa
s
ucces
sio
nco
nsi
st
sof
.Its
tat
est
hatl
iq
uidat
ionmean
sthep
roces
sofdet
ermi
nat
iono
f
t
her
ight
fulr
eci
pi
ent
san
dco
nst
it
uen
tso
fthes
ucces
sio
n;t
her
eco
ver
yofdebt
sdu
eto
an
dthep
aymen
tofdebt
sdu
etoi
t;t
hep
aymen
toft
hel
egaci
esbys
ingu
lart
it
lean
d
t
het
aki
ngo
fsu
cho
thers
tep
sasar
ereq
uir
edt
ocar
ryi
ntoef
fectt
hep
rov
isi
onsmadeby
t
hedeceas
ed.

Li
qui
dat
ioni
sat
ought
ask
,es
peci
all
ywhent
het
est
ato
rhasl
eftl
otso
fpr
oper
ty.It
deman
dst
hel
iq
uidat
ort
odoas
eri
eso
fto
ili
ngact
ivi
ti
es.Thef
ir
stt
hin
gthel
iq
uidat
or
i
sreq
uir
edt
odoi
mmedi
atel
yaf
teras
sumi
ngo
ffi
cei
smak
ingas
ear
cht
ofi
ndo
ut
7
whet
hert
hedeceas
edhasl
eftawi
ll.Hes
hou
ldt
hengoo
ntor
ecei
ve,p
res
erv
e,an
d
admi
nis
tert
hep
rop
ert
iesl
eftbyt
hedeceas
ed.Thel
iq
uidat
ors
hou
ldal
sop
erf
orms
uch
o
theri
mpo
rtan
tfu
nct
ion
sases
tabl
is
hin
gthei
den
tit
yoft
hep
ers
onst
hatar
eel
igi
blet
o
r
ecei
vet
hei
nher
it
ance
,det
ermi
ni
ngwhatp
rop
ert
ymak
esu
pthees
tat
e,r
eco
ver
ingdebt
s
f
orwhi
cht
hedeceas
edwasacr
edi
tor
,an
dpay
ingdebt
sowedbyt
hes
ucces
sio
n c.8
,et

2.1.2.TheGui
dingPr
inci
plesofLi
qui
dat
ion

Ar
t.942o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
des
etsf
ort
hav
eryi
mpo
rtan
tpr
inci
ple.Thi
spr
inci
ples
erv
esas
agu
idel
inef
ort
heen
tir
epr
oces
sofl
iq
uidat
ion
.Her
eist
heco
nten
toft
heAr
ti
clei
n
f
ull
:

Ar
t.942.— Gu
idi
ngp
rinci
ple.

Sol
ongasas
ucces
sio
nhasn
otbeenl
iq
uidat
ed,i
tshal
lco
nst
it
uteadi
st
inctes
tat
e.

Bu
t,whatdo
es“
a di
st
inctes
tat
e”mean
? Li
ter
all
y,a di
st
inctes
tat
emean
sso
me
p
rop
ert
ysetas
idef
ora s
peci
alp
urp
ose.Ar
t.942o
bli
gest
hatt
hes
ucces
sio
nwi
ll

7 See,Ar
ti
cle956(
a),Id,whi
chi
mpl
iest
hatt
hel
iq
uidat
orbegi
nsp
erf
ormi
nghi
sfu
nct
ion
sby
makin
gas earchf
orawill
.
8 See,gener
all
y,Art
i e944,Id.
cl

82
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 83
Page
co
nst
it
uteadi
st
inctes
tat
epen
din
gli
qui
dat
ion
.An
don
eoft
hemo
sti
mpo
rtan
tpu
rpo
ses
o
fthedev
iceo
fli
qui
dat
ioni
sthes
ati
sfact
iono
fdebt
scl
aimedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
nin
f
avo
rofp
ers
onswi
thr
ight
fulcl
aims
.

Int
heco
ntextathan
d,t
hel
awco
nsi
der
sthes
ucces
sio
nadi
st
inctes
tat
e.Thep
rimar
y
r
eas
onbehi
ndt
hismo
ves
eemst
obet
hep
rot
ect
iono
fthei
nter
est
sofr
ight
fulp
ers
ons
.
Thes
ucces
sio
niss
peci
all
ykep
tfo
rtheben
efi
tofl
awf
ulcl
aiman
tsp
endi
ngl
iq
uidat
ion
.

Sol
ongasi
thasn
otbeenf
ull
yli
qui
dat
ed,hei
rs
,legat
ees
,an
dcr
edi
tor
s(bo
thcr
edi
tor
s
o
fthes
ucces
sio
nan
dthep
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
soft
hehei
rs
)wi
llhav
eanu
ndi
vi
dedi
nter
est
o
vert
he s
ucces
sio
n.Ar
ti
cle 943 p
rov
idesf
ora s
peci
fi
cin
stan
ce o
fthe p
ract
ical
ap
pli
cat
iono
fthep
rin
cip
les
etf
ort
hun
derAr
ti
cle942.Its
tat
est
hatt
hecr
edi
tor
sof
t
hes
ucces
sio
nshal
lhav
ethep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
anceast
hei
rexcl
usi
ves
ecu
rit
y.
Si
nce t
he cr
edi
tor
shav
eri
ghtt
osat
is
fyt
hei
rcl
aimsf
rom t
he p
rop
ert
yoft
he
i
nher
it
ance,t
hei
mpl
icat
ioni
sthatt
hel
awp
res
cri
best
hes
ett
ingas
ideo
fthes
ucces
sio
n
asadi
st
inctes
tat
efo
rthei
rpr
ote
cti
on.Thecr
edi
tor
smayr
equ
iret
heat
tachmen
tof
t
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ancei
nor
dert
osat
is
fyt
hei
rcl
aims
.Top
rot
ectt
hisr
ighto
f
t
hecr
edi
tor
s,t
hep
rop
ert
yfo
rmi
ngp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ancemayn
otmer
gewi
tht
he
p
ers
onalp
rop
ert
ieso
fthehei
rsp
endi
ngl
iq
uidat
ion
.Thatmean
s,hei
rshav
enodi
st
inct
r
ighto
vert
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ancebef
oret
heen
doft
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
s.By
t
hes
amet
oken
,per
son
alcr
edi
tor
soft
hehei
rss
hal
lhav
enor
ighto
nthep
rop
ert
ieso
f
t
hei
nher
it
ancewhi
let
hel
iq
uidat
ioni
sst
il
lgo
ingo
n.

Its
hou
ldben
otedatt
hisj
unct
iont
hatt
hes
ucces
sio
nisco
nsi
der
edadi
st
inctes
tat
e
o
nlyu
nti
lithasbeenf
ull
yli
qui
dat
ed.Thati
s,i
tceas
est
obeco
nsi
der
edass
uchwhen
t
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
sen
ds.Up
ont
hecl
osu
reo
fthel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
s,an
yremai
nin
g
p
rop
ert
yorr
ightwi
llmer
gewi
tho
therp
ers
onalp
rop
ert
ieso
fthehei
r.Sohap
pen
saf
ter
p
art
it
ioni
ntheev
entwher
ether
ear
emo
ret
hano
nehei
rs
.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

An
cho
rMi
croFi
nan
ceIn
sti
tut
e(AMFI)i
sal
ocali
nst
it
utet
hatl
endsmo
neyt
osmal
l-
s
cal
ebu
sin
essen
ter
pri
ses
.W/
roAs
terbo
rro
wed5,
000Bi
rrf
rom AMFIt
orei
nfo
rceher

83
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 84
Page
p
oul
tr
ybu
sin
ess
.Un
for
tun
atel
y,s
hedi
ed wi
tho
utr
epay
ingt
hel
oant
oAMFI.The
p
oul
tr
ybu
sin
esswen
tban
kru
ptwhi
leW/
roAs
terwasbedr
iddendu
rin
gthet
hreemo
nths
p
eri
odp
recedi
ngherdeat
h.W/
roAs
terhads
avedat
otalo
f8,
000Bi
rri
nhers
avi
ng
acco
untataban
kbef
ores
hedi
ed.Hers
on,Dedef
o,wan
tst
owi
thdr
awt
hemo
neyf
rom
W/
roAs
ter
’sacco
untt
ofi
nan
cet
hep
roces
shehass
tar
tedt
ogetav
isat
oSo
uth
Af
ri
ca.

Qu
est
ion
s

1.Ist
hei
nten
tio
nofDedef
olegi
ti
mat
eint
hel
ighto
fthei
nter
est
sofAMFI?Why
,
o
rwhyn
ot?
2.IfBez
abi
hisacr
edi
toro
fDedef
o,canhemak
ean
ylawf
ulcl
aimo
nthemo
ney
dep
osi
tedi
nW/
roAs
ter
’sban
kacco
unt
?Why
,orwhyn
ot?

Hi
nt

1.Dedef
o wi
llhav
eto wai
tun
tilt
he cl
osu
reo
fthe l
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
sbef
ore
wi
thdr
awi
ngan
ymo
neyf
rom W/
roAs
ter
’sban
kacco
untf
orhi
sper
son
alu
ses
.W/
ro
As
ter
’ss
ucces
sio
nhasn
oty
etbeenf
ull
yli
qui
dat
ed.Tr
ueen
ough,Dedef
oist
hes
ole
hei
r-
at-
law o
fW/
roAs
ter
.Ho
wev
er,t
hatf
actal
onedo
esn
oten
tit
lehi
mtot
he
i
nher
it
ance p
rop
ert
ybef
oret
he l
iq
uidat
ionp
has
e co
mest
o an en
d.AMFI,by
s
howi
ngt
hati
tist
hecr
edi
toro
fthedeceas
ed,mayr
equ
estaco
urto
flawt
oor
der
t
heat
tachmen
toft
hemo
neydep
osi
tedi
nW/
roAs
ter
’sban
kacco
unt
.Dedef
ois
en
tit
ledo
nlyt
owhati
slef
taf
terl
iq
uidat
ion
.Thati
s,hehasal
awf
ulcl
aimo
nlyo
n
t
heamo
unto
fmo
neyl
eftaf
tert
hedebtdu
etoAMFIhasbeens
erv
ed.
2.Whi
lel
iq
uidat
ioni
sst
il
lpen
din
g,Bez
abi
hhasn
ori
ghtt
ocl
aimp
aymen
tfr
omt
he
mo
neydep
osi
tedi
nW/
roAs
ter
’sban
kacco
unt
.Hewi
llhav
etowai
tun
tilt
he
cl
osu
reo
fli
qui
dat
ion
.Hemayf
orwar
dhi
scl
aim af
teral
lthecr
edi
tor
soft
he
s
ucces
sio
n,i
ncl
udi
ngAMFI,hav
ebeenp
aid.Si
ncet
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ance
mer
geswi
tht
he p
rop
ert
yofDedef
o,t
he hei
r,u
pont
he cl
osu
reo
fli
qui
dat
ion
,
Bez
abi
hmayr
equ
iret
hes
ati
sfact
iono
fhi
scl
aim byt
hen
.
3.

84
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 85
Page

2.1.3.Gener
alObj
ect
ivesoft
heChap
ter

When t
hey co
mpl
etet
hisChap
ter
,iti
sexp
ect
ed t
hats
tuden
tswi
llacq
uir
ethe
k
nowl
edge,s
kil
ls
,an
dat
ti
tudet
heyn
eedt
oper
son
all
yun
der
tak
ethel
iq
uidat
iono
fthe
s
ucces
sio
nofadeadp
ers
on,o
ffers
oun
dlawy
erl
yadv
iceo
nli
qui
dat
ion
-rel
atedmat
ter
s,
an
dso
lvebo
thr
ealan
dhy
pot
het
icalcas
esi
nvo
lvi
ngi
ssu
eso
fli
qui
dat
ioni
nacco
rdan
ce
wi
tht
her
ele
van
tpr
ovi
si
onso
fthel
awby
,amo
ngo
thert
hin
gs,i
nter
nal
izi
ngt
hes
peci
fi
cs
o
fthel
egalr
ulesgo
ver
nin
gthemo
deso
fap
poi
ntmen
t,du
ties
,li
abi
li
ti
es,an
dsco
peo
f
p
owero
fal
iq
uidat
or,aswel
last
hemean
ingan
del
emen
tso
fli
qui
dat
ion
.

Sp
eci
fi
cal
ly,af
terf
ini
shi
ngt
heChap
ter
,st
uden
tswi
l,i
l nt
eral
ia,beabl
eto
:

 In
ter
nal
izet
hewhat
nes
soft
hel
iq
uidat
iono
fas
ucces
sio
n;
 Un
der
stan
dthemean
ingan
dco
nst
it
uen
tso
fadi
st
inctes
tat
eint
heco
ntexto
f
t
heLawo
fSu
cce
ssi
ons
;
 Di
scu
sst
hes
ign
ifi
can
ceo
fthedev
iceo
fdi
st
inctes
tat
eint
her
eals
oci
etall
if
e
es
peci
all
yinr
elat
iont
other
ight
sofp
ers
onswhohav
elegi
ti
mat
ecl
aimso
vert
he
s
ucces
sio
n;
 Di
scu
sst
hemo
deso
fap
poi
ntmen
tofal
iq
uidat
or;
 An
aly
zet
hedu
ties
,li
abi
li
ti
es,an
dthes
cop
eofp
owero
fthel
iq
uidat
or;
 Ou
tli
net
heo
pti
onsav
ail
abl
efo
rhei
rsan
dlegat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
leaf
tert
hey
ar
ecal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
n;
 Iden
tif
ythemo
deso
fpay
men
tan
dthei
den
tit
yoft
her
eci
pi
ent
soft
hedebt
sof
as
ucces
sio
n;
 Di
scu
sss
uchi
ssu
esast
hegr
oun
dsf
ort
hecl
osu
reo
fli
qui
dat
ion
,an
dthel
egal
ef
fect
sofcl
osu
re;an
d
 Di
sser
tat
eabo
utt
her
ighto
fcr
edi
tor
swhoap
pearaf
tercl
osu
rean
dthedu
ty,i
f
an
y,o
fthehei
rs
.

2.1.4.Cont
ent
sandOr
gani
zat
ionoft
heChap
ter

TheChap
teri
sdi
vi
dedi
ntos
ixdi
st
inctSect
ion
s.Sav
efo
ra co
upl
eoft
hem,al
l
Sect
ion
sar
ethems
elv
esi
ntu
rndi
vi
dedi
ntoSu
b-Sect
ion
s.Her
eisabr
iefs
yno
psi
sof

85
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 86
Page
t
heco
nten
tsan
dthep
att
erno
for
gan
izat
iono
ftheChap
ter
.

Sect
ionOn
e-t
hep
res
entSect
ion-i
smean
ttoi
ntr
odu
cet
heco
nten
tsan
dst
ruct
ureo
f
t
heChap
teran
dit
ssu
bjectmat
ter-l
iq
uidat
iono
fas
ucces
sio
n.Ithasf
ourSu
b-
Sect
ion
s.The Fi
rs
tSu
b-Sect
ionp
urp
ort
stop
rov
ide t
he mean
ingo
fthe t
erm
“
li
qui
dat
ion
”int
he co
ntexto
fthe Law o
fSu
cces
sio
ns.The Seco
nd exp
lor
est
he
gu
idi
ngp
rin
cip
leso
nwhi
cht
hewho
lep
roces
sofl
iq
uidat
ioni
sbas
ed.TheThi
rds
ets
f
ort
htheen
vis
ion
ed gen
eralo
bje
cti
veso
ftheChap
ter
.Wher
eas
,theFo
urt
hSu
b-
Sect
ion-t
heo
neathan
d-o
utl
inest
heco
nten
tsaswel
last
hep
att
erni
nwhi
cht
he
Chap
teran
dit
sel
emen
tshav
ebeeno
rgan
ized.

Li
qui
dat
ioni
sanacto
rap
roces
s.Itt
husn
atu
ral
lyr
equ
iresani
nst
it
uti
ont
ocar
ryi
tou
t.
As
ucces
sio
nisl
iq
uidat
edbyo
neo
rmo
rep
ers
onscal
ledl
iq
uidat
ors
.Sect
ionTwoi
son
“
TheLi
qui
dat
oro
faSu
cces
sio
n”.Itexami
nesi
ssu
ess
uchaswhot
hel
iq
uidat
ori
s,ho
w
hei
sap
poi
nted,whathi
sfu
nct
ion
s,p
ower
san
ddu
tiesar
e,et
c.

Li
qui
dat
ioni
nvo
lvesaho
sto
fact
ivi
ti
es.Iti
s,t
her
efo
re,wo
rthwhi
let
otak
eacl
osel
ook
att
hean
ato
myo
fthes
eact
ivi
ti
es.Thi
sChap
teren
ter
tai
nss
omeo
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtan
t
o
ftho
seact
ivi
ti
es.Sect
ionThr
eeexp
lor
est
hep
roces
sofi
den
tif
yin
gther
ight
fulhei
rs
an
dlegat
eeso
fas
ucces
sio
n.Oni
tsp
art
,Sect
ionFo
urdi
scu
ssest
he“
how”o
fthe
admi
nis
trat
iono
fas
ucces
sio
n.An
dSect
ionFi
veexami
nest
het
ypeo
fdebt
sthatmay
becl
aimedf
rom as
ucces
sio
n,an
dtheo
rderan
dman
nero
fpay
men
tofs
uchdebt
s.

Li
qui
dat
ioni
sno
tani
ndef
ini
tep
roces
s.Itwi
llco
met
oanen
dup
ont
hef
ulf
il
lmen
tof
cer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
ons
.Sect
ionSi
xpr
ovi
desabr
iefo
ver
viewo
fthegr
oun
dsf
or,an
dmat
ter
s
p
receden
tan
dsu
bseq
uen
ttot
hecl
osu
reo
fthel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
s.

2.2. THELIQUIDATOR OFA SUCCESSION

86
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 87
Page

2.2.1. Whoi
sthe"
Liq
uidat
or"
?

Li
qui
dat
ion
,asal
ludedt
oear
li
er,i
sap
roces
s.Iti
sap
roces
sthati
nvo
lvesas
eri
eso
f
t
ask
san
dact
ivi
ti
es.Ass
uch,i
tnat
ural
lyr
equ
iresanexecu
tin
gin
sti
tut
ion
.

Ar
ti
cle946o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dees
tabl
is
hest
hatexecu
tin
gin
sti
tut
iondes
ign
atedwi
tht
he
t
asko
fcar
ryi
ngo
utt
hel
iq
uidat
iono
fas
ucces
sio
n.TheAr
ti
clei
nqu
est
ionr
eads
:

“
Asu
cces
sio
n,whet
heri
ntes
tat
eort
est
ate,s
hal
lbel
iq
uidat
edbyo
ne
o
rmo
rep
ers
ons
…ref
err
edt
oas‘
thel
iq
uidat
ors
’”.

Thel
iq
uidat
or,t
her
efo
re,i
sno
thi
ng bu
tthei
nst
it
uti
ondes
ign
ated wi
tht
het
asko
f
car
ryi
ngo
utt
hel
iq
uidat
iono
fagi
vens
ucces
sio
n.Fr
omt
hes
pir
ito
fthes
tat
emen
tof
Ar
ti
cle946an
dit
sen
vir
ons
,itcanbei
nfer
redt
hatt
het
erm“
per
son
”isemp
loy
edt
o
r
eferexcl
usi
vel
yton
atu
ralo
rphy
sicalp
ers
ons
.Thu
s,al
iq
uidat
ori
sahu
manp
ers
onwho
i
sinchar
geo
fthep
roces
sofl
iq
uidat
ion
.Itgo
eswi
tho
uts
ayi
ngt
hatas
ucces
sio
nmay
hav
eon
eormo
rel
iq
uidat
ors
.

Thei
nst
it
uti
ono
fthel
iq
uidat
ort
akesadi
ffer
entn
amei
not
herj
uri
sdi
cti
ons
.Thi
sist
he
cas
epar
ti
cul
arl
yinco
unt
ri
est
hats
ubs
cri
bet
otheco
mmo
nlawl
egals
yst
em.Int
hos
e
9
j
uri
sdi
cti
ons
,the t
erms“
execu
tor
”an
d“admi
ni
st
rat
or” ar
eus
ed i
nref
eren
ce t
oa
s
imi
lari
nst
it
uti
onwhi
cht
heEt
hio
pianLawo
fSu
cces
sio
nscal
ls“
li
qui
dat
or”
.

An“
execu
tor
”isap
ers
onwhoi
sap
poi
ntedbyawi
llt
ocar
ryi
ntoef
fectt
hep
rov
isi
ons
10
o
fthewi
llan
dtoadmi
nis
tert
hees
tat
eoft
het
est
ato
r .Hi
sau
tho
rit
ytoacti
sder
ived
f
romt
hewi
ll
.Inco
ntr
ast
,an“
admi
ni
st
rat
or”i
sap
poi
ntedbyt
heco
urtt
oadmi
nis
tert
he
es
tat
eoft ed11.
hedeceas

Thef
unct
ion
soft
hel
iq
uidat
orar
enu
mer
ousan
dpai
nst
aki
ng,an
dmayev
enen
tai
l
p
ers
onall
iabi
li
ty.Asamat
tero
fpr
inci
pl
e,t
hel
iq
uidat
ormu
stbeadi
li
gen
tper
son
cap
abl
eofadmi
nis
ter
ingt
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hedeceas
edasabo
nusp
ater
fami
li
as.He
s
hou
ldal
sobeap
ers
ono
fin
tegr
it
yan
dthi
ckp
ati
ence.

9 Ren
del
l,Cat
her
ine
.( .Lawo
1997) fSu
cces
sion.Macmi
ll
anLawMas
ter
s:Macmi
ll
an.p
.138.
10 Id.
11 Id.
87
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 88
Page
TheEt
hio
pianLaw o
fSu
cces
sio
nsp
rov
idesf
orv
ari
ousmechan
ismst
hro
ughwhi
cha
p
ers
onmayas
sumet
heo
ffi
ceo
fthel
iq
uidat
or.Wewi
lldi
scu
sst
hos
emechan
ismsi
n
t
heco
min
gSu
b-Sect
ioni
nadet
ail
edf
ashi
on.Bu
tatt
hisj
unct
ure,i
tisi
mpo
rtan
tto
n
otet
hata l
iq
uidat
ori
sexp
ect
edt
odi
schar
gehi
sdu
tiesf
ait
hfu
lly
,di
li
gen
tly
,an
d
v
igi
lan
tly
,what
evert
hemechan
ismt
hro
ughwhi
chhehasco
met
oho
ldt
hef
unct
ion
.
Mo
reo
ver
,nodi
st
inct
ionwhat
soev
eri
smadebet
weenl
iq
uidat
orswi
thr
esp
ectt
opo
wer
s,
r
ight
s,an
ddu
tieso
nthebas
iso
ftheman
nero
fap
poi
ntmen
t.

2.2.2. Mechani
smsofAp
poi
ntmentofaLi
qui
dat
or

2.2.2.1. Des
ignat
ionbyLaw

On
eoft
hemechan
ismso
fap
poi
ntmen
tofal
iq
uidat
ori
sdes
ign
ati
onbyt aw12.The
hel
l
awdes
ign
atest
hecap
aci
tyo
fli
qui
dat
ort
othehei
rs
-at
-l
awo
fthedeceas
ed.Hei
rs
-at
-
l
awas
sumet
heo
ffi
ceo
fli
qui
dat
ors
olel
ybyt
heo
per
ati
ono
ft aw13.Wher
hel eap
ers
on
di
eswho
llyi
ntes
tat
e;o
rwher
ethedeceas
eddi
eswi
tho
utl
eav
ingawi
llatal
l;o
rwher
e
he di
esl
eav
ing a wi
ll
,bu
tthe wi
lli
sei
thers
ubs
equ
ent
lydecl
ared i
nval
id bya
co
mpe
ten
tco
urto
flaw o
rfai
lst
oap
poi
ntal
iq
uidat
or,t
hef
unct
iono
fli
qui
dat
orwi
ll
dev
olv
etohi
shei
rs
-at
-l
aw.

Ar
ti
cle947o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
des
tat
est
hat“
ont
hedayo
fdeat
h,t
hecap
aci
tyo
f
l
iq
uidat
ors
hal
lper
tai
n‘i
psof
act
o’t
othehei
rs
-at
-l
aw”
.Her
e,t
hep
hras
e“i
psof
act
o”
ap
pear
stobeabi
tco
nfu
sin
g.Bu
twecans
imp
lyi
gno
ret
hisp
hras
east
het
it
leo
fthe
s
ameAr
ti
cle,whi
chr
eads“
Des
ign
ati
onbyt
hel
aw”
,mak
esi
tun
equ
ivo
cal
lycl
eart
hat
hei
rsau
tomat
ical
lybeco
mel
iq
uidat
orsbyt
heo
per
ati
ono
fthel
aw.Theyas
sumet
he
o
ffi
ce becau
seo
fthe mer
efactt
hatt
heyhap
pent
obe t
he hei
rs
-at
-l
aw o
fthe
deceas
ed.

2.2.2.2. Ap
poi
ntmentbyWi
ll

12 See,gener
all
y,Ar
ti
cle947,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
13 Id.

88
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 89
Page
Ap
ers
onhasar
ightt
osp
eci
fy,byal
egal
lyv
ali
dwi
ll
,theman
neri
nwhi
chhi
ses
tat
e
s
hou
ldbedi
spo
sedo
faf
terhi
sdeat
h.Hehasal
sot
hep
owert
onameap
ers
ono
r
p
ers
onswho
m hewan
tst
oov
ers
eet
hedi
spo
sit
ion
.Thati
not
herwo
rdsmean
s,hecan
ap
poi
ntt
hel
iq
uidat
oro
fhi
ssu
cces
sio
nbyhi
swi
ll
.

Thet
est
ato
rhasar
ightt
obes
towt
hecap
aci
tyo
fli
qui
dat
ort
oan
yper
sonhet
hin
ksf
it
.
Hemaycho
oseo
neo
rmo
reo
fhi
shei
rs
-at
-l
awt
obet
hel
iq
uidat
oro
fhi
ssu
cces
sio
n.He
mayev
enap
poi
ntano
uts
iderwhohasn
orel
ati
onwhat
soev
erwi
th hi
m.Al
tho
ugh
ap
poi
nti
ngal
iq
uidat
ori
sno
taco
mmo
npr
act
icei
nEt
hio
pia,mo
stt
est
ato
rswhodo
ap
poi
nto
nedes
ign
atet
hei
rcl
oses
trel
ati
veso
rfr
ien
dsasl
iq
uidat
ors
.

Iti
spr
esu
medt
hatt
het
est
ato
rap
poi
ntst
hep
ers
onwho
m het
rus
tsmo
stasl
iq
uidat
or.
Its
eems
,theEt
hio
pianLawo
fSu
cces
sio
ntak
est
hatp
res
ump
tio
nto
o.Sol
ongast
he
ap
poi
ntmen
tismadei
nco
mpl
ian
cewi
tht
hep
ert
inen
tlegalp
rov
isi
ons
,thel
awr
esp
ect
s
t
het
est
ato
r’swi
sh.Itev
engi
vesp
rio
rit
ytot
est
ame
ntar
yap
poi
ntmen
tov
ero
ther
s.

Wher
ethedeceas
edhasl
eftav
ali
dwi
ll
,an
dwher
ehehasv
ali
dlyn
amedap
ers
onas
14
al
iq
uidat
or,t
hep
ers
ons
onameds
hal
lbet
hes
olel
iq
uidat
oro
fthes
ucces
sio
n .No
o
therp
ers
onmayt
aket
hep
osi
ti
on–n
otev
ent
hos
edes
ign
atedbyl
aw.Tes
tamen
tar
y
15
ap
poi
ntmen
tpr
evai
lso
veral
lot
hermo
deso
fap
poi
ntmen
t .

Thel
awap
par
ent
lyt
akesagr
eatdealo
fcar
etoo
bser
vet
hedeceas
ed’
sdy
ingwi
sh.
Remar
kabl
y,i
tisn
otco
nfi
nedt
oju
str
esp
ect
ingt
het
est
ato
r’swi
sh.Itgo
est
oagr
eat
l
engt
htot
ryan
dfi
ndt
hei
nten
tio
noft
hedeceas
edwi
thr
esp
ectt
otheap
poi
ntmen
tof
l
iq
uidat
or.Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
hedeceas
edmayhav
ele
ftav
ali
dwi
llbu
thadf
ail
edt
omak
e
an
yexp
res
sdi
spo
sit
ionast
owho
m hewi
shest
obet
hel
iq
uidat
or.Thel
awl
endsahan
d
t
ofi
lls
uchgap
.Ar
ti
cle948(
2)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
idest
hati
nsu
chacas
e,t
he
cap
aci
tyo
fli
qui
dat
ors
hal
lper
tai
n“i
psoj
ure”t
othe l
egat
eesby u
niv
ers
alt
it
le
ap
poi
ntedi
nthewi
ll
.

That
,the
ref
ore,mean
sthatf
ail
ingan
yexp
res
sdi
spo
sit
ionbyt
het
est
ato
r,t
hel
aw
16
as
sign
slegat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
let
otheo
ffi
ceo
fthel
iq
uidat
or .Legat
eesbyu
niv
ers
al

14 See,general
ly,Arti
cle948(
1),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
15 Id.
16 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.

89
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 90
Page
t
it
lear
eper
son
swho
mthet
est
ato
rhascal
ledt
orecei
veo
newho
leo
rap
ort
iono
fhi
s
i
nher
it
ance17.Its
eems
,thel
awt
ookt
hisp
osi
ti
onp
res
umi
ngt
hef
actt
hatt
het
est
ato
r
wo
uldhav
epr
efer
redt
hos
eper
son
swho
m hehasap
poi
ntedl
egat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
le
al
sot
obet
hel
iq
uidat
orso
fhi
ssu
cces
sio
n.

Ak
int
othet
erm“
ips
ofact
o”i
nAr
ti
cle947,t
het
er i
m“ps
ojur
e”i
nAr
ti
cle948(
2)o
f
t
he Ci
vi
lCo
de ap
pear
sto be co
nfu
sin
g.The t
wo t
ermss
eem t
o be mi
spl
aced
er
ron
eou
sly
.Theybo
thwo
uldhav
ebeenmo
res
ens
ibl
eift
heys
wit
chedp
laces
.

Asamat
tero
fru
le,al
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
leacq
uir
esan
yri
ghto
vert
hes
ucces
sio
n
becau
seo
fthef
actt
hatt
hedeceas
edhasi
ncl
udedhi
minhi
swi
ll
.Hi
sap
poi
ntmen
tas
al
iq
uidat
orf
oll
owsf
romt
hisf
act
.Ther
efo
re,al
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lebeco
mesa
l
iq
uidat
ori
psof
act
o,noti
psoj
ure.Its
hou
ld,ho
wev
er,ben
otedt
hatt
hisi
sju
sts
ome
l
ingu
ist
icmi
shap
.Whet
heral
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lei
psof
act
oli
qui
dat
oro
ranhei
r-
at
-
l sani
awi psoj
uredoesnots
ubs
tan
tial
lymat
ter
.

Ar
ti
cle948(
3)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
idest
hatwher
ea l
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
le
hap
pen
stoho
ldt
heo
ffi
ceo
fli
qui
dat
orbyt
heo
per
ati
ono
fAr
ti
cle948(
2)o
ftheCi
vi
l
Co
de,t
hehei
rs
-at
-l
aw s
hal
lal
soactasj
oin
tli
qui
dat
ors
.Bu
tther
eap
pear
stobea
di
scr
epan
cybet
weent
heAmhar
ican
dtheEn
gli
shv
ers
ion
sofAr
ti
cle948(
3).The
En
gli
shv
ers
ionmak
esi
tcl
eart
hathei
rs
-at
-l
aw t
hathav
ebeendi
si
nher
it
edbyt
he
deceas
edmyn
otactasl
iq
uidat
ors
.

As i
tmi
ghtbe r
ecal
led,t
he deceas
ed may i
n hi
s wi
llexp
res
sly di
si
nher
ithi
s
des
cen
dan
ts,i
ncl
udi
ng hi
sown chi
ldr
en,by gi
vi
ngar
eas
on whi
ch j
ust
if
ies t
he
18
di
sher
is
on .Mo
reo
ver
,hemayt
aci
tl
ydi
si
nher
ithi
srel
ati
veso
fthes
eco
nddegr
eean
d
bey
ond19.Theexcl
usi
ono
fsu
chhei
rs
-at
-l
awf
romt
hef
unct
iono
fli
qui
dat
ormak
ess
ens
e
ast
hedeceas
edhasap
par
ent
lyo
npu
rpo
sel
eftt
hos
epeo
pleo
uto
fhi
ssu
cces
sio
nwi
tha
v
iew t
opu
nis
hin
gthem f
ors
omewr
ongf
ulact
.Whati
smo
re,o
ncet
heyhav
ebeen
v
ali
dlydi
si
nher
it
edbyt
het
est
ato
r,t
heywi
llhav
enor
ighto
ran
yot
hercl
aim what
soev
er
o
vert
he s
ucces
sio
n.So
,asf
arast
he s
ucces
sio
nisco
ncer
ned,t
hos
epeo
ple ar
e

17 See,Arti
cle912(1)
,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
18 Arti
cle938( ,Id.
1)
19 Arti
cle939( ,Id.
1)

90
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 91
Page
i
rr
elev
antan
dun
wel
come
.Ther
eisn
opo
inti
nin
vol
vi
ngs
uchp
eop
lei
nan
ythi
nghav
ing
t
odowi
tht
hes
ucces
sio
nast
hei
rin
vol
vemen
tisp
robabl
yco
unt
erp
rodu
cti
ve,t
osayt
he
l
eas
t.

Inco
ntr
ast
,theAmhar
icv
ers
iono
fAr
ti
cle948
(3)i
mpar
tst
hemes
saget
hatwher
e,
becau
seo
ftheap
pli
cat
iono
fAr
ti
cle948(
2),al
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lebeco
mes
l
iq
uidat
or,t
hehei
rs
-at
-l
awmayn
otactasj
oin
tli
qui
dat
ors
.Thati
s,hei
rs
-at
-l
awar
eno
t
en
tit
ledt
oactasl
iq
uidat
ors
.Rat
her
,on
lyt
hel
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lewi
llhav
ethe
p
owert
oper
for
mthef
unct
ion
.

Ar
guabl
y,t
heEn
gli
shv
ers
iono
fthi
sAr
ti
clei
smo
rel
ogi
calan
dsen
sibl
ethant
he
Amhar
ico
ne.On
ethi
ngs
hou
ld,ho
wev
er,bek
epti
nmi
nd.Thati
s,t
heAmhar
icv
ers
ion
i
sal
way
stheco
ntr
oll
ingan
dpr
evai
li
ngv
ers
ion
.

2.2.2.3. Incap
abl
eLi
qui
dat
or

Ap
ers
onmaybet
hehei
r-
at-
law o
fthedeceas
edo
rmi
ghthav
ebeenap
poi
nteda
l
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lebyt
hedeceas
edi
nhi
swi
ll
.Asdi
scu
sseds
hor
tl
year
li
er,an
hei
r-
at-
law hast
her
ightt
ocl
aimt
heo
ffi
ceo
fthel
iq
uidat
orbyt
heo
per
ati
ono
f
Ar
ti
cles947an
d948(
3).A l
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lei
sal
soel
igi
blet
othes
ameo
ffi
ce
t
han
kst
oAr
ti
cle948(
2).

Bu
tsu
chap
ers
onmayhap
pent
obei
ncap
abl
eint
ermso
fthel
angu
ageo
fthel
aw.He
may
,fo
rexamp
le,beami
noro
rani
nter
dict
edp
ers
on.Fo
ral
lpu
rpo
ses
,ami
noro
ran
i
nter
dict
edp
ers
onhast
hes
amer
ightaso
ther
s.

Asamat
tero
ffact
,ami
noro
rani
nter
dict
edp
ers
onl
ack
sthecap
aci
tyt
oactasa
l
iq
uidat
or.Thati
sar
guabl
ytr
uebo
thi
nter
mso
fthel
egalan
dli
ter
als
ens
eso
fthet
erm.
Remember
,li
qui
dat
ioni
sadau
nti
ngt
askev
enf
ors
omeo
newhoi
scap
abl
e.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,
t
he l
aw as
sign
sthe t
uto
roft
he i
ncap
abl
eper
sont
orep
res
entt
he l
att
erf
ort
he
20
p
erf
orman
ceo
fthef
unct
ion
sofl
iq
uidat
or .

20 Ar
ti
cle940,Id.

91
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 92
Page
2.2.2.4. Ap
poi
ntmentbyCour
t

Itmayhap
pent
hatas
ucces
sio
nremai
nswi
tho
utal
iq
uidat
orev
enaf
tert
heap
pli
cat
ion
o
fAr
ti
cles947,948,an
d949o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de.Su
chas
cen
ari
oco
uldhap
penwher
e
al
lthehei
rs
-at
-l
aw an
dlegat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
ledecl
inei
nher
it
ance.Di
tt
ofo
ra
v
acan
tsu
cces
sio
nwher
ethes
ucces
sio
nist
akenbyt
hes
tat
e.

Ins
uchanev
ent
,theco
urti
nter
ven
es.Itap
poi
ntsal
iq
uidat
oru
pont
heap
pli
cat
iono
f
an
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
on.Int
hep
res
entco
ntext
,al
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
leo
rthep
ubl
ic
p
ros
ecu
torco
uldber
egar
dedasi
nter
est
edp
ers
on.Inp
art
icu
lar
,theco
urtap
poi
ntsa
l
iq
uidat
ori
nei
thero
fthef
oll
owi
ngt
ocas
es:

 Whent
he s
ucces
sio
nisa v
acan
ton
e. Thati
s,whenn
oper
sonap
pear
s
cl
aimi
ngt
hathei
sanhei
r,o
rwhenal
loft
hehei
rsr
eno
uncet
hes
ucces
sio
n,o
r
21
whenal
loft
hehei
rsdon
otwan
ttol
iq
uidat
ethes
ucces
sio
n .
 Whent
hes
ucces
sio
ngo
est
othes
tat
e.Thati
s,wher
ether
eisn
oper
son
22
l
egal
lyen
tit
ledt
orecei
vet
hes
ucces
sio
n .

2.2.2.5. Ot
herCas
esofJudi
cialAp
poi
ntment

Ther
eiso
ne mo
rep
oss
ibi
li
tyf
orj
udi
ciali
nter
ven
tio
n.The co
urtmayr
epl
ace a
l
iq
uidat
oral
readyap
poi
ntedi
nter
mso
fAr
ti
cles947,948,949,o
r950o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de.
Ther
ear
ean
umbero
fvar
iou
sgr
oun
dsf
ort
heco
urtt
omak
esu
chr
epl
acemen
t.The
f
oll
owi
ngar
eso
meo
fthegr
oun
ds:

 Wher
e,i
nthe cas
eofa t
est
ame
ntar
yli
qui
dat
or,t
he v
ali
dit
yoft
he
ap
poi
ntmen
tisi
mpu
gned23;
 Wher
ether
ear
esev
erall
iq
uidat
orsan
dtheyu
nabl
etoagr
eeo
nthe
24
man
nero
fthel
iq
uidat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n ;
 Wheno
neo
rmo
reo
fthehei
rsi
sin
cap
abl
eori
sno
t,f
oran
yot
herr
eas
on,
25
i
nap
osi
ti
ont
olo
okaf
terhi
sin
ter
est
s ;

21 Ar
ticle950(
1),Civi
lCo
de.
22 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
23 Su
b- Art
icl
e(a),Id.
24 Su
b- Art
icl
e(b),Id.
25 Su
b- Art
icl
e(c),Id.

92
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 93
Page
 When t
he l
iq
uidat
ori
sno act
iveo
rdi
li
gen
t,o
risa s
quan
der
ero
r
26
di
sho
nes
t .

Fi
nal
ly,i
tsho
uldben
otedt
hatt
heco
urtact
sup
ont
heap
pli
cat
iono
fan
yin
ter
est
ed
27
p
ers
on .Thati
s,t
heco
urtr
epl
acesal
iq
uidat
oro
nlywhenani
nter
est
edp
ers
onap
pli
es
t
othatef
fect
.Her
e,anhei
r-
at-
law,al
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alo
rsi
ngu
lart
it
le,o
rthep
ubl
ic
p
ros
ecu
torco
uldber
egar
dedasani
nter
est
edp
ers
on.

2.2.3. Nat
ureoft
heFunct
ionsoft
heLi
qui
dat
or

Thef
unct
iono
fli
qui
dat
ori
svo
lun
tar
y.Nop
ers
oni
sbo
undt
otak
etheo
ffi
ceo
fthe
l
iq
uidat
orwi
tho
uthi
sco
nsen
t.In o
therwo
rds
,noo
nei
sco
mpel
led t
o beco
me a
l
iq
uidat
or,ev
eni
fhehasbeenap
poi
ntedi
nter
mso
fthep
rov
isi
onso
fthep
ert
inen
t
Ar
ti
cles
.

Byt
hes
amet
oken
,thel
iq
uidat
ormayr
esi
gnaf
ters
tar
ti
nghi
sfu
nct
ion
s.Acco
rdi
ngt
o
Ar
ti
cle95
4(1)
,thel
iq
uidat
ormayr
esi
gnatan
yti
me.Thi
siss
avi
ngwher
ehehas
exp
res
slyco
mmi
tt
ed hi
msel
ftop
erf
orm hi
sfu
nct
ion
supt
othe co
ncl
usi
ono
fthe
l
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
sorf
oradef
ini
tep
eri
odo
fti
me.

Ho
wev
er,anu
nti
mel
yres
ign
ati
onmayen
tai
lper
son
all
iabi
li
ty.Thel
iq
uidat
ormayn
ot
r
esi
gnatat
ime“
whi
chi
sno
tco
nven
ien
t”.Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
hel
iq
uidat
ormayn
otr
esi
gn
whi
let
her
ear
eper
is
habl
ego
odso
utt
her
ethats
eekhi
simmedi
ateat
ten
tio
n.Ifhe
r
esi
gnsatt
hisp
art
icu
lart
ime,hewi
llp
ers
onal
lybeart
hel
oss
.(SeeAr
ti
cle954(
2)cu
m.
Ar
ti
cle961)
.

Theo
therp
oin
tist
hatt
hel
iq
uidat
ormayn
otn
eces
sar
il
ybep
aidf
orhi
sfu
nct
ion
s.
Ar
ti
cle959p
rov
idest
hatt
hel
iq
uidat
ors
hal
lbeen
tit
ledt
oremu
ner
ati
ono
nlywher
ethi
s
i
sju
sti
fi
edbyt
hewo
rkhehasp
erf
ormed.An
dther
emu
ner
ati
on,wher
ean
y,i
spai
d
u
ndert
heco
ndi
ti
onsdet
ermi
nedbyt
hedeceas
ed,o
rbyagr
eemen
tbet
weent
hehei
rs
,or
byt
heco
urt
.

26 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
d)
27 Ar
ticle951,Civ
ilCode
.

93
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 94
Page
Whenan
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
onap
pli
es,t
heco
urtmayr
equ
iret
hel
iq
uidat
ort
ofu
rni
sh
s
ecu
rit
yors
omeo
thergu
aran
teef
ort
hep
rop
erp
erf
orman
ceo
fhi
sfu
nct
ion
s.Anhei
r-
at
-
law,a l
egat
ee by u
niv
ers
alo
rsi
ngu
lart
it
le,o
rthe p
ubl
icp
ros
ecu
torco
uld be
co
nsi
der
edani
nter
est
edp
ers
onf
ort
hisp
urp
ose.Theap
pli
can
tmayi
nvo
keaho
sto
f
v
ari
ousr
eas
onsf
orhi
smo
ve.Hemay
,fo
rexamp
le,ci
tet
hedi
sho
nes
tyo
fthel
iq
uidat
or.
Ho
wev
er,gi
vent
hev
olu
ntar
yan
dgr
atu
ito
usn
atu
reo
fhi
sfu
nct
ion
s,i
tseemsp
ract
ical
ly
i
ron
ict
omak
ehi
m ho
nes
tordi
li
gen
tsi
mpl
ybyr
equ
iri
nghi
mtogi
veas
ecu
rit
y.

Thef
unct
ion
sofal
iq
uidat
orwi
llt
ermi
nat
ewher
ehei
srep
lacedbyan
ewl
iq
uidat
or.
Al
iq
uidat
ormaybev
ali
dlyr
epl
ace
dinco
nfo
rmi
tywi
tht
hel
aw,t
hewi
ll
,oradeci
si
on
o
ftheco
urt
.Theymayal
sot
ermi
nat
ewher
ethel
iq
uidat
orhasf
ull
yacco
mpl
is
hedhi
s
28
f
unct
ion
san
dren
der
edanacco
unto
fhi
sman
agemen
t .

2.2.4. Power
sandDut
iesoft
heLi
qui
dat
or

Thel
iq
uidat
or’
sfu
nct
ion
sar
een
ormo
us.Themo
sti
mpo
rtan
tofhi
sfu
nct
ion
scanbe
gen
eral
izedasf
oll
owsbyr
eadi
ngAr
ti
cle944o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dei
nco
nju
nct
ionwi
th
Ar
ti
cle956o
fthes
ameCo
de.Wewi
lls
eet
hes
efu
nct
ion
sinagr
eat
erdet
aili
nthe
co
min
gSect
ion
s.

 Se
archf
orawi
llo
fthedeceas
ed:Thi
sisav
eryi
mpo
rtan
tst
epi
ndet
ermi
nin
g
whet
hert
hes
ucces
sio
nist
est
ateo
rin
tes
tat
e.
 Det
ermi
nat
iono
fper
son
swhoar
e cal
led t
othe s
ucces
sio
n:Ifa v
ali
d an
d
u
nco
ntes
tedwi
lli
sdi
sco
ver
ed,t
her
ewi
llben
opr
obl
em -t
hep
ers
onsn
amedi
n
t
hewi
lls
hal
lal
onebecal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
n.Ift
her
eisn
owi
ll
,ori
ftheco
urt
i
nval
idat
esi
t,t
he r
eci
pi
ent
sshal
lbe det
ermi
ned acco
rdi
ngt
othe r
uleso
f
i
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n.
 Det
ermi
nat
iono
fthep
rop
ert
ythatco
nst
it
utest
hes
ucces
sio
n:Thi
sisp
robabl
y
t
hemo
stdi
ffi
cul
tpar
toft
hef
unct
ion
soft
hel
iq
uidat
or.Iti
nvo
lvest
hedi
sco
ver
y
an
dco
llect
iono
fthep
rop
ert
ieso
fthedeceas
ed,t
her
eco
ver
yofdebt
sdu
eto
an
dthep
aymen
tofdebt
sdu
ebyt
hes
ucces
sio
nwhi
char
eexi
gibl
e.

28 See,gener
all
y,Ar
ti
cle955,Ci
vi
lCo
de.

94
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 95
Page
 Admi
nis
trat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n:Thi
sin
vol
vest
heday
-to
-dayt
endi
ngo
fthe
s
ucces
sio
nbyt
hel
iq
uidat
or.
 Pay
men
tofdebt
soft
hes
ucces
sio
n:A n
umbero
fcr
edi
tor
smayl
odgecl
aim
agai
nstt
hes
ucces
sio
nfo
rthep
aymen
toft
hedebt
sdu
etot
hem.Thes
edebt
s
s
hou
ldbep
aidi
nacco
rdan
cewi
tht
heo
rderan
dtheman
nerp
res
cri
bedbyt
he
l
aw.

Thel
iq
uidat
orhass
ever
alp
ower
san
ddu
ties
.Ho
wev
er,t
hedeceas
edo
rtheco
urtmay
l
imi
tthep
ower
soft
hel
iq
uidat
oro
rgi
vehi
min
str
uct
ion
sregar
din
gtheman
nerho
whe
29
s
hou
ldp
erf
orm hi
sfu
nct
ion
s .No
net
hel
ess
,theco
urtmay
,fo
rgo
odr
eas
on,mo
dif
ysu
ch
30
i
nst
ruct
ion
s .

Thel
iq
uidat
ori
sdu
tybo
undt
ore
ndert
heacco
unt
sofhi
sman
agemen
twhenhehas
31
acco
mpl
is
hedhi
sfu
nct
ion
stot
hei
rco
ncl
usi
ons .Hemayal
sober
equ
iredt
oren
der
s
uchacco
unt
sbef
oret
hatdat
eatt
het
imeagr
eedu
ponwi
tht
hehei
rso
rfi
xedbyt
he
32 33
co
urt .Fai
lur
etodos
ohast
hel
iabi
li
tyo
fthel
iq
uidat
orasi
tss
anct
ion .

Inaddi
ti
on,s
ever
alo
therr
eas
onsmayen
tai
lthep
ers
onall
iabi
li
tyo
fthel
iq
uidat
or.In
p
art
icu
lar
,thel
iq
uidat
ors
hal
lbel
iabl
efo
ran
ydamagehecau
sest
hro
ughhi
sfau
lto
r
n
egl
i ce34.Hes
gen hal
lbedeemedt
obeatf
aul
twher
eheact
sco
ntr
aryt
othep
rov
isi
ons
o
fthel
aw,t
othep
rov
isi
onso
fthewi
llo
rtot
hei
nst
ruct
ion
sgi
vent
ohi
m byt
he
35
deceas
edo
rbyt
heco
urt.Nev
ert
hel
ess
,theco
urtmayr
eli
evehi
minwho
leo
rinp
art
o
fsu
chl
iabi
li
tyi
nhi
sre
lat
ionwi
tht
hehei
rso
rlegat
eeswher
eitap
pear
sthathehas
36
act
edi
ngo
odf
ait
hwi
tht
hei
nten
tio
nofp
erf
ormi
nghi
sfu
nct
ion
s .

29 Arti
cle957(1),Civi
lCode.
30 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.
31 Arti
cle960(1),Civi
lCode.
32 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.
33 See,general
ly,Arti
cle957(
3),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
34 Arti
cle961(1),Civi
lCode.
35 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.
36 Sub-Arti
cle(3),Id.

95
 LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 96
Page

Read t
he fol
lowi
ng case and commenton
t
hedecisi
onofthecourt
የፍ/
ብሔርይ/
መ/ቁ/
1538/
88

መጋቢት24ቀን1993ዓ.
ም

ዳኞች፦ ሐጎስወልዱ

ዳኜመላኩ

ጌታቸው ምህረቱ

ይግባኝባይ፦አቶታምራትጋባንቀረበ

መልስሰጪ ፦ወ/ሮገነ
ትጋባንበሌለችበት

መዝገቡንመርምረንየመከተለውንወስነ
ናል።

ውሳኔ

ይህ ይግባኝየቀረበው የቀድሞው የ
ክልል14መስተዳደርዞንፍ/
ቤትበፍ/
መ/ቁ1169/
87ግን
ቦት24
ቀን1987ዓ/
ም ባዋለው ችሎትበሰጠው ትዕዛዝላይቅሬታበማሣደርይሁንአን
ጅጉዳዩንበመጀመሪያደረጃ
አይቶትትዕዛዝየሰጠው የወረዳ 17ፍ/
ቤትመሆኑንመዝገቡ ያስረዳል።ዞንፍ/
ቤትም ይግባኝየተባለበትን
ትዕዛዝሊሰጥ የቻለው ጉዳዩበይግባኝቀርቦለትከተመለከተበኋላነ
ው።

ጉዳዩውርስአጣሪበፍርድቤትበኩልእን
ዲሾም በመጠየቅየቀረበነ
ው።

ከመዝገቡ ውስጥ ተያይዞከሚገኘው ማስረጃ ለመመልከትእን

ደተቻለው አመልካች የሆነ
ችው ወ/
ሮ
ገነ
ትጋባን
ናተጠሪየነ
በረው አቶታምራትጋባንየሟች የአቶጋባንጀማልልጆችናሕጋዊ ወራሽናችው።

አቶጋባንጀማልግን
ቦት8ቀን19
80ዓ/
ም9የ
6ሞተመሆኑየወረዳ 22ፍ/
ቤትበፍ/
መ/ቁ/3936/
80
በ1981ዓ/
ም ወራሽነ
ትንበሚመለከትበሰጠው ውሳኔላይተገልጿል።
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 97
Page

97
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 98
Page

98
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 99
Page

2.3. IDENTIFYING LEGITIMATE

SUCCESSORS

2.3.1. Pr
ovi
si
onalDet
ermi
nat
ion

Ther
ight
fulr
eci
pi
ent
sofas
ucces
sio
n–bei
ttes
tat
eori
ntes
tat
e–mu
stbei
den
tif
ied
wi
tht
heu
tmo
stcar
e.Thi
sisi
mpo
rtan
tfo
ran
umbero
fobv
iou
sreas
ons
.Tomen
tio
nbu
t
o
ner
eas
on,i
fther
eci
pi
ent
sofas
ucces
sio
nar
eno
tco
rrect
lyi
den
tif
ied,t
hent
her
ewi
ll
bear
is
kofv
iol
ati
ngt
hei
nten
toft
hedeceas
edan
dthel
awbyden
yin
gthep
ers
onswho
ar
elawf
ull
yen
tit
ledan
dbyen
tit
li
ngt
hos
ethatar
eno
ten
tit
led.

Thel
iq
uidat
ordo
esmo
sto
fthei
den
tif
icat
ionact
ivi
ty.Thef
ir
stan
dthef
oremo
stt
ask
o
fthel
iq
uidat
ori
stomak
eas
ear
chf
orawi
ll
.Thecu
mul
ati
ver
eadi
ngo
fAr
ti
cles
962(
1)an
d956(
a)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
idest
hat
:

“
Thel
iq
uidat
ors
hal
lmak
eas
ear
cht
ofi
ndo
utwhet
hert
hedeceas
ed
hasl
eftawi
ll
,an
des
tabl
is
hwhoi
stor
ecei
vet
hep
rop
ert
yoft
he
s
ucces
sio
n”

On
emaywo
nderwhatt
ypeo
fli
qui
dat
ormak
est
hes
ear
chf
orawi
ll
.Lo
gican
dthe
s
pir
ito
fther
elev
antl
egalp
rov
isi
onsdi
ctat
ethats
uch a l
iq
uidat
ori
sa l
iq
uidat
or
des
ign
ated byl
aw.Thati
sbecau
se wi
tht
he excep
tio
nofhei
rs
-at
-l
aw,who ar
e
des
ign
ated by l
aw,n
oot
herl
iq
uidat
orcan be l
egi
ti
mat
ely ap
poi
nted bef
oret
he
p
res
enceo
rabs
enceo
fawi
lli
sco
ncl
usi
vel
yde
ter
min
ed.Fo
rexamp
le,i
tishi
ghl
y
u
nli
kel
yfo
rat
est
amen
tar
yexecu
tort
omak
eas
ear
chf
orawi
llashi
sver
ypo
sit
ion
f
ull
ydep
endso
ntheexi
st
enceo
fawi
ll
.

Thel
iq
uidat
ormu
stmak
einal
lpl
acest
hats
eem ap
pro
pri
atean
dtheway
sthatar
e
r
eas
onabl
eas
ear
cht
ofi
ndo
utwhet
hert
hedeceas
edhasl
eftawi
ll
.Fo
rthi
spu
rpo
se,
t
hep
lacest
hats
eem ap
pro
pri
atei
ncl
udet
hep
aper
soft
hedeceas
ed,an
dthen
otar
ies

99
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 100
Page
an
dther
egi
st
ri
eso
ftheco
urt
soft
hep
laceswher
ethedeceas
edhadl
iv
ed.The
37
l
iq
uidat
ors
hou
lds
ignu
patt
hos
epl
acesan
dmak
eal
lneces
sar
yres
ear
ches .

Ap
artf
romt
hel
iq
uidat
or,an
yper
sonwhohask
nowl
edgeo
fawi
lli
nawi
tnes
scap
aci
ty
i
sdu
tybo
undt
oco
ntr
ibu
tet
owar
dthes
ear
ch.Ar
ti
cle963(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de
p
rov
idest
hatwho
soev
erhasi
nhi
spo
sses
sio
n,f
indso
rkn
ows
,inhi
scap
aci
tyasawi
tnes
s,
o
fawi
llmadebyt
hedeceas
eds
hal
lmak
eadecl
arat
ionr
egar
din
gsu
chwi
llt
othe
l
iq
uidat
orass
oonasheco
mest
okn
owo
fthedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed.Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
2)
o
fthes
ameAr
ti
cles
tat
est
hatt
hedu
tyo
fsu
chap
ers
ont
omak
ethedecl
arat
ionho
lds
n
otwi
ths
tan
din
gthatt
hewi
lls
eemst
obeaf
fect
edbyn
ull
it
y.Ap
par
ent
ly,t
hel
awp
uti
n
p
laces
uchadu
tywi
thav
iewt
ofaci
li
tat
ingt
hes
ear
chan
deas
ingt
hebu
rdeno
fthe
l
iq
uidat
or.Bu
tthedu
tyi
sto
othl
essasi
tisn
otback
edbyan
ypu
nit
ives
anct
iont
hatmay
bei
mpo
sedo
nawi
tnes
swhor
efu
seso
rfai
lst
omak
eadecl
arat
ion
. Thatwi
lll
ik
ely
mak
etheen
tir
even
tur
ein
eff
ect
ive.

Thes
ear
chmaybearf
rui
tan
dpr
odu
ceawi
ll
.Itmayal
sohap
pent
hatmo
ret
hano
ne
wi
ll
sar
edi
sco
ver
ed.Bu
tAr
ti
cle970decl
arest
hatt
hei
rr
esp
ect
iveo
fthen
umbero
f
wi
ll
s,t
hef
oll
owi
ngl
egalr
equ
iremen
tsn
eedt
obeco
mpl
iedwi
th.

Wher
ethewi
llf
oun
disp
ubl
ico
rho
logr
aph,i
tmu
stbedep
osi
tedwi
tho
utdel
aywi
tha
n
otar
yori
nther
egi
st
ryo
ftheco
urtwher
eiti
sdi
sco
ver
edo
rco
nser
ved38.Thel
iq
uidat
or
39
o
ran
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
onap
pli
est
othatef
fect .Thei
deaher
eist
opr
otectt
hewi
ll
an
d/o
rit
ster
msf
rom des
tru
cti
onan
dco
nver
si
on.

Wher
ethewi
lldi
sco
ver
edi
sor
al,t
hewi
tnes
seswhohav
eat
tes
tedi
tmu
sts
eet
oitt
hat
40
t
hewi
lli
sredu
cedt
owr
it
ingan
ddep
osi
tedwi
than
otar
yorco
urtr
egi
st
ry .An
dthey
mu
stdot
hiswi
tho
utdel
ay.Thej
ust
if
icat
ionf
ort
hiss
eemst
obet
hef
eart
hatwi
tnes
ses
,
bei
ngf
all
ibl
ehu
manp
ers
ons
,mayi
nten
tio
nal
lyo
rfo
ran
yot
herr
eas
ont
wis
tthedy
ing
wi
sheso
fthedeceas
ed,o
rchan
get
hei
rpl
aces
,orf
orgett
heco
nten
tso
fthewi
ll
,or
maydi
e.

37 Ar
ti
cle962(
2),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
38 Ar
ti
cle964(
1),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
39 Id.
40 Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
2),Id.

100
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 101
Page
On
ce a wi
llhasbeendi
sco
ver
ed,i
tshal
lbe o
pen
ed.Op
eni
ng mean
stof
ormal
ly
p
ubl
ici
zet
hewi
llan
dit
sco
nten
ts.Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle965o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,t
he
l
iq
uidat
oro
pen
sthewi
ll
.

Ar
ti
cle965p
res
cri
besal
sot
hatt
hel
iq
uidat
ori
sexp
ect
edt
oop
ent
hewi
llf
ort
yday
s
af
tert
hedeat
hoft ed41.Ther
hedeceas eisn
othi
ngs
peci
alwi
tht
hef
ort
iet
hday
.Iti
s
s
imp
lyt
her
efl
ect
iono
fther
eli
gio
uso
rcu
sto
mar
ypr
act
iceo
f“t
ezk
ar r“
”o ar
ba”
,i.
e.,
co
mmemo
rat
ingt
hedeado
nthef
ort
iet
hdayo
fhi
sdeat
h.

Ho
wev
er,t
heabo
ver
ulei
sno
thar
dan
dfas
t.A wi
llmaybeo
pen
edaf
tert
hef
ort
iet
h
dayo
fthedeceas
ed’
sdeat
h.Ar
ti
cle965(
2)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
idesf
orani
nst
ance
wher
eawi
llmaybeo
pen
edaf
ters
uchdat
e.Thi
sSu
b-Ar
ti
cles
tat
est
hatwher
eawi
ll
hasbeendi
sco
ver
edaf
tert
hef
ort
iet
hdayo
fthedeat
hoft
het
est
ato
r,i
tshal
lbe
o
pen
edo
nadayf
ixedbyt
hel
iq
uidat
orwi
thi
nthemo
ntho
fit
sdi
sco
ver
y.

Thedat
esp
eci
fi
edu
nderAr
ti
cle965(
1)maybechan
gedf
oro
therr
eas
onsal
so.It
may
,fo
rexamp
le,p
utf
orwar
dwhe
ret
hedeceas
edhass
oor
der
ed;o
rwher
edo
ings
ois
n
eces
sar
yfo
rthep
urp
oseo
fmak
ingf
uner
alar
ran
gemen
ts;o
rwher
ethemaj
ori
tyo
fthe
hei
rscal
ledi
nthef
ir
stp
lacebyt
hel
awagr
eet
othep
utt
ingf
orwar
doft
hedat
eoft
he
o
pen
ing.Bu
twher
efo
ran
ylegi
ti
mat
ereas
on,awi
lli
stobeo
pen
edo
nadat
eot
her
t
hant
hef
ort
iet
hdayo
fthet
est
ato
r’sdeat
h;i
tmu
st,p
rio
rtoi
tso
pen
ing,bedep
osi
ted
wi
than
otar
yori
naco
urtr
egi
st
rywi
tho
utdel
ayi
nco
nfo
rmi
tywi
tht
hep
rov
isi
onso
fthe
42
l
awgo
ver
nin
gdep
osi
tofwi
ll .

Ar
ti
cle967o
ftheCo
des
ti
pul
atest
hep
lacewher
ethel
iq
uidat
ors
hou
ldo
pent
hewi
ll
.
Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
1)o
fthi
sAr
ti
cles
peci
fi
est
hatt
hewi
lls
hal
lbeo
pen
edatt
hen
otar
yor
i
nther
egi
st
ryo
ftheco
urtwher
eithasbeendep
osi
teddu
rin
gthedeceas
ed’
sli
fet
imeo
r
af
terhi
sdeat
h.Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
2)o
fthes
ameAr
ti
clep
urp
ort
stof
il
lthegapt
hatmay
becr
eat
edi
ntheev
entwher
ethewi
lli
sno
tdep
osi
tedf
oran
yreas
on.Thi
sSu
b-Ar
ti
cle
s
tat
est
hati
ndef
aul
tofs
uchdep
osi
t,t
hewi
lls
hal
lbeo
pen
edatt
hep
lacewher
ethe
deceas
edhadhi
spr
inci
palr
esi
den
ceatt
het
imeo
fhi
sdeat
h.

Nee
dles
stos
ay,al
lthep
oten
tials
ucces
sor
soft
hedeceas
edar
eexp
ect
edt
obep
res
ent

41 Ar
ti
cle965(1),Ci
vi
lCode.
42 Ar
ti
cles965(3)an
d966( 3)
,Ci
vi
lCo
de.

101
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 102
Page
att
heo
pen
ingo
fthewi
ll
.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,t
hel
aw i
mpo
sest
hedu
tyt
opu
bli
ciz
ethe
o
pen
ingo
fthewi
llo
nthel
iq
uidat
or.Nat
ural
ly,t
hehei
rs
-at
-l
awwho
mthel
awcal
lst
o
t
hes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
edar
ethef
oremo
stp
oten
tials
ucces
sor
s.Thu
s,Ar
ti
cle968
(
1)o
bli
gest
hel
iq
uidat
ort
oin
vit
esu
chp
ers
onst
obep
res
ento
rber
epr
esen
ted.Inan
y
cas
e,f
ort
heo
pen
ingo
fawi
llt
obel
egi
ti
mat
e,atl
eas
tfo
url
egal
lycap
abl
eper
son
s
43
mu
stbep
res
ent .

Bes
idest
hel
iq
uidat
oran
dpo
ten
tials
ucces
sor
s,t
hel
aw au
tho
riz
est
hep
res
enceo
f
ar
bit
rat
orsatt
heo
pen
ingo
fthewi
ll
.Ar
bit
rat
orsar
eap
poi
ntedt
oset
tl
ean
ydi
spu
te
44
ar
is
ingo
uto
fthes
ucces
sio
n .Ho
wev
er,acl
oser
eadi
ngo
fther
elev
antp
rov
isi
onso
fthe
l
awr
eveal
sthatn
eit
hert
heap
poi
ntmen
tno
rthep
res
enceo
far
bit
rat
orsi
sman
dat
ory
.

Att
het
imeo
ftheo
pen
ingo
fthewi
ll
,thel
iq
uidat
oran
dal
lot
herp
ers
onsp
res
ents
hal
l
45
i
nthef
ir
stp
lacev
eri
fyt
hev
ali
dit
yort
hef
ormo
fthewi
ll .Then
,theco
nten
tso
fthe
46
wi
lls
hal
lber
eado
ut .Fu
rther
mor
e,t
hen
eces
sar
ypr
ovi
si
onss
hal
lbemadet
oen
sur
e
47
t
heco
nser
vat
iono
fthewi
ll .

Du
rin
gtheo
pen
ingmeet
ing,t
hel
iq
uidat
ors
hal
lov
ers
eet
her
eadi
ngo
uto
fthewi
ll
.He
s
hal
lmak
ekn
ownwhot
hehei
rso
rlegat
eeso
fthedeceas
edar
ean
dtowhatp
ort
iono
f
t
hes
ucces
sio
ntheyar
een
tit
led48.Hes
hal
lal
soes
tabl
is
hano
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
on,t
hati
s,
t
heman
neri
nwhi
chheco
nsi
der
sthatt
hes
ucces
sio
nsho
ulddev
olv
ean
drev
eals
amet
o
49
i
nter
est
edp
ers
ons .Fo
rthi
spu
rpo
se,“
int
eres
tedp
ers
ons
”in
clu
det
hep
ers
onswhoar
e
cal
ledt
orecei
vet
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hedeceas
ed,an
dper
son
swhowo
uldhav
ebeencal
led
50
t
orece
ivei
thadt
her
ebeenn
owi
ll .

Al
lpo
ten
tials
ucces
sor
ssho
uld,f
ort
hei
rowns
ake,mak
ethems
elv
esav
ail
abl
eatt
he
o
pen
ingmeet
ing.Mi
nor
san
din
ter
dict
edp
ers
onss
hou
ldber
epr
esen
tedbyt
hei
rtu
tor
s.
Po
ten
tials
ucces
sor
sort
hei
rrep
res
ent
ati
vess
hou
ldcar
efu
llyl
is
tent
othet
ermso
fthe
wi
llan
dtheo
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
onp
rop
osedbyt
hel
iq
uidat
or.

43 Ar
ticle968(2)
,Civi
lCo
de.
44 Ar
ticle969(3)
,Civi
lCo
de.
45 Su
b- Art
icl
e(1),Id.
46 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
47 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.
48 Ar
ticle971(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
49 Ar
ticle971(2)
,Civi
lCo
de.
50 Ar
ticle971(3)
,Civi
lCo
de.

102
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 103
Page
An
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
onwhof
eel
saggr
iev
edbyt
hewi
ll
,orap
rov
isi
onco
ntai
nedt
her
ein
,
o
rtheo
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
onmaychal
len
ges
ame.Hemay
,fo
rexamp
le,deman
dthe
n
ull
if
icat
iono
fthewi
llo
nthegr
oun
dthati
tdo
esn
otf
ulf
il
laf
ormal
it
yreq
uir
emen
t
s
ti
pul
atedbyt
hel
aw. Ar
ti
cle97
3(1)p
rov
idest
hatan
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
onp
res
ento
r
r
epr
ese
nte
datt
heo
pen
ingo
fthewi
llmaywi
thi
nfi
ft
eenday
sfr
omt
heo
pen
ingo
fthe
wi
lldecl
arehi
sin
ten
tio
ntoap
plyf
ort
hen
ull
it
yoft
hewi
llo
rofap
rov
isi
onco
ntai
ned
t
her
ein
,ort
oimp
ugnt
heo
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
on.Bu
tan
ysu
chdecl
arat
ionwi
llbeef
fect
ive
o
nlywher
eiti
smade i
n wr
it
ing an
dno
tif
ied t
othe l
iq
uidat
or,t
he co
urto
rthe
51
ar
bit
rat
ors
,wher
ean
y,wi
thi
nfi
ft
eenday
sfr
omt
heo
pen
ingo
fthewi
ll .

Thecu
mul
ati
ver
eadi
ngo
fAr
ti
cle
s969(
3)an
d973(
1)s
ugges
tst
hats
uchap
ers
on
s
hou
ld,be
for
ego
ingt
oco
urt
,br
ing hi
scas
etot
heat
ten
tio
nofar
bit
rat
ors
,wher
e
ar
bit
rat
orshav
ebeenap
poi
ntedt
oset
tl
edi
spu
test
hatmayar
is
eou
toft
hes
ucces
sio
n.
Bu
tar
bit
rat
orsmi
ghthav
eno
tbeenap
poi
ntedo
rmayf
ailt
ores
olv
ethedi
spu
te.In
s
uchanev
ent
,theaggr
iev
edp
ers
onmayi
ni
ti
ateaco
urtact
ion
.

Ar
ti
cle973t
alk
son
lyabo
uti
nter
est
edp
ers
onswhower
eatt
hemeet
ingo
ftheo
pen
ing
o
fthe wi
ll
.Bu
tther
e co
uld be i
nter
est
ed p
ers
onswho wer
enei
therp
res
entn
or
r
epr
ese
nte
datt
hemeet
ing.Wi
thr
egar
dtos
uchp
ers
ons
,thep
eri
odf
ort
hedecl
arat
ion
o
fin
ten
tio
ntochal
len
get
hewi
ll
,it
spr
ovi
si
on,o
rtheo
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
ons
hal
lbegi
ntor
un
f
romt
hedaywhent
hel
iq
uidat
ori
nfo
rmst
hem o
ftheo
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
onp
rop
osedby
m52.Ho
hi wev
er,n
oap
pli
cat
iont
oco
ntes
tthev
ali
dit
yofawi
llo
rano
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
on
53
maybef
il
edaf
terf
ivey
ear
sfr
omt
hedayo
ftheo
pen
ingo
fthewi
ll .

Thedi
scu
ssi
ons
ofari
sco
nfi
nedt
othecas
eoft
est
ates
ucces
sio
n.Itgo
eswi
tho
ut
s
ayi
ngt
hatt
her
eisn
osu
cht
hin
gaso
pen
ingo
fwi
llwher
ethes
ucces
sio
nisi
ntes
tat
e.
Bu
tasl
ongaso
thermat
ter
sar
eco
ncer
ned,t
hel
iq
uidat
oro
fani
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n
bu
rden
ssi
mil
arr
esp
ons
ibi
li
ti
esast
hato
fat
est
ates
ucces
sio
n.

Ak
int
othel
iq
uidat
oro
fat
est
ates
ucces
sio
n,t
hel
iq
uidat
oro
fani
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n
mu
stes
tabl
is
hano
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
onatt
het
imei
tap
pear
scer
tai
nthatt
hedeceas
edhas

51 Ar
ticle973(2)
,Civi
lCo
de.
52 Ar
ticle974(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
53 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.

103
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 104
Page
54
n
otl
eftawi
ll .Hemu
stal
soi
nfo
rmi
nter
est
edp
ers
onso
fhi
spr
opo
sedo
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
on
wi
tho
utdel
ay.Thel
iq
uidat
ormu
stgi
ves
uchi
nfo
rmat
ionass
oonasi
tap
pear
scer
tai
n
t
hatt
her
eisn
owi
llan
d,att
hel
ate
st,f
ort
yday
saf
tert
hedeat
hoft ed55.
hedeceas

An
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
onaggr
iev
edbyt
heman
nero
fthedev
olu
tio
noft
hes
ucces
sio
nthat
t
hel
iq
uidat
orp
rop
osedmaychal
len
ges
ame.Thel
astl
imbo
fAr
ti
cle974(
1),whi
chi
s
t
heco
unt
erp
arto
fAr
ti
cle973f
ori
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n,au
tho
riz
est
hatani
nter
est
ed
p
ers
onmaydecl
arehi
sin
ten
tio
ntoi
mpu
gnt
hel
iq
uidat
or’
sor
dero
fpar
ti
ti
onwi
thi
n
f
ift
eenday
sfr
omt
hedayo
nwhi
cht
hel
iq
uidat
ori
nfo
rmshi
mofi
t.Bu
tan
ysu
ch
decl
arat
ions
hal
lbeo
fnoef
fectu
nles
siti
smadei
nwr
it
ing an
dno
tif
ied t
othe
l
iq
uidat
or,t
he co
urto
rthe ar
bit
rat
ors
,wher
e an
y,wi
thi
nthe abo
vep
eri
od56.No
i
nter
est
edp
ers
onmayco
ntes
ttheo
rdero
fpar
ti
ti
onaf
terf
ivey
ear
sfr
omt
hedeat
hof
t ed57.
hedeceas

2.3.2. Op
tionofHei
rsandUni
ver
salLegat
ees

Inp
rin
cip
le,ani
ndi
vi
dualr
ighti
sar
ighti
nthel
egals
ens
eoft
het
erm.Thati
s,an
i
ndi
vi
dualr
ightgen
eral
lyi
sop
tio
nal
.Theho
ldero
facer
tai
nin
div
idu
alr
ighthast
wo
o
pti
onsasf
arast
hatp
art
icu
larr
ightheho
ldsi
sco
ncer
ned.Hei
satl
iber
tyt
oop
tto
exer
cis
ether
ighto
r,i
fhes
owi
shes
,tor
eno
uncei
tsi
ngl
e-han
dedl
ysol
ongashi
sact
do
esn
otdi
rect
lyhar
m an
yri
ghto
fot
her
sreco
gni
zedbyl
awasv
ali
dan
den
for
ceabl
e.

Fr
omt
hep
ers
pect
iveo
ftheben
efi
ciar
y,s
ucces
sio
niso
bvi
ous
lyani
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
.Thu
s,
j
ustl
ik
e mo
sti
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
s,t
he do
ctr
ineo
fop
tio
norel
ect
ioni
sap
pli
cabl
eto
s
ucces
sio
n.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,an
yper
sonwhohasr
ightt
osu
cceedadeceas
edp
ers
oni
sat
l
iber
tyt
omak
eanel
ect
ionast
owhet
herhewi
llaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
n.

TheEt
hio
pianLawo
fSu
cces
sio
nsi
snodi
ffer
ent
.Itf
oll
owst
he“
non
eces
sar
yhei
rs
”
r
ule.Pu
rsu
antt
othi
sru
le,“
nohei
risbo
undt
oaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
ntowhi
chhei
s

54 Arti
cle972(1),Civ
ilCode.
55 Sub-Art
icl
e(2),Id.
56 See,gener
all
y,thelas
tli
mbo fAr
ti
cle974(
1)t
oget
herwi
thAr
ti
cle973(
2),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
57 Arti
cle974(2),Civ
ilCode.

104
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 105
Page
58
cal
led” .

Theabo
vemen
tio
nedr
ulegi
vesap
ers
oncal
ledt
oas
ucces
sio
ntwoo
pti
ons-t
oaccep
t
t
hes
ucces
sio
nort
oren
oun
cei
t.Accep
tan
cei
sanactbywhi
chap
ers
ont
akeshi
sti
tl
e
t
oas
ucces
sio
n.Int
heco
ntr
ary
,ren
unci
ati
oni
sanactbywhi
chap
ers
ono
ptst
ogi
veu
p
hi
sti
tl
e.

The“
non
eces
sar
yhei
rs
”ru
leap
pli
esn
oto
nlyt
ohei
rs
-at
-l
aw,bu
tal
sot
obo
thl
egat
ees
byu
niv
ers
alan
dsi
ngu
lart
it
les
.Thati
sbecau
set
hel
aw,v
iaAr
ti
cle915(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
l
Co
de,as
simi
lat
esl
egat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
let
ohei
rs
-at
-l
aw.An
dasf
orl
egat
eesby
s
ingu
lart
it
le,Ar
ti
cle1038o
fthes
ameCo
dep
rov
idest
hatt
hep
rov
isi
onsr
elat
ingt
othe
o
pti
ono
fhei
rs
-at
-l
aw an
dlegat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
les
hal
lap
plyal
sot
olegat
eesby
s
ingu
lart
it
le,s
avef
orahan
dfu
lofdi
ffer
ences
.

Ak
int
omak
ing,al
ter
ingan
drev
oki
ngawi
ll
,ther
ightt
oop
ttoaccep
tort
oren
oun
ce
59
t
hes
ucces
sio
niss
tri
ctl
yper
son
alt
othehei
r .Noo
therp
ers
onmaymak
etheo
pti
ono
n
behal
foft
hehei
rasl
ongashei
sal
iv
ean
dcap
abl
e.Li
kewi
se,wher
esev
eralhei
rsar
e
cal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
n,i
tisu
ptoeachi
ndi
vi
dualhei
rtomak
ethecho
ice.So
mehei
rs
60
mayaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
n,whi
leo
ther
sren
oun
cei
t .

Ev
en t
he p
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
sof an hei
rmay n
otexer
cis
ethe r
ighto
f el
ect
ion
n
otwi
ths
tan
din
gthel
ik
eli
hoo
dthatt
hehei
rwi
llo
ptt
oren
oun
cet
hes
ucces
sio
natt
hei
r
61
p
eri
l .Bu
tther
ight
sofs
uchcr
edi
tor
sshal
lno
tbeaf
fect
edbyt
hehei
rren
oun
cin
gthe
62
s
ucces
sio
ninf
rau
doft
hei
rin
ter
est
s .On
ce t
he hei
rhaso
pted t
oren
oun
ce t
he
s
ucces
sio
n,t
hecr
edi
tor
smay
,wher
eiti
spr
eju
dici
alt
othem,ap
plyt
otheco
urtt
oan
nul
t
her
enu
nci
ati
onbyi
nvo
kin
gthedev
i f“
ceo Act
ioPaul
iana”63.

Ho
wev
er,Ar
ti
cle987o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
idest
hatwher
ethehei
rwhoi
scal
ledt
o
t
hes
ucces
sio
ndi
eswi
tho
utmak
ingadeci
si
on,t
her
ightt
oaccep
torr
eno
uncet
he
s
ucces
sio
nwi
lldev
olv
eonhi
shei
rs
.Eachhei
rofs
uchanhei
risatl
iber
tyt
oop
tto

58 Ar
ticle976,Civi
lCode.
59 Ar
ticle977(1),Civ
ilCode.
60 Ar
ticle986,Civi
lCode.
61 Ar
ticle977(2),Civ
ilCode.
62 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
3)
63 Ar
ticle993(1),Civ
ilCode.

105
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 106
Page
accep
tort
oren
oun
cet
hes
ucces
sio
n.Anhei
rwhohasr
eno
uncedt
hes
ucces
sio
nis
deemedt
ohav
eren
oun
cedt
hes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
ed.

Ar
ti
cle988deman
dst
hatel
ect
ionmu
stbep
urean
dsi
mpl
e.Wi
tho
utp
rej
udi
cet
othe
p
rov
isi
onso
fthel
aws
ti
pul
ati
ngo
ther
wis
e,accep
tan
ceo
rren
unci
ati
ono
fas
ucces
sio
n
64
mayn
otbemadewi
that
imel
imi
toru
nderaco
ndi
ti
on .El
ect
ionmadeo
ther
wis
e
s
hal
lbeo
fnoef
fect
.Co
nseq
uen
tly
,anhei
rwhoaccep
tso
rren
oun
cesas
ucces
sio
nwi
th
65
at
imel
imi
toru
nderaco
ndi
ti
ons
hal
lbedeemedn
ott
ohav
eel
ect
edatal
l .

66
Accep
tan
ceo
rren
unci
ati
onmayn
otbep
art
ial .Anhei
rmayn
ot,f
ori
nst
ance,accep
t
t
otak
etheben
efi
tso
fas
ucces
sio
nan
ddecl
inei
tsdebt
s.A v
ali
del
ect
ioni
ssai
dtobe
madeo
nlywher
ethehei
raccep
tso
rren
oun
cest
hes
ucces
sio
nint
otal
.An
danhei
rwho
accep
tst
hes
ucces
sio
nfo
ron
epu
rpo
seaccep
tsi
tfo
ral
lpu
rpo
ses
.Byt
hes
amet
oken
,
anhei
rwhor
eno
uncest
hes
ucces
sio
nisdeemedt
ohav
enev
erbeenanhei
rfo
ral
l
i
nten
tsan
dpu
rpo
ses
.

Ho
wev
er,t
he“
nop
art
ialel
ect
ion
”ru
les
hou
ldn
otbet
akeno
nthes
urf
ace.A n
umbero
f
q
ual
if
icat
ion
san
d,ev
enexcep
tio
nsar
eat
tachedt
oit
.Fo
rexamp
le,ap
ers
onwhohas
r
eno
uncedt
hes
ucces
sio
ninhi
scap
aci
tyasal
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lemays
ti
llaccep
t
i
tinhi
scap
aci
tyasanhei
r-
at-
law o
fthedece
ased67.An
danhei
r-
at-
law i
nwho
se
f
avo
ral
egacybys
ingu
lart
it
lehasbeeno
rder
edmayr
eno
uncet
hes
ucces
sio
nan
d
68
accep
tthel
egacyo
r,co
nver
sel
y,accep
tthes
ucces
sio
nan
dren
oun
cet
hel
egacy .
Whati
smo
re,ap
ers
ont
owho
m mo
ret
hano
nel
egacybys
ingu
lart
it
lehasbeen
69
beq
ueat
hedmayaccep
ton
eofs
uchl
egaci
esan
dref
uset
heo
ther .

Thef
undamen
tali
deabehi
ndt
he“
nop
art
ialel
ect
ion
”ru
lei
ssi
mpl
e:A p
ers
oncan
not
bep
ermi
tt
edt
ocl
aimi
nco
nsi
st
entr
ight
swi
thr
esp
ectt
othes
ames
ubj
ectmat
ter
.
Acco
rdi
ngl
y,anhei
rwhoaccep
tst
hes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
edcan
noten
joyi
tsr
ight
s
an
dav
oidi
tsbu
rden
s.

64 Ar
ticle988(1),Civ
ilCode.
65 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
2)
66 Ar
ticle989(1),Civ
ilCode.
67 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
2)
68 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
3)
69 Ar
ticle1039,Civ
ilCode.

106
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 107
Page
Int
heo
rdi
nar
yco
urs
eofev
ent
s,debt
simp
utabl
etot
hedeceas
edan
dthes
ucces
sio
n,
whi
char
eot
her
wis
eref
err
edt
oget
herasdebt
soft
hei
nher
it
ance,s
hou
ldbep
aidf
rom
t
hees
tat
e.Ift
hep
rop
ert
ythedeceas
edl
efti
sno
tsu
ffi
cien
ttop
ayo
fft
hos
edebt
s,t
he
hei
risn
oto
bli
gedt
opayt
hedebt
sonco
ndi
ti
ont
hather
eno
uncest
hes
ucces
sio
n.Bu
tif
heaccep
tst
hes
ucces
sio
n,hei
sbo
undbyt
heo
bli
gat
iont
heaccep
tan
cemaybr
ing
abo
ut.

So
me j
uri
sdi
cti
onsu
pho
ldt
he p
rin
cip
leo
fsi
mpl
e an
dun
con
dit
ion
alaccep
tan
ce.
Acco
rdi
ngt
othi
spr
inci
pl
e,i
fap
ers
ono
ptst
otak
etheben
efi
tso
fas
ucces
sio
nby
accep
tin
git
,thenhemu
stal
soas
sumean
ybu
rdenat
tachedt
her
etoev
ent
hou
ght
he
bu
rden
stu
rno
utt
obegr
eat
ert
hant
heben
efi
ts
.So
,ins
uchj
uri
sdi
cti
ons
,iti
swi
set
o
as
cer
tai
nthatt
hes
ucces
sio
niss
olv
entbef
oreco
mmi
tt
ingo
nes
elft
oaccep
tan
ce.

Ins
har
pco
ntr
ast
,un
dert
heEt
hio
pianLawo
fSu
cces
sio
ns,t
hel
iabi
li
tyo
fanhei
rtot
he
debt
soft
hei
nher
it
ancedo
esn
oti
nan
ycas
eexceedt
hev
alu
eoft
heben
efi
thegai
ns
byaccep
tin
gthes
ucces
sio
n.Ifal
lthep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ancei
sdi
spo
sedo
fdu
rin
g
t
hep
roces
sofl
iq
uidat
ion
,cr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ancewi
lln
othav
ean
ylegalr
eco
urs
e
agai
nstt
hehei
rasn
othi
nghasgo
net
othehei
rfr
omt
hes
ucces
sio
n.If
,ont
heo
ther
han
d,s
omep
rop
ert
yremai
nsaf
tert
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
siswo
undu
pan
dthehei
rtak
es
t
hep
rop
ert
ysor
emai
nin
g,hewi
llbel
iabl
eon
lyt
otheext
ento
fthev
alu
eoft
he
70
p
rop
ert
yhehast
aken .

Ap
par
ent
ly,t
he Et
hio
pian Law p
romo
tes accep
tan
ce mo
ret
han r
enu
nci
ati
ono
f
s
ucces
sio
n.Thati
sbecau
set
he l
aw p
res
cri
bess
tri
ctert
ime l
imi
tan
dfo
rmal
it
y
r
equ
iremen
tsf
orv
ali
dre
nun
ciat
iont
hanaccep
tan
ce.Fo
rexamp
le,r
enu
nci
ati
onn
ot
madei
nco
nfo
rmi
tywi
tht
hes
peci
fi
edt
imel
imi
torf
orm amo
unt
stoaccep
t ce71.
an

Thati
sno
treal
lyap
robl
em gi
vent
hatt
heo
bli
gat
ion
swhi
chaccep
tan
cemaybr
ing
abo
utwi
lli
nnocas
ebegr
eat
ert
hant
heben
efi
tsi
ten
tai
ls
.Bu
tren
unci
ati
oni
sawi
se
cho
icet
omak
eins
omei
nst
ances
.A cas
einp
oin
tisanhei
rwhoi
sades
cen
dan
toft
he
deceas
edan
dwhohasr
ecei
veddo
nat
ion
sfr
omt
hedeceas
ed.Iti
sadv
isabl
efo
rsu
ch
anhei
rtor
eno
uncet
hes
ucces
sio
nif
,onco
ndi
ti
ont
hati
thasn
otbeenexemp
tedf
rom

70 Arti
cle1054(3)
,Civi
lCode.
71 See,gener
all
y,Art
icl
e982(2),Ci
vi
lCo
de.

107
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 108
Page
co
llat
ion
,thev
alu
eoft
hedo
nat
ion
sou
twei
ghswhatheget
sbyaccep
tin
gthes
ucces
sio
n.
The r
eas
oni
sthatp
urs
uan
ttot
he p
rin
cip
leo
fco
llat
ion
,“an
ydes
cen
dan
toft
he
deceas
edwhoaccep
tshi
ssu
cces
sio
nshal
lbr
ingt
othes
ucces
sio
nthev
alu
eoft
he
l
iber
ali
ti
eswhi
chhehasr
ecei
vedf
romt
hedeceas
edan
dwhi
char
eno
texemp
tedf
rom
72
co
llat
ion
” .

Bet
hatasi
tmay
,thel
aws
ti
llal
lowshei
rss
omer
oomt
othi
nkan
dmak
ethei
rmi
nd.
Asdi
scu
ssedi
nthep
rev
iou
sSu
b-Sect
ion
,thel
iq
uidat
ori
sdu
tybo
undt
oin
for
m anhei
r
abo
uthi
sbei
ngcal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
nwi
tho
utdel
ay.Thi
sisn
eces
sar
ytogi
vet
imet
o
t
hehei
rtot
hin
kov
ert
hemat
ter
.

Anhei
rwi
llbel
egal
lyco
nsi
der
edt
ohav
eren
oun
cedas
ucces
sio
non
lywher
ehemak
es
t
her
enu
nci
ati
oni
nst
ri
ctco
mpl
ian
cewi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngr
equ
iremen
ts;o
ther
wis
ehei
s
deemedt
ohav
eaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Ther
enu
nci
ati
onwi
llbev
ali
don
lywher
ethe
hei
rmak
esi
t:

I.Wi
thi
non
emo
nthf
romt
hedayo
nwhi
cht
hel
iq
uidat
orhasi
nfo
rmedhi
mthathe
73
i
scal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
n ;o
r
II.Wher
etheco
urt
,up
onhi
sap
pli
cat
ion
,gr
ant
sext
ens
ion
,wi
thi
nthr
eemo
nthsf
rom
t
hedayo
nwhi
cht
hel
iq
uidat
orhasi
nfo
rmed hi
mthathei
scal
led t
othe
74
s
ucces
sio
n ;an
d
III.Inwr
it
ing75;o
r
76
IV.Ifhehast
omak
eito
ral
ly,i
nthep
res
enceo
ffo
urwi
tnes
ses ;an
d
V.Kn
ownt
othel
iq
uidat
orbef
oret
heexp
iryo
fthep
eri
ods
tat
edu
nder(
I)o
r(II)
abo
veast emaybe77.
hecas

Anhei
rmays
imp
lyr
eno
unceas
ucces
sio
nor
,ifhel
ik
es,r
eno
uncei
tinf
avo
rofo
ther
p
ers
ons
.Ifanhei
rmak
est
her
enu
nci
ati
oni
nfav
oro
fon
eormo
res
peci
fi
edp
ers
ons
,
t
henhei
sdeemedn
ott
ohav
eren
oun
cedt
hes
ucces
sio
n,bu
trat
hert
ohav
eaccep
ted

72 Ar
ticle1065,Civ
ilCode.
73 Ar
ticle978(1),Civ
ilCode.
74 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
2)
75 Ar
ticle979(1),Civ
ilCode.
76 Id.
77 Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
2),Id.

108
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 109
Page
78 79
i
t .An
dsu
chr
enu
nci
ati
oni
slegal
lyco
nsi
der
edasanas
sign
men
tofr
ight
s .If
,ont
he
o
therhan
d,anhei
rren
oun
cest
hes
ucces
sio
ninf
avo
rofal
lhi
sco
-hei
rsi
ndi
st
inct
ly
wi
tho
utr
ecei
vi
ngan
ypecu
niar
yco
mpen
sat
ioni
nret
urn
,hei
sdeemedt
ohav
eren
oun
ced
80
t
hes
ucces
sio
n .

On
ce i
thasbeen v
ali
dlymade,r
enu
nci
ati
onp
rodu
cess
eri
ousl
egalef
fect
s.The
r
eno
unci
nghei
rwi
llbedeemedn
evert
ohav
ebeenanhei
rfo
ral
lpu
rpo
seso
fthe
81
s
ucces
sio
n .An
dthep
ort
ionwhi
chhehasr
eno
uncedwi
llgot
ohi
sco
-hei
rswhohav
e
82
accep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n,an
dwher
eap
pro
pri
ate,t
othehei
rswhoco
men
ext .Ho
wev
er,
t
hos
eco
-hei
rsmayt
hems
elv
esr
eno
unces
uchp
ort
ionwi
thi
non
emo
nthf
romt
hedayo
n
83
whi
cht
her
enu
nci
ati
ono
fthei
rco
-hei
rhasbeenbr
oughtt
othei
rkn
owl
edge .

Becau
ser
enu
nci
ati
onp
rodu
cesl
egalef
fect
swhi
ch ar
e di
ffi
cul
ttou
ndo
,rev
oki
ng
r
enu
nci
ati
oni
sno
taseas
yasmak
ingi
t.Anhei
rwhohasv
ali
dlyr
eno
uncedas
ucces
sio
n
i
sno
tfr
eet
ochan
gehi
smi
ndan
yti
mehewan
tsan
ddeci
det
oaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
n.
Ren
unci
ati
onmayber
evo
kedo
nlyu
ndercer
tai
nci
rcu
mst
ances
.

Asamat
tero
fpr
inci
ple
,anhei
rmu
stgi
vehi
sdef
ect
-fr
eeco
nsen
ttor
eno
uncet
he
s
ucces
sio
n.Ot
her
wis
e,def
ect
iveco
nsen
tmayr
endert
her
enu
nci
ati
onr
evo
cabl
e.In
p
art
icu
lar
,a r
enu
nci
ati
on ext
ort
ed by v
iol
ence may be r
evo
ked84.Si
mil
arl
y,a
r
enu
nci
ati
ono
btai
ned t
hro
ugh f
rau
dper
pet
rat
ed by an
otherp
ers
on cal
led t
othe
s
ucces
sio
n,o
rbyades
cen
dan
t,as
cen
dan
t,br
other
,si
st
er,o
rsp
ous
eoft
her
eno
unci
ng
p
ers
onmayber
evo
ked85.Excep
tfo
rtheabo
vet
wo,r
enu
nci
ati
onmayn
otber
evo
kedf
or
an
yot
hercau
se86.

Anhei
rwhoi
nten
dst
orev
okehi
sren
unci
ati
onmu
stbr
inganact
ionbef
oret
heco
urt
wi
thi
ntwoy
ear
sfr
omt
heces
sat
iono
fthev
iol
enceo
rthedi
sco
ver
yoft
hef
rau
d

78 Ar
ticle983(2)
,Civi
lCo
de.
79 Su
b- Art
icl
e(1),Id.
80 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.
81 Ar
ticle995(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
82 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
83 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.
84 Ar
ticle991(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
85 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
86 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.
109
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 110
Page
87
becau
seo
fwhi
chhecl
aimst
ohav
edeci
dedt
oren
oun
cet
hes
ucces
sio
n .Ho
wev
er,
r
enu
nci
ati
onmayi
nnocas
eber
evo
kedt
eny
ear
saf
teri
thasbeenmadeev
ent
hou
gh
t
heal
legedv
iol
encedi
dno
tceas
eort
hef
rau
dwasn
otdi
sco
ver
edwi
thi
nthi
sper
iod88.
Ift
hep
lai
nti
ffp
rov
est
heexi
st
enceo
fthev
iol
enceo
rthef
rau
d,t
heco
urtt
owhi
cht
he
act
ionf
orr
evo
cat
ionhasbeenbr
oughtmayan
nult
her
enu
nci
ati
ono
rins
omeo
therway
89
i
tthi
nksf
its
peci
fyt
heef
fect
soft
her
evo
cat
ion .

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

Az
eb,anEt
hio
piann
ati
onalwhowen
ttoCan
adaf
ivey
ear
sago
,hass
ucceededi
n
mak
ingap
ileo
fcas
h.Shehasev
ens
ucceededi
nremi
tt
ingmo
neyt
oherp
aren
ts,
br
other
san
dsi
st
ersbackho
meal
tho
ughherp
aren
tsar
eeco
nomi
cal
lybet
tero
ff.In
Ju
ly2004,Az
eb’
sfat
herAt
oIy
asup
ass
edaway
.

Thel
ateAt
oIy
asuap
poi
ntedAt
oBek
ele,a go
odf
ri
endo
fhi
s,ast
hel
iq
uidat
or
(
tes
tamen
tar
yexecu
tor
)ofhi
ssu
cces
sio
nint
hel
egal
lyv
ali
dwi
llhel
eft
.Az
ebwas
amo
ngt
heben
efi
ciar
iesi
nthewi
ll
.At
oIy
asuhasmadei
tcl
eart
hathei
nten
dsal
lof
hi
schi
ldr
ent
ohav
eeq
ualr
ight
sinhi
ssu
cces
sio
n.

At
oBek
ele,t
hel
iq
uidat
or,madea t
elep
hon
ecal
ltoAz
ebt
oas
kwhet
hers
hei
s
accep
tin
gorr
eno
unci
ngt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Az
ebr
epl
iedt
hats
hehasp
len
tyo
fpr
oper
tys
o
s
hedo
esn
otwan
ttot
aket
hes
ucces
sio
n.Si
xmo
nthsaf
tert
hedeat
hofherf
ather
,
Az
ebcameho
me.Sheo
bser
vedt
hatt
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eisbyf
argr
eat
ert
hanwhat
s
heexp
ect
ed.Shei
mmedi
atel
ydeman
dedhers
har
e.Bu
tAt
oBek
elet
oldhert
hats
he
hasal
readyr
eno
uncedt
hes
ucces
sio
nan
dshehasn
ori
ghtt
odeman
dan
ythi
ng.Her
br
other
san
dsi
st
ersal
soo
ppo
sedherr
equ
est
.Theo
nlyp
ers
onwhos
upp
ort
edAz
eb’
s
deman
dwashermo
therWr
oAl
maz
.

Qu
est
ion

CanAz
ebs
ucceedi
fshet
akeshercas
etoco
urt
?Why
,or
,whyn
ot?

87 Ar
ticle992(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
88 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
89 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.

110
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 111
Page
Hi
nt

Iti
sdi
ffi
cul
tint
hiscas
etos
ayt
hatAz
eb hasv
ali
dlyr
eno
unced At
o Iy
asu
’s
s
ucces
sio
n.Ren
unci
ati
onhast
obemadeei
theri
nwr
it
ingo
rint
hep
res
enceo
ffo
ur
wi
tnes
ses
.Bu
tAz
ebdecl
inedt
hes
ucces
sio
nbyat
elep
hon
eres
pon
se.Nei
thero
ftho
se
f
ormal
it
ies
,whi
chi
sal
egalr
equ
iremen
tun
derAr
ti
cle979(
1),hasn
otbeenf
ulf
il
led.
Herr
esp
ons
eist
huso
fnol
egalef
fectan
dshewi
lln
otco
nsi
der
edt
ohav
eren
oun
ced
t
hes
ucces
sio
n.

At
oBek
ele’
smo
vei
ser
ron
eou
s.Hes
hou
ldhav
ere
ques
tedAz
ebt
owr
it
edo
wnan
dmai
l
herdeci
si
on.Shehast
her
ightt
odeman
dhers
har
eint
hes
ucces
sio
n.

Sof
ars
ogo
od.Thatwasal
labo
utr
enu
nci
ati
ono
fsu
cces
sio
n.No
wletu
stu
rnt
o
accep
tan
ce.

Accep
tan
cei
sno
tasco
mpl
icat
edasr
enu
nci
ati
on.Itmaybemadeei
therexp
res
slyo
r
90
i
mpl
iedl
y/t
aci
tl
y .Anhei
rwhoas
sumest
hes
tat
uso
fhei
rinwr
it
ingi
sdeemedt
ohav
e
91
accep
tedexp
res
sly .

Imp
liedaccep
tan
ce,i
nco
ntr
ast
,maybemadei
nawi
dev
ari
etyo
fway
s.Anhei
rwho
f
ail
stor
eno
uncet
hes
ucces
sio
ninco
mpl
ian
cewi
tht
her
equ
iremen
tso
fthel
aw i
s
92
deemedt
ohav
eimp
liedl
yaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n .Mo
reo
ver
,anhei
rwhop
erf
orms
an
yactwhi
chs
howsu
neq
uiv
ocal
lyhi
sin
ten
tio
ntoaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
nisal
sodeemed
93
t
ohav
eimp
liedl
yaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n .Fo
rexamp
le,anhei
rwhoo
ral
lyt
ell
sthe
l
iq
uidat
ort
hathe accep
tst
he s
ucces
sio
n,o
ron
e who mi
sap
pro
pri
ateso
rco
nceal
s
94
p
rop
ert
yfo
rmi
ngp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ancei
sdeemedt
ohav
eaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n .
Bu
tanhei
rwhop
erf
ormsu
rgen
tact
sofp
res
erv
ati
ono
radmi
nis
trat
ioni
sno
tdeemedt
o
95
hav
eimp
liedl
yaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n .Thats
eemsbecau
set
hei
nten
tio
nofs
uchan
hei
risn
otu
neq
uiv
ocal
ly cl
ear
.He mi
ght p
erf
orm t
he act
sofp
res
erv
ati
ono
r
admi
nis
trat
iono
uto
fgo
odi
nten
tio
nfo
rtheben
efi
tofo
therhei
rs
.Ju
sti
ncas
esu
chhei
r

90 Ar
ticle980,Civi
lCode.
91 Ar
ticle981,Civi
lCode.
92 Ar
ticle982(2),Civ
ilCode.
93 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
1)
94 Ar
ticle985,Civi
lCode.
95 Ar
ticle984,Civi
lCode.

111
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 112
Page
do
esn
otwan
ttot
aket
hes
ucces
sio
n,co
nsi
der
inghi
sact
sasaccep
tan
cewi
llamo
untt
o
p
uni
shi
nghi
mfo
rgo
odbehav
ior
.

Fai
lur
etor
eno
unceas
ucces
sio
nist
akenasaccep
tan
cet
her
eof
.Asl
ongashehasn
ot
v
ali
dlyr
eno
uncedi
t,anhei
risco
nsi
der
edt
ohav
eaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Ther
efo
re,
accep
tan
ce s
tar
tst
opr
odu
ce l
egalef
fectbegi
nni
ngf
rom t
he dayo
n whi
ch t
he
deceas ed96.
edhasdi

Un
lik
eren
unci
ati
on,accep
tan
cei
sto
tal
lyi
rr
evo e97.Inn
cabl ocas
emayaccep
tan
cebe
r
evo
ked.Thedeci
si
ono
fanhei
rtoaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
ntowhi
chhei
scal
ledi
sfi
nal
an
dco
ncl
usi
ve.Hemayn
ots
eekt
hei
nval
idat
iono
ran
nul
men
tofhi
saccep
tan
ceev
en
bygo
ingt
oco
urt
.

2.3.3. Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofHei
r

98
Anhei
r do
esn
ots
tar
ttoexer
cis
ehi
sin
her
it
ancer
ightass
oonashei
sin
for
medt
hat
hei
scal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
n.Hemu
stwai
tun
tilt
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ancemer
ges
wi
thhi
sper
son
alp
rop
ert
yinacco
rdan
cewi
tht
hep
ert
inen
tpr
ovi
si
ono
fthel
aw.Ho
wev
er,
hecanbef
oret
hatap
plyt
otheco
urtan
dobt
aina“
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r”
.

Bu
twhatdo
es“
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r”mean
?Bl
ack
sLaw Di
cti
onar
ydef
inest
het
erm
“
cer
ti
fi
cat
e”asf
oll
ows
:

“
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eisawr
it
tenas
sur
anceo
rof
fici
alr
epr
esen
tat
iont
hats
ome
acthaso
rhasn
otbeendo
ne;s
omeev
ento
ccas
ion
ed;o
rso
mel
egal
f
ormal
it
ieshav
e beenco
mpl
ied wi
th.A wr
it
tenas
sur
ance made o
r
i
ssu
edbys
omeco
urtdes
ign
edasan
oti
ceo
fthi
ngsdo
net
her
ein
”.

Ascanbei
nfer
redf
romt
heabo
vedef
ini
ti
on,a“
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r”i
sthu
sawr
it
ten
as
sur
ance o
rof
fici
alr
epr
esen
tat
ioni
ssu
ed byt
he co
mpet
entco
urtt
o co
nfi
rm t
he
i
nher
it
ancer
ighto
fanhei
rwhomeet
stheal
lthel
egalr
equ
iremen
tst
osu
cceeda

96 Art
icl
e994,Ci v
ilCode.
97 Art
icl
e990,Ci v
ilCode.
98 Notethattheprov
isi
onsgover
nin
gcert
if
icat
eo fhei
rapplynotonl
ytolegat
eesbyun
iver
salti
tl
e
byass
imilat
ion(Arti
cle915,Civ
ilCo
de),butals
otolegateesbysi
ngu
larti
tl
ebytheoperat
ion
ofArti
cle1002,Civi
lCode.

112
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 113
Page
deceas
edp
ers
on.Thi
sex
pres
sio
nisco
nsi
st
entwi
tht
hep
rov
isi
ono
fAr
ti
cle996(
1)o
f
t
heCi
vi
lCo
de,whi
chr
eads
:

“
Anhei
rmayap
plyt
otheco
urtt
obegi
venacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
roft
he
deceas
edan
dthes
har
eoft
hes
ucces
sio
nwhi
chhei
scal
ledt
otak
e”.

Asano
ffi
cialco
urtdo
cumen
t,cer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rpr
odu
cesbi
ndi
ngl
egalef
fect
s.Fo
r
examp
le,s
olo
ngast
hecer
ti
fi
cat
ehasn
otbeenan
nul
led,anhei
rho
ldi
ngacer
ti
fi
cat
e
o
fhei
risdeemedt
ohav
ethes
tat
ust
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eat
tr
ibu
test m99.Thati
ohi not
her
wo
rdsmean
sthatt
heho
ldero
fthecer
ti
fi
cat
eisco
nsi
der
edt
oact
ual
lyhav
ear
ight
ful
hei
rst
atu
san
dtobeen
tit
ledt
otheamo
unto
fshar
eoft
hes
ucces
sio
nass
peci
fi
ed
t
her
ein
.

Acco
rdi
ngl
y,anhei
rwi
thacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rcanen
teri
ntov
ali
dju
ridi
calact
sint
he
cap
aci
tyheder
ivesf
romt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
e.Theact
sper
for
med byt
hehei
rins
uch
cap
aci
tymayn
otbei
mpu
gned,u
nles
siti
spr
ovedt
hatt
hep
ers
onwhoav
ail
shi
msel
fof
s
uchact
skn
ewf
orcer
tai
n,att
het
imewhens
uchact
swer
eper
for
med,t
hatt
hehei
r
100
hadn
ori
ght .Si
ncei
tpr
odu
cesl
egalef
fect
sass
eri
ousast
hat
,theco
urtmay
,bef
ore
gr
ant
ingt
heap
pli
cat
ion
,req
uir
etheap
pli
can
tfo
racer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rtoaddu
ces
uch
101
ev
iden
cean
dtop
rodu
ces
uchs
ecu
rit
iesasi
tthi
nksf
it .

Ther
ightt
osu
cceedi
sar
ightt
hehei
rort
hel
egat
eeacq
uir
esbyl
aw o
rwi
ll
,as
ap
pro
pri
ate.Theco
urthasn
opo
wert
ogr
ants
uchr
ighto
rtodet
ermi
net
heamo
unto
f
t
hes
har
eoft
hes
ucces
sio
ntowhi
chanhei
roral
egat
eei
sen
tit
led.Byi
ssu
inga
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r,t
heco
urts
imp
lyo
ffi
cial
lyco
nfi
rmsar
ightt
hatal
readyexi
st
s.

Bu
t,atwhi
chs
tagei
nthep
roces
sofdev
olu
tio
nofs
ucces
sio
nsho
uldacer
ti
fi
cat
eof
hei
rbei
ssu
ed?Gen
eral
ly,t
hep
ract
icei
nEt
hio
pia,atl
eas
tun
tilr
ecen
tly
,ist
hatbei
t
i
nat
est
ateo
rin
tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n,an
yper
sonwhocl
aimst
obeanhei
roral
egat
eeo
f
adeceas
edp
ers
onmayap
plyf
oracer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
ran
yti
meaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
he
deceas
ed.Up
onr
ecei
pto
fsu
chap
pli
cat
ion
,theco
urtwi
llr
equ
iret
hep
rodu
cti
ono
fa
wi
llwher
ethe s
ucces
sio
nist
est
ate an
d,wher
eiti
sin
tes
tat
e,ev
iden
cess
howi
ng

99 Ar
ticle997(1)
,Civi
lCode.
100 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
101 Ar
ticle996(1)
,CivilCode.

113
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 114
Page
act
ion
abl
erel
ati
ons
hipwi
tht
hedeceas
ed.Then
,theco
urtu
sual
lyo
rder
sthep
ubl
icat
ion
o
ftheap
pli
cat
ioni
nawi
del
yci
rcu
lat
ingn
ews
pap
er.Thei
deai
ston
oti
fyi
nter
est
ed
p
ers
onst
oap
pearan
dco
ntes
ttheap
pli
cat
ion
.Ifn
oco
ntes
tan
tap
pear
sont
heday
s
peci
fi
edi
nthep
ubl
is
hedn
oti
ce,t
heco
urtwi
llau
tomat
ical
lygr
antt
heap
pli
cat
ion
.

No
net
hel
ess
,theexi
st
ingp
ract
ices
eemst
oco
ntr
adi
ctwi
tht
heap
pli
cabl
elaw.Ev
eni
f
t
hel
aw do
esn
ots
peci
fyan
yst
ageo
rti
mef
ort
hei
ssu
anceo
facer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r,
cl
oseexami
nat
iono
fthes
pir
ito
fther
elev
antl
egalp
rov
isi
onsr
eveal
sthatacer
ti
fi
cat
e
o
fhei
rsho
uldn
otbei
ssu
edatl
eas
tbef
oret
hep
roces
sofl
iq
uidat
ioni
swo
undu
p.That
i
sbecau
se,bef
oret
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
siswo
undu
pan
dthei
den
tit
yan
dthes
har
eof
p
ers
onswhoar
eri
ght
fulr
eci
pi
ent
soft
hes
ucces
sio
ncan
notbeco
ncl
usi
vel
yan
dfi
nal
ly
det
ermi
ned.Obv
iou
sly
,is
sui
ngacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rbef
oret
hats
tagewi
llbedev
ast
ati
ng
t
othep
rop
erdev
olu
tio
noft
hes
ucces
sio
n.

REVIEW EXERCISE

Cas
e

Ki
ti
lai
sani
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldo
fYi
brah.Yi
brahhadack
nowl
edgedKi
ti
labyf
ulf
il
li
ng
al
lthef
ormal
it
ieso
fack
nowl
edgmen
treq
uir
edbyf
ami
lyl
aw.As
sumet
hatYi
brahdi
ed
i
ntes
tat
ean
dKi
ti
lahap
pen
stobet
heo
nlychi
ldo
fYi
brah.Yi
brahhadat
otalo
fBi
rr
50,
000i
nhi
ssav
ingacco
untatt
heWal
yaIn
ter
nat
ion
alBan
k.

Qu
est
ion

CanKi
ti
lawi
thdr
aw t
hemo
neyf
romt
heban
kbyp
rodu
cin
gthedo
cumen
tbywhi
ch
Yi
brahhadack
nowl
edgedhi
m?Why
,or
,whyn
ot?

Hi
nt

Ki
ti
lacan
notwi
thdr
awt
hemo
neyf
romt
heBan
kbymer
elyp
rodu
cin
gthedo
cumen
tin
whi
chhewasack
nowl
edged.Hes
hou
ldap
plyt
otheco
urtan
dobt
ainacer
ti
fi
cat
eof
hei
r.Thedo
cumen
tofack
nowl
edgemen
tisi
mpo
rtan
ton
lyt
opr
ovet
otheco
urtt
hathe
i
sther
ight
fulan
dthes
olehei
rofYi
brah.

On
ceheo
btai
nst
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r,Ki
ti
lawi
llhav
ethes
tat
uswhi
cht
hecer
ti
fi
cat
e

114
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 115
Page
at
tr
ibu
test
ohi
m.An
dsi
ncehei
stheo
nlychi
ldo
fYi
brah,Ki
ti
lahass
olehei
rst
atu
s
an
d,asar
esu
lt,hei
sen
tit
ledt
otheen
tir
esu
cce
ssi
on.Pu
rsu
antt
oAr
ti
cle997o
fthe
Ci
vi
lCo
de,Ki
ti
lacanen
teri
ntoj
uri
dicalact
sint
hats
tat
us.Wi
thdr
awi
ngmo
neyf
rom
aban
kisaj
uri
dicalact
.Ther
efo
re,Ki
ti
lacanwi
thdr
awt
hemo
neyf
romt
heBan
kby
p
rodu
cin
gno
tthedo
cumen
tbywhi
chYi
brahhadack
nowl
edgedhi
m,bu
trat
herby
mak
ingu
seo
fhi
scer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r.

2.3.4. Pet
it
ioHaer
edi
tat
is

Thedan
gero
fis
sui
ngacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rbef
oret
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
siswo
undu
p
an
dri
ght
fulr
eci
pi
ent
soft
hes
ucces
sio
nar
eco
rrect
lyi
den
tif
iedi
sthats
omeo
ne
wi
tho
utav
ali
dti
tl
eorwi
thal
ess
ert
it
lemayo
btai
non
e.Fo
rexamp
le,ap
ers
onwho
,
whi
lehei
sno
ten
tit
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
natal
l,o
btai
nsacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rthr
ough
f
rau
doran
yot
hermean
siss
aidt
obewi
tho
utav
ali
dti
tl
e.If
,ont
heo
therhan
d,a
br
othero
ra s
ist
ero
fa p
ers
onwhodi
ed i
ntes
tat
eco
ntr
olst
hees
tat
eup
ont
he
deceas
ed’
sdeat
h,o
btai
nsacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r,an
dtak
esp
oss
ess
iono
fthep
rop
ert
y
o
fthei
nher
it
ancewhi
let
hedeceas
edi
ssu
rvi
vedbyachi
ldwho
m hef
ather
edo
uto
f
wedl
ock
,su
chbr
othero
rsi
st
eri
ssai
dtohav
eal
ess
ert
it
leasco
mpar
edt
othechi
ld.

Thep
ers
onwi
tho
utav
ali
dti
tl
eorwi
thal
ess
ert
it
lewi
ll
,on
cehehasacer
ti
fi
cat
eof
hei
rinhi
shan
d,hav
ethes
tat
uswhi
cht
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eat
tr
ibu
test m102.Thathap
ohi pen
s
r
egar
dles
soft
hedef
ect
iven
esso
fhi
sti
tl
esol
ongashi
scer
ti
fi
cat
ehasn
otbeen
an
nul
led103.Hemi
ghten
teri
ntoj
uri
dicalact
sint
hecap
aci
tyheder
ivesf
romt
he
cer
ti
fi e104.Hemi
cat ghtev
enman
aget
otak
epo
sses
sio
nofal
lora p
ort
iono
fthe
p
rop
ert
yfo
rmi
ngp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ance105.

Thatn
atu
ral
lyt
akesp
laceatt
heexp
ens
eoft
her
ight
fulr
eci
pi
ent
soft
hes
ucces
sio
n
whohav
eval
idt
it
le.Fo
rtu
nat
ely
,thel
awhasdev
isedamechan
ismt
hro
ughwhi
cht
he
p
ers
onswhoar
elawf
ull
yen
tit
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
nmayr
edeem t
hei
rri
ght
s.Itmaybe
i
mpo
ssi
blet
oun
dot
hedamageco
mpl
etel
y,bu
tthi
smechan
ismi
sbet
tert
hann
othi
ng.

102 Ar
ti
cle997(
1),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
103 Id.
104 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id,i
mp l
iesthatapers
onwit
hacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rmayp
erf
ormj
uri
dicalact
sin
t
hecap aci
tyheder i
vesfromt hecer
ti
fi
cat
e.
105 See,general
ly,Arti
cle999,Ci v
ilCo
de.

115
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 116
Page
Al
awf
ulhei
rmays
uet
hep
ers
onwhohaso
btai
nedacer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
rwi
tho
utav
ali
d
t
it
lewi
thav
iewt
oredeemi
nghi
sri
ght
.Thes
uits
uchanhei
rin
sti
tut
esi
stechn
ical
ly
cal
ledt
heact
io f“
no p
eti
ti
ohaer
edi
tat
is
”.Ar
ti
cle999o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,whi
chs
ets
f
ort
hthep
rin
cip
l f“
eo p
eti
ti
ohaer
edi
tat
is
”,s
tat
est
hat
:

“
Wher
eap
ers
onwi
tho
utav
ali
dti
tl
ehast
akenp
oss
ess
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n
o
ra p
ort
iont
her
eof
,the t
rue hei
rmayi
nst
it
ute an act
io f“
no p
eti
ti
o
haer
edi
tat
is” agai
nsts
uch p
ers
on t
o hav
e hi
sst
atu
sof hei
r be
ack
nowl
edgedan
dobt
aint
her
est
it
uti
ono
fthep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ance”
.

106
Ho
wev
er,wi
tht
heexcep
tio
nofs
uit
srel
ati
ngt
ofami
lyi
mmo
vabl
es ,t
her
ightt
omak
e
u
seo
ftheact
io f“
no p
eti
ti
ohaer
edi
tat
is
”doesnothol
dfo
rev
er.Its
tay
spu
ton
lyf
ora
l
imi
ted p
eri
odo
fti
me.Anhei
rwhoi
nten
dst
oav
ailhi
msel
fofs
uch act
ionmu
st
i
nst
it
utei
twi
thi
nthep
eri
ods
peci
fi
edu
nderAr
ti
cle1000o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de.Ot
her
wis
e,
hi
sri
ghtwi
llbebar
redbyl
imi
tat
ion
.Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
1)o
fthi
sAr
ti
clep
rov
idest
hat“
an
act
io f“
no p
eti
ti
ohaer
edi
tat
is
”shal
lbebar
redaf
tert
hreey
ear
sfr
omt
hep
lai
nti
ff
became awar
eofhi
sri
ghtan
doft
he t
aki
ngp
oss
ess
iono
fthe p
rop
ert
yoft
he
i
nher
it
ancebyt
hedef
endan
t”.

Anhei
rmi
ghtn
otbeabl
etoi
nst
it
utea“
pet
it
iohaer
edi
tat
is”act
ionwi
thi
nthet
hree
y
ear
sper
iods
peci
fi
edu
nderAr
ti
cle1000(
1)f
oro
ner
eas
ono
ran
other
.Ift
her
eas
oni
s
l
egal
lyaccep
tabl
e,t
hehei
rmayi
nst
it
utet
heact
ionwi
thi
nfi
ft
eeny
ear
sfr
omt
hedeat
h
o
fthe deceas
ed o
rthe day when t
he p
lai
nti
ffcan en
for
ce hi
sri
ghto
vert
he
107
s
ucces
sio
n .Anact
io f“
no p
eti
ti
ohaer
edi
tat
is
”mayi
nnocas
ebei
nst
it
utedaf
ters
uch
108
p
eri
od,s
avef
ort
hos
esu
itst
hatr
elat
etof
ami
lyi
mmo
vabl
es .

Thehei
rwhoi
sthep
lai
nti
f na“
fi pet
it
iohaer
edi
tat
is”act
ionmay
,inhi
sst
atemen
tof
cl
aim,r
equ
estt
heco
urtt
o:

109
 An
nult
hes
tat
usan
dcer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
roft
hedef
endan
t ;

106 See,t
heexcep
tio
nsetf
ort
hint
hel
astl
imbo
fAr
ti
cle1000(
2),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
107 Ar
ti
cle1000(
2),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
108 Id.
109 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle998(
1),Ci
vi
lCo
de.

116
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 117
Page
110
 Or
dert
hedef
endan
ttor
etu
rnhi
scer
ti
fi
cat
eofhei
r ;an
dwher
eheal
leges
t
hathehasl
ostt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eort
hathecan
notr
etu
rni
tfo
ran
yot
her
r
eas
on,o
rdert
hedef
endan
ttogi
veal
lap
pro
pri
ates
ecu
rit
iest
oen
sur
ethat
hewi
lln
otmak
eus
eoft
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eint
hef
utu
re111;
112
 Ack
nowl
edgehi
sowns
tat
uso
fhei
r ;an
d
 Or
dert
hedef
endan
ttor
etu
rnt
ohi
m al
lthep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ance
113
whi
chhehadco
met
opo
sses
s .

Ift
he p
lai
nti
ffwi
nst
he s
uit
,the co
urtwi
llgr
anthi
sreq
ues
ts.Co
nseq
uen
tly
,the
def
endan
twi
llr
etu
rnt
othe p
lai
nti
ffal
lthe p
rop
ert
yoft
he i
nher
it
ance t
hathas
114
r
emai
nedi
nhi
spo
sses
sio
n .Iti
snogo
odev
eni
fthedef
endan
tin
vok
est
hep
rov
isi
ono
f
p
rop
ert
ylaw t
hatau
tho
riz
esacq
uis
it
iono
fown
ers
hipt
hro
ughp
oss
ess
ioni
ngo
odf
ait
h.
Hecan
notav
ailhi
msel
foft
hisp
rov
isi
onbycl
aimi
ngt
ohav
ebeco
met
heo
wnero
fsu
ch
p
rop
ert
yasar
esu
lto
fhi
sgo
odf
aih115.Ins
t pit
eofan
ysu
chcl
aim,hewi
llbeo
rder
edt
o
r
est
it
utet
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ancewhi
chhehadco
met
opo
sses
s.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

W/
roBi
rr
it
uhasmadeav
ali
dwi
lli
nwhi
chs
hehasap
poi
ntedhers
ist
er,Ko
nji
t,asa
l
egat
eebyu
niv
ers
alt
it
lebybeq
ueat
hin
gtot
hel
att
er20% o
fheres
tat
e.Bes
ides
,W/
ro
Bi
rr
it
uhasmadeadi
spo
sit
ioni
nherwi
llwher
ebys
heap
poi
ntedherbr
other
,Ar
ars
o,as
al
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
lebyl
eav
inghi
m herdi
amo
ndbr
acel
etwo
rth500,
000Bi
rr
.

So
met
imeaf
ters
hemadet
hewi
ll
,W/
roBi
rr
it
uso
ldt
hedi
amo
ndbr
acel
ett
oher
n
eighbo
r,Ak
alu
.Si
xmo
nthsaf
terhebo
ughti
t,t
hes
ale
,oft
hebr
acel
et,Ak
alu
,wo
rri
ed
abo
utt
hes
afet
yoft
hebr
acel
et,deci
dest
ores
elli
t.Sohap
pen
sthatW/
roBi
rr
it
u
bo
ughtbackt
hebr
acel
etf
or450,
000Bi
rrf
rom Ak
alu
.

110 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
2)
111 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
3)
112 Ar
ticle999,Civ
ilCode.
113 Id.
114 Ar
ticle1001(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
115 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.

117
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 118
Page
Sadl
y,W/
roBi
rr
it
udi
est
hreemo
nthsaf
ters
hebo
ughtbackt
hebr
acel
et.Att
het
ime
o
fW/
roBi
rr
it
u’sdeat
h,Ar
ars
owasi
ntheAu
str
ali
ado
inghi
sMas
ter
sDegr
ee.When
hecameback
,al
lofW/
roBi
rr
it
u’shei
rshav
eal
readydi
st
ri
but
edt
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e
amo
ngs
tthems
elv
es.Sho
cked,Ar
ars
oin
sti
tut
esanact
io f“
no p
eti
ti
ohaer
edi
tat
is”
agai
nstt
hehei
rs
.

Qu
est
ion

Wi
llAr
ars
osu
cceedi
nhi
ssu
it?Why
,orwhyn
ot?

Hi
nt

Tr
ueen
ough,W/
roBi
rr
it
uhasmadeadi
spo
sit
ioni
nherwi
llwher
ebys
hel
eftAr
ars
oa
di
amo
ndbr
acel
etwo
rth500,
000Bi
rr
.Bu
tshehass
oldt
hebr
acel
ets
omet
imeaf
ters
he
madet
hewi
ll
.Pu
rsu
antt
oAr
ti
cle900(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,t
hes
aleo
fthebr
acel
etby
W/
roBi
rr
it
uop
erat
esasar
evo
cat
iono
fthel
egacys
heo
rder
edi
nfav
oro
fAr
ars
o.The
r
evo
cat
ionr
emai
nsef
fect
iven
otwi
ths
tan
din
gthef
actt
hatW/
roBi
rr
it
ubo
ughtbackt
he
br
acel
etatal
aterdat
e(Ar
ti
cle900(
2))
. Thatmean
s,Ar
ars
ohasn
ori
ghto
vert
he
br
acel
et.Hewi
lln
ott
her
efo
res
ucceedi
nhi
ssu
itashi
scl
aimi
sun
fou
nded.

2.4.ADMINISTRATION OFTHE
SUCCESSION

Ap
ers
onhasdi
edmean
sthatheceas
est
oho
ldan
yri
ghto
rdu
ty.Thedeceas
edl
oss
es
al
lhu
man
eri
ght
sheu
sedt
ohav
e,i
ncl
udi
ng,bu
tno
tli
mit
edt
o,t
her
ightt
oco
ntr
olan
d
admi
nis
teri
nhi
sownn
ameal
ltheas
set
san
dli
abi
li
ti
esheear
neddu
rin
ghi
sli
fet
ime.
Al
lthedeceas
ed’
sas
set
san
dli
abi
li
ti
eswi
llbep
aidt
oper
son
swi
thv
ali
dcl
aimi
n
acco
rdan
cewi
tht
her
elev
antp
rov
isi
onso
fthel
aw.Bu
tun
tilt
hatt
ime,t
hei
nher
it
ance
mu
stbe k
epts
epar
ate asa di
st
inctes
tat
e,an
d admi
nis
ter
ed asp
rop
erl
yast
he
deceas
edhi
msel
fwo
uldhav
eadmi
ni
st
eredi
t.

Ar
ti
cle1003o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
idest
hat
:

118
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 119
Page
“
Thel
iq
uidat
ors
hal
ladmi
ni
st
ert
hees
tat
eoft
hedeceas
edf
romt
he
daywhenhei
sap
poi
nted u
nti
lthep
ers
onshav
ingar
ightt
othe
s
ucces
sio
nhav
erecei
vedt
hes
har
eso
rthep
rop
ert
ytowhi
cht
heyar
e
en
tit
led”
.

Thi
sAr
ti
clechar
gest
hel
iq
uidat
orwi
tht
het
asko
fadmi
nis
ter
ingt
hees
tat
eoft
he
deceas
ed,whi
chi
ncl
udeshi
sas
set
san
dli
abi
li
ti
es.Asamat
tero
ffact
,thel
iq
uidat
or
wi
lls
tar
tto admi
ni
st
ert
he es
tat
e aso
fhi
sap
poi
ntmen
t.An
d he s
hou
ld do t
he
admi
nis
trat
ionu
nti
lthep
ers
onshav
inga r
ightt
othes
ucces
sio
nhav
erecei
vedt
he
s
har
eso
rthep
rop
ert
ytowhi
cht
heyar
een
tit
led.

Int
heo
rdi
nar
yco
urs
eofev
ent
s,p
ers
onswhomayhav
eri
ghtt
othes
ucces
sio
nar
e
p
ers
onswhohav
eco
ver
edt
heex
pen
seso
fthef
uner
alo
fthedeceas
edan
doft
he
admi
nis
trat
ionan
dli
qui
dat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
nfr
omt
hei
rper
son
alp
ock
et,wher
ethi
sis
t
he cas
e; hei
rs
-at
-l
aw; l
egat
ees by u
niv
ers
al t
it
le; cr
edi
tor
soft
he deceas
ed;
mai
nten
ancecl
aiman
ts;an
dlegat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
le.Thatmean
sthatt
hel
iq
uidat
or
mu
stadmi
ni
st
ert
hees
tat
eun
tilt
hatt
imeatwhi
chp
rop
erl
yiden
tif
ieddebt
soft
he
i
nher
it
ance,i
.e.
,exp
ens
eso
fthef
uner
alo
fthedeceas
ed,exp
ens
eso
ftheadmi
nis
trat
ion
an
dli
qui
dat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n,debt
soft
hedeceas
ed,mai
nten
ancecl
aims
,an
d
l
egaci
esbys
ingu
lart
it
le,i
fan
y,hav
ebeenp
aidt
opr
oper
lyi
den
tif
iedcr
edi
tor
san
dthe
n
etr
ight
soft
hedeceas
edhav
ebe
endel
iv
eredt
othedeceas
ed’
sri
ght
fulhei
rsan
d/o
r
l
egat
eesbyu
niv
ers
alt
it
le.

The l
iq
uidat
ori
sexp
ect
ed t
oadmi
ni
st
ert
he p
rop
ert
ieso
fthe s
ucces
sio
nwi
tht
he
116
p
ruden
cean
dz fabo
ealo nusp
aterf
ami
li
as .Thatmean
sthatt
hel
iq
uidat
ormu
stact
asho
nes
tlyan
ddi
li
gen
tlyasago
odheado
faf
ami
lydo
es.Bes
ides
,ei
thert
hehei
rs
act
ingi
nagr
eemen
tbet
weent
hem o
r,u
pont
heap
pli
cat
iono
fan
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
on,t
he
co
urtmaygi
vet
hel
iq
uidat
ordi
rect
ivesco
ncer
nin
gtheadmi
nis
trat
iono
fthees
t e117.
at
That
,ho
wev
er,i
swi
tho
utp
rej
udi
cet
otheco
mpu
lso
ryp
rov
isi
onso
fthel
awo
roft
hewi
ll
r
elat
ingt
oadmi
ni
st
rat
ion
.Thel
awi
npar
ti
cul
arp
rov
idesf
ors
ever
almechan
ismswhi
ch
ar
edes
ign
edt
oen
sur
ethes
afet
yaswel
last
hep
rop
eradmi
nis
trat
ion
,pr
eser
vat
ionan
d
u
pkeepo
fthep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ance.Tho
semechan
ismshav
ebeendi
scu
ssedbel
ow.

116 Ar
ticle1010(1)
,Civ
ilCo
de.
117 Su
b- Articl
e( ,Id.
2)

119
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 120
Page
Immedi
atel
yaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed,an
yin
ter
est
edp
ers
on,es
peci
all
ytho
se
hav
ingar
ightt
othes
ucces
sio
n,mayap
plyt
otheco
urtt
oor
dert
heaf
fixi
ngo
fseal
son
t
heef
fect
s,o
rons
omeo
ftheef
fect
soft ed118.Thep
hedeceas ers
onr
equ
est
ingt
he
af
fixi
ngo
fseal
sisbo
undt
obeart
heexp
ens
eso
ftheaf
fixi
ngan
dremo
valo
fthe
119
s
eal
s .Bu
ttheexp
ens
eisar
guabl
ywo
rthi
t.Af
fixi
ngo
fseal
sisawi
set
hin
gtodot
o
p
rot
ectt
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fthedeceas
edf
roms
uchi
ll
ici
tact
sast
hef
t,mi
sap
pro
pri
ati
on,
an
dco
nceal
men
tgi
vent
hep
oss
ibl
evo
idcr
eat
edi
nter
mso
fanen
tit
ytoco
ntr
olan
d
t
endt
othees
tat
eatt
het
imeo
fthedeceas
ed’
sdeat
h.

Wi
thi
nfo
rtyday
sfr
omt
hedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed,t
hel
iq
uidat
ormu
stdr
aw u
pan
120
i
nven
tor
ytoes
tabl
is
hwhatt
hes
ucces
sio
nismadeu
pof .Thei
nven
tor
ymu
sts
how
eachco
nst
it
uen
toft
hes
ucces
sio
n–bei
tanas
seto
ral
iabi
li
ty.Thel
iq
uidat
ormu
st
al
soasn
eces
sar
ydr
awu
psu
ppl
emen
tar
yst
atemen
tsf
oran
yas
seto
rli
abi
li
tydi
sco
ver
ed
af
tert
hisp
eri
odwi
thi
nfi
ft
eenday
sfr
oms
uchp
rop
ert
yhav
ingbeendi
sco
v ed121.
er

Indr
awi
ngu
pthei
nven
tor
y,t
hel
iq
uidat
ormaydeman
dtheco
oper
ati
ono
fthehei
rs
.As
ar
ule,t
hehei
rswi
ll
,wi
tht
heex
cep
tio
noft
hos
ewhi
chco
met
oanen
dwi
tht
he
deceas
ed’
sdeat
h,r
etai
nal
lther
ight
san
dobl
igat
ion
stheyhadagai
nsto
rinf
avo
rof
122
t
hedeceas
edi
nthei
rrel
ati
onswi
tht
hes
ucces
sio
n .Thel
awo
bli
gest
hehei
rst
ogi
ve
t
hel
iq
uidat
oral
lrel
evan
tin
for
mat
ioni
nregar
dtos
uchr
ight
san
dobl
igat
ion
ssot
hathe
123
candr
awu
paco
mpl
etean
danal
l-
incl
usi
vei
nven
tor
y .

Thei
nven
tor
ysodr
awnu
piso
pent
owho
soev
eri
scal
ledt
orecei
veas
har
eoft
he
s
ucces
sio
n.Su
chap
ers
onmayr
equ
iret
hataco
pyo
fthei
nven
tor
ybes
entt
ohi
mon
124
co
ndi
ti
ont
hathebear
stheexp
ens
est
her
eof .Ev
ent
hecr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ance,
ei
thero
fthedeceas
edo
roft
hes
ucces
sio
n,mayo
rderaco
pywher
esoau
tho
riz
edby
125
t
heco
urt .

Mo
reo
ver
,thel
iq
uidat
ormu
stp
rov
isi
onal
lyv
alu
eeacho
fthes
ucces
sio
n’sco
nst
it
uen
ts,

118 Article1004( 1),CivilCode.

119 Sub- Art
icl
e( 2) ,Id.
120 Article1005( 1),CivilCode.
121 Sub- Art
icl
e( 2) ,Id.
122 See,generall
y ,Ar ti
cle1007(1)
,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
123 Sub- Art
icl
e( 2) ,Id.
124 Ar
ticle1008( 1),Ci v
ilCode.
125 Su
b- Arti
cle(2) ,Id.

120
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 121
Page
126
whet
heranas
seto
ral
iabi
li
ty .Hemu
stmak
ethev
alu
ati
onwi
thi
nfo
rtyday
sfr
omt
he
deat
hoft ed127.Hemay
hedeceas ,wher
enece
ssar
y,s
eekt
heas
sis
tan
ceo
fexp
ert
128
v
alu
ato
rsi
ncar
ryi
ngo
utt
hev
alu
ati
on .

Asamat
tero
ffact
,anas
seto
ral
iabi
li
tyat
tr
ibu
tabl
etot
hes
ucces
sio
nmaybe
di
sco
ver
edaf
tert
hisp
eri
odhasexp
ired.Thel
aw i
ssi
len
tast
owhenan
dho
wsu
ch
as
seto
rli
abi
li
tyi
sval
ued,o
rev
enwhet
heri
tisv
alu
edatal
l.Bu
ttak
ingacu
efr
om
co
mmo
nse
nsean
dthes
pir
ito
fthel
egalp
rov
isi
onsr
elat
ingt
oval
uat
ion
,itcanbes
aid
t
hatt
hisco
mpo
nen
toft
hei
nher
it
ances
hou
ldbev
alu
ed.Fu
rther
mor
e,ap
ply
ingt
hecas
e
o
fin
ven
tor
ybyan
alo
gy,i
tcan ar
guabl
ybe s
aidt
hatan
yas
seto
rli
abi
li
tymu
st
p
rov
isi
onal
ly be v
alu
ed as n
eces
sar
y wi
thi
nfi
ft
een day
sfr
om i
t hav
ing been
di
sco
v ed129.
er

Hen
cet
hen
ame
,thep
rov
isi
onalv
alu
ati
onmadebyt
hel
iq
uidat
ori
sten
tat
ive.Itcan
r
eadi
lybe r
evi
sed u
nti
lthe t
ime t
hatt
he s
ucces
sio
n hasbeen o
nce an
dfo
ral
l
p
art
it
ion
ed.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,who
soev
eri
scal
ledt
orecei
veas
har
eoft
hes
ucces
sio
nmay
r
equ
iret
hatt
hep
rov
isi
onalv
alu
ati
onber
evi
sedatan
yti
mebef
oret
hef
inalp
art
it
iono
f
t
hes
ucces
sio
nhasbeenef
f ed130.
ect

Wher
eanau
tho
riz
edp
ers
onr
equ
est
sthatt
hep
rov
isi
onalv
alu
ati
ono
facer
tai
npr
oper
ty
ber
evi
sed,exp
ertv
alu
ato
rsmaybecal
ledt
orev
alu
ethep
rop
ert
ywho
sev
alu
ati
onhas
bee
nco
nte
sted.Ift
heex
per
tval
uat
orsf
indt
hep
rov
isi
onalv
alu
ati
ont
obei
nco
rrect
,the
131
exp
ens
eso
fther
eval
uat
ionwi
llbechar
gedt
othes
ucces
sio
n .Ot
her
wis
e,t
hep
ers
on
132
whohasr
equ
est
edi
twi
llbeart
heexp
ens
eso
fther
eval
uat
ion .

Thebo
nusp
aterf
ami
li
ass
tan
dar
dreq
uir
est
hel
iq
uidat
ort
oactwi
tht
heu
tmo
stho
nes
ty
an
d di
li
gen
ce p
oss
ibl
e.The l
iq
uidat
ormu
st,u
nderp
aino
fbei
ngp
ers
onal
lyl
iabl
e,
p
erf
orm al
lact
sneces
sar
yfo
rtheco
llect
iono
ftheas
set
soft
hees
tat
e.Inp
art
icu
lar
,

126 Ar
ti
cle1006(
1),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
127 Id.
128 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.
129 Arti
cle1005( 2),Civ
ilCode,prov
idesthatt
heliq
uidato
rmu stasnecess
arydrawupforanyass
et
orli
abil
it
ydiscoveredaft
erf o
rtydaysfromthedeatho fthedeceasedsup
plemen
tar
ys t
atemen
ts
wit
hinfi
fteenday sfr
omsu chprop
ertyhavi
ngbeendiscover
ed.
130 Arti
cle1009( 1)
,Ci v
ilCode.
131 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.
132 Sub-Arti
cle(3),Id.

121
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 122
Page
hes
hou
ldt
akeal
lreas
onabl
est
epst
oreco
vert
hedebt
sdu
etot
hedeceas
edwhi
char
e
exi
gi e133,v
bl iz.
,debt
sthat
,int
het
echn
icals
ens
eoft
het
erm,s
hou
ldbep
aidbecau
se
t
heyhav
efal
lendu
e.

Wher
eneces
sar
y,t
hel
iq
uidat
ors
hou
ldco
mmen
cel
egalp
roceedi
ngsf
ort
her
eco
ver
yof
s
uchdebt
s.Hes
hou
ldco
llectt
hedebt
sass
oonasi
spr
act
ical
lyp
oss
ibl
e.Hewi
llr
is
k
p
ers
onall
iabi
li
tyi
fheu
nneces
sar
il
ydel
aysi
ndeman
din
gpay
men
t.Fo
rexamp
le,i
fthe
l
iq
uidat
or,wi
tho
utj
ustexcu
se,t
ooks
olo
ngt
odeman
dthep
aymen
tofadebtt
hatt
he
cl
aim wasbar
redbyl
imi
tat
ion
,hewo
uldbep
ers
onal
lyl
iabl
etot
hes
ucces
sio
nfo
rthe
134
debt .

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle1012(
2)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,“
thel
iq
uidat
ori
sau
tho
riz
edt
ogi
ve
acq
uit
tan
cef
ors
uchdebt
s”.Att
hisj
unct
ure
,its
eemsi
mpo
rtan
ttor
ais
eaco
mmo
n
mi
st
akeco
mmi
tt
edwhi
lei
nter
pret
ingt
het
erm“
acq
uit
tan
ce”i
nit
spr
esen
tco
ntext
.It
hasbeeno
bser
vedt
hatman
ylawy
erst
ake“
acq
uit
tan
ce”t
omeant
hatt
hel
iq
uidat
or
mayacq
uito
rpar
dondebt
s.Bu
tint
hel
ighto
fthep
ower
soft
hel
iq
uidat
oran
dthe
who
lep
urp
oseo
fli
qui
dat
ion
,iti
sno
tpl
aus
ibl
ean
dlo
gicalt
othi
nkt
hatt
hel
awwo
uld
gi
vet
hel
iq
uidat
orp
owert
oacq
uitdebt
s–an
dwi
tho
utan
ypr
eco
ndi
ti
ono
rqu
ali
fi
cat
ion
att
hat
.In l
aw,“
acq
uit
tan
ce”mean
sa wr
it
tens
tat
emen
tat
tes
ti
ngs
ett
lemen
tor
p
aymen
t.Ther
efo
re,t
het
erm“
acq
uit
tan
ce”an
dtheen
tir
epr
ovi
si
ono
fAr
ti
cle1012(
2)
s
hou
ldbeu
nder
sto
odt
omeant
hatt
hel
iq
uidat
ormayi
ssu
ewr
it
tens
tat
emen
tsat
tes
ti
ng
t
hes
ett
lemen
torp
aymen
tofdebt
s.

135
Co
nver
sel
y,t
hel
iq
uidat
ors
hou
ldp
ayexi
gibl
edebt
soft
hes
ucces
sio
n .Bu
thes
hou
ld
n
otp
ays
uchdebt
sau
tomat
ical
lyass
oonast
heyar
ecl
aimed.Asar
ule,hes
hou
ld
r
eferan
ycl
aimf
ort
hep
aymen
tofdebt
sper
tai
ni
ngt
othes
ucces
sio
ntot
heco
urtf
or
p
rop
ers
creen
ing.Ino
therwo
rds
,thel
iq
uidat
oro
ughtt
otel
lthep
ers
onswhoco
me
f
orwar
dcl
aimi
ngp
aymen
tfo
ran
yal
legeddebto
fthes
ucces
sio
ntoco
meu
pwi
tht
he
ap
pro
pri
ateco
urto
rder
.Hes
hou
ldal
soco
ntes
tco
urtact
ion
sthats
uchp
ers
onsmay
i
nst
it
uteaswel
lasan
ysu
itf
il
edbyan
ythi
rdp
art
ycl
aimi
ngar
ighto
vert
hep
rop
ert
yof

133 See,gener
all
y,Ar
ti
cle1012(
1)cu
m.Ar
ti
cle944(
c)t
oget
herwi
thAr
ti
cle1021(
1),Ci
vi
l
Code.
134 See,gener
all
y,Art
icle961,Civi
lCode.
135 See,general
ly,Ar
ticl
e944( c)cum.Arti
cle956(
c),Ci
vi
lCo
de.

122
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 123
Page
136
t
hes
ucces
sio
n .

Whati
smo
re,t
hel
iq
uidat
ors
hou
ldp
erf
orm al
ltheact
san
din
sti
tut
eal
ltheact
ion
s
137
n
eces
sar
yfo
rthep
res
erv
ati
ono
fthep
rop
ert
yoft
hes
ucces
sio
n .Hemays
ells
uch
p
rop
ert
ieso
fthes
ucces
sio
nasf
rui
tsan
dcr
ops
,an
dot
hermo
vabl
echat
tel
swhi
char
e
r
api
dlyp
eri
shabl
eorwhi
chr
equ
ireco
nsi
der
abl
eexp
ens
eorp
art
icu
larcar
efo
rthei
r
138
cu
sto
dyan
dpr
eser
vat
ion .Hemayn
ot,ho
wev
er,s
ellan
yot
hert
ypeo
fmo
vabl
eun
les
s
139
t
hes
elli
sreq
uir
edt
opayt
hedebt
soft
hes
ucces
sio
n .Li
kewi
se,excep
twi
tht
he
co
nsen
tofal
lthehei
rso
rtheau
tho
riz
ati
ono
ftheco
urt
,thel
iq
uidat
ormayn
ots
ellan
y
140
i
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
typ
ert
ain
ingt
othes
ucces
sio
n .

2.5. PAYMENT OFDEBTS CLAIMED FROM

THESUCCESSION

2.5.1. Int
roduct
oryRemar
ks

On
eoft
hemo
sti
mpo
rtan
tel
emen
tso
fthep
roce
sso
fli
qui
dat
ioni
stheas
cer
tai
nmen
t
an
dpay
men
tofdebt
scl
aimedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n,whi
ch,asal
ludedt
oear
li
er,ar
e
p
ref
erabl
ycal
leddebt
soft
hei
nher
it
ance.Gen
eral
ly,debt
sthatmaybecl
aimedf
rom
t
hes
ucces
sio
ncanbecl
ass
ifi
edi
ntot
wocat
ego
rie
s:Thef
ir
stcat
ego
ryco
nsi
st
sindebt
s
whi
char
eimp
utabl
etot
hedeceas
ed,wher
east
hes
eco
ndt
hos
ethatar
eat
tr
ibu
tabl
eto
t
hes
ucces
sio
n.

Thedebt
swhi
char
eimp
utabl
etot
hedeceas
edi
ncl
udet
heexp
ens
eoft
hedeceas
ed’
s
f
uner
al,debt
sheas
sumeddu
rin
ghi
sli
fet
ime,cl
aimso
fmai
nten
ancebyhi
sri
ght
ful
,
an
dpr
oper
ti
eshebeq
ueat
hedt
olegat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
le.Thes
edebt
sar
esai
dtobe
i
mpu
tabl
etot
hedeceas
edbecau
set
heyar
eli
nkedt
ohi
mino
newayo
ran
other
.
Wi
tho
utp
rej
udi
cet
othedi
ffer
enceast
other
eas
onbehi
ndt
hei
ror
igi
n,al
loft
hes
e

136 Ar
ticle1011(b),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
137 Ar
ticle1011(a),Ci
vi
lCode.
138 Ar
ticle1013(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
139 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
140 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.

123
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 124
Page
debt
sco
mei
ntobei
ngbe
cau
seo
fthedeceas
ed.Fo
rin
stan
ce,exp
ens
eso
ffu
ner
alar
is
e
du
etohi
sdeat
h.Debt
srel
ati
ngt
omai
nten
ancecl
aimst
racet
hei
ror
igi
ntoaci
vi
l
o
bli
gat
ionhehadwhi
leal
iv
e.An
dlegaci
esbys
ingu
lart
it
lehap
pent
obet
her
ebecau
se
t
heyar
eor
der
edbyt
hedeceas
edi
nhi
swi
ll
.

Mo
reo
ver
,debt
soft
hede
ceas
edexi
stbecau
sehehadi
ncu
rredt
hem du
rin
ghi
sli
fet
ime.
St
ri
ctl
ysp
eak
ing,cl
aiman
tso
fthes
epar
ti
cul
ardebt
sar
ecr
edi
tor
soft
hedeceas
ed,
r
athert
hano
fthes
ucces
sio
n.Bu
taso
fhi
sdeat
h,bo
tht
hedeceas
ed’
sdebt
san
dthe
co
rres
pon
din
gcr
edi
tor
sar
etr
ans
fer
redt
othees
tat
ehehasl
eftbehi
nd.Asar
esu
lt,t
he
p
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
soft
hedeceas
edmayo
nlycl
aimf
rom hi
ssu
cces
sio
n

Thes
eco
ndcat
ego
ryi
sco
mpo
sedo
fdebt
sthatar
eat
tr
ibu
tabl
etot
hes
ucces
sio
n.
Thes
edebt
s,whi
chgen
eral
lyar
is
eaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed,hav
emo
reaf
fin
ity
t
othes
ucces
sio
nthatt
hedeceas
ed.Thes
ein
clu
det
heexp
ens
eso
fadmi
nis
trat
ion
,
l
iq
uidat
ion
,an
dpar
ti
ti
ono
fthes
ucces
sio
nsu
chast
hos
ein
cur
redf
oraf
fixi
ngo
fseal
s,
dr
awi
ngu
pofi
nven
tor
y,p
res
erv
ati
ono
fpr
oper
ty,p
art
it
ionan
ddel
iv
eryo
fthei
nher
it
ance
t
othehei
rs
,et
c.

2.5.2. Or
dert
obef
oll
owed

No
tal
lthedebt
soft
hei
nher
it
ancehav
eeq
uall
egali
mpo
rtan
ce.Thel
awhasdev
ised
ahi
erar
chyo
fdebt
sinwhi
cheacht
ypeo
fdebti
spl
acedo
nadi
ffer
entr
ankdep
endi
ng
o
nit
sper
cei
ved p
receden
ce.So
me mu
stbe p
aid bef
oreo
ther
s.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,f
or
p
urp
oseso
fpay
men
t,cr
edi
tor
sar
etr
eat
ed di
ffer
ent
lyo
nthe bas
iso
fthe p
rio
rit
y
at
tachedt
othedebt
sthe
ycl
aim.Thel
iq
uidat
ori
sthu
sexp
ect
edt
ost
ickt
otheo
rder
s
peci
fi
edbyt
hel
aw whi
leef
fect
ingp
aymen
t.Bel
owi
sadet
ail
eddi
scu
ssi
ono
fthe
what
nes
sofeacho
ftho
sedebt
san
dtheo
rdert
obef
oll
owedi
nthei
rpay
men
t.

2.5.3. Funer
alExp
ens
es

Fu
ner
alexp
ens
esar
eexp
endi
tur
esr
equ
iredf
ort
hedi
spo
salo
fthebo
dyo
fthedeceas
ed.
InEt
hio
pia,t
hemo
stco
mmo
npr
act
iceo
fdi
spo
salo
fadeadbo
dyi
sbu
rial
.An
d
f
uner
alexp
ens
esi
ncl
udeexp
ens
esi
ncu
rredt
obu
yaco
ffi
n,mo
rti
fyan
dtr
ans
por
tthe

124
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 125
Page
bo
dy,di
gthegr
ave,an
dho
str
elat
ives
,nei
ghbo
rs,co
lleagu
es,an
dot
heracq
uai
ntan
ces
whos
howu
ptoo
fferco
nso
lat
iont
othedeceas
ed’
simmedi
atef
ami
li
es.

Mo
sto
ftho
seexp
ens
esar
eus
ual
lyco
ver he“
edbyt Idi
r”ofwhi
cht
hedeceas
edo
rhi
s
f
ami
lyi
samember
.Bu
tthatmayn
otbeal
way
sthecas
e.Thedeceas
edo
rhi
sfami
ly
mayn
otbel
ongt y“
oan Idi
r”ort
he“
Idi
r”t
owhi
cht
heys
ubs
cri
bemayn
otco
veral
lthe
exp
ens
eso
rap
ort
iont
her
eof
.

Fo
rtho
seo
ran
yot
herr
eas
on,i
tmayhap
pent
hats
omeo
nehast
obeart
heexp
ens
eof
t
hef
uner
alo
rap
ort
iont
her
eof
.Inp
rin
cip
le,f
uner
alexp
ens
esar
echar
gedt
othees
tat
e.
Ju
sti
ncas
ean
yper
sonhasp
aids
uchexp
ens
es,hemaycl
aimt
obei
ndemn
ifi
edo
uto
f
t
hees
tat
e.

Fu
ner
alexp
ens
esar
ele
gal
lyco
nsi
der
edaso
neo
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtan
tdebt
soft
he
i
nher
it
ance.Thecu
mul
ati
ver
eadi
ngo
fAr
ti
cles1014(
a)an
d1015(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
l
Co
des
ugges
tst
hatf
uner
alexp
ens
esar
epay
abl
ebef
orean
yot
herdebtp
rov
idedt
hat
t
heyar
eju
sti
fi
ed.Thi
sisap
par
ent
lyt
hecas
eev
enwher
ethees
tat
eisi
nso
lven
t.

Ho
wev
er,f
uner
alexp
ens
eswi
lln
othav
epr
ior
it
yov
ero
therdebt
soft
hei
nher
it
ance
u
nle
sst
heyar
eju
sti
fi
ed,hav
ingr
egar
dtot
hes
oci
alp
osi
ti
ono
ft ed141.That
hedeceas
mean
sthatt
heexp
ens
esi
ncu
rredf
ort
hef
uner
als
hou
ldber
eas
onabl
e.Ast
owhatar
e
j
ust
if
iedo
rreas
onabl
efu
ner
alexp
ens
esdep
endsu
pont
hedeceas
ed’
seco
nomi
can
d
s
oci
als
tat
us.Su
chf
act
orsast
hes
tat
ioni
nli
feo
fthedeceas
edan
dwhet
herhedi
ed
i
nso
lven
tmu
stbe t
aken i
nto co
nsi
der
ati
on.Iff
uner
alexp
ens
esar
e co
nsi
der
abl
y
exagger
atedhav
ingr
egar
dtos
uchf
act
ors
,thent
heyar
eno
tju
sti
fi
ed.No
tet
hatan
y
exp
ens
ein
cur
redi
nexces
sofwhatco
uldbeco
nsi
der
edr
eas
onabl
ewi
lls
ti
llbep
aid,bu
t
o
nlyaf
teral
ltheo
therdebt
soft
hei
nher
it
ancehav
ebeenp
aid142.

Fo
rpu
rpo
seso
fin
demn
ifi
cat
ion
,fu
ner
alexp
ens
esdon
oti
ncl
ude exp
ens
esf
ort
he
co
mmemo
rat
iono
ft ed143.Thel
hedeceas aw ev
engo
est
otheext
ento
fexp
res
sly
decl
ari
ngt
hato
rgan
izi
ngco
mmemo
rat
ions
erv
ice
sisn
otaj
uri
dicalo
bli
gat
iono
fthe

141 Ar
ti
cle1015(
1),Ci
vi
lCo
de.
142 Id.
143 Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
2),Id.

125
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 126
Page
s
pou
seo
rrel
ati
veso
ft ed144.Ther
hedeceas efo
re,an
yexp
ens
ein
cur
redt
oor
gan
izes
uch
t
radi
ti
onalEt
hio
pianco
mmemo
rat
iveo
rmemo
rials
erv
icesas“
tezk
ar”and“
sedeq
a”ar
e
n
otp
ayabl
eou
toft
hees
tat
eatal
l– n
otev
enaf
teral
ltheo
therdebt
soft
he
i
nher
it
ancehav
ebeenp
aid.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

At
oAmar
e,aweal
thyf
armer
,di
edaged90.Hei
ses
ti
mat
edt
obewo
rth150,
000Bi
rr
att
het
imeo
fhi
sdeat
h.At
oAmar
eiss
urv
ivedbys
ixchi
ldr
enwi
thagesr
angi
ngf
rom
10t
o65.Al
loft
hechi
ldr
en,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hemi
nort
hro
ughhi
sther
epr
esen
tat
ive,agr
eed
t
othe ap
poi
ntmen
tofBek
alu
,the el
des
tso
n,asa l
iq
uidat
or.Att
he en
doft
he
l
iq
uidat
ion
,Bek
alucameu
pwi
thar
epo
rtt
hatco
ntai
nst
hef
oll
owi
ngs
tat
emen
ts:

 Bi
rr10,
000i
ncu
rredf
ort
hedi
spo
salo
fthebo
dyo
fthedeceas
ed.
 Bi
rr30,
000s
pen
tonv
ari
ouscu
sto
mar
yan
drel
igi
ousr
it
esr
elat
edt
othef
uner
al
an
dco
mmemo
rat
iono
fthedeceas
ed.
 Bi
rr15,
000p
aidf
ort
heco
nst
ruct
iono
famar
blet
ombo
nthedeceas
ed’
sgr
ave.
 Bi
rr5,
000s
pen
ttoo
rgan
izep
ray
ers
erv
icesf
ort
hedeceas
ed.

Theo
therchi
ldr
en,whof
eltt
hatt
heexp
ens
eswer
eexagger
ated,wer
edi
sap
poi
ntedby
Bek
alu
’sr
epo
rt.Co
nseq
uen
tly
,theyi
nst
it
utedaco
urtact
iont
ohav
ether
epo
rtan
nul
led.

Qu
est
ion
s

As
sumi
ngt
haty
ouar
ethej
udget
owhot
hecas
eisas
sign
ed,whatwi
llbey
ourdeci
si
on
o
neachel
emen
toft
her
epo
rt? St
atey
ourr
eas
ons
.

2.5.4. Exp
ens
esofAdmi
nis
trat
ionandLi
qui
dat
ion

The admi
nis
trat
ion an
dli
qui
dat
iono
fthe s
ucces
sio
nin
vol
vean
umbero
fvar
iou
s
act
ivi
ti
est
hatmayr
equ
ireexp
endi
tur
e.Exp
ens
esi
ncu
rredf
orp
urp
oseso
fadmi
nis
trat
ion

144 Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
3),Id.

126
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 127
Page
145
an
dli
qui
dat
ions
hou
ldbep
aidn
extt
othef
uner
alexp
ens
es .Su
chexp
ens
esco
mpr
is
e:

I.Theexp
ens
eso
ftheaf
fixi
ngo
fseal
san
doft
hei
nven
tor
yan
dtho
seo
fthe
146
acco
unto
fthel
iq
uidat
ion ;
II.Theu
sef
ulexp
ens
esi
ncu
rred byt
hel
iq
uidat
orf
ort
heo
rdi
nar
ypr
eser
vat
ion
,
mai
nten
ancean
dadmi
ni
st
rat
iono
fthep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ance147;
III.Theexp
ens
eso
fthep
art
it
ionan
dtho
seo
fthet
ran
smi
ssi
ono
fthep
rop
ert
yoft
he
148
i
nher
it
ancet
othehei
rs ;
149
IV.Es
tat
edu
ty .

2.8.5. Debt
soft
heDeceas
ed

Thes
ear
edebt
swhi
cht
hedeceas
edact
ual
lyi
ncu
rreddu
rin
ghi
sli
fet
ime.Thes
edebt
s
co
uld be co
ntr
act
ual
,no
n-co
ntr
act
ual
,orp
enalby n
atu
re.Co
ntr
act
ualdebt
sar
e
l
iabi
li
ti
eseman
ati
ngf
romt
hedeceas
ed’
sco
ntr
act
ualu
nder
tak
ings
.No
n-co
ntr
act
ual
debt
sor
igi
nat
eint
ort
simp
utabl
etot
hedeceas
e.An
dpen
aldebt
s,s
uchasf
ines
,ar
is
e
asar
esu
lto
fsen
ten
cei
mpo
sedo
nthedeceas
edf
orhi
scr
imi
nalact
s.

Cr
edi
tor
soft
hedeceas
eddon
othav
ean
yri
ghto
vert
hep
ers
onalp
rop
ert
yoft
hehei
rs
an
dlegat
ees
.They
,ho
wev
er,hav
ethees
tat
eoft
hedeceas
ed ast
hei
r“excl
usi
ve
s
ecu
rit
y”.Asl
ongast
hei
rcl
aimi
sbas
edo
nal
egal
lyv
ali
dan
den
for
ceabl
eobl
igat
ion
o
fthedeceas
ed,t
heycanen
for
cei
tagai
nstt
hee
stat
e.

Fo
rthes
imp
lef
actt
hatt
hedeceas
edi
sdead,hi
scr
edi
tor
smayn
ot,u
ndern
ormal
ci
rcu
mst
ances
,seek s
peci
fi
cper
for
man
ce o
fa debtar
is
ingf
rom hi
sobl
igat
ion
s.
Sp
eci
fi
cper
for
man
cei
sno
tano
pti
onast
hedece
asedi
snol
ongeral
iv
etop
erf
ormi
t.
Cr
edi
tor
sne
edt
obr
inganact
ionf
ort
hes
ati
sfact
iono
fthei
rcl
aimi
nter
mso
fan
eq
uiv
alen
tmo
net
arys
um.

Iti
sint
hei
nter
esto
fju
sti
cean
dfai
rnes
sthatal
lgen
uin
ecr
edi
tor
soft
hedeceas
edbe

145 Ar
ticle1014(b)
,Civi
lCo
de.
146 Ar
ticle1014(a),Ci
vi
lCode.
147 Su
b- Art
icl
e(b),Id.
148 Su
b- Art
icl
e(c),Id.
149 Su
b- Art
icl
e(d),Id.

127
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 128
Page
p
aid.Thel
awhasp
uti
npl
acemechan
ismss
othatcr
edi
tor
scans
howu
pan
dtak
ewhat
i
sdu
etot
hem bef
orei
tist
ool
ate.Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
hel
aw r
equ
irest
hen
eces
sar
y
p
ubl
ici
tyan
dsear
cht
obemadet
oiden
tif
ythecr
edi
tor
soft
hedeceas
ed.

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle1017(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,t
hel
iq
uidat
ori
sreq
uir
edt
omak
ethe
ap
pro
pri
ates
ear
chf
orcr
edi
tor
s.Hemu
stt
akeal
lthes
tep
sneces
sar
ytoes
tabl
is
h
whet
hert
her
ear
eper
son
swhoar
ecr
edi
tor
soft ed150.Hes
hedeceas hou
ld,t
othi
sen
d,
exami
net
her
egi
st
ersan
dpap
erso
fthedeceas
edan
dmak
ethen
eces
sar
ysear
chesi
n
t
hep
ubl
icr
egi
st
ers
,int
hep
laceswher
ethedeceas
edhasr
esi
dedan
dint
hos
ewher
ehe
151
hasi
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
ty .

Fu
rther
mor
e,wher
ether
eisr
eas
ont
obel
iev
ethatt
hedeceas
edmayhav
ecr
edi
tor
s
who
mthe s
ear
ch hasn
otdi
scl
osed,t
he l
iq
uidat
ormu
stmak
esu
ch p
ubl
ici
tyasi
s
ap
pro
pri
atet
oin
for
mthecr
edi
tor
soft
hedeat
hoft
hedeceas
edi
nthep
laceswher
e
152
t
hiss
eemsu
sef
ul .Hemu
str
equ
iret
hecr
edi
tor
stomak
ethems
elv
esk
nownt
ohi
m
153
wi
thi
nthr
eemo
nthsf
romt
hedat
eofp
ubl
ici
ty .Fai
lur
etot
hes
ear
chan
dpu
bli
cit
y
r
equ
iredbyt
hel
awwi
llap
par
ent
lyhav
ethep
ers
onall
iabi
li
tyo
fthel
iq
uidat
orasi
tso
nly
154
s
anct
ion .

Thel
iq
uidat
ormu
sti
nthef
ir
stp
laceu
set
hel
iq
uidcas
hhef
indsi
nthes
ucces
sio
nto
155
p
ayt
hedebt
soft
hes
ucces
sio
n .Hemays
ellp
rop
ert
yon
lywher
ethecas
hisn
ot
en
ought
osat
is
fyal
ldebt
s.An
dwher
epr
oper
tyhast
obes
old,t
hep
rop
ert
ybeq
ueat
hed
i
nlegacybyt
hedeceas
edmayn
otbes
oldu
nles
sthedebt
sco
uldn
otbep
aidbys
ell
ing
156
o
therp
rop
ert
y .Thehei
rshav
ether
ighto
fpr
eemp
tio
ntobu
yan
ypr
oper
tyo
fthe
i
nher
it
ances
oldf
ort
hep
urp
oseo
fser
vin
gdebt
s.Thel
iq
uidat
ori
sbo
undt
oof
fers
uch
157
p
rop
ert
ytot
hehei
rsbef
ores
ell
ingi
ttoan
otherp
ers
on .Hei
sal
sor
equ
iredt
osel
lit
t
hehei
rwher
eheo
ffer
sfo
ritt
hemar
ketv
alu
eorahi
gherp
rice158.

150 Arti
cle1017(1),CivilCode.
151 Sub-Articl
e(2),Id.
152 Arti
cle1018(1),CivilCode.
153 Sub-Articl
e(2),Id.
154 See,generall
y,Ar t
icle1017(1)an
d(2)
,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
155 Arti
cle1022,Civ i
lCo de.
156 Arti
cle1024,Civ i
lCo de.
157 Arti
cle1023( 1),CivilCode.
158 Sub-Articl
e(2),Id.

128
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 129
Page
Bu
t,whati
fthep
rop
ert
ylef
tbyt
hedeceas
edi
sno
tsu
ffi
cien
ttop
ayo
ffal
lhi
sdebt
s?
Her
eiswhatt
hel
iq
uidat
ors
hou
lddo
.Cr
edi
tor
soft
hedeceas
edmaybeo
fei
thero
fthe
f
oll
owi
ngt
ypes
:

 Secu
redcr
edi
tor
s;
 Cr
edi
tor
swi
ths
peci
alp
riv
il
egeu
ndert
hel
aw;an
d,
 Or
din
arycr
edi
tor
s.

Secu
red cr
edi
tor
sar
etho
se who
se cl
aimshav
e been gu
aran
teed by a p
ers
onal
gu
aran
toro
rwhop
oss
esswhati
skn
ownas“
reals
ecu
rit
y”bywayo
famo
rtgageo
ra
p
ledge.Secu
red cr
edi
tor
s ar
e al
way
s wi
th adv
ant
ages i
n co
mpar
is
on wi
tho
ther
cr
edi
tor
s.Theyhav
ether
ightt
ofo
llo
wthegu
aran
toro
rthep
rop
ert
ywhi
chco
nst
it
utes
t
hei
rsecu
rit
yfo
rthes
ati
sfact
iono
fthei
rcl
aims
.

Int
hecas
eofar
eals
ecu
rit
y,s
ecu
redcr
edi
tor
shav
eap
rio
rit
yri
ghto
vert
hep
rop
ert
y
u
nderp
ledgeo
rmo
rtgage.Ot
hercr
edi
tor
smaymak
ereco
urs
eagai
nsts
uchp
rop
ert
y
o
nlyaf
tert
he cl
aimso
fsecu
red cr
edi
tor
shav
e beens
ati
sfi
ed.Ban
ksar
eus
ual
ly
s
ecu
redcr
edi
tor
s.

Cr
edi
tor
swi
ths
peci
alp
riv
il
egear
esu
chcr
edi
tor
saswo
rker
scl
aimi
ngp
aymen
tun
der
emp
loy
men
tco
ntr
act
s.The debt
sco
uld be s
alar
ieso
run
pai
doccu
pat
ion
als
afet
y
cl
aims
,et
c.Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fthedeceas
edwasaf
act
oryo
wner
,wo
rker
soft
hef
act
ory
maydeman
dpay
men
tofan
yun
pai
dwage.Thewo
rker
shav
ear
ighto
fpr
efer
enceo
n
t
hep
rop
ert
yfo
rmi
ngp
arto
fthei
nher
it
ancen
extt
osecu
redcr
edi
tor
s.Taxau
tho
rit
ies
ar
eal
socr
edi
tor
swi
ths
peci
alp
riv
il
egeu
ndert
hel
aw,wher
ether
eisan
ytaxdu
e.

Or
din
arycr
edi
tor
sar
ecr
edi
tor
swhodon
othav
ean
ysecu
rit
yorwhoar
eno
tco
nfer
red
wi
thas
peci
alp
riv
il
egebyt
hel
aw.Ther
ear
etwocl
ass
eso
for
din
arycr
edi
tor
s:Tho
se
who
sedebt
sar
eexi
gibl
ean
dtho
set
hatar
eno
t.

Or
din
arycr
edi
tor
swho
sedebt
sar
eexi
gibl
ear
ecr
edi
tor
swi
thl
iq
uidat
edan
dmat
ure
cl
aims
.Thes
edebt
shav
epr
ior
it
yov
erdebt
sthatar
eno
texi
gibl
e,i
.e.
,debt
sthatar
e
n
oty
etl
iq
uidat
edan
dmat
ure
.Cr
edi
tor
swho
sedebt
sar
eno
texi
gibl
ean
dtho
sewho
hav
eco
ndi
ti
onalcl
aimso
vert
hees
tat
emayr
equ
iredep
osi
tofs
ecu
rit
iesf
romt
he

129
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 130
Page
l
iq
uidat
ort
oen
sur
ethathewi
lll
aterp
ayt
hei
rcl
aimswhent
heyf
alldu
eorwhent
he
co
ndi
ti
onsat
tachedt
othecl
aimsmat
eri
ali
ze.

No
tet
hats
ecu
redcr
edi
tor
sar
eno
tgen
eral
lyaf
fect
edal
tho
ught
hes
ucces
sio
nhasn
o
s
uff
ici
entme
anst
opayo
ffi
tsdebt
s.Theymayp
urs
uet
hei
rsecu
rit
y,whet
herp
ers
onal
gu
aran
toro
rreals
ecu
rit
y,f
ort
hes
ati
sfact
iono
fthei
rcl
aims
.Asf
ort
her
emai
nin
gtwo
cl
ass
eso
fcr
edi
tor
s,whe
remo
ret
hano
neco
nten
din
gcr
edi
tor
swi
thaneq
ualf
oot
ing
deman
dpay
men
tsi
mul
tan
eou
sly
,ther
uleo
fpr
orat
adi
st
ri
but
ion
,inwhi
cht
hees
tat
eis
t
obedi
st
ri
but
edbet
weent
hecr
edi
tor
sinp
rop
ort
iont
otheamo
unto
fthei
rres
pect
ive
cl
aims
,isap
pli
ed.

2.5.6. Debt
sRel
ati
ngt
oMai
ntenance

Theo
bli
gat
iont
osu
ppl
ymai
nten
ancei
sno
tju
stmo
ral
.Iti
sal
soal
egalo
bli
gat
ion
s
anct
ion
edbyt
hel
aw.Fami
lyl
awgo
ver
nsmai
nte
nan
cep
rov
isi
ono
bli
gat
ion
sthatmay
exi
stasbet
weenp
ers
onswhoar
eal
iv
e.Acco
rdi
ngt
othep
ert
inen
tpr
ovi
si
onso
fthi
slaw,
ap
ers
oni
sun
dercer
tai
nci
rcu
mst
anceso
bli
gedt
osu
ppl
ymai
nten
ancet
ohi
ssp
ous
e,
des
cen
dan
ts,as
cen
dan
ts,p
aren
ts-
in-
law,s
ibl
ingsan
dst
epchi
ldr
en.

Thi
sobl
igat
ionap
par
ent
lyco
nti
nuesev
enaf
terdeat
h.Un
derco
ndi
ti
onsl
aiddo
wni
nthe
r
elev
antp
rov
isi
onso
fthe Law o
fSu
cces
sio
ns,s
ome p
ers
onsmay cl
aim t
o get
mai
nten
anceo
uto
fthees
tat
eoft
hedeceas
ed.Af
terp
ayi
ngo
fft
heexp
ens
eso
fthe
f
uner
alo
fthedeceas
ed,t
heexp
ens
eso
fadmi
ni
st
rat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n,an
dthe
deceas
ed’
sdebt
s,t
hel
iq
uidat
ors
hou
ld,bef
orehan
din
gov
erl
egaci
esbys
ingu
lart
it
le,
159
p
ayt
hedebt
srel
ati
ngt
omai
nten
ancecl
aims .

Debt
srel
ati
ngt
omai
nten
ancear
epu
rel
ylegali
nter
mso
fso
urcean
dsu
bst
ance.An
y
acto
rco
ntr
actco
ncl
uded du
rin
gthel
if
eti
meo
fthedeceas
ed i
nco
nnect
ionwi
th
ev
ent
ualdebt
soft
he s
ucces
sio
nfo
rmai
nten
ance i
svo
id160.Byt
he s
ame t
oken
,
t
est
amen
tar
y di
spo
sit
ion
s ai
min
g atexcl
udi
ngo
rmo
dif
yin
gthe r
ules r
elat
ingt
o

159 Ar
ti
cle1025,Ci
vi
lCode.
160 Ar
ti
cle1036(1)
,Civ
ilCode.

130
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 131
Page
161
mai
nten
ancedebt
sar
eofn
oef
fect .

Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle1026o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,t
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreegr
oup
sofp
ers
onsmay
cl
aimf
ormai
nten
ancef
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Thes
ear
e:

 Thes
pou
seo
fthedeceas
ed;
 The r
elat
ives o
fthe deceas
ed,n
amel
y,hi
s des
cen
dan
ts,as
cen
dan
ts,an
d
br
other
san
dsi
st
ers
;an
d
 Ot
herp
ers
onswhol
iv
edwi
thdeceas
edo
rwer
emai
ntai
nedbyhi
m att
het
imeo
f
hi
sdeat
h.

No
ticet
hatt
her
ighto
ftho
segr
oup
sofp
ers
onsi
sno
tun
qual
if
ied.Theyar
eno
ten
tit
led
t
ocl
aimf
ormai
nten
anceagai
nstt
hees
tat
eun
les
stheyar
ei eed162.Thati
nn s,t
hey
mu
stn
othav
ean
yownmean
stos
upp
ortt
hems
elv
es.Theywi
lln
otal
sohav
esu
chr
ight
163
i
ftheyar
einap
osi
ti
ont
oear
nthei
rli
vi
ngbyt
hei
rwo
rk .

The s
pou
seo
fthe deceas
ed maycl
aim mai
nten
ance i
rr
esp
ect
iveo
fwhet
hert
he
s
ucces
sio
nist
est
ateo
rin
tes
tat
e.S/
hemaycl
aimr
egar
dles
soft
hef
actt
hatt
he
deceas
edhaso
rder
edal
egacyi
nher
/hi
sfav
or,u
nles
siti
ssho
wnt
hatt
hecl
aiman
tcan
l
iv
eons
uchl
egacy
.Thes
pou
semaygett
hemai
nten
ancebywayo
fal
if
ean
nui
tyi
n
acco
rdan
ce wi
tht
he r
ules l
aid do
wn i
nthe ap
pli
cabl
efami
ly co
de co
ncer
nin
g
164
mai
nten
ance o
bli
gat
ion
s .Ho
wev
er,wher
ethe mai
nten
ance i
spay
abl
e bywayo
f
165
an
nui
ty,t
hean
nui
tywi
lln
olo
ngerbedu
eincas
ethes
pou
ser
emar
ri
es .

In co
ntr
ast
,the r
elat
ive
soft
he deceas
ed,i
.e.
,hi
sdes
cen
dan
ts,as
cen
dan
ts,an
d
br
other
san
dsi
st
ersmaycl
aimo
nlywher
ethes
ucces
sio
nist
est
atean
dthedeceas
ed
hasl
eftav
ali
dwi
llt
othei
rpr
eju
dice.Thati
not
herwo
rdsmean
sthatt
heymu
stbe
p
ers
onswhoco
uldhav
ebeencal
ledbyt
hel
awt
otak
ethei
nher
it
anceo
rap
artt
her
eof
hadt
hes
ucces
sio
nbeeni
ntes
t e166.Acco
at rdi
ngl
y,an
ydes
cen
dan
t,as
cen
dan
t,br
other
o
rsi
st
ero
fthedeceas
edwhodo
esn
othav
ethecap
aci
tyt
osu
cceedbecau
sehehas

161 Su
b- Art
icl
e( ,Id.
2)
162 Ar
ticle1027,Civ
ilCode.
163 Id.
164 Ar
ti
cle1030,Ci
vi
lCode.
165 Ar
ti
cle1034(3)
,Civ
ilCode.
166 Ar
ti
cle1028(1)
,Civ
ilCode.

131
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 132
Page
bee
n excl
uded f
rom t
he s
ucces
sio
n as u
nwo
rthy wi
lln
ot hav
e a cl
aim f
or
mai
nten
ance167.

Li
kewi
se,ades
cen
dan
t,as
cen
dan
t,br
othero
rsi
st
erexcl
udedbyhei
rswhohav
eabet
ter
r
ighti
sno
ten
tit
ledt
ocl
aim mai
nten
ance168.Asdi
scu
ssedi
nthep
rev
iou
sChap
ter
,
r
elat
ivest
hatar
ecl
osert
othedeceas
ed ar
egi
venp
ref
eren
cef
ort
hep
urp
oseo
f
s
uccee
din
ghi
m.Thei
mpl
icat
ioni
sthatdi
st
antr
elat
ivesar
eexcl
udedbycl
osero
nes
.
Fo
rexamp
le,as
cen
dan
tsar
e excl
uded by des
cen
dan
ts.An
d amo
ng des
cen
dan
ts,
chi
ldr
eno
fthedeceas
edexcl
udeo
therdes
cen
dan
ts.Thedeceas
ed’
sbr
otheran
dsi
st
ers
ar
eexcl
uded byhi
spar
ent
san
dsoo
n.Ap
ply
ingt
her
uleso
fin
tes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n
co
ncer
nin
gpr
efer
enceo
fhei
rs
,rel
ati
veswhoar
eexcl
udedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
nbyhei
rs
wi
thabet
terr
ighthav
enor
ightt
ocl
aim mai
nten
ance.

Fu
rther
mor
e,ev
enwher
eades
cen
dan
t,as
cen
dan
t,br
othero
rsi
st
erhasar
ightt
ocl
aim
mai
nten
ance,t
her
eisal
imi
ttot
heamo
untwhi
chhemayr
ecei
ve.Su
chap
ers
onmay
o
nlygetmo
neyo
rthi
ngso
fav
alu
eeq
ualt
othathewo
uldhav
erecei
vedf
romt
he
s
ucces
sio
nbyv
irt
ueo
fthel
aw,hadt
hedeceas
edn
otmadet
est
amen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
ion
sto
hi
spr
eju
dice169.Asaco
nso
lat
ion
,thel
awas
simi
lat
esl
iber
ali
ti
esmadebyt
hedeceas
ed
du
rin
gthel
astt
hreey
ear
spr
ecedi
nghi
sdeat
htot
est
amen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
ion
smadei
nthe
170
wi
ll .

An
yper
sonl
egal
lyen
tit
led t
o cl
aim f
ormai
nten
ance mu
stes
tabl
is
h hi
sri
ghtby
f
orwar
din
g hi
scl
aim t
othe l
iq
uidat
orwi
thi
non
eyearf
rom t
he o
pen
ingo
fthe
171
s
ucces
sio
n .The l
iq
uidat
ori
s emp
ower
ed t
o deci
de o
nsu
ch cl
aims
.He may
ack
nowl
edgeo
rref
useacl
aim.Ho
wev
er,t
hedeci
si
ono
fthel
iq
uidat
ort
oref
usea
172
cl
aim mayi
mmedi
atel
ybechal
len
gedbef
oret
heco
mpet
entco
urt .

Ar
ti
cle10
31(
2)i
mpl
iest
hatap
ers
onmaymak
eap
rov
isi
onalcl
aimf
ormai
nten
ancei
n
u
rgen
tcas
es.Thi
spr
ovi
si
oni
ssi
len
tast
owhatco
nst
it
utesap
rov
isi
onalcl
aim.Bu
tthe
who
lep
urp
oseo
fmai
nten
ancebei
ngp
rov
isi
ono
fthen
eces
sit
ieso
fli
fe,i
tcanbes
aid

167 Ar
ticle1028(2)
,Civi
lCo
de.
168 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.
169 Ar
ticle1029(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
170 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
171 Ar
ticle1031(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
172 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.

132
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 133
Page
t
hatap
rov
isi
onalcl
aim acl
aim madeev
enbef
oret
heo
therdebt
soft
hes
ucces
sio
n
hav
ingp
receden
ceo
vermai
nten
ancehav
ebeenp
aid.Thel
iq
uidat
ormayack
nowl
edge
s
uchp
rov
isi
onalcl
aimi
nfav
oro
fthecl
aiman
twher
ethees
tat
ehass
uff
ici
entr
eso
urces
173
t
opayo
fft
hedebt
swi
thp
receden
ce .

Thel
iq
uidat
ormu
stp
aycl
aimsf
ormai
nten
ancei
nco
nfo
rmi
tywi
tht
heman
nero
f
p
aymen
tpr
escr
ibedbyt
hel
aw.Asar
ule,mai
nten
ances
hou
ldbep
aidbywayo
fal
ump
s
um174.Ap
artf
rom t
he cas
e when t
he r
eci
pi
enti
sthe s
pou
seo
fthe deceas
ed,
mai
nten
ancemaybep
aidbywayo
fal
if
ean
nui
tyo
nlywher
ethecr
edi
tori
satl
eas
t
s
ixt
yyear
sod175.
l

176
Ifp
aymen
tbywayo
fal
if
ean
nui
tyi
sal
lowed,t
heamo
untwi
llbef
ixeddef
ini
tel
y .
Su
chamo
untmayber
evi
sedo
nlyi
ftheen
tit
yoft
hes
ucces
sio
nhasbeener
ron
eou
sly
ap
prai
sedwheni
twases
tabl
ihed177.Thecr
s edi
tormay
,wher
eap
pro
pri
ate,r
equ
iret
hat
s
ecu
rit
ybegi
vent
ohi
mtogu
aran
teet
hep
aymen
tofwhati
sdu
et m178.
ohi

An
nui
tyi
spay
abl
easf
romt
hedeat
hoft ed179.It
hedeceas ,in
clu
din
gthear
rear
s,i
f
180
an
y,ar
epai
datt
hep
laceo
fres
iden
ceo
fthecr
edi
tor .Inp
rin
cip
le,ar
rear
smayn
ot
beas
sign
edo
rat
tached181.Ho
wev
er,wher
ether
ear
ein
sti
tut
ion
sthatp
rov
idef
ort
he
wan
tso
ftheben
efi
ciar
yoft
hean
nui
ty,ar
rear
smaybeas
sign
edt
osu
chi
nst
it
uti
ons
ev
enbef
oret
heyf
al e182.Theymayal
ldu sobeat
tachedbyp
ers
onswhohav
egi
vent
o
t
heben
efi
ciar
ywhatwasn
eces
sar
yfo
rhi
sli
vel
iho
od183.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

173 Ar
ticle1031( 2)
,Ci v
ilCo
de.
174 Ar
ticle1032( 2)
,Ci v
ilCo
de.
175 Su
b- Art
icle(1),Id.
176 Ar
ticle1034( 1)
,Ci v
ilCo
de.
177 Su
b- Art
icle(2),Id.
178 Ar
ticle1033( 3)
,Ci v
ilCo
de.
179 Su
b- Art
icle(1),Id.
180 Su
b- Art
icle(2),Id.
181 Ar
ticle1035( 1)
,Ci v
ilCo
de.
182 Su
b- Art
icle(2),Id.
183 Sub-Articl
e( 3),Id.

133
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 134
Page
Ber
chu
,whodi
edr
ecen
tly
,iss
urv
ivedbyhi
ssi
st
er,Fi
rehi
wot
,an
dhi
sbr
other
,Tes
fu.
Ber
chuhasl
eftav
ali
dwi
lli
nwhi
chhecal
ledFi
rehi
wott
orecei
vet
hewho
lep
rop
ert
y
o
fthei
nher
it
ance.Hehasn
ot,ho
wev
er,s
aidan
ythi
ngabo
utTes
fu.

Qu
est
ion
s

CanTes
fucl
aim mai
nten
ancef
rom Ber
chu
’ss
ucces
sio
n?Why
,orwhyn
ot?St
atey
our
r
eas
ons
.

Hi
nt

Tes
fucancl
aim mai
nten
ance.Ift
hewi
llwasn
ott
her
e,hewo
uldhav
ebeencal
ledt
o
t
he s
ucces
sio
nto
get
herwi
th Fi
rehi
wotbyt
he o
per
ati
ono
fthe r
uleso
fin
tes
tat
e
s
ucces
sio
n.Ino
therwo
rds
,hadBe
rchun
otmadehi
swi
llt
ohi
spr
eju
dice,Tes
fuwo
uld
hav
edi
vi
dedt
hees
tat
ewi
thFi
rehi
wotf
ift
y-f
ift
y.

2.5.7. Pay
mentofLegaci
esbySi
ngul
arTi
tl
e

Al
egacybys
ingu
lart
it
lei
sno
tani
ndi
spen
sabl
eel
emen
tofas
ucces
sio
n.Ther
ewi
llbe
al
egacybys
ingu
lart
it
leo
nlywhe
ret
hes
ucces
sio
nist
est
ate.Thati
s,t
hedeceas
ed
mu
sthav
elef
tav
ali
dwi
ll
.Mo
reo
ver
,thet
est
ato
rmu
sthav
emadeadi
spo
sit
iont
othat
ef
fect
.

Al
egacybys
ingu
lart
it
lei
sadi
spo
sit
ionwher
ebyt
het
est
ato
rcal
lsap
ers
on,o
ther
wis
e
cal
ledal
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
le,t
orecei
veas
peci
fi
cpr
oper
tywhi
chf
ormsp
arto
fthe
i
nher
it
ance184.Legat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lear
e,asar
ule,ar
eas
simi
lat
edt
ocr
edi
tor
sof
t
hei
nher
it
ance.Ass
uch,l
ik
etheo
thercr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ance,v
iz.
,thecr
edi
tor
sof
t
heexp
ens
eso
fthef
uner
alo
fthedeceas
ed,t
heexp
ens
eso
ftheadmi
nis
trat
iono
fthe
s
ucces
sio
n,an
dthedebt
soft
hedeceas
ed,l
egat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lear
epai
ddu
rin
gthe
l
iq
uidat
ionp e185.
has

Ho
wev
er,u
nli
ket
hecr
edi
tor
soft
heexp
ens
eso
fthef
uner
alo
fthedeceas
ed,t
he

184 Arti
cle912imp l
iesthatadispo
s i
ti
onnotrel
ati
ngt
othewho
leo
rap
ort
iono
fthep
rop
ert
yoft
he
i
nheri
tanceisalegacybys i
ngularti
tl
e.
185 See,gener
ally
,Ar t
icle1014(4),Civi
lCode.

134
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 135
Page
exp
ens
eso
ftheadmi
nis
trat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n,an
dthedebt
soft
hedeceas
ed,t
he
t
it
leo
flegat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lei
sno
tgen
eral
lyo
ner
ous
.Sol
ong ast
hel
aw i
s
co
ncer
ned,l
egat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lear
eno
tpr
esu
med t
ohav
ego
tthei
rri
ghtf
or
co
nsi
der
ati
on.Thati
s,t
heyar
eno
tco
nsi
der
edt
ohav
eobt
ain
edt
hei
rcl
aimi
nret
urnf
or
s
omet
hin
gthey hav
epai
dorp
erf
ormed f
ort
he ben
efi
toft
he deceas
ed o
rthe
s
ucces
sio
n.Thel
egacywasp
res
umabl
yor
der
edi
nfav
oro
fthem byt
hedeceas
ed
wi
tho
utq
uidp
roq
uo.In o
therwo
rds
,thei
rcl
aim i
sno
tbas
ed o
n an o
bli
gat
ion
r
eco
gni
zedbyt
hel
awasv
ali
dan
den
for
ceabl
easagai
nstt
hedeceas
ed.Whati
smo
re,
u
nli
kep
ers
onsl
egal
lyen
tit
ledt
ocl
aimf
ormai
nten
anceagai
nstt
hes
ucces
sio
n,l
egat
ees
bys
ingu
lart
it
lemi
ghtn
otbei
nneedo
rmi
ghtbei
nap
osi
ti
ont
oear
nthei
rli
vi
ngby
t
hei
rwo
rk.

Thei
mpl
icat
iono
fal
lthati
slegat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lewi
llbep
aido
nlyaf
teral
lot
her
cr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ancear
epai
d.Af
terp
ayi
ngo
ffal
lthedebt
shav
ingp
receden
ce,
t
hel
iq
uidat
ori
sexp
ect
edt
opayt
hel
egaci
esbys
ingu
lart
it
leo
rder
edbyt
hedeceas
ed
o
uto
fthees
t e186.On
at cel
egat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lehav
ebeenp
aid,t
hel
iq
uidat
ion
p
roces
swi
llen
dan
dbecl
osed.

Asmen
tio
nedear
li
er,t
hep
rov
isi
onsr
elat
ingt
otheo
pti
ono
fthehei
rso
rlegat
eesby
u
niv
ers
alt
it
le al
soap
plyt
olegat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
le187.Thati
s,ho
wev
er,wi
tho
ut
p
rej
udi
cet
othef
oll
owi
ngt
wor
ules
.Fi
rs
t,t
hedo
ctr
ineo
fto
talaccep
tan
ceo
rref
usali
s
n
otap
pli
cabl
etol
egat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
le.A p
ers
ont
owho
m mo
ret
hano
nel
egacyby
s
ingu
lart
it
lehasbeenbe
queat
hedmayf
reel
yaccep
ton
eofs
uchl
egaci
esan
dref
use
188
t
heo
ther .Seco
nd,r
efu
salo
fal
egacydo
esn
otr
esu
lti
nther
etu
rno
fthep
rop
ert
y
beq
ueat
hedt
othes
ucces
sio
n.Ifal
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
ler
efu
sest
hel
egacy
,hi
s
r
efu
salben
efi
tsei
thert
hel
iq
uidat
oro
rthehei
r–who
everhast
hechar
geo
fpay
ingt
he
189
l
egacyu
ndert
hewi
ll .

No
net
hel
ess
,thet
est
ato
risatl
iber
tyt
opr
ovi
deo
ther
wis
einhi
swi
ll
.In
steado
fthe
l
iq
uidat
or,t
het
est
ato
rmayo
rdero
neo
fthehei
rst
opayal
egacybys
ingu
lart
it
le190.

186 See,gener
all
y,Ar
ti
cle1037cu
m.Ar
ti
cle1041,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
187 Ar
ti
cle1038,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
188 Ar
ti
cle1039,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
189 Ar
ti
cle1040,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
190 Ar
ti
cle1037,Ci
vi
lCo
de.

135
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 136
Page
Thel
awi
ssi
len
tast
owhet
hers
uchanhei
rsho
uldp
ayt
hel
egacyo
uto
fhi
sshar
eof
t
hes
ucces
sio
noro
uto
fhi
sper
son
alp
rop
ert
y.Bu
tthet
est
ato
rdo
esn
othav
ean
ypo
wer
t
oor
deranhei
rtop
ayal
egacyo
uto
fhi
spo
cket
.No
risan
yhei
robl
igedt
opay
an
ythi
ngu
nle
sshehasaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
nan
dhasr
ecei
vedal
lthep
rop
ert
yoft
he
i
nher
it
anceo
rap
ort
iont
her
eof
.Itcan
,ther
efo
re,s
afel
ybes
aidt
hatanhei
ronwho
m
p
aymen
tofal
egacymaybei
mpo
sedi
sanhei
rwho
,hav
ingaccep
tedt
hes
ucces
sio
n,
hasr
ecei
veds
omei
nher
it
ancep
rop
ert
y.

Su
chanhei
rcanbean
alo
giz
edwi
thal
egat
eewho
sel
egacyhasbeenen
cumber
edby
acer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
on.A co
ndi
ti
onall
egat
eewi
llr
ecei
vet
hel
egacyo
rder
edi
nhi
sfav
or
191.
o
nlyu
pont
heacco
mpl
is
hmen
toft
heco
ndi
ti
oni
mpo
sedbyt
het
est
ato
r Li
kewi
se,t
he
hei
rwi
llr
ecei
vehi
sshar
eoft
hes
ucces
sio
non
lyi
fhep
ayst
hel
egacyhei
sor
der
edt
o
an
dvi
cev
ers
a.Thati
s,t
hehei
rrecei
vest
hei
nher
it
ancep
rop
ert
ytowhi
chhei
sen
tit
led
o
nlyi
fhep
ayst
hel
egacy
,an
disl
iabl
etop
ayt
hel
egacy
,ofco
urs
eou
tofhi
sshar
eof
t
hes
ucces
sio
n,o
nlyi
fhehasr
ecei
veds
omei
nher
it
ancep
rop
ert
y.

Int
hen
ormalco
urs
eofev
ent
s,al
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
lemayn
otgethi
slegacyatal
l
i
ftheen
tir
epr
oper
tyo
fthei
nher
it
ancei
ssp
entear
lys
erv
ingt
hedebt
swi
thp
receden
ce.
Al
egat
eewho
sel
egacyhasbeeno
rder
edt
obep
aidbyanhei
rmayal
soexp
eri
encea
s
imi
larf
ate.Wher
eal
lthep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nhe
rit
ancehasbeendi
spo
sedo
fint
he
co
urs
eoft
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
s,al
egat
eet
hep
aymen
tofwho
sel
egacyhasbeen
i
mpo
sedo
nanhei
rwi
llhav
enor
ighto
freco
urs
eagai
nstt
hehei
rasi
tiscl
eart
hat
n
othi
nghasgo
net
othehei
rfr
omt
hes
ucces
sio
n.

Thep
osi
ti
ono
flegat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lei
spr
ecar
iou
sev
enu
ndern
ormalci
rcu
mst
ances
.
Wher
ethet
est
ato
rhasn
oti
mpo
sedp
aymen
tonanhei
rorhasn
otmadean
ydi
spo
sit
ion
ast
otheman
nero
fpay
men
tatal
l,t
hel
iq
uidat
orn
ormal
lyp
ayss
ingu
larl
egaci
eso
uto
f
t
he es
tat
e.Ho
wev
er,s
uch l
egaci
esmaybe p
aido
nlywher
eitap
pear
sthatt
he
s
ucces
sio
nhass
uff
ici
entmean
sfo
rpay
in hem192.Nomean
gt s,n
opay
men
t.

Iti
spo
ssi
blet
hats
omep
rop
ert
yhasr
emai
nedf
romt
heear
li
erp
has
eso
fthel
iq
uidat
ion
p
roces
s.Itmay
,nev
ert
hel
ess
,hap
pent
hatt
het
est
ato
rhaso
rder
eds
ever
als
ingu
lar

191 Ar
ti
cle916,Civ
ilCode.
192 Ar
ti
cle1041,Civ
ilCode.

136
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 137
Page
l
egaci
esan
dthep
rop
ert
yremai
ni
ngi
sno
tsu
ffi
cien
ttop
ayal
loft
hem.Ins
uchan
ev
ent
,pay
men
tofi
smadei
nthr
eeal
ter
nat
iveway
s.Ift
het
est
ato
rhasexp
res
slyl
aid
193
do
wno
rde
rofp
aymen
t,t
hel
egaci
eswi
llbep
aidf
oll
owi
ngs
ucho
rder .If
,ho
wev
er,
t
het
est
ato
rhasn
otmadeanexp
res
sdi
spo
sit
iont
othatef
fect
,legat
eeswho
sel
egaci
es
co
uld,co
nsi
der
ingt
hewi
llo
ran
yot
herwr
it
tenacto
fthedeceas
ed,bes
aidt
ohav
e
194
bee
nor
der
edasr
emu
ner
ati
onf
ort
hes
erv
icest
heyhav
eren
der
edwi
llbep
aidf
ir
st .
Thep
rop
ert
ywhi
chr
emai
nsaf
tert
his
,wher
ean
y,wi
llbedi
st
ri
but
edamo
ngt
her
esto
f
t
hel
egat
eeso
npr
orat
abas
is.Thati
not
herwo
rdsmean
sthatt
hel
egaci
est
hathav
e
n
otbeenp
aidwi
llber
edu
cedi
npr
opo
rti
ont
othei
rres
pect
ivev
alu
esan
dbep
aid195.

Thel
iq
uidat
ori
sexp
ect
edt
ohan
dov
ert
othel
egat
eet
het
hin
gbeq
ueat
hedal
ongwi
th
196 197
i
tsacces
sor
ies .Theexp
ens
eso
fthedel
iv
eryar
echar
gedt
othes
ucces
sio
n .The
t
hin
gisdel
iv
ered i
nthe s
tat
ein whi
ch i
tisf
oud198.In cas
n eofan
ydef
ecto
r
n
onco
nfo
rmi
ty,t
hel
egat
eedo
esn
othav
ether
ightt
oreq
uir
ethatt
het
hin
gbedel
iv
ered
t
ohi
minago
ods
t e199.
at

Thedi
spo
sit
ionwher
ebyt
het
est
ato
rhasbeq
ueat
hedat
hin
gbywayo
fal
egacymi
ght
hap
pent
obeaf
fect
edbyl
ingu
ist
ico
rti
tul
ardef
ect
.Li
ngu
ist
ical
ly,al
egacymaybe
def
ect
ivebecau
set
het
est
ato
rhaso
rder
edi
twi
tho
uts
uff
ici
ent
lydef
ini
ngi
tss
ubj
ect
200
mat
terr
efer
ri
ngo
nlyt
oit
sgen
us .Wher
ethi
sist
hecas
e,t
hel
egat
eei
satl
iber
tyt
o
s
electwhi
chev
erhewi
shesf
rom amo
ngt
het
hin
gso
fthatgen
usbel
ongi
ngt
othe
201
t
est
ato
r .Wher
e,o
ntheo
therhan
d,s
ever
all
egat
eesar
ecal
ledt
osel
ectf
romt
hin
gs
o
fthes
amegen
us,t
heywi
lldr
awl
otst
odet
ermi
net
heo
rderi
nwhi
cht
heyar
etomak
e
202
t
hei
rsel
ect
ion .

Inr
egar
dtot
it
ulardef
ect
,thel
egacyco
uldr
elat
etoap
rop
ert
yen
cumber
ed,t
hati
s,a

193 Ar
ticle1042( 1)
,Civi
lCo de.
194 Su
b- Art
icl
e( 2),Id.
195 Su
b- Art
icl
e( 3),Id.
196 Ar
ticle1043( 1)
,Civi
lCo de.
197 Ar
ticle1051,CivilCode.
198 Ar
ticle1043( 1)
,Civi
lCo de.
199 Su
b- Art
icl
e( 2),Id.
200 Ar
ticle1044( 1)
,Civi
lCo de.
201 Id.
202 Su
b-Ar
ti
cle(
2),Id.

137
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 138
Page
t
hin
gpl
edgedo
rmo
rtgaged203.Whent
het
hin
gbe
queat
hedhasbeengi
venasap
ledge
o
rhasbeenmo
rtgagedbyt
het
est
ato
r,t
heco
rres
pon
din
gdebti
spai
dou
toft
hees
tat
e.
Acco
rdi
ngl
y,t
hel
egat
eeco
ncer
nedhast
her
ightt
odeman
dthats
ecu
rit
ybegi
vent
o
hi
mtogu
aran
teet
hel
iber
ati
ono
fthet
hin
gatt
het
imewhent
hedebtf
all e204.Bu
sdu t
i
fhep
ayst
hedebtr
equ
iredt
oli
ber
atet
het
hin
gatmat
uri
ty,hemays
eekr
eco
ver
yfr
om
t
hehei
rsbybei
ngs
ubr
ogat
edi
nther
ight
soft
hecr
edi
tor
swho
m hehasp
aid205.

Theo
theri
nst
anceo
fti
tul
ardef
ecti
swher
ethet
est
ato
rhaso
rder
edal
egacyi
n
r
esp
ecto
fat
hin
gthatdo
esn
otbel
ongt
ohi
m.Thi
soccu
rsbecau
se,f
orexamp
le,t
he
206
s
ubj
ectmat
tero
fthel
egacyi
sat
hin
gbel
ongi
ngt
oot
herp
ers
ons .Inan
ycas
e,t
he
t
hin
gbeq
ueat
hedmu
stbeat
hin
gov
erwhi
cht
het
est
ato
rhadn
ori
ghtatt
het
imeo
fhi
s
deat
h.

Su
cht
it
ulardef
ectdo
esn
otn
eces
sar
il
yaf
fectt
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hel
egacy
.Inp
art
icu
lar
,
wher
ethes
ubj
ectmat
teri
sat
hin
gofagen
us,t
hel
egacywi
ll
,regar
dles
soft
hedef
ect
i
nthet
est
ato
r’st
it
le,s
ti
llbev
ali
d an
dpai
d.Thel
iq
uidat
ormayp
ayt
hel
egat
ee
co
ncer
nedan
othert
hin
gofas
imi
largen
uswi
tht
hato
fthebeq
u hed207.Bu
eat tift
her
e
i
snos
ucht
hin
gint
hes
ucces
sio
n,t
hel
egat
eewi
llgett
hev
alu
eoft
het
hin
gbeq
ueat
hed
t m208.
ohi

Wher
e,o
ntheo
therhan
d,t
het
hin
gbeq
ueat
hedi
sadet
ermi
nat
ethi
ngwhi
chi
sno
ta
209
t
hin
gofagen
us,t
hewho
lel
egacywi
ll
,inp
rin
cip
le,beo
fnoef
fect .Ho
wev
er,i
fthe
t
est
ato
rhaso
rder
edt
hel
egacyk
nowi
ngt
hathehadn
ori
ghto
vert
hes
ubj
ectmat
terat
t
het
imeo
fhi
sdeat
h,t
hel
egacywi
llbev
ald210.Ins
i uchcas
e,t
hel
egat
eemay
deman
dthatt
hel
iq
uidat
orp
ayhi
mthev
alu
eoft
het
hin
gbeq
ueat
hedt m211.
ohi

Whatap
ers
onbeq
ueat
hsbywayo
fal
egacymayn
otn
eces
sar
il
ybeap
rop
ert
y.He
mayal
somak
eadi
spo
sit
ionwher
eby
,fo
rin
stan
ce,hecal
lsap
ers
ont
oco
llectadebt

203 See,general
ly,Arti
cle1045,Civi
lCo
de.
204 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.
205 Sub-Arti
cle(3),Id.
206 See,theti
tleo fArti
cle1046,Ci
vi
lCode.
207 Arti
cle1046,Ci v
ilCode.
208 Id.
209 Ar
ticle1047(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
210 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.
211 Su
b- Art
icl
e(3),Id.

138
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 139
Page
o
wedt m212.Wher
ohi esu
chal
egacyhasbeeno
rder
ed,t
hev
alu
eoft
hedebtwi
llbe
det
ermi
nedbyt
heamo
untdu
etot
hedeceas
edatt
het
imeo
fhi h213.
sdeat

Ap
par
ent
ly,t
hep
osi
ti
ono
fal
egat
eei
nwho
sef
avo
ral
egacyo
fdebthasbeeno
rder
ed
i
sev
enmo
rep
recar
iou
sinco
mpar
is
onwi
tho
therl
egat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
le.Iti
supt
o
t
hel
egat
eet
opu
rsu
ethedebt
oran
dsecu
rep
aymen
t.Ev
enwo
rse,t
hes
ucces
sio
ndo
es
214
n
otgu
aran
teet
hep
aymen
toft
hedebt .Thel
iq
uidat
orf
ulf
il
stheo
bli
gat
ionwi
th
r
esp
ectt
othel
egacybymer
elydel
iv
eri
ngt
hei
nst
rumen
twhi
chmak
esp
oss
ibl
ethe
r
eco
ver
yoft
hedebtt
othel ee215.
egat

Ap
artf
rom adebt
,ap
ers
onmaybeq
ueat
hanan
nui
tyo
wedt m216.Wher
ohi eanan
nui
ty
i
sbeq
ueat
hed,t
hear
rear
sther
eofwi
llbedu
easf
romt
hedayo
fthedeat
hoft
he
217
t
est
ato
r .Li
kewi
se,wher
ethel
egacyr
elat
est
oadet
ermi
nat
ethi
ng,i
tsf
rui
tswi
llbe
du
easo
fthedeat
hoft ed218.Inco
hedeceas ntr
ast
,ifwhati
sbeq
ueat
hedi
sas
umo
f
mo
ney
,itwi
llbeari
nter
estatt
hel
egalr
ate
,whi
ch r
unsf
romt
hedaywhent
he
219
l
iq
uidat
orhasbeencal
ledu
pont
oef
fectp
aymen
t .

212 See,general
ly,Arti
cle1048,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
213 Sub-Arti
cle(1),Id.
214 Sub-Arti
cle(3),Id.
215 Sub-Arti
cle(2),Id.
216 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle1049,Ci
vi
lCo
de.
217 Id.
218 Ar
ticle1050(1)
,Civi
lCo
de.
219 Su
b- Art
icl
e(2),Id.

139
 LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 140
Page

Readt hefol
lowi
ngcas
eandcommentont
he
deci
sionofthecour
t
የፍ/
ብሔርይ/
መ/ቁ/
2241/
88

ህዳር7ቀን199
4ዓ.
ም

ዳኞች፦ ሐጎስወልዱ

ዳኜመላኩ

ጌታቸው ምህረቱ

ይግባኝባዮች ፦ 1 ወ/
ሮአልማዝይግለጡ ቀርባለች።

2 አቶባዩለማ ቀርቧል።

3 አቶኤልያስለማ አልቀረበም።

መልስሰጭ ዎች ፦ 1 ወ/
ሪትታዬወርቅለማ ቀርባለች

2 አቶብዙአየሁለማ አልቀረበም

ይህንመዝግብ እናየፍ/
ብ/ይ/
መ 1742/
88ንበአን
ድነትመርምረንየሚከተለውንውሳኔሰጥትናል።/
/

ውሳኔ

በሁለቱመዛግብትለቀረበው ይግባኝመነ
ሻየሆነ
ው ክርክርየተጀመረው በክልል 14መስተዳደርበዞን
ፍ/
ቤትነ
ው።በዞንፍ/
ቤትከሣሾች የነ
በሩትመልስሰጭ ዎች ሲሆኑ፣ይግባኝባዮች ደግሞ ተከሣሾች ነ
በሩ።
ከመዝገቡ እን
ደተመለከተነ
ውም መልስሰጭ ዎች ክስየመሠረቱትካባታችንበውርስያገኘነ
ውናየጋራ ሃብታችን
የ
ሆነውንን
ብረትተከሣሾች ከመያዛቸውም በላይ፣እያከራዩም ገን
ዘብ የሚያገኙበትበመሆኑከን
ብረቱናበኪራዩ
ከተገኘው ጥቅም የድርሻችን
ንያካፍሉንዘን
ድሊወሰን
ባቸው ይገባልበማለትነ
ው።=====

ይግባኝባዮችም ለቀረበባቸው ክስመልስየሰጡ ሲሆን

፣የተከራከሩትም "
የጋራ ሃብትየሆነ
ው በአዲስ
አበባከተማ በወረዳ20ቀበሌ 43ክልልየሚገኘው ቁጥሩ098የሆነ
ው መኖሪያቤትያረጀበመሆኑአንደአዲሰ
በራሳችንወጪ አሰርተነ
ዋል።ተጨ ማሪክፍሎችን ም ሠርተን
ለታል።በመሆኑም በቅድሚያበቤቱላይያወጣነውን

140
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 141
Page

141
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 142
Page

142
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 143
Page

143
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 144
Page

2.6. CLOSUREOFLIQUIDATION

Li
qui
dat
ioni
sno
tap
roces
swhi
chgo
eso
nin
def
ini
tel
y.Itwi
llco
met
oanen
dbecl
osed
u
pont
hef
ulf
il
lmen
tofcer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
ons
.Thel
awr
eco
gni
zest
woal
ter
nat
ivegr
oun
ds
t
hatmayl
eadt
othecl
osu
reo
fli
qui
dat
ion
.

Ar
ti
cle1052(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
dep
rov
idesf
ort
hef
ir
stgr
oun
dfo
rthecl
osu
reo
f
l
iq
uidat
ion
.Its
tat
est
hat“
thel
iq
uidat
iono
fas
ucces
sio
nwi
llbecl
osedwher
ethe
cr
edi
tor
soft
hes
ucces
sio
nwhomadet
hems
elv
esk
nownan
dthel
egat
eesbys
ingu
lar
t
it
lehav
ebeenp
aidt
hei
rcl
aimo
rlegacy
”.Its
eemst
hisp
rov
isi
ons
ingl
esl
egat
eesby
s
ingu
lart
it
leo
utn
otbecau
set
heyar
eno
tcr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ance,bu
trat
her
becau
set
heyar
ethel
astt
obep
aid.Ass
uch,t
heys
erv
easaben
chmar
kfo
rthe
p
aymen
tofal
ldebt
soft
hei
nher
it
ance.Ther
efo
re,t
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
swi
llbecl
osed
att
het
imewhens
ingu
larl
egat
eeshav
erecei
vedwhati
sdu
etot
hem.

Thel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
smaygou
ptot
hes
tagewher
elegat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lear
epai
d
t
hei
rlegaci
eso
nlywhent
hes
ucces
sio
nhass
uff
ici
entmean
stodot
hat
.Al
lthep
rop
ert
y
o
fthei
nher
it
anceco
uldbedep
let
edats
omeear
li
ers
tage.Ar
ti
cle1052(
2),whi
chs
ets
f
ort
htheo
thergr
oun
den
tai
li
ngcl
osu
re,s
tat
est
hatl
iq
uidat
ionwi
llbecl
osedwhenal
l
t
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hes
ucces
sio
nisdi
spo
sedo
f.Thati
not
herwo
rdsmean
sthatl
iq
uidat
ion
co
uldbecl
osedbef
orel
egat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lear
epai
dan
dev
enatan
year
li
ers
tage
atwhi
cht
hei
nher
it
ancei
slef
twi
thn
omo
rer
eso
urces
.

Cl
osu
reo
fli
qui
dat
ionhasi
mpo
rtan
tlegalef
fect
s.Pen
din
gli
qui
dat
ion
,thes
ucces
sio
nis
k
epts
epar
atean
dadmi
nis
ter
edasadi
st
inctes
tat
e.Ther
ati
onal
eisp
rot
ect
iono
fthe
i
nter
est
sofp
ers
onshav
ingr
ightt
othe s
ucces
sio
n,es
peci
all
ythe cr
edi
tor
soft
he
i
nher
it
ance.An
dthecl
osu
reo
fthel
iq
uidat
ioni
mpl
iesei
thert
hedep
let
iono
fal
lthe
p
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
anceo
rthep
aymen
tofal
lthedebt
soft
hes
ucces
sio
n.

144
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 145
Page
Inp
art
icu
lar
,whent
hel
iq
uidat
ioni
scl
osedal
lthecr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ancehav
ing
bee
npai
dthei
rcl
aims
,iti
snomo
ren
eces
sar
ytok
eepan
dadmi
nis
tert
hes
ucces
sio
nas
adi
st
inctes
tat
e.Ther
efo
re,p
urs
uan
ttoAr
ti
cle1053(
1),an
ypr
oper
tywhi
chr
emai
ns
f
romt
hei
nher
it
anceaf
ters
uchcl
osu
rewi
llmer
gewi
tht
hep
ers
onalp
rop
ert
yoft
hehei
r.
Thats
eemst
obet
hecas
ewher
ethes
ucces
sio
nhasj
usto
nes
olehei
r.Int
heev
ento
f
mu
lti
pli
cit
yofhei
rs
,su
chp
rop
ert
ywi
lls
tayj
oin
tlyo
wnedbyt
hehei
rsasp
ert
hep
rov
isi
on
o
fAr
ti
cle10
53(
2)u
nti
liti
spar
ti
ti
oned.

Themer
gero
fthep
rop
ert
yofi
nher
it
ancewi
tht
hep
ers
onalp
rop
ert
yoft
hehei
rwi
llgi
ve
t
hehei
r’
spe
rso
nalcr
edi
tor
sar
ighto
freco
urs
eagai
nstt
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ance
t
hathass
omer
ged.Pen
din
gli
qui
dat
ion
,su
chcr
edi
tor
sdon
othav
ean
yri
ghto
nan
yof
t
hep
rop
ert
iesf
ormi
ngp
arto
fthes
ucces
sio
n.Bu
ton
cet
hemer
gert
akesp
lace,t
heycan
p
roceedagai
nstt
hep
rop
ert
yobt
ain
edf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
nasi
fitwer
ethep
ers
onal
p
rop
ert
yoft
hehei
r.

Ar
ti
cle1054co
nfi
rmst
hatcr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ancewhos
howu
paf
tert
hecl
osu
reo
f
l
iq
uidat
ionmay
,ju
stl
ik
ethep
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
soft
hehei
r,cl
aimp
aymen
tofwhati
sdu
e
t
othem f
romt
hehei
r.Bef
oret
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
siswo
undu
p,s
uchcr
edi
tor
swer
e
ev
enp
ref
err
edt
othep
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
soft
hehei
rins
ofarast
hei
rcl
aimo
vert
he
es
tat
eisco
ncer
ned.Ho
wev
er,o
net
hel
iq
uidat
ioni
scl
osed,t
heywi
llhav
enobet
terr
ight
t
hant
hep
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
soft
hehei
r.Ev
enwo
rse,whi
let
hep
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
soft
he
hei
rmaycl
aimt
heen
tir
epr
oper
tyo
fthehei
r,i
ncl
udi
ngwhathehadbef
oret
aki
nghi
s
s
har
eoft
hei
nher
it
ance
,ast
hei
rco
mmo
nsecu
rit
y,p
ost
-l
iq
uidat
ioncr
edi
tor
soft
he
i
nher
it
ancemaycl
aimo
nlyt
otheext
ento
fthev
alu
eofp
rop
ert
ythehei
rhasr
ecei
ved
ashi
sshar
efr
omt
hes
ucces
sio
n.

Asf
oral
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
le,Ar
ti
cle1058p
rov
idest
hathewi
llbel
iabl
etot
he
p
ost
-l
iq
uidat
ioncr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
anceo
nlyi
ndef
aul
toft
hehei
ran
don
lyt
othe
ext
ento
fthev
alu
eoft
hel
egacywhi
chhehasr
ecei
ved.Su
chal
egat
eei
sas
simi
lat
ed
t
oas
imp
legu
aran
tori
nthel
awo
fco
ntr
act
s(Ar
ti
cles1920-
1951,t
heCi
vi
lCo
de)i
nhi
s
r
elat
ionwi
thap
ost
-l
iq
uidat
ioncr
edi
torwhohass
uedhi
m.Thu
s,hemayav
ailhi
msel
fof
an
ydef
ens
eav
ail
abl
etoagu
aran
torass
oonashei
spr
oceededagai
nst
.Hemayi
nvo
ke
t
hedef
ens
eofben
efi
tofdi
scu
ssi
onan
ddeman
dthes
uin
gcr
edi
tort
odi
scu
sst
heas
set
s
o
fthedeceas
edt
hathav
ego
net
othehei
rs
.

145
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 146
Page
Itcanbear
guedt
hatl
egat
eesbys
ingu
lart
it
lewi
llbel
iabl
etot
hel
ateco
min
g
cr
edi
tor
soft
he i
nher
it
ance u
ndert
woci
rcu
mst
ances
.Fi
rs
t,i
fthe p
rop
ert
yoft
he
i
nher
it
ancei
sfu
llydep
let
edi
mmedi
atel
yaf
ters
uchl
egat
eesar
epai
d,t
hehei
rswo
uld
r
ecei
ven
othi
ng.Asar
esu
lt,t
hehei
rswi
lln
otbel
iabl
etop
ayan
ythi
ng.

Seco
nd,af
tert
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hei
nher
it
ancehasmer
gedwi
thhi
sper
son
alp
rop
ert
y,t
he
hei
rmaychan
gehi
saddr
ess
,orbe
comei
nso
lven
t,o
rmayn
ot,f
oran
yot
herr
eas
on,be
i
nap
osi
ti
ont
opay
.Ins
uchanev
ent
,thel
egat
eebys
ingu
lart
it
lemi
ghtbeco
mpel
led
t
opayt
hecl
aimo
fthel
ateco
mercr
edi
tor
s.Bu
tAr
ti
cle1059(
2)au
tho
riz
est
hep
ayi
ng
l
egat
eet
omak
ear
eco
urs
eagai
nstt
hehei
rasi
fhehi
msel
fwer
ethep
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
o
fthehei
r.

Ift
hes
ingu
larl
egat
eep
ayst
hedebto
fthes
ucces
sio
ntot
hel
ateco
mercr
edi
tor
,he
s
hal
lsu
bst
it
utehi
msel
ffo
rthecr
edi
tor
soft
hehei
ran
dcandeman
dfr
omt
hehei
rwhat
hehasp
aidt
othel
ateco
mercr
edi
tor(
Art
.1059)
.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

At
oMu
luget
asp
endsmo
sto
fthey
eari
nNai
robi
,wher
eheo
per
atesabu
sin
ess
.He
camet
oEt
hio
piat
ovi
si
thi
srel
ati
vesan
dol
dfr
ien
ds.Bef
orehi
sfl
ightbackt
oNai
robi
,
ho
wev
er,At
oMu
luget
a had t
oun
der
goa p
ros
tat
eop
erat
ion
.Fo
rthi
spu
rpo
se,he
co
ncl
udedanagr
eemen
twi
tha s
peci
ali
stcal
ledDr
.Ol
ji
raf
orwho
ses
erv
iceAt
o
Mu
lget
apai
d20,
000Bi
rr
.Bu
tDr
.Ol
ji
rawast
oobu
syt
oper
for
mtheo
per
ati
ono
nthe
dayi
twass
chedu
ledt
otak
epl
ace.Ev
enwo
rse,At
oMu
luget
ahadt
ofl
ytoNai
robi
ev
enwi
tho
utar
ran
gin
gan
otherap
poi
ntmen
t.

Sadl
y,Dr
.Ol
ji
radi
edas
hor
tti
meaf
ter
war
ds.Att
het
imeAt
oMu
luget
acameback
t
oEt
hio
pia,hewast
oldt
hatDr
.Ol
ji
rahaddi
eds
ixmo
nthsago
.Heal
sohear
dthatt
he
l
iq
uidat
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
nofDr
.Ol
ji
rawaso
veran
dal
lthep
rop
ert
yoft
hedeceas
ed
hasbeent
ran
sfer
redt
oMes
fin
,hi
son
lys
on.Mes
fini
sadebt
oro
fNat
tyan
dhehasn
o
an
yot
herp
rop
ert
yot
hert
hanwhather
ecei
vedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Mes
fino
wesNat
ty
50,
000Bi
rr
.

146
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 147
Page
Qu
est
ion
s

As
sumi
ngt
hatDr
.Ol
ji
radi
edi
ntes
tat
eleav
ingp
rop
ert
ywo
rth60,
000Bi
rr
,canAt
o
Mu
luget
asu
cceedi
nreco
ver
inghi
smo
ney
?Why
,orwhyn
ot?Ify
es,ho
w?Di
scu
sst
he
l
egalan
dfact
ualp
robl
emsAt
oMe
sfi
nmayen
cou
nter
.

Hi
nt

Si
nceAt
oMu
luget
ahasn
otr
ece
ivedt
hes
erv
iceagr
eed,hecancl
aimt
her
efu
ndo
f
t
hemo
neyhep
aidt
oDr
.Ol
ji
rao
nthebas
iso
fthei
rco
ntr
act
.Thep
robl
em wi
thAt
o
Mu
luget
aist
hat
,thel
iq
uidat
ionp
has
eiso
veran
dhecan
nothav
ethees
tat
eashi
s
excl
usi
ves
ecu
rit
y.Mo
reo
ver
,thee
stat
ehasal
readymer
gedwi
tht
hep
ers
onalp
rop
ert
y
o
fMes
fin
.Toadd i
nsu
ltt
oin
jur
y,Nat
ty,t
hep
ers
onalcr
edi
toro
fMes
fin
,isal
so
deman
din
gpay
men
t.At
oMu
luget
awi
llhav
etoco
mpet
ewi
thNat
tyt
oreco
verhi
s
mo
ney
.Nev
ert
hel
ess
,thees
tat
eisn
ots
uff
ici
entt
osat
is
fybo
thcl
aims
.As
sumet
hat
bo
thNat
tyan
dAt
oMu
luget
ahav
eap
pear
eds
imu
ltan
eou
sly
,pay
men
tinp
rop
ort
iont
o
t
hei
rcl
aimswi
llbeal
egi
ti
mat
eso
lut
ion
.Thatdo
esn
ot,ho
wev
er,meant
hatMes
fin
wi
llber
eli
evedf
rom hi
sli
abi
li
tyt
oAt
oMu
luget
abyp
ayi
ngj
ustap
ort
iono
fthe20,
000
Bi
rr
.Asar
ule,hei
sobl
igedt
opayu
ptot
heext
ento
fthev
alu
ewhi
chhehasr
ecei
ved
f
rom t
he s
ucces
sio
n.Ev
en t
hou
gh he do
esn
othav
ethe mo
neyt
ofu
llyp
ayAt
o
Mu
luget
afo
rthet
imebei
ng,hewi
llbeo
bli
gedt
odoi
tint
hef
utu
re.

147
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 148
Page

CHAPTERTHREE
PARTITION OFSUCCESSION

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Af
tert
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
roces
sco
mest
oanen
d,t
hef
oll
owi
ngp
has
eisp
art
it
iono
fthe
r
emai
nin
gher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eamo
ngt
hehei
rsan
dun
iver
sall
egat
ees
.Thi
sphas
eshal
l
exi
sto
nlyi
fso
mep
rop
ert
yisl
eftf
romt
hel
iq
uidat
ionp
has
e.Thati
s,i
fthees
tat
eoft
he
deceas
edi
sdep
let
edi
nthel
iq
uidat
ionp
has
e,n
othi
ngs
hal
lremai
nfo
rpar
ti
ti
onan
d
hen
cet
her
ewi
llben
opar
ti
ti
on.

Yo
umaybef
asci
nat
edwi
tht
hes
tran
ger
ulest
hatar
ein
clu
dedi
nthi
schap
ter
.Mo
sto
f
t
her
uleso
fpar
ti
ti
onar
eto
tal
lyu
nkn
ownbyt
hev
astmaj
ori
tyo
fthep
eop
le.Yo
umu
st
s
tudyt
hisp
arto
fthel
awv
erys
eri
ous
lys
incei
two
ulden
abl
eyo
utos
olv
epr
obl
emst
hat
ar
is
eino
neo
fthear
easwher
eou
rpeo
ples
eekt
heas
sis
tan
ceo
fexp
ert
sinl
aw.

Yo
uar
eexp
ect
edt
oachi
evet
hef
oll
owi
ngo
bject
ivesaf
terco
mpl
eti
ngt
hischap
ter
:

 Pr
epar
eades
igni
nwhi
chy
ouco
ndu
ctp
art
it
iono
fsu
cces
sio
n;
 Co
mpar
e an
d co
ntr
astt
he r
ight
sofl
ateco
mercr
edi
tor
soft
he s
ucces
sio
n
du
rin
gli
qui
dat
ionan
dpar
ti
ti
on;
 Exp
lai
nho
wan
dwhyt
hees
tat
eisj
oin
tlyo
wnedbyt
hehei
rs
;
 Di
scu
sst
hei
mpo
rtan
cean
dthedi
ffi
cul
ti
esi
nimp
lemen
tin
gthet
heo
ret
ical
s
hor
tco
min
gso
fthep
rin
cip
leo
fco
llat
ionbyco
hei
rs
;
 Wo
rko
utt
her
elat
ion
sthatexi
stbet
weent
heco
hei
rsaf
terp
art
it
ion
,inr
elat
ion
t
othems
elv
esan
dinr
elat
iont
olat
eco
mercr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ance;
 Reas
ono
utt
her
ulest
hatp
rohi
bitco
nven
tio
nsr
elat
ingt
oaf
utu
rei
nher
it
ance.

148
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 149
Page

3.2. COMMUNITY OFHEREDITARY ESTATE

Par
ti
ti
onmayn
otn
eces
sar
il
yfo
llo
wwhenl
iq
uidat
ionco
mest
oanen
d.Theco
hei
rsmay
j
oin
tlyo
wnt
hep
rop
ert
ythatt
heyacq
uir
edf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Thej
oin
town
ers
hipo
f
p
rop
ert
ybyt
heco
hei
rsi
sdi
ffer
entf
romt
heco
mmu
nit
yofp
rop
ert
yofs
pou
ses
.

So
met
imesco
-hei
rsmaybeo
bli
gedt
ojo
int
lyo
wnt
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.Ho
wev
er,t
his
o
bli
gat
ioni
sno
tal
ast
ingo
nean
dhen
cep
art
it
iono
fthep
rop
ert
ymaybemadeaf
ter
s
omet
imei
faco
-hei
rap
pli
est
otheco
urtf
ort
heef
fecto
fpar
ti
ti
ono
fthep
rop
ert
y
hel
djo
int
ly.

Whatar
ethedi
ffer
encesbet
weent
heco
mmu
nit
yofp
rop
ert
yof
s
pou
sesan
dthato
fco
hei
rs?Di
scu
ss.

The co
mmu
nit
yofp
rop
ert
yofs
pou
sesi
sdi
ffer
entf
romt
he co
mmo
nown
ers
hipo
f
co
hei
rsi
nthat
:

(
a) Int
he cas
eofs
pou
ses
,ev
eryp
rop
ert
yint
he han
dso
fthe s
pou
sesi
s
p
res
umedt
obeaco
mmo
npr
oper
ty,whi
leo
nlyt
hep
rop
ert
yobt
ain
edf
rom
t
hes
ucces
sio
nist
heco
mmo
norj
oin
tpr
oper
tyo
ftheco
hei
rs
.
(
b) Theco
mmo
npr
oper
tyo
fthes
pou
sesr
emai
nst
hei
rco
mmo
npr
oper
tys
o
l
ongast
hei
rmar
ri
ageexi
st
s,bu
tthej
oin
town
ers
hipo
fco
hei
rss
tay
son
ly
f
oral
imi
tedt
ime,u
nles
stheco
-hei
rsagr
eet
ojo
int
lyo
wnf
orl
ongert
ime.
(
c) The s
pou
seshav
e an eq
ualr
ighto
vert
hei
rco
mmo
npr
oper
ty,bu
tthe
co
hei
rsmayhav
eadi
ffer
entp
rop
ort
ion
,es
peci
all
yint
hecas
eoft
est
ate
s
ucces
sio
n.

Inl
inewi
tht
heabo
vedi
scu
ssi
on,t
hej
oin
town
ers
hipo
ftheco
-hei
rss
hal
lbego
ver
ned
1
byt
hel
awo
fpr
oper
ty,n
otbyt
hel
awo
ffami
ly
.

Al
tho
ught
heco
hei
rshav
ether
ightt
ojo
int
lyo
wnt
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e,t
hep
rov
isi
ons
r
elat
ingt
oli
qui
dat
ions
hal
lno
tbeaf
fect
ed.Fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fal
ateco
mercr
edi
toro
fthe

1 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle1060(
2),Ci
vi
lCo
de.

149
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 150
Page
deceas
edap
pear
s,t
hehei
rswhoo
wnt
hees
tat
ejo
int
lyar
ebo
undt
opayt
hecl
aimso
f
s
uchcr
edi
tor
s.Yo
usho
uldr
ememberher
ethats
uchco
hei
rss
hou
ldp
ayi
npr
opo
rti
ont
o
whatt
heyhav
erecei
vedf
romt
hei
nher
it
ance.

ReadAr
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lai
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sco
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Ar
ti
cle10
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ulest
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.Fi
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o
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ulep
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heher
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mmo
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iver
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egat
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t
hem hav
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ighto
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les
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uleo
fAr
ti
cle913,t
heycan
notk
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reo
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,whenp
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it
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irest
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aken
3
t
ogi
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efo
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Her
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res
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2 Seet
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ti
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e108 ow.

3 Seethediscu
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7( ,Id,bel
2) ow.
4 See,gen
erall
y,Art
i e1062,Id.
cl

150
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 151
Page
 Theco
mmu
nit
ymaybemai
ntai
nedbyt
heo
rdero
ftheco
urtf
orn
otmo
re
t
hant
woy
ear
s,i
fthep
art
it
ioni
sreq
uir
edatanap
pro
pri
atet
ime.Par
ti
ti
on
o
fthe her
edi
tar
yes
tat
e maybe p
art
icu
lar
lyn
otap
pro
pri
atei
nso
me
ci
rcu
mst
ances
;fo
rexamp
le,t
heo
nlyher
edi
tar
yes
tat
ethati
slef
tfr
om
l
iq
uidat
ioni
sav
il
la.Iti
simp
oss
ibl
etop
hys
ical
lydi
vi
det
hev
il
laan
d
mo
vei
ttodi
ffer
entp
laces
.Un
les
stheco
hei
rsagr
eet
ojo
int
lyo
wnt
he
v
il
la,t
heo
nlywayo
fpar
ti
ti
oni
ssel
li
ngi
tan
ddi
vi
din
gthep
roceedi
ngso
f
t
he s
ale.The mar
ketp
rice o
fvi
ll
asmayf
luct
uat
e.Thati
s,i
tmay
s
omet
imesr
is
ean
dfal
lato
thert
imes
.Itco
uldbes
aidt
hats
ell
ingt
he
v
il
ladu
rin
gthes
eas
onso
fpr
icef
allwi
tht
hei
nten
tio
nofp
art
it
ion
ingt
he
l
iq
uidcas
h,i
ssel
li
ngi
tatani
nap
pro
pri
atet
ime.Ins
uchci
rcu
mst
ances
,it
i
simp
ort
antt
owai
tun
tilt
hep
riceo
fthev
il
lar
is
es.Theco
urtmay
,
t
her
efo
re,o
rdert
hes
usp
ens
iono
fthep
art
it
ionf
ort
hep
eri
odo
fno
tmo
re
t
hant
woy
ear
s.
 An
yreq
ues
tfo
rpar
ti
ti
ono
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eshal
lbes
usp
endedwhen
t
hep
art
it
iondep
endso
ntheco
ndi
ti
ono
fbi
rt
hofachi
ldwhoi
smer
ely
5
co
ncei
ved. Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
t.2o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,amer
elyco
ncei
ved
chi
lds
hal
lbe co
nsi
der
ed asbo
rn when
everhi
sin
ter
ests
oreq
uir
es,
p
rov
idedt
hathei
sbo
rnal
iv
ean
dvi
abl
e.Thechi
ldi
sdeemedt
obe
v
iabl
ewher
ehel
iv
esf
or48ho
ursaf
terhi
sbi
rt
h.Thati
s,i
fthechi
lddi
es
bef
orel
iv
ingf
or48ho
urs
,itcan
notbeco
nsi
der
edasap
ers
ons
ucceedi
ng
hi
sfat
her
.

Fo
rin
stan
ce,att
het
imeo
fthedeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed,hi
swi
femaybe
p
regn
ant
.A chi
ld who i
s mer
ely co
ncei
ved may be cal
led t
oa
6
s
ucces
sio
n. Int
hiscas
e,becau
set
hei
nter
esto
fthechi
lds
odeman
ds,he
s
hal
lbeco
nsi
der
edast
hou
ghbo
rn.Thati
swhyhei
scal
ledt
othe
s
ucces
sio
n.Ho
wev
er,hi
svi
abi
li
tyi
sani
mpo
rtan
tfact
ort
oco
nsi
derhi
m as
ahu
manbei
ngan
dgi
vehi
m ap
ort
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n.Thes
ucces
sio
n
s
hal
lremai
nwi
tho
utbei
ngp
art
it
ion
edu
nti
ltheco
ndi
ti
ono
fvi
abi
li
tyo
f

5 Tou n
derstan
dt hispoi
nt,y
ouareadvi
sedtorei
ter
atey
ourk
nowl
edgeo
fTheLawo
fPer
son
s.See,
par
ti
cularl
y,Ar t
icl
es2an d4oftheCivi
lCode.
6 See,general
ly,Arti
cle834oft
heCivilCode.

151
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 152
Page
t
hemer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
ldi
sas
cer
tai
ned.Ther
efo
re,t
her
equ
esto
fa
co
hei
rtot
heef
fecto
fpar
ti
ti
ono
fthes
ucces
sio
nisn
otav
ali
dreq
ues
t
wheno
neo
fthehei
rsi
samer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
ld.

Fu
rther
mor
e,Ar
t.1064(
1)s
eemst
olaydo
wny
etan
otherexcep
tio
ntoAr
t.1062.Ar
t.
1064(
1)den
otest
hatt
her
ighto
faco
hei
rtoap
plyf
ort
hep
art
it
iono
ftheher
edi
tar
y
es
tat
emaybeexcl
udedbyt
hewi
llo
fthedeceas
edo
rbyt
heco
ntr
actco
ncl
uded
bet
weent
heco
-hei
rs
.Thati
s,t
hedeceas
edi
nhi
swi
ll
,mayo
rdert
hatt
heco
hei
rss
hal
l
j
oin
tlyo
wnt
hep
rop
ert
yhehasl
eftan
dnop
art
it
ions
hal
lbemade.Li
kewi
se,t
heco
hei
rs
mayagr
eeamo
ngt
hems
elv
est
ojo
int
lyo
wnt
hep
rop
ert
ytheyhav
eacq
uir
edf
romt
he
s
ucces
sio
n.Bu
tsu
ch t
est
amen
tar
ypr
ovi
si
ono
ragr
eemen
tamo
ng co
hei
rscan be
ef
fect
iveo
nlyu
ptof
ivey
ear
s.Whenaco
hei
rdo
esn
otwan
ttoj
oin
tlyo
wnt
hep
rop
ert
y,
i
rr
esp
ect
iveo
ftheo
rderbyt
hedeceas
edo
rtheagr
eemen
tamo
ngt
heco
hei
rs
,par
ti
ti
on
canbemadeaf
terf
ivey
ear
sofj
oin
town
ers
hip
.Ev
eni
fthedeceas
edhaso
rder
edt
he
j
oin
town
ers
hipf
ormo
ret
hanf
ivey
ear
s,i
tshal
lber
edu
cedt
ofi
vey
ear
s.Thes
amei
s
t
ruef
ort
heagr
eemen
treachedamo
ngt
heco
hei
rs
.Ifi
tgo
esbey
ondt
hati
tisbel
iev
ed
t
hatt
hiswo
ulds
eri
ous
lyaf
fecto
ne’
spr
oper
tyr
ight
s.TheFDRECo
nst
it
uti
ongu
aran
tees
t
her
ightt
opr
oper
ty.Acco
rdi
ngt
othi
sco
nst
it
uti
onal
lygu
aran
teedr
ight
,ap
ers
oncan
u
se,s
ell
,exchan
ge,al
ien
atehi
spr
oper
tyi
nan
ywayhel
ik
es.Thi
sri
ghto
fani
ndi
vi
dual
s
hal
lbeaf
fect
edi
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eisal
lowedt
ost
ayf
orav
eryl
ongp
eri
od
agai
nstt
hewi
llo
fthei
ndi
vi
dual
.

CASEREVIEW

Hy
pot
het
icalCas
e

At
o Oman wasa har
dwo
rki
ng man an
d he s
ucceeded i
n hav
ingl
otso
fpr
oper
ty.
Ho
wev
ermu
ch o
fhi
spr
oper
tywass
pen
ton hi
sho
spi
tal
izat
ion
.Hi
ssu
cces
sio
nis
,
t
her
efo
re,l
iq
uidat
edan
don
lya l
orr
yisl
eftt
ohi
shei
rsaf
tert
hel
iq
uidat
ion
.The
deceas
ed'
swi
fep
rodu
ced a medi
calcer
ti
fi
cat
ethats
howss
he i
spr
egn
ant
.The
deceas
edi
ssu
rvi
vedbyas
ono
f30y
ear
sol
dan
dadau
ght
ero
f25y
ear
sol
d.The
deceas
edmadeawi
lls
ayi
ngt
hat60% o
fhi
spr
oper
tybegi
vent
ohi
sdau
ght
eran
dthe
r
est40
% begi
vent
ohi
sso
n.No
wthedau
ght
ern
eedsaq
uickp
art
it
iono
fthep
rop
ert
y
s
inces
hen
eedss
omemo
neyt
oru
nan
ewbu
sin
ess
.

152
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 153
Page
Qu
est
ion
s

Cant
heco
urti
nan
ywayo
rderani
mmedi
atep
art
it
iono
fthep
rop
ert
yacco
rdi
ngt
othe
r
equ
esto
fthedau
ght
ero
fthedece
ased?(
Ass
umet
hev
alu
eoft
hel
orr
ytobe900,
000
Bi
rr
).St
atey
ourr
eas
ons
.

Hi
nt

Int
hiscas
ethewi
fewasanexp
ect
antmo
theratt
het
imeo
fdeat
hoft
hedeceas
ed.
Asar
ulep
art
it
ions
hal
lbes
usp
endedwhent
her
eisamer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
ld.The
r
eas
oni
sthatamer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
ldi
scal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
ed
7
(
SeeAr
t.834)
. Ift
hechi
ldi
sbo
rn,t
her
eisap
oss
ibi
li
tyt
hatt
hewi
llco
uldev
enl
aps
e.
Int
hiscas
e,t
he25y
earo
lddau
ght
ero
fthedeceas
edwan
tsaq
uickp
art
it
ionf
or
r
unn
ingan
ew bu
sin
ess
.Thel
aw f
avo
rst
hes
usp
ens
iono
fpar
ti
ti
onwhent
her
eisa
mer
elyco
ncei
vedchi
ld.Thes
usp
ens
ioni
nthi
scas
eshal
lbeu
nti
lthev
iabi
li
tyo
fthe
f
utu
rechi
ldi
sver
if
ied.Ho
wev
er,t
heco
urtmayr
eco
gni
zet
heal
legat
iono
fthi
sgi
rlt
o
ef
fectp
art
it
ionev
enbef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
ld.Ift
heco
urtbel
iev
est
hatt
her
eas
on
8
o
fthegi
rli
sju
sti
fi
abl
e,i
tco
uldau
tho
riz
ethep
art
it
ion(
SeeAr
t.1063(
2). Bu
titi
s
exp
ect
edt
hatt
heco
urtwo
uldco
nsi
dert
hel
aps
eoft
hewi
llan
dacco
rdi
ngl
ythep
ort
ion
o
fthegi
rls
hal
lno
texceedo
ne-
thi
rdo
fthet
otalamo
unto
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e.

3.3. COLLATION BY COHEIRS

Man
ypeo
pledon
othav
ein
for
mat
ionabo
utt
heexi
st
enceo
fthep
rin
cip
leo
fco
llat
ioni
n
t
hel
awo
fsu
cces
sio
ns.Co
llat
ioni
sthebr
ingi
ngbacko
fpr
oper
ti
est
hatwer
egi
venby
do
nat
iont
oades
cen
dan
tbyt
heas
cen
dan
tdu
rin
gthel
if
eti
meo
fthel
att
eri
ntot
he
s
ucces
sio
n.Co
llat
ioni
sdev
isedt
obr
ingeq
ual
it
yamo
ngt
heco
hei
rs
.

A des
cen
dan
twhohasr
ecei
veds
omep
rop
ert
ybywayo
fdo
nat
ion(
li
ber
ali
ty)s
hal
lbr
ing
backs
uchap
rop
ert
yin
tot
hei
nher
it
ance.Bu
titi
son
lydes
cen
dan
tthathasaccep
ted
t
hes
ucces
sio
nwhos
hou
ldbeo
bli
gedt
obr
ingbackt
hedo
nat
ion
she/
shehasr
ecei
ved

7 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle834,Id.
8 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle1063( ,Id.
2)

153
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 154
Page
f
rom hi
s/heras
cen
dan
torp
aren
t.Thati
s,r
enu
nci
ati
onwo
uldr
eli
eveades
cen
dan
tfr
om
9
co
llat
ion
.Thet
est
ato
rmayal
soex
emp
thi
sdes
cen
dan
tfr
om co
llat
ion
.

Asp
res
cri
bedu
nderAr
ti
cle1066,t
hef
oll
owi
ngdo
nat
ion
sorl
iber
ali
ti
esar
esu
bject
t
oco
llat
ion
.

 An
ymo
neyt
hati
sgi
vent
oes
tabl
is
hthehei
r;
 Mo
neyp
aidt
oset
tl
ethedebt
soft
hehei
r;
 Pr
oper
tyo
rmo
neygi
vent
othehei
rdu
rin
ghi
smar
ri
agei
nthef
ormo
f
do
wry
.

Anhei
rwhohasben
efi
tedf
roms
uchdo
nat
ion
sshal
lbeo
bli
gedt
opaybackt
he
v
alu
eso
fthe p
rop
ert
ieshe r
ecei
ved i
ntot
he s
ucces
sio
n.Ho
wev
er,an
ypay
men
t
i
ncu
rredf
ort
heedu
cat
iono
fthehei
risn
ots
ubj
ectt
oco
llat
ion
.Thep
rop
ert
yor
mo
neyi
ncu
rredf
oredu
cat
ionmaybebyf
argr
eat
ert
hant
heo
nesl
is
tedabo
ve.St
il
l
t
uit
ionf
eei
sno
tsu
bjectt
oco
llat
ion
.

On
lyt
hos
edes
cen
dan
tswhoaccep
tthes
ucces
sio
nshal
lbeo
bli
gedt
oco
llat
e.Iti
sal
so
p
oss
ibl
ethatt
het
est
ato
rcanexemp
thi
s/herchi
ldf
rom co
llat
ioni
nhi
s/herv
ali
dwi
ll
.
Fo
rexamp
le,t
het
est
ato
rcanexp
res
sinhi
s/hert
est
amen
tar
ydi
spo
sit
iont
hathi
s/her
chi
lds
hal
lpar
ti
cip
atei
nthes
ucce
ssi
onwi
tho
utt
hen
eedt
obr
ingt
hep
rop
ert
ieshe/
she
t
ooki
nthe f
orm o
fdo
nat
ion
.Mo
reo
ver
,the t
est
ato
rco
uld exemp
tthe hei
rfr
om
co
llat
ioni
ntheacto
fdo
nat
ion
.

Thel
aw p
rov
idest
hato
nlydes
cen
dan
thei
rso
fthedeceas
edar
eobl
igedt
oco
llat
e.
Ot
herhei
rs
,whohav
ebe
enben
efi
tedf
rom do
nat
ionar
eno
tobl
igedt
oco
llat
e,ev
eni
f
t
heyar
eben
efi
ciar
ieso
fthes
ucce
ssi
on.Bu
tthi
sisn
otaman
dat
oryr
ule.Thet
est
ato
r,
i
nhi
s/herwi
ll
,canef
fect
ivel
yimp
oset
hes
ehei
rst
oco
llat
ewhatt
heyhav
erecei
vedi
n
t
hef
ormo
fdo
nat
ion
.

9
Ar
ti
cle1065

154
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 155
Page
Ap
ers
onwhowasn
otanhei
roft
hedeceas
edbu
tlat
erbeco
mesanhei
risal
sobo
und
t
oco
llat
e.Thi
sco
uldhap
pen
,fo
rin
stan
ce,i
fthedo
norado
ptst
hedo
neeaf
termak
ing
t
hedo
nat
ion
.

Asp
rov
idedf
ori
nAr
t.1074,t
hev
alu
etobeco
llat
eds
hal
lbeaddedt
othees
tat
elef
t
byt
hedeceas
ed.Iti
sthi
smas
sthati
sreadyt
obep
art
it
ion
edamo
ngt
hehei
rs
.Bu
t
her
eyo
umu
stn
otet
hatt
heco
-hei
rwhoi
sobl
igedt
oco
llat
eneedn
otbr
ingt
hev
alu
ein
r
ealt
erms
.Thati
s,he/
shei
sno
treq
uir
edt
obr
ingt
hev
alu
eoft
hedo
nat
ioni
nli
qui
d
cas
hno
risr
equ
iredt
obr
ingi
nki
nd.Theco
mpu
tat
ions
hal
lbewo
rkedo
utmer
ely
t
heo
ret
ical
ly.Fo
rin
stan
ce,as
sumeAt
oAdan
e’ss
ucces
sio
nisl
iq
uidat
edan
dthees
tat
e
l
eftaf
tert
hel
iq
uidat
ioni
s90,
000Bi
rr
.Whi
lehewasal
iv
e,At
oAdan
egav
etohi
s
el
ders
onJo
niacarwho
sev
alu
eatt
het
imeo
fdo
nat
ionwas30,
000Bi
rr
.Themas
sto
bedi
vi
dedbet
weent
hechi
ldr
eno
fAt
oAdan
eis9
0,000+30,
000=120,
000Bi
rr
.

Thep
urp
oseo
fco
llat
ioni
stoen
sur
eju
sti
cebydi
st
ri
but
ingt
hees
tat
elef
tbyt
he
deceas
ed f
air
ly amo
ng hi
s/her chi
ldr
en.Ther
efo
re,an
yval
ue br
ought i
ntot
he
s
ucces
sio
n byco
llat
ion can o
nlybe di
st
ri
but
ed o
rpar
ti
ti
oned amo
ngt
he co
hei
rs
.
Co
llat
ioni
smadeo
nlyt
othebe
nef
ito
fco
hei
rs
.Ev
enl
ateco
mercr
edi
tor
soft
he
deceas
edhav
enor
ightt
ocl
aimp
aymen
tfr
om whati
sco
llat
ed.

Anhei
rwhoi
sbo
undt
oco
llat
eisco
nsi
der
edt
ohav
eal
readyr
ecei
vedhi
s/herp
ort
ion
f
romt
hes
ucces
sio
ntot
heext
ento
fthev
alu
ehe/
shei
sbo
undt
oco
llat
e.Ther
efo
re,
co
llat
ioni
smadebyt
aki
ngl
ess
.(ReadAr
ts.1074(
2)cu
m.1076(
1))
.

Thehei
rwhoi
sreq
uir
edt
oco
llat
eneedn
otp
ayt
hev
alu
eoft
hep
rop
ert
ythathe
r
ecei
vedbywayo
fdo
nat
ionf
romt
hedeceas
ed.In
stead,hei
sal
lowedt
otak
eles
sfr
om
t
hes
ucces
sio
n,whi
chi
sreadyt
obep
art
it
ion
ed.Thati
s,heco
llat
esbywayo
fset
-of
f.
Yo
usho
uldn
otco
nsi
derco
llat
ionasap
hys
icalbr
ingi
ngo
fthet
hin
gtak
enbydo
nat
ion
.

Ast
heEt
hio
pianl
aw hasr
est
ri
cte
dthemo
dal
it
yofco
llat
iont
o“byt
aki
ngl
ess
”,t
he
v
alu
etobeco
llat
eds
hal
lbeaddedt
otheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
efo
rthep
urp
oseo
ffo
rmi
ng

155
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 156
Page
t
hemas
stobedi
vi
dedamo
ngt
heco
-hei
rs
. Thi
scanbei
ll
ust
rat
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng
examp
les
.

a)Il
lus
trat
ion1
Dawi
tdo
nat
edat
axicabt
ohi
sel
derdau
ght
erAy
ant
u5y
ear
spr
iort
ohi
sdeat
h.
As
sumet
hatt
hev
alu
eoft
hev
ehi
cleatt
het
imeo
fdo
nat
ionwasETB100,
000.
Dawi
thasl
efthe
redi
tar
yes
tat
ewho
sen
etwo
rthi
sval
uedt
obeETB 500,
000.
Thedeceas
edi
ssu
rvi
vedbyt
hreechi
ldr
enAy
ant
u,Kebedean
dMer
on,an
dhe
di
edi
ntes
tat
e. Thev
alu
ethatAy
ant
uco
llat
ess
hal
lbeaddedt
othep
rop
ert
y
l
eftbyDawi
tacco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle1074(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de.
ETB100,
000+ETB500,
000=ETB600,
000

Ast
hes
ucce
ssi
oni
sin
tes
tat
eint
heexamp
leabo
ve,eacho
ftheco
-hei
rss
hal
lrecei
ve
eq
ualamo
untf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n,t
hati
s,ETB 200,
000.Bu
tAy
ant
udeemedt
ohav
e
al
readyr
ece
ivedherp
ort
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
ntot
heext
ento
fthev
alu
ewhi
chs
hei
s
bo
undt
oco
llat
e,t
hati
s,ETB 10
0,000. Thi
smean
sAy
ant
ushal
lrecei
veo
nlyETB
100,
000f
romt
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
elef
tbyDawi
t. Thi
sist
hes
imp
les
texamp
leo
f
co
llat
ionbyt
aki
ngl
ess
.

b)Il
lus
trat
ion2

As
sume t
hatAy
ant
uhad i
nst
ead r
ecei
ved a do
nat
ionwho
sev
alu
eisETB
200,
000,an
dthat t
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eisETB400,
000.

Int
hiscas
e,aswel
l,t
hemas
stobedi
vi
deds
hal
lbeETB 600,
000.Bu
tno
wAy
ant
u
hasal
readyr
ecei
vedt
hemaxi
mum amo
untwhi
chs
heco
uldgetf
romt
hei
ntes
tat
e
s
ucces
sio
n,t
hati
s,ETB200,
000.Theo
bli
gat
iono
fco
llat
ionr
eachest
oit
speakwhen
t
heamo
untgi
venbywayo
fdo
nat
ioni
seq
ualt
othev
alu
ewhi
cho
nehasashi
s/herr
ight
i
nthes
ucces
sio
n. Becau
set
hemaxi
mum Ay
ant
uisr
equ
iredt
oco
llat
e,acco
rdi
ngt
o
Ar
ti
cle1076(
2)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,i
swhats
hewo
uldr
ecei
vef
romt
hei
nher
it
ancei
nthe
i
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
nther
ebys
hei
sbo
undt
oco
llat
eETB 200,
000.Int
hiscas
e,s
hei
s
n
otr
equ
iredt
opayp
hys
ical
lyt
hemo
neybu
tmer
elyco
llat
esbyt
aki
ngn
othi
ng(
zer
o)

156
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 157
Page
f
romt
hes
ucces
sio
nan
dthen
ether
edi
tar
yes
tat
eshal
lbedi
vi
dedbet
weent
het
woo
f
hers
ibl
ings
,Kebedean
dMer
on.

c)Il
lus
trat
ion3

Ev
eni
ftheEt
hio
pianl
aw f
oll
owst
hep
rin
cip
leo
fco
llat
ionbyt
aki
ngl
ess
,ital
so
i
ntr
odu
cesan
otherr
ule(
asp
arto
fthep
rin
cip
leo
ftak
ingl
essi
nAr
ti
cle1076(
2))whi
ch
wo
uldeq
uat
ethemaxi
mum amo
untt
obeco
llat
edt
othev
alu
ewhi
cht
hehei
rhasi
nthe
s
ucces
sio
n. Thi
smean
sthatco
llat
ionbyt
aki
ngl
essi
sal
soap
pli
cabl
ewhent
her
eis
i
nsu
ffi
cien
cyo
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
edu
etowhi
cht
heco
-hei
rswhodeman
dco
llat
ion
ar
eun
abl
etogetwhatt
heys
hou
ldgetf
romt
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e. Fo
rin
stan
ce,
as
sume t
hatAy
ant
urecei
ved a do
nat
iono
fthe v
alu
eofETB 300,
000 an
dthe
her
edi
tar
yes
tat
elef
tisagai
nETB300,
000.Thev
alu
eoft
hedo
nat
ions
hal
lbeadded
t
othees
tat
elef
tbyt
hedeceas
edt
her
ebymak
ingt
hemas
swo
rthETB600,
000.
Un
ders
uchci
rcu
mst
ances
,co
llat
ion“
byt
aki
ngl
ess
”wo
uldmeant
hatAy
ant
ushal
l
act
ual
lyp
ayt
othes
ucces
sio
nfo
rthep
urp
oseo
fco
rrect
ingt
hedef
ici
encyo
fthe
her
edi
tar
yes
tat
e. Thei
nsu
ffi
cien
cys
hal
lbeco
rrect
edwhenAy
ant
upay
sbackETB
100,
000. Thi
smak
est
heact
ualmas
stobedi
vi
dedbet
weenKebedean
dMer
onETB
400,
000,en
abl
ingt
hem t
ogetwhati
sdu
etot
hemf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Then
atu
ral
eq
ual
it
yamo
ngt
he co
-hei
rss
hal
lbe mai
ntai
ned t
hro
ugh s
uch mechan
ismswhi
ch
co
nsi
st
sofn
oto
nlyt
aki
ngl
essbu
tal
sobyco
rrect
ingt
hei
nsu
ffi
cien
cyi
nthebal
anceo
f
t
heher
edi
tar
yes
tat
e. Inco
rrect
ingt
hei
nsu
ffi
cien
cy,ho
wev
er,t
hedo
neehei
risn
ot
bo
undt
oco
llat
emo
ret
hant
owhi
chhe/
shehasar
ighti
nthes
ucces
sio
n.Thi
ssi
tuat
ion
i
str
eat
edi
nil
lus
trat
ion4bel
ow.

d)Il
lus
trat
ion4

Nohei
rshal
lco
llat
emo
ret
hant
hev
alu
etowhi
chhe/
shehasar
ighti
nthes
ucces
sio
n.
Ev
eni
fco
llat
ion"
byt
aki
ngl
ess
"co
nst
it
utest
heact
ualp
aymen
tofs
umso
fmo
neyt
othe

157
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 158
Page
s
ucces
sio
n,t
hedo
neeco
-hei
risn
oto
bli
gedt
oco
mpl
etel
yco
vert
hedef
ici
encyo
fthe
es
tat
esot
hatt
heo
therco
-hei
rsgetwhatt
heys
hou
ldgeti
nthei
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n.
Examp
le
Dawi
tgav
eado
nat
iont
ohi
sel
derdau
ght
erAy
ant
uwho
sev
alu
eisETB500,
000.
Dawi
tlef
taher
edi
tar
yes
tat
eofo
nlyETB100,
000u
ponhi
sdeat
h,t
hemas
sto
bedi
vi
dedwi
llbe:
ETB500,
000+ETB100,
000=ETB600,
000.
Eacho
ftheco
hei
rshasar
ightt
orecei
veETB200,
000f
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.As
t
hees
tat
eiss
ever
elydef
ici
enti
nthi
scas
e,Ay
ant
uiso
bli
gedt
opaybacks
ums
o
fmo
neybu
ton
lyt
otheext
ento
fhers
har
eint
hes
ucces
sio
n.
ETB200,
000+ETB100,
000=ETB300,
000
Iti
sthi
sETB 300,
000t
hatwi
llbedi
vi
dedbet
weenKebede,Mer
on. Asp
er
Ar
ti
cle1076(
2)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,Ay
ant
uwi
llk
eepETB300,
000whi
chi
smo
re
t
hanwhats
hes
hou
ldgeti
nthei
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n,demo
nst
rat
ingt
hatt
he
Et
hio
pianl
aw o
fsu
cces
sio
nsdo
esn
otco
mpelt
hedo
nee-
hei
rtoco
rrectt
he
def
ici
encyo
ftheher
edi
tar
yes
tat
einanabs
olu
teman
ner
.

e)Il
lus
trat
ion5

Let
’sfin
all
yas s
umethatAyantureceiv
ed,bywayofdonati
on,ETB600,
000and
not
hin
gwasl ef
tbyt hedeceased. Likethecaseinill
ust
rat
ion4,Ayant
uis
bou
ndt ocol
lateonl
yETB 200,000byk eepi
ngtheres
tforhersel
f.Thi
sall
ows
KebedeandMer ontogetETB100, 000each.

Rev
iewExer
cis
es
1. Doy
out
hin
kthatco
llat
ionwo
uldp
erf
ect
lycr
eat
eeq
ual
it
yamo
ngt
heco
hei
rs
?
2. Ify
ourr
esp
ons
eisy
es,ex
plai
nwhyy
ous
ayy
esan
dify
ourr
esp
ons
eisn
o,gi
ve
r
eas
onswhyy
ous
ayn
o!

158
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 159
Page

3.4. THEMODALITIES OFPARTITION

Thel
awp
res
cri
best
hatp
art
it
ions
hal
l,f
ir
stan
dfo
remo
st,bemadeasp
ert
het
ermso
f
10
t
heagr
eemen
ttobemadeasbet
weent
heco
hei
rs
. Bu
tthi
smayn
otal
way
sbe
p
oss
ibl
e.Wher
etheco
hei
rsf
ailt
oagr
eeo
nho
wpar
ti
ti
ons
hou
ldbemade,i
tshal
lbe
madei
nacco
rdan
cewi
tht
hep
rov
isi
onso
fthel
aw.

Thel
aw r
esp
ect
san
yagr
eemen
tamo
ngt
hehei
rswi
thr
esp
ectt
opar
ti
ti
ono
fthe
s
ucces
sio
n.Indef
aul
tofanagr
eemen
t,o
neo
ftheco
hei
rsmaydr
awu
pap
lan
,whi
ch
11
co
ulds
erv
easabl
uep
rin
tfo
rpar
ti
ti
on. Thi
s,ho
wev
er,i
sonco
ndi
ti
ont
hats
uchp
lani
s
12
ap
pro
vedbyt
heco
urt
. Ifp
art
it
ionwer
etobes
ingl
e-han
dedl
ymadebyo
neo
fthe
co
hei
rs
,su
chhei
rmaymak
ethep
art
it
iont
othep
rej
udi
ceo
fot
herco
hei
rso
roft
he
cr
edi
tor
sofo
neo
ftheco
hei
rs
.Thi
sco
uldp
art
icu
lar
lybet
ruewhenp
art
it
ioni
smadei
n
t
heabs
enceo
ftheco
hei
r,o
rint
heabs
enceo
fthecr
edi
toro
ftheco
hei
r.Thati
swhy
13
t
hel
awr
equ
iresco
urtap
pro
valo
ftheagr
eemen
tbyt
heco
urt
.

14
Asar
ule,p
art
it
ionmu
stbemadei
nki
nd. Thati
s,i
nst
eado
fsel
li
ngt
hep
rop
ert
yan
d
di
vi
din
gthel
iq
uidcas
hort
hemo
ney
,thel
awco
nsi
der
sitgo
odt
odi
vi
det
hep
rop
ert
yas
15
i
tis
. Ho
wev
er,s
omet
imesi
tco
uldbev
erydi
ffi
cul
torev
eni
mpo
ssi
blet
opar
ti
ti
ont
he
p
rop
ert
yeq
ual
lyamo
ngt
heco
hei
rsi
nacco
rdan
cewi
tht
her
uleo
fpar
ti
ti
oni
nki
nd.In
s
uchacas
e,t
hei
neq
ual
it
yoft
hes
har
esi
nki
nds
hal
lbes
eto
ffbyp
aymen
tofs
umso
f
16
mo
ney
. Whati
smo
re,t
hel
aw s
ti
pul
atest
hatanhei
rsho
uldbegi
vent
hep
rop
ert
y
17
whi
chi
smo
stu
sef
ult
ohi
m,s
olo
ngast
hati
spo
ssi
ble.

Examp
le

10 See,gener
all
y,Art
icl
e1079(1)
,Civi
lCo de.
11 Arti
cle1079( ,Id.
2)
12 Id.
13 See,gener
all
y,Art
icl
es1080and1081,Id.
14 Arti
cle1086( ,Id.
1)
15 Id.
16 Arti
cle1086( ,Id.
2)
17 Arti
cle1087( ,Id.
2)

159
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 160
Page
Thes
ucces
sio
noft
hel
ateAt
oBay
iss
a,whoi
ssu
rvi
vedbyt
hrees
ons
,co
mpr
is
esa
mi
ni
bust
axi
,a r
esi
den
tialho
use,an
d car
pen
try eq
uip
men
t.Su
ppo
set
hes
ethr
ee
p
rop
ert
ieshav
e eq
uiv
alen
tmo
net
aryv
alu
e.As
sume t
hatt
he f
ir
sto
fAt
oBay
iss
a's
co
hei
rsi
sa mar
ri
ed manwhodes
per
atel
yneedsa ho
use,t
he s
eco
nd anas
pir
ing
car
pen
terwhon
eedst
ohav
ehi
sowneq
uip
men
ttowo
rkasap
rof
ess
ion
alcar
pen
ter
,an
d
t
het
hir
dwi
tht
hir
dgr
adedr
ivi
ngl
icen
se,whoal
way
sdr
eamst
ohav
ehi
sownt
axi
.
Pu
rsu
antt
oAr
ti
cle108
7(2)
,itwo
uldbeap
pro
pri
atet
ogi
vet
hemi
nibu
staxi
,the
r
esi
den
tialho
use,an
dthecar
pen
tryeq
uip
men
ttot
hef
ir
st,t
hes
eco
nd,an
dthet
hir
d
co
hei
rsr
esp
ect
ivel
y,ast
hati
sthep
rop
ert
ywhi
chi
smo
stu
sef
ult
oeach.

3.5. THERELATION BETWEEN THECO-

HEIRS AFTER PARTITION

Theen
tir
epr
oces
soft
hedev
olu
tio
nofas
ucces
sio
nco
mest
oanen
dwi
thp
art
it
ion
.
Wi
thp
art
it
ional
soen
dst
her
elat
ionbet
weent
heco
-hei
rsi
nregar
dtot
hes
ucces
sio
n.
Bas
ical
ly,t
her
ewi
llben
obi
ndi
ngr
elat
ion
,whet
herco
ntr
act
ualo
rlegal
,asbet
weent
he
co
-hei
rso
ncet
hes
ucces
sio
nhasbeenf
ull
ypar
ti
ti
oned.

Ho
wev
er,wi
thav
iewt
opr
otect
ingt
hei
nter
est
soft
heco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s,o
rofo
neo
rso
me
o
fthem,t
hel
awhasp
uti
npl
acep
rov
isi
onst
hatext
endt
her
elat
ionbet
weent
heco
-
hei
rse
venaf
terp
art
it
ionwi
thr
esp
ectt
otwoi
ssu
es.Thef
ir
sti
sthei
ssu
eofwar
ran
ty.
The co
-par
ti
ti
oner
sowe t
o each o
therwar
ran
tyi
nres
pecto
fthei
rshar
esi
nthe
18 19
s
ucces
sio
n. Theo
theri
sthei
ssu
eoft
hean
nul
men
torco
rrect
iono
fthep
art
it
ion
.
Par
ti
ti
onmaybean
nul
ledo
rco
rrect
edf
ort
heben
efi
tofal
l,s
ome
,oro
neo
ftheco
-
p
art
it
ion
ersi
ncer
tai
nci
rcu
mst
ances
.Letu
sno
wexami
net
hes
etwoi
ssu
esi
ndep
th.

3.5.1.War
rant
yduebyCo-
hei
rs
18 Arti
cle1097,Id.
19 See,gener
ally
,Arti
cl 09,Id.
es1102-11

160
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 161
Page
“
War
ran
ty”bas
ical
lyme
anst
hes
ecu
rit
yap
ers
onp
rov
idesf
ort
heben
efi
tofan
other
p
ers
ont
oen
sur
ethats
omet
hin
gisdo
nes
afel
yinf
avo
roft
hato
therp
ers
on.Of
ten
,
war
ran
tyi
sas
soci
atedwi
ths
ales
,wher
eint
hes
ell
eri
sdu
tybo
undt
owar
ran
tthebu
yer
20
ast
othet
ran
sfero
ftheo
wner
shi
poft
het
hin
gso
ldasp
ert
het
ermso
ftheco
ntr
act
.
Ther
e al
so exi
st
sa war
ran
tyo
bli
gat
ion asbet
ween t
he co
-hei
rsi
nthe Law o
f
Su
cces
sio
ns.Thi
sobl
igat
ioni
smean
ttos
erv
easas
orto
fri
skdi
st
ri
but
ionmechan
ism
amo
ngt
heco
-hei
rs
.

Remembert
hatp
art
it
iont
echn
ical
lymean
sanagr
eemen
twher
ebyt
hes
har
eeachco
-
hei
rhasi
nthes
ucces
sio
nisap
pro
ved.Par
ti
ti
ondo
esn
otn
eces
sar
il
yen
tai
ldel
iv
ery
.
Shar
esar
eus
ual
lyp
ract
ical
lydel
iv
eredaf
terp
art
it
ionhasbeenmade.Ino
therwo
rds
,
co
-par
ti
ti
oner
srecei
vet
hei
rshar
esaf
terp
art
it
ion
.Thef
undamen
tali
deap
ert
ain
ingt
o
t
hewar
ran
tyo
bli
gat
ioni
ntheLawo
fSu
cces
sio
nsi
sthatt
heco
-hei
rs
,whoar
etheco
-
p
art
it
ion
erss
otos
ay,ar
ebo
undt
opr
ovi
dewar
ran
tyt
oeacho
thert
oen
sur
ethes
afe
del
iv
eryo
fthei
rshar
esi
nthes
ucces
sio
naf
terp
art
it
ion
.

Fo
rthi
spu
rpo
se,t
hes
har
eofaco
-par
ti
ti
oneri
sus
edt
ogu
aran
teep
aymen
toft
he
s
har
eso
fhi
sco
-par
ti
ti
one
rs.Thati
s,aco
-par
ti
ti
onerp
rov
idess
ecu
rit
ytot
heamo
unto
f
21
t
hev
alu
eofhi
sshar
eint
hes
ucces
sio
n. Hei
sno
tobl
igedt
opr
ovi
det
hewar
ran
tywi
th
hi
sper
son
alp
rop
ert
y.

Thewar
ran
tyaco
-par
ti
ti
onermayo
weco
uldbegr
oup
edi
ntot
wodep
endi
ngo
nthet
ype
o
ftheco
nten
toft
hes
har
einr
elat
iont
owhi
cht
hewar
ran
tyi
spr
ovi
ded.Acco
rdi
ngt
o
Ar
ti
cle1097(
1)o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,i
nres
pecto
ftheco
rpo
realt
hin
gso
rmo
vabl
e
p
rop
ert
iesp
lacedi
nthei
rshar
es,t
heco
-par
ti
ti
one
rso
wet
oeacho
thert
hewar
ran
ties
whi
chas
ell
ero
west
oabu
yer
.Inco
ntr
ast
,pu
rsu
antt
oSu
b-Ar
ti
cle(
2)o
fthes
ame
Ar
ti
cle,t
heyo
wet
oeacho
thert
hewar
ran
typ
rov
idedf
ori
nregar
dtot
hecas
eofan
as
sign
men
tofadebtbyo
ner
oust
it
lei
nres
pecto
fri
ght
san
ddebt
spl
acedi
nthei
r
s
har
es.

Bas
ical
ly,as
ell
ero
west
woi
mpo
rtan
twar
ran
tiest
othebu
yer
.Thes
ear
ewar
ran
ty
agai
nstdi
spo
sses
sio
nan
dwar
ran
tyagai
nstt
hen
on-
con
for
mit
yoft
het
hin
gso
ldwi
tht
he

20 Ar
ti
cl m.2287,Id.
e2273cu

21 Ar
ti
cle1099,Id.

161
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 162
Page
22
co
ntr
act
. Letu
sno
wseeaco
upl
eofp
oss
ibl
escen
ari
osi
nwhi
cht
hes
etwowar
ran
ties
mayco
mei
ntop
layi
nther
elat
ionbet
weent
heco
-hei
rsaf
terp
art
it
ion
.

Asf
orwar
ran
tyagai
nstdi
spo
sses
sio
n,s
omeo
nemayco
mef
orwar
dwi
thacl
aimo
vera
mo
vabl
epr
oper
typ
lacedi
nthes
har
eofaco
-par
ti
ti
oneraf
terp
art
it
ionhasbeenmade.
Su
cha p
ers
onmayp
rodu
ces
uff
ici
entev
iden
cet
opr
ovet
hatt
hep
rop
ert
yact
ual
ly
bel
ongst
ohi
m an
dmayev
enman
aget
odi
spo
sses
stheco
-par
ti
ti
oner
.Asar
esu
lt,t
he
co
-par
ti
ti
oneri
nqu
est
ionmayen
dupget
ti
ngn
othi
ngf
roms
ucces
sio
n.Theo
therco
-
p
art
it
ion
ersar
ereq
uir
ed t
owar
ran
tsu
ch co
-par
ti
ti
oneragai
nstan
yto
talo
rpar
ti
al
di
spo
sses
sio
n whi
ch he mi
ghts
uff
eri
n co
nseq
uen
ce o
fthe t
hir
dpar
ty cl
aiman
t
exer
cis
ingt
her
ighthehadatt
het
imeo
fthep
art
it
iono
fthes
ucces
sio
n.

Inco
ntr
ast
,thei
deabehi
ndwar
ran
tyagai
nstn
on-
con
for
mit
yist
hatt
heco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s
hav
ethedu
tyt
owar
ran
teacho
thert
hatt
het
hin
gdel
iv
eredt
oeacho
fthem co
nfo
rms
t
othet
ermso
fthep
art
it
ionan
disn
otdef
ect
ive.Itmayhap
pent
hataco
-par
ti
ti
oner
hasr
ecei
vedat
hin
gthatdi
ffer
sinq
uan
tit
yorq
ual
it
yfr
omt
het
hin
gpl
acedi
nhi
sshar
e
du
rin
gpar
ti
ti
on.Byp
rov
idi
ngwar
ran
ty,t
heo
therco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sinef
fects
har
ethel
oss
wi
tht
heco
-par
ti
ti
onerwhohasr
ecei
veds
uchat
hin
g.

Int
hen
ormalco
urs
eofe
ven
ts,t
hewar
ran
tyi
simp
lemen
tedbyt
heo
therco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s
i
ndemn
ify
ingt
heaggr
iev
edco
-par
ti
ti
oner
.Pu
rsu
antt
oAr
ti
cle1098,t
heamo
unto
fthe
i
ndemn
ityi
sfi
xedacco
rdi
ngt
othev
alu
eoft
het
hin
gwar
ran
tedatt
het
imeo
fthe
p
art
it
ion
.Thei
ndemn
ityi
sdu
ebyeacho
ftheco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sinp
rop
ort
iont
othev
alu
e
23
o
fthe s
har
eoft
he s
ucces
sio
n whi
ch he hasr
ecei
ved. In cas
eon
eoft
he co
-
p
art
it
ion
ersi
sin
sol
ven
t,t
hei
ndemn
itydu
ebyhi
m wi
llbedi
vi
dedbet
weent
heco
-
p
art
it
ion
ersi
nwho
sef
avo
rthewar
ran
tyo
per
atesan
dal
ltheo
therco
-par
ti
ti
oner
swho
ar
eso
lven
t,agai
ninp
rop
ort
iont
othev
alu
eoft
hes
har
eoft
hes
ucces
sio
nwhi
cheach
24
hasr
ecei
ved.

War
ran
tymayn
otbedu
eincer
tai
nci
rcu
mst
ance
s.Fo
rin
stan
ce,war
ran
tymayn
otbe
du
eift
hedi
spo
sses
sio
nort
hen
on-
con
for
mit
yco
mpl
ain
edo
fbya co
-par
ti
ti
oneri
s

22 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cl m.2287,Id.
e2273cu

23 Ar
ti
cle1099(
1),Id.
24 Ar
ti
cle1099(
2),Id.

162
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 163
Page
25
i
mpu
tabl
etohi
sownf
aul
t. No
rmayi
tbedu
ewher
ethedi
spo
sses
sio
nort
hen
on-
26
co
nfo
rmi
tyr
esu
ltsf
rom acau
set
hatar
is
ess
ubs
equ
entt
othep
art
it
ionagr
eemen
t.
Mo
reo
ver
,ther
ewi
llben
owar
ran
tywher
e,i
nthewo
rdso
fAr
ti
cle1101(
2),t
he
di
spo
sses
sedo
rno
n-co
nfo
rmi
ngp
rop
ert
yhasbeenp
lacedi
nthes
har
eoft
heco
-hei
r
wi
tho
utwar
ran
tyi
nacco
rdan
cewi
thanexp
res
spr
ovi
si
ont
othatef
fecti
nthep
art
it
ion
agr
eemen
t.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

Abebe,whop
ass
edawayi
n1993E.C.
,di
edi
ntes
tat
e.Hei
ssu
rvi
vedbyhi
schi
ldr
en
Mammo
,Ke
bede,an
d Ay
ele.Up
ont
he wi
ndi
ngu
poft
he l
iq
uidat
iono
fAbebe’
s
s
ucces
sio
n,Bel
ete
,thel
iq
uidat
or,cameu
pwi
thar
epo
rts
howi
ngt
hatt
hes
ucces
sio
n
co
nsi
st
sof10
0,000Bi
rri
nli
qui
dcas
hdep
osi
tedi
nthedeceas
ed’
sban
kacco
unt
,as
mal
l
-
siz
edf
lou
rfact
orywhi
chwasv
alu
edt
obewo
rth100,
000Bi
rrbyexp
ertv
alu
ato
rs,an
d
100,
000Bi
rrwhi
cht
hel
ateAbebel
entt
oDi
mamui
n1974E.C.

Att
hebegi
nni
ngo
f1995E.C.
,thet
hreeco
-he
irso
fAbebeagr
eedt
opar
ti
ti
ont
he
s
ucces
sio
nint
hef
oll
owi
ngman
neri
nco
nfo
rmi
tywi
tht
her
elev
antp
rov
isi
onso
fthel
aw.
Acco
rdi
ngt
othep
art
it
ionagr
eemen
t,Mammo
,they
oun
ges
tso
n,wi
llt
aket
he100,
000
Bi
rrcas
hdep
osi
tedi
nAbebe’
sban
kacco
unt
;thef
lou
rfact
oryi
spl
acedi
nthes
har
eof
Mammo
’sel
derbr
other
,Kebede
,whoi
samechan
icalen
gin
eerbyp
rof
ess
ion
;wher
eas
t
heel
des
tso
n,Ay
ele
,whoi
sal
awy
er,wi
llco
llectt
he100,
000Bi
rrl
oanmo
neyf
rom
Di
mamu
.

Qu
est
ion
s

1. As
sumet
hatt
hen
ightbe
for
eitwasdel
iv
eredt
oEn
gin
eerKebede,t
hef
lou
r
f
act
orywasdes
tro
yedbyf
ir
ecau
seddu
etot
heel
ect
ri
calp
robl
em i
thadf
ora
l
ongt
ime.Whodoy
out
hin
ksho
uldbeart
hel
oss
?Whati
stheo
bli
gat
iono
f

25 Ar
ti
cle1101(
1),Id.
26 Id.

163
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 164
Page
Mammo an
d Ay
ele,t
he o
ther co
-par
ti
ti
oner
s? As
sumi
ngt
hat al
l co
-
p
art
it
ion
ersar
eli
abl
e,ho
wmu
chi
sdu
ebyeachco
-par
ti
ti
oner
?
2. Ay
ele
,whos
ueDi
mamuf
ort
her
eco
ver
yoft
he100,
000Bi
rrl
oanmo
neyi
n1995
E.C.
,lo
stt
hes
uitbecau
set
hecl
aim wasbar
redbyl
imi
tat
ion
.Do
esAy
ele
hav
ean
yot
herl
egalr
emedy
?Exp
lai
n.

3.5.2. Annul
mentandCor
rect
ionofPar
ti
ti
on

Par
ti
ti
oni
smadebyanagr
eemen
tthati
sco
ncl
udedbet
weent
heco
-hei
rs
.Ass
uch,a
p
art
it
ionagr
eemen
tisexp
ect
edt
omeetal
lthev
ali
dit
yreq
uir
emen
tso
faco
ntr
actast
o
co
nsen
t,cap
aci
ty,o
bject
,an
dfo
rm.Ot
her
wis
e,i
tmay be an
nul
led i
nthe s
ame
27
ci
rcu
mst
ancesaso
therco
ntr
act
s.

Ar
ti
cles1808t
hro
ugh18
18o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
des
tat
eho
wco
ntr
act
smaybean
nul
ledo
r
i
nval
idat
ed.Fo
rexamp
le,aco
ntr
actmaybean
nul
ledwher
etheco
nsen
tofo
neo
fthe
co
ntr
act
ingp
art
iesi
sle
gal
lydef
ect
iveo
rwher
eon
eoft
hep
art
iesi
sin
cap
abl
eto
28
p
erf
ormj
uri
dicalact
s. Si
mil
arl
y,ap
art
it
ionagr
eemen
tmaybean
nul
ledo
nthegr
oun
d
29
o
fdef
ect
iveco
nsen
tori
ncap
aci
tyo
fon
eoft
heco
-hei
rs
.

Par
ti
ti
onwi
lln
otbean
nul
ledf
ort
hes
oler
eas
ont
hatap
rop
ert
yfo
rmi
ngp
arto
fthe
s
ucces
sio
nisdi
sco
ver
ed s
ubs
equ
entt
oi.30 Ar
t ti
cle 1103 p
res
cri
best
hatwi
tho
ut
af
fect
ingt
he p
art
it
ionp
rev
iou
slymade,a s
upp
lemen
tar
ypar
ti
ti
on wi
llbe made i
n
r
elat
iont
osu
chp
rop
ert
y.Itmay
,no
net
hel
ess
,hap
pent
hatt
hen
ewl
ydi
sco
ver
edp
rop
ert
y
wasi
nthep
oss
ess
iono
fon
eoft
heco
-hei
rswhohadco
nceal
edi
tsexi
st
encef
rom hi
sco
-
hei
rsi
nbadf
ait
hwi
tht
hei
nten
tio
nofo
wni
ngi
texcl
usi
vel
y.Ins
uchanev
ent
,the
co
nceal
inghei
rwi
ll
,bywayo
fpu
nis
hmen
t,bede
pri
vedo
fan
yshar
eint
hep
rop
ert
yhe
31
co
nceal
ed.

27 Arti
cle1102,Id.
28 Arti
cle1808(1),Id.
29 See,gener
ally
,Ar t
icl
e1102cum.1808(
1),Id.
30 See,gener
ally
,Ar t
i e1103,Id.
cl
31 Arti
cle1104,Id.

164
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 165
Page

Cons
idert
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e:

Co
lon
elBay
iss
a,whodi
edt
woy
ear
sago
,kep
tak
il
ogr
am o
fgo
ldt
hathebo
ught10
y
ear
sagoi
nhi
ssaf
e.Immedi
atel
yaf
tert
hedeat
hofCo
lon
elBay
iss
a,hi
sdau
ght
er,
Chal
tu,t
ookt
hego
ldan
dhi
dit
.Theo
thers
urv
ivi
ngchi
ldr
eno
fCo
lon
elBay
iss
a,Der
ibe
an
dEs
het
u,whower
ewel
lawar
eoft
heexi
st
enceo
fthego
ld,wer
ewo
rri
edabo
uti
ts
abs
ence.Theymader
epeat
eds
ear
chesi
nal
lthep
lacest
heys
usp
ect
ed,bu
tton
oav
ail
.
Chal
tual
sop
ret
endedt
hats
hewaswo
rri
edbyt
hel
osso
fthego
ld.Ho
wev
er,o
nef
atef
ul
day
,whi
lev
isi
ti
ngChal
tu’
sho
use,Der
ibedi
sco
ver
edt
hego
ldi
nChal
tu’
scu
pbo
ard.
Chal
tuwi
lll
oseherr
ighto
fthes
ucces
sio
nasf
arast
hego
ldi
sco
ncer
ned.

Par
ti
ti
onmi
ghthav
ebeenmadet
othep
rej
udi
ceo
fon
eormo
reo
ftheco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s
du
etoer
ron
eou
sval
uat
iono
rthef
ail
ureo
fanhei
rtoco
llat
eado
nat
ionwhi
chi
s
s
ubj
ectt
oco
llat
ion
.Nei
thero
fthes
etwof
act
orsen
tai
lst
hean
nul
men
toft
hep
art
it
ion
al
lto
get
her
.In
stead,t
hep
art
it
ionwi
llbeco
rrect
edbyi
ndemn
ify
ingt
heaggr
iev
edco
-
p
art
it
ion
er.

Ar
ti
cle1105(
1)p
rov
idest
hatap
ers
onwhohasr
ecei
vedi
nal
lles
sthant
hree-
fou
rth
p
art
sofwhathehadar
ightt
obecau
seo
faner
ron
eou
sval
uat
iono
facer
tai
npr
oper
ty
mayap
plyt
otheco
urtt
oor
dert
heco
rrect
iono
fthep
art
it
ion
.Pu
rsu
antt
oSu
b-Ar
ti
cle
(
2)o
fthes
ameAr
ti
cle,anap
pli
cat
ionf
ort
heco
rrect
iono
fap
art
it
ionmayal
sobe
f
il
edwher
eado
nat
ions
ubj
ectt
oco
llat
ionhasn
otbeendecl
aredbyt
hep
ers
onwhowas
bo
undt
oco
llat
eiti
nfav
ouro
fhi
sco
-hei
rs
.Su
chap
pli
cat
ionmu
stbef
il
edwi
thi
nthr
ee
32
y
ear
saf
tert
hep
art
it
ionhasbeenmade. Ther
ightt
oap
plyf
orco
rrect
ionwi
llbe
33
bar
redaf
tert
heexp
iryo
fthi
sper
iod.

Ass
aids
hor
tl
year
li
er,co
rrect
iono
fpar
ti
ti
oni
smadebyp
ayi
ngt
heaggr
iev
edco
-
p
art
it
ion
eraneq
uiv
alen
tmo
net
aryi
ndemn
ity
.Acco
rdi
ngt
oAr
ti
cle1107,wher
ethe
co
urtal
lowsanap
pli
cat
ionf
orco
rrect
ion
,itwi
llf
ixt
heamo
unto
fthei
ndemn
itydu
eto
t
heap
pli
can
taswel
last
hep
ers
onbywho
m an
dtheco
ndi
ti
onso
nwhi
chs
uchi
ndemn
ity
s
hou
ldbep
aid.Theco
urti
sexp
ect
edt
ofi
xthei
ndemn
itydu
eint
ermso
fmo
neyi
nal
l

32 Ar
ti
cle1106,Id.
33 Id.
165
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 166
Page
34
cas
es. Nat
ural
ly,p
aymen
tofi
ndemn
itymayber
equ
iredo
nlyf
romt
heco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s
35
o
ftheap
pli
can
torf
romt
hei
rhei
rso
rlegat
ees
.

If
,ont
heo
therhan
d,t
heco
rrect
ioni
smadei
nco
nseq
uen
ceo
fado
nat
ions
ubj
ectt
o
co
llat
ionn
othav
ingbeendecl
aredi
nthep
art
it
ionasco
rrect
ed,t
hedef
aul
ti
ngco
-hei
r
s
hal
lbes
ubj
ectt
opu
nis
hmen
tfo
rhi
sco
ndu
ct.Thep
uni
shmen
tist
hedep
riv
ati
ono
f
36
s
uchhei
roft
hev
alu
eeq
ualt
othedo
nat
ionwhi
chhemu
sthav
eco
llat
ed. Ho
wev
er,i
f
t
heco
-hei
rinq
ues
ti
onp
rov
eshi
sgo
odf
ait
htoi
tss
ati
sfact
ion
,theco
urtmaywai
vet
he
37
i
mpo
sit
iono
fthep
uni
shmen
t.

3.5.3.TheRi
ghtofCr
edi
tor
sComi
ngaf
terPar
ti
ti
on

Cr
edi
tor
soft
hei
nher
it
ancemays
omet
imesap
pearaf
terp
art
it
ionhasbeenmade.Su
ch
cr
edi
tor
sdo n
otl
osst
hei
rri
ght
ssi
mpl
ybecau
set
he s
ucces
sio
n hasal
readybeen
p
art
it
ion
ed.Ho
wev
er,t
heywi
llhav
ea l
ess
ero
r,atl
eas
t,n
obet
terr
ightt
hant
he
p
ers
onalcr
edi
tor
soft
heco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sinasmu
chast
hep
rop
ert
yoft
hes
ucces
sio
nis
co
ncer
ned.

Asar
ule,acr
edi
torco
min
gaf
terp
art
it
ionmu
stdi
vi
dean
dfo
rwar
dhi
scl
aimt
otheco
-
p
art
it
ion
ersi
npr
opo
rti
ont
othev
alu
eoft
hes
har
erecei
vedbyeachu
nles
sthedebtdu
e
t
ohi
misi
ndi
vi
si
bleo
rther
eisanagr
eemen
tmadei
nthep
art
it
ionwher
ebyt
hewho
le
38
debto
ral
argerp
artt
her
eofi
schar
gedt
oon
eormo
reco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s. Thi
sisn
ot
r
eal
lyaneas
ythi
ngt
odo
.Theco
-par
ti
ti
oner
smi
ghthav
eal
readyt
akent
hei
rshar
es
an
ddep
art
edt
othei
rres
pect
ivedes
ti
nat
ion
s.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Cas
e

At
oBo
kku
,whodi
edf
ivey
ear
sago
,pas
sedawayl
eav
ingav
ali
dwi
llbehi
ndHel
eftan

34 See,gener
all
y,Ar t
icl
e1107(1)cu
m.1108(
1),Id.
35 Arti
cle1108(2),Id.
36 Arti
cle1107(2),Id.
37 Arti
cle1107(3),Id.
38 Arti
cle1110(1)cum.( ,Id.
2)

166
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 167
Page
es
tat
ees
ti
mat
edt
obewo
rthBi
rr400,
000.Hi
schi
ldr
en,Wo
rku
,Yar
edan
dZi
nas
h
p
art
it
ion
edt
hees
tat
eacco
rdi
ngt
othewi
ll
,whi
chs
tat
edt
hat
:

i
) Wo
rkuwo
uldr
ecei
ve40%;
i
i) Yar
edwo
uldr
ecei
ve30%;an
d,
i
ii
) Zi
nas
hwo
uldr
ecei
ve30% o
fthes
ucces
sio
n.

So
met
imebef
orehi
sdeat
h,At
oBo
kkuhadbo
rro
wedBi
rr200,
000f
rom acer
tai
nW/
ro
Habt
is
h,whi
chhedi
edwi
tho
utr
epay
ing.W/
roHabt
is
hdi
dno
tsho
wupdu
rin
gthe
l
iq
uidat
ionp
has
etocl
aim whatwasdu
etoher
.

Qu
est
ion
s

1) Ho
wmu
chdo
eseachco
-hei
rrecei
vef
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n?
2) Ho
w,an
dho
wmu
chs
hou
ldW/
roHabt
is
hcl
aimf
romt
heco
-hei
rs
?

Hi
nt

1) Eacho
ftheco
-hei
rsi
spai
dfr
omt
hes
ucces
sio
nint
hef
oll
owi
ng man
ner
:

a) Wo
rku -40
/100X400,
000=160,
000
b) Yar
ed -30/
100X400,
000=120,
000
c) Zi
nas
h-30/
100X400,
000=120,
000

Wo
rkut
akes40% o
fthe400,
000Bi
rr
.40% o
fthees
tat
eiseq
ualt
o160,
000
Bi
rr
.Yar
edan
dZi
nas
hwi
lleachr
ecei
ve30% o
fthe400,
000Bi
rr
,whi
chi
s
eq
ualt
o120,
000Bi
rr
.

2) W/
roHabt
is
h’st
otalcl
aimi
s200,
000Bi
rr
.W/
roHabt
is
hisr
equ
iredt
odi
vi
de
an
dfo
rwar
dhercl
aimt
oeachco
-par
ti
ti
oneri
npr
opo
rti
ont
owhathe/
shehas
r
ecei
vedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.W/
roHabt
is
h’scl
aim,200,
000Bi
rr
,di
vi
dedbyt
he
es
tat
e,400,
000Bi
rr
,iseq
ualt
o½.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,hercl
aimf
rom Wo
rkui
s½ X
160,
000=80,
000.Asf
orYar
edan
dZi
nas
h,hercl
aimf
rom eachi
s½ X120,
000
=60,
000.

A cr
edi
toro
fthei
nher
it
ancewhoar
ri
vesaf
terp
art
it
ionmaydi
vi
dehi
scl
aim amo
ngt
he

167
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 168
Page
co
-par
ti
ti
oner
son
lywher
ehi
scl
aimi
sdi
vi
si
ble.Ifhi
scl
aimi
sin
div
isi
ble,hemaycl
aim
o
nlyf
rom ei
thero
ftheco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s.Ho
wev
er,wher
eaco
-par
ti
ti
onerhasp
aidt
othe
cr
edi
toro
fthei
nher
it
ancemo
ret
hant
hes
har
eoft
hedebtwhi
chs
hou
ldf
inal
lyr
emai
n
t
ohi
schar
ge,hemaymak
ereco
urs
eagai
nstt
heo
therco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sfo
rtheamo
unthe
39
hasp
aidi
nexces
s.

Exami
net
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e:

At
oAy
alew hass
oldhi
scart
oYen
eneh.Yen
enehp
aidt
hemo
neyt
othedeceas
ed
i
mmedi
atel
yaf
tert
heco
ntr
actwasco
ncl
uded.Un
for
tun
atel
y,At
oAy
alewdi
edbef
ore
han
din
gov
ert
hecart
oYen
eneh. As
sumi
ngt
hatYen
enehhasap
pear
edaf
tert
he
s
ucces
sio
nwasp
art
it
ion
edan
dthecarwasal
locat
edi
nthep
ort
iono
fon
eoft
heco
-
p
art
it
ion
ers
,Yen
enehmays
imp
lydeman
dthecarf
romt
heco
-par
ti
ti
oneri
nwho
ses
har
e
t
hecarwasp
laced.

Bu
t,whati
fon
eoft
heco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sbeco
mesi
nso
lven
taf
terp
art
it
ioni
smade?Ho
w
wo
uldt
hecr
edi
toro
fthedeceas
eds
ati
sfyhi
scl
aim?Ar
ti
cle1111gi
vesas
olu
tio
nto
t
hisp
robl
em.Wher
eon
eoft
heco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sbeco
mesi
nso
lven
t,t
hecr
edi
torcan
deman
dpay
men
tfr
omo
therco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s.Thes
eco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sar
eobl
igedt
opay
t
hep
ort
iono
fthedebtt
hats
hou
ldhav
ebeenp
aidbyt
hei
nso
lven
tco
-par
ti
ti
onerby
s
har
ingi
tamo
ngt
hems
elv
esp
ror
ata,i
.e.
,inp
rop
ort
iont
otheamo
untt
heyhav
e
r
ecei
vedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.

As
ingu
larl
egat
eewhoap
pear
saf
terp
art
it
ionhast
hes
tat
uso
facr
edi
toro
fthe
40
deceas
edf
ort
hep
urp
oseo
ftheap
pli
cat
iono
fAr
ti
cle1111. Thatmean
sthatev
en
wheno
neo
ftheco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sisi
nso
lven
t,t
hes
ingu
larl
egat
eeco
ulddeman
dwhati
s
du
etohi
mfr
omt
heo
therco
-par
ti
ti
oner
s.Hes
hou
ld,ho
wev
er,deman
dpay
men
tfr
om
t
heo
therco
-par
ti
ti
oner
sbydi
vi
din
gwhati
sdu
ebyt
hei
nso
lven
tco
-par
ti
ti
oneramo
ng
eachs
olv
entco
-par
ti
ti
one
rinp
rop
ort
iont
owhathehasr
ecei
vedf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.

No
tet
hatt
hisdo
esn
otmeant
hatt
hei
nso
lven
tco
-par
ti
ti
oneri
srel
iev
edf
roml
iabi
li
ty
al
toget
her
.Hi
sli
abi
li
tys
tay
spu
t,an
dhemayber
equ
iredt
opayan
yti
meher
etu
rnst
o
t
hes
tat
eofs
olv
ency
.Byav
ail
inghi
msel
foft
hep
rov
isi
onso
fAr
ti
cle1113,aco
-

39 See,gener
ally
,Arti
cle1113,Id.
40 Arti
cle1112,Id.

168
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 169
Page
p
art
it
ion
erwhohasp
aidt
he p
ort
iono
fthe de
bto
fthe s
ucces
sio
nowed byt
he
i
nso
lven
tco
-par
ti
ti
onermays
eekr
est
it
uti
onwhent
hel
aterbeco
mess
olv
ent
.

3.6.CONVENTIONS RELATING TO AN
INHERITANCE

Su
cces
sio
nisas
tri
ctymo
l rti
scaus
apr
oces
s.An
yactr
elat
ingt
oas
ucces
sio
nwi
llbeo
f
n
olegalef
fectu
nles
sito
ccu
rsaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
hep
ers
onbei
ngs
ucceeded.That
,of
co
urs
e,i
swi
tht
heexcep
tio
nofwi
ll
,whi
chi
snat
ural
lymadewhi
let
hep
ers
ont
obe
s
uccee
dedi
sal
iv
e.

Ho
wev
er,t
hev
ali
dit
yofev
enawi
ll
,thel
ik
elyexcep
tio
n,i
sco
ndi
ti
onal
.A wi
llmaybe
v
ali
don
lywher
eiti
smadewi
tht
hef
ullan
dfr
eev
oli
ti
ono
fthet
est
ato
r.An
ythi
ngt
hat
af
fect
sthet
est
ato
r’sf
reev
oli
ti
onwi
llr
endert
hewi
lli
nval
id.

Asaco
nti
nuat
iono
fthi
spr
inci
pl
e,t
hel
awdo
esn
otr
eco
gni
zean
yagr
eemen
tmadei
n
co
nnect
ionwi
tht
hei
nher
it
anceo
fap
ers
onwhi
lehei
sst
il
lal
iv
e.An
yagr
eemen
tast
o
ho
wthes
ucces
sio
noft
hedeceas
eds
hal
ldev
olv
eont
hehei
rso
ranagr
eemen
tmade
bet
weent
hir
dpar
ti
esan
dhei
rs
,par
ti
cul
arl
ybef
oret
heo
pen
ingo
fthes
ucces
sio
nshal
l
41
beo
fnoef
fect
. Wi
tho
utp
rej
udi
cet
othi
s,p
aren
tsan
das
cen
dan
tsmayp
art
it
iont
hei
r
p
rop
ert
y amo
ngt
hei
rchi
ldr
en an
d des
cen
dan
tsby way o
fdo
nat
ion
sdu
rin
gthei
r
42
l
if
eti
me.

41 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle1114,Id.
42 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cles1117-1123,Id.

169
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 170
Page

3.6.1.Pact
sonFut
ureSucces
sions

A“
pact
”isanagr
eemen
tmadebet
weent
woo
rmo
rep
eop
le.Thel
awdo
esn
otal
low
p
eop
let
omak
eagr
eemen
tso
nas
ucces
sio
nthathasn
oty
eto
pen
ed.Su
chagr
eemen
ts
ar
ebel
iev
edt
oaf
fectt
hep
ower
sofap
ers
onwi
thr
esp
ectt
omak
ing,mo
dif
yin
g,o
r
r
evo
kin
gawi
ll
.Thel
awi
sal
way
sin
ter
est
edi
nen
sur
ingt
hatt
het
est
ato
rmak
eshi
swi
ll
wi
thhi
sfr
eev
oli
ti
on.

On
eoft
he mechan
ismst
hro
ugh whi
ch t
he l
aw t
ri
est
o acco
mpl
is
hthi
sgo
ali
s
p
rev
ent
ingi
nter
fer
encebyo
ther
s.Al
lowi
ngav
ali
dagr
eemen
ttobemadeo
naf
utu
re
s
ucces
sio
nist
ant
amo
untt
oobl
igi
ngt
het
est
ato
rtomak
ehi
swi
llasagr
eed.Thi
swi
ll
def
ini
tel
yli
mitt
hep
ower
soft
het
est
ato
rtomak
e,r
epl
ace,mo
dif
y,o
ran
nulhi
swi
llwi
th
hi
sfr
eev
oli
ti
on.

Ins
hor
t,i
nthewo
rdso
fAr
ti
cle1114,an
yco
ntr
acto
run
ilat
eralu
nder
tak
ingr
elat
ingt
o
t
hes
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
onal
iv
ethati
sno
texp
res
slyau
tho
riz
edbyl
awi
svo
idabi
nit
io.
Thep
rov
isi
onathan
dren
der
svo
idap
actt
hatmaybeen
ter
edi
ntobyt
hep
ers
onwho
se
s
ucces
sio
nisco
ncer
ned.Thi
sas
ser
ti
oni
sco
rro
bor
atedbyAr
ti
cle1116,whi
chp
rov
ides
t
hat“
nop
ers
onmaybi
ndhi
msel
fbyco
ntr
actt
oleav
ehi
ssu
cces
sio
nort
obeq
ueat
ha
l
egacyt
oap
ers
onco
ntr
act
ingwi
thhi
mort
oat
hir
dper
son
”.

Ap
artf
romt
hat
,Ar
ti
cle1114p
rohi
bit
sal
ik
elyhei
roran
yot
herp
ers
ont
omak
ean
y
k
indo
fco
ntr
actco
ncer
nin
gthes
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
onwhoi
sst
il
lal
iv
e.Seemi
ngl
yin
exp
lan
ati
ono
fthi
s,Ar
ti
cle 1115 o
utl
awsi
npar
ti
cul
aran
y adv
ance accep
tan
ce,
r
enu
nci
ati
on,o
ras
sign
men
tofr
ight
sper
tai
ni
ngt
oaf
utu
res
ucces
sio
n.Acco
rdi
ngt
othi
s
Ar
ti
cle,i
tisn
otl
awf
ulf
ora p
oten
tialhei
rorl
egat
ee t
o accep
torr
eno
unce a
s
ucces
sio
ninadv
ance,o
rtoas
signi
nadv
anceo
ne’
sev
ent
ualr
ight
stoas
ucces
sio
n.
Su
chanacti
sun
lawf
uln
otwi
ths
tan
din
gthef
actt
hatt
hep
ers
ont
obes
ucceededhas

170
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 171
Page
43
agr
eedt
oit
.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Exer
cis
eI

Cas
e

Haj
jiHu
ssei
nAbaBu
lgu
,af
act
oryo
wner
,ist
her
iches
tper
soni
nthes
mal
lto
wno
f
Lek
im.Aso
frecen
tly
,Haj
jiHu
ssei
nhasbeens
eri
ous
lyi
ll
.Hehasbeenho
spi
tal
izedf
or
t
hel
astt
womo
nths
.

Ho
wev
er,Haj
jiHu
ssei
n’
sil
lnes
sist
oot
ermi
nalt
hatt
hedo
cto
rtr
eat
inghi
m hasl
ost
ho
peo
fcu
rin
ghi
m.Thedo
cto
rfi
nal
lyco
ncl
udedt
hatHaj
jiHu
ssei
nhasj
ustaweekt
o
l
iv
e.Heco
mmu
nicat
edt
hiss
ads
tor
ytoHaj
jiHu
ssei
n’
son
lys
on,Mo
hammed.Up
on
hear
ingt
hen
ews
,in
steado
fbei
ngs
ad,Mo
hammedwasp
leas
edt
hathi
sfat
herwo
uld
di
ewi
thi
naweek
.Het
hou
ghthi
sdr
eamst
obeaweal
thymani
sju
stt
oco
met
rue.

So
,Mo
hammedwen
ttohi
sfr
ien
dYo
nasi
mmedi
atel
yan
dto
ldhi
mthathewo
ulds
oon
getago
oddealo
fmo
neyf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
nofhi
sfat
her
.Hef
urt
herexp
lai
nedt
hati
f
Yo
nasgi
veshi
mso
memo
ney
,hewo
uldp
ayi
tbackwi
thagen
ero
usi
nter
esti
namat
ter
o
fday
s.Acco
rdi
ngl
y,t
het
woco
ncl
udedal
oanagr
eemen
tfo
rthwi
thi
nper
for
man
ceo
f
whi
chMo
hammedco
llect
edt
hemo
neyagr
eedatt
hes
pot
.

Qu
est
ion

Co
mmen
tont
hel
egal
it
yoft
heagr
eemen
tco
ncl
udedbyMo
hammedan
dYo
nas
.

Hi
nt

To begi
n wi
th,t
he agr
eemen
tun
derco
nsi
der
ati
oni
san agr
eemen
tona f
utu
re
s
ucces
sio
n. Thel
aw s
tri
ctl
ypr
ohi
bit
san
ysu
chagr
eemen
t.Ther
ear
ean
umbero
f
r
ati
onal
esf
ort
hep
rohi
bit
ion
.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethemo
stp
res
sin
gon
es.

43 Ar
ti
cle1115(
2),Id.

171
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 172
Page
1. A f
utu
res
ucces
sio
nmean
sthep
ers
ont
obes
ucceededi
sst
il
lal
iv
e.That
mean
sthatt
hep
ers
oni
sst
il
lthes
ubj
ecto
fri
ght
san
ddu
tiesu
ndert
hel
aw.As
ar
esu
lt,he,amo
ngo
thert
hin
gs,i
stheo
wnero
fhi
spr
oper
tyan
dhasawi
ll
mak
ingp
ower
.

Int
hegi
vencas
e,r
egar
dles
soft
hef
actt
hathei
ster
min
all
yil
l,Haj
jiHu
ssei
n
i
sst
il
lal
iv
e an
d,t
her
efo
re,ho
lds t
he r
ight
s an
d du
ties at
tr
ibu
tabl
eto
p
ers
onal
it
y.Heco
nseq
uen
tlyen
joy
sper
tai
nin
gtot
heo
wner
shi
pofhi
spr
oper
ty
an
dhasal
lther
ight
san
dpo
wer
srel
atedt
owi
llmak
ing.Hecanmak
ean
ew
wi
ll
,orcanchan
ge,mo
dif
yorev
enr
evo
ket
hewi
llhehadp
rev
iou
slymade.
Ther
eisn
ocer
tai
ntyast
owhati
sgo
ingt
ohap
peni
nthef
utu
res
inceHaj
ji
Hu
ssei
nhasf
ullr
ightt
omak
e,mo
dif
yorr
evo
keawi
llatt
heel
even
thho
ur.
Theagr
eemen
tco
ncl
udedbyMo
hammedan
dYo
nasi
sagai
nstt
hisl
egalr
ight
o
fHaj
jiHu
ssi
en.

2. Ifagr
eemen
tso
naf
utu
res
ucces
sio
nwer
eal
lowed,t
hep
ers
onwhohasen
ter
ed
i
ntos
uchanagr
eemen
tmaybet
emp
tedt
oki
llt
hep
ers
onwho
ses
ucces
sio
nis
co
ncer
nedi
fsu
chap
ers
ondo
esn
otdi
ewi
thi
nthet
imeexp
ect
ed.
3. Ther
eisap
oss
ibi
li
tyo
fther
ever
sehap
pen
ing.Thep
ers
onwhohasen
ter
edi
nto
anagr
eemen
tonan
otherp
ers
on’
ssu
cces
sio
nmayhi
msel
fdi
ebef
oret
hep
ers
on
bei
ngs
ucceeded.

Exer
cis
eII

Cas
e

An
aco
nda i
san NGO es
tabl
is
hed wi
th an ai
m o
fpr
eser
vin
gthe wo
rld’
swi
ldl
if
e.
An
aco
ndai
sext
ens
ivel
yen
gagedi
nfu
ndr
ais
ingt
ofu
ndt
heact
ivi
ti
eso
fot
hers
mal
ler
NGOswhi
cho
per
atei
nthes
amear
eaasi
t.So
met
imeago
,An
aco
ndas
ign
eda
co
ntr
actwi
thacer
tai
nAt
oDes
alegn
,av
eryweal
thybu
sin
ess
man
.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
e
t
heco
nten
tso
ftheco
ntr
acti
npar
t:

Cas
e

172
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 173
Page
Thi
sisanagr
eemen
tco
ncl
udedbet
weenAn
aco
nda,an
ongo
ver
nmen
talo
rgan
izat
ion
,
an
dAt
oDes
alegnTechan
e,abu
sin
ess
man
.

Ar
ti
cle1

At
oDes
alegnher
ebyagr
eest
oren
oun
cet
hes
ucces
sio
nofhi
sfat
her
,Cap
tai
nAddi
su,
t
otheben
efi
tofAn
aco
nda.At
oDes
alegni
stheo
nlys
onan
dthu
sthes
oles
ucces
soro
f
Cap
tai
nAddi
su.

Ar
ti
cle2

Inr
etu
rn,An
aco
ndau
nder
tak
est
oho
norAt
oDes
alegnwi
thal
if
eti
meawar
d.

Ar
ti
cle3

Thi
sco
ntr
acts
hal
len
teri
ntof
orceaso
fthedeat
hofCap
tai
nAddi
su.Cap
tai
nAddi
su,
85,cu
rren
tlyr
esi
desi
nAddi
sAbaba.

Qu
est
ion

Co
mmen
tont
heco
ntr
actco
ncl
udedbet
weenAt
oDes
alegnan
dAn
aco
nda.

Hi
nt

Thi
sisaco
ntr
actp
rohi
bit
edbyl
aw.Iti
sil
legalt
oamak
eaco
ntr
acti
nrel
ati
ont
othe
s
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
onwhoi
sst
il
lal
iv
e.Theco
ntr
acti
nqu
est
ionr
equ
iresAt
oDes
alegn
t
oren
oun
cehi
sfat
her
’ss
ucces
sio
n.Iti
sno
tal
lowedt
oren
oun
cet
hes
ucces
sio
nthat
hasn
oty
eto
pen
ed.Cap
tai
nAddi
suhast
her
ightt
omak
e,mo
dif
y,o
rrev
okeawi
llat
an
yti
me.Asf
arast
hel
awi
sco
ncer
ned,i
tisn
oty
etcer
tai
nwhet
herAt
oDes
algni
s
cal
ledt
othes
ucces
sio
nofhi
sfat
heratal
lorwhatp
ort
iono
fithewo
uldbeen
tit
ledt
o
r
ecei
ve.Theco
ntr
actco
ncl
udedbet
weenAt
oDe
sal
egnan
dAn
aco
ndal
imi
tst
hewi
ll
mak
ingp
ower
sofCap
tai
nAddi
su.Gen
eral
ly,t
heco
ntr
acti
sani
ll
egalagr
eemen
tthat
hasn
olegalef
fectwhat
soev
er.Ther
efo
re,i
tisn
ullan
dvo
idan
dbi
ndsn
oon
e.

3.6.2. Par
ti
ti
onsmadebyDonat
ions

173
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 174
Page
Asdi
scu
ssedi
nthep
rev
iou
sSu
b-Sect
ion
,an
yco
ntr
acto
run
ilat
eralu
nder
tak
ingr
elat
ing
t
othes
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
onwhoi
sal
iv
ewi
llhav
enol
egalef
fect
,un
les
siti
sexp
res
sly
au
tho
riz
edbyl
aw.Inp
art
icu
lar
,aco
ntr
actp
rov
idi
ngf
orho
wthes
ucces
sio
nofap
ers
on
s
hou
lddev
olv
eoranagr
eemen
tmadebet
weenhei
rso
rap
acti
nvo
lvi
ngt
hir
dpar
ti
es
whi
chi
smadebef
oret
heo
pen
ingo
fthes
ucces
sio
nisn
otl
egal
lybi
ndi
ng.Fo
rin
stan
ce,
aco
ntr
actbywhi
chap
ers
onu
nder
tak
es,whi
leal
iv
e,t
oleav
ehi
ses
tat
eorap
ort
ion
44
t
her
eoft
oon
eormo
rep
ers
onsi
sno
tval
id. Ho
wev
er,u
ndercer
tai
nco
ndi
ti
ons
,thel
aw
al
lowscer
tai
nper
son
stov
ali
dlyp
art
it
iont
hei
rpr
oper
ti
esbywayo
fdo
nat
ion
swhi
let
hey
ar
est
il
lal
iv
e.

Iti
saco
mmo
npr
act
icei
nEt
hio
piaf
orp
aren
tst
odi
st
ri
but
ethei
rpr
oper
tyamo
ngt
hei
r
chi
ldr
endu
rin
gthei
rli
fet
ime.Su
chdi
st
ri
but
ioni
stechn
ical
lydi
ffer
entf
roms
ucces
sio
n.
Nev
ert
hel
ess
,wi
tho
utp
rej
udi
cet
othei
rtechn
icaldi
ffer
ences
,thet
wop
roces
sesp
rodu
ce
s
omeho
wsi
mil
arl
egalef
fect
s.

Thep
ract
iceo
fpar
ent
sinEt
hio
piawher
ebyt
heydi
st
ri
but
ethei
rpr
oper
tyamo
ngt
hei
r
chi
ldr
enwhi
leal
iv
eisap
par
ent
lyr
eco
gni
zed byt
heco
unt
ry’
sLaw o
fSu
cces
sio
ns.
Ar
ti
cle1117o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
des
etsf
ort
hthef
oll
owi
ngr
ule:

“
The f
atheran
dthe mo
theran
dthe o
theras
cen
dan
tsmaymak
ea
di
st
ri
but
ion an
dpar
ti
ti
ono
fthei
rpr
oper
ty amo
ngt
hei
rchi
ldr
en an
d
des
cen
dan
ts”
.

Acco
rdi
ngt
othi
spr
ovi
si
on,n
oto
nlyp
aren
ts,bu
tal
sogr
andp
aren
tso
rot
heras
cen
dan
ts
mayv
ali
dlydi
st
ri
but
ethei
rpr
oper
ti
est
othei
rdes
cen
dan
tsdu
rin
gthei
rli
fet
ime.No
te
t
hatt
hedi
spo
sit
iono
fpr
oper
tybywayo
fsu
cht
ypeo
fpar
ti
ti
oni
slegal
lyal
lowedo
nlyas
bet
weenas
peci
fi
cgr
oupo
fper
son
s.

Theo
therp
oin
tthats
hou
ldben
otedi
sthatt
hel
awr
eco
gni
zesan
dgi
vesef
fecto
nlyt
o
u
nidi
rect
ion
aldi
st
ri
but
ion
s.On
lyas
cen
dan
tsmay
,whi
le al
iv
e,v
ali
dlyp
art
it
iont
hei
r
p
rop
ert
ies
,an
don
lyamo
ngt
hei
rdes
cen
dan
ts.Su
ch p
art
it
ion co
uldn
otv
ali
dlybe
co
ndu
ctedt
heo
therwayr
oun
d,i
.e.
,bydes
cen
dan
tst
oas
cen
dan
ts.No
rco
uldi
tbe
ef
fect
uat
edasbet
weenp
ers
onso
thert
hanas
cen
dan
tsan
ddes
cen
dan
ts.Ap
par
ent
ly,t
he

44 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle1116,Id.

174
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 175
Page
r
ati
onal
efo
rthi
sres
tri
cti
onhasgo
ttodowi
thr
ightt
oin
her
it
ance.Des
cen
dan
tsar
ethe
l
ik
elyhei
rso
fthei
ras
cen
dan
tsan
yway
.

Fu
rther
mor
e,s
uch p
art
it
ions
hou
ld be made i
n co
mpl
ian
ce wi
tht
he f
ormal
it
y
45
r
equ
iremen
tsp
res
cri
bedbyt
hel
aw f
ordo
nat
iosi
n nt
erv
ivos
. Ar
ti
cles2427t
hro
ugh
2470 o
fthe Ci
vi
lCo
de,whi
ch s
peci
fi
cal
ly go
ver
n do
nat
ion
s,p
rov
ide f
ort
hos
e
r
equ
iremen
ts.

Do
nat
ioni
nterv
ivosi
son
eoft
het
wol
egal
lyr
eco
gni
zedt
ypeso
fdo
nat
ion
s,t
heo
ther
bei
ngdo
nat
ionmo
rti
scaus
a.Iti
sado
nat
ionmadewhi
let
hedo
nori
sal
iv
e.Thedo
nee
r
ecei
vest
hedo
nat
edp
rop
ert
ydu
rin
gthel
if
eti
meo
fthedo
nor
.

Inco
ntr
ast
,do
nat
ionmo
rti
scaus
aisado
nat
iongi
venef
fectaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
he
do
nor
.Thi
sty
peo
fdo
nat
ioni
ssi
mil
arwi
thabeq
ues
tlef
tbyawi
ll
.Ass
uch,i
tis
46
s
ubj
ectt
othep
rov
isi
onsgo
ver
nin
gwi
ll
s.

Asar
ule,ado
nat
ioni
nterv
ivos
,thes
ubj
ectmat
tero
fwhi
chi
sani
mmo
vabl
epr
oper
ty
47
o
rar
ightt
her
eon
,mu
st,s
hou
ldi
tbev
ali
d,bemadei
nthef
ormo
fap
ubl
icwi
ll
. In
o
therwo
rds
,ado
nat
ioni
nterv
ivosofani
mmo
vabl
eorar
ighto
nsu
chp
rop
ert
ywi
llbeo
f
n
oef
fectu
nles
sitf
ulf
il
lst
hef
ormal
it
yreq
uir
emen
tss
ti
pul
atedf
orap
ubl
icwi
llby
Ar
ti
cles8
81t
hro
ugh883o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de.

Ot
herr
ight
smay
,ho
wev
er,bedo
n edi
at nterv
ivosi
nthef
orm go
ver
nin
gthei
rtr
ans
fer
48
f
orco
nsi
der
ati
on. Al
ter
nat
ivel
y,t
heymaybev
ali
dlydo
nat
edi
nthef
orm go
ver
nin
gthe
49
do
nat
iono
fimmo
vabl
es. Thatmean
s,t
hedo
nat
iono
famo
vabl
epr
oper
tymaybe
madebymer
edel
iv
eryo
fthep
rop
ert
ytot
hedo
nee,o
rint
hef
orm go
ver
nin
gthemak
ing
o
fap
ubl
icwi
ll
.

Ar
ti
cle1119mak
esr
est
ri
cti
ont
othes
ubj
ectmat
tero
fthedi
st
ri
but
iont
hatmaybe
madebyanas
cen
dan
t.Thi
sAr
ti
cles
peci
fi
est
hatanas
cen
dan
tmaydi
st
ri
but
eamo
ng
hi
sdes
cen
dan
tso
nlyt
hep
rop
ert
ywhi
chbel
ongst
ohi
m att
het
imeo
fthedi
st
ri
but
ion
.

45 Arti
cle1118,Id.
46 See,gener
ally
,Ar t
i e2428,Id.
cl
47 Arti
cle2443,Id.
48 See,gener
ally
,Ar t
icl
e2444(1)cum.Ar
ti
cle2445(
1),Id.
49 Arti
cle2444(2),Id.

175
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 176
Page
Ino
therwo
rds
,hemayn
otdi
st
ri
but
eap
rop
ert
ywhi
chbel
ongst
oot
her
soro
nehewi
ll
acq
uir
eint
hef
utu
re.

Theo
therwo
rthexami
nin
gscen
ari
oist
hep
art
it
ion
,byanas
cen
dan
t,o
fon
lyp
arthi
s
p
rop
ert
y.Ar
ti
cle1120p
rov
idest
hatwher
epar
ton
lyo
fthep
rop
ert
ywhi
cht
heas
cen
dan
t
l
eav
eso
nthedayo
fhi
sdeat
hhasbeeni
ncl
udedi
nthep
art
it
ionmadebydo
nat
ion
,the
p
rop
ert
ythathasn
otbeeni
ncl
udeds
hal
lbedi
st
ri
but
edi
nco
nfo
rmi
tywi
tht
hel
aw.That
mean
sthati
fthedeceas
edhasl
eftav
ali
dwi
llp
ert
ain
ingt
othep
rop
ert
ythatwasn
ot
do
nat
ed,t
hens
uchp
rop
ert
ywi
llbedi
spo
sedo
finacco
rdan
cewi
tht
het
ermso
fhi
swi
ll
.
Ot
her
wis
e,i
twi
llbedi
st
ri
but
edp
urs
uan
ttot
her
ule
soft
hei
ntes
tat
esu
cces
sio
n.

If
,ont
heo
therhan
d,t
hedo
nor
-as
cen
dan
thaso
mit
tedo
neo
fhi
schi
ldr
eni
nthe
p
art
it
iono
fhi
spr
oper
ty,o
rwher
eachi
ldi
sbo
rnt
ohi
m af
tert
hedayo
fsu
chp
art
it
ion
,
50
t
heo
mit
tedchi
ldmayi
mpu
gnt
hep
art
it
ion
. Su
chachi
ldo
rhi
srep
res
ent
ati
vemay
ap
plyt
otheco
urtt
onu
lli
fyt
hep
art
it
ionmadet
ohi
spr
eju
diceatt
het
imeo
fthedeat
h
o
fthedo
norav
ail
inghi
msel
foft
hep
rov
isi
onso
fAr
ti
cle1121.

Ho
wev
er,t
her
ighto
freco
urs
eofachi
ldo
mit
tedf
romp
art
it
ioni
sno
tabs
olu
te.Ar
ti
cle
1122(
1)q
ual
if
ieshi
sri
ghtbyp
rov
idi
ngt
hats
uchchi
ldmayn
otap
plyf
orn
ull
if
icat
ion
wher
ehehasbeenv
ali
dlydi
si
nher
it
edbyt
hedi
spo
sit
iont
hedeceas
edhasmadet
othat
ef
fecti
nav
ali
dwi
ll
.Mo
reo
ver
,thep
art
it
ionmayn
otbean
nul
ledi
fthedo
norhasl
eft
51
s
uff
ici
entp
rop
ert
ytot
heben
efi
toft
heo
mit
tedchi
ld.

No
net
hel
ess
,thep
rov
isi
onso
fAr
ti
cle1122(
1)n
otwi
ths
tan
din
g,t
hou
ghadi
si
nher
it
ed
chi
ldhasn
ori
ghtt
oap
plyf
ort
hean
nul
men
toft
hep
art
it
ionmadebywayo
fdo
nat
ion
s,
an
yot
hercl
aim heo
rhi
srep
res
ent
ati
vemayhav
easagai
nstt
hei
nher
it
ancewi
lln
otbe
52
af
fect
ed. Fo
rin
stan
ce,t
hechi
ldmaybeacr
edi
toro
fthedo
nor
.Ins
uchanev
ent
,he
mays
eekt
hes
ati
sfact
iono
fhi
scl
aimf
romt
hes
ucces
sio
n.Mo
reo
ver
,thechi
ldr
etai
ns
t
her
ightt
ochal
len
get
hedi
sher
is
on.Hemayap
plyt
otheco
urtf
ort
hei
nval
idat
iono
f
53
t
hedi
sher
is
ono
n,f
orexamp
le,t
hegr
oun
dthati
tisu
nju
sti
fi
abl
e.

50 See,gener
ally
,Ar t
icle1121,Id.
51 Arti
cle1122(3),Id.
52 Arti
cle1122(2),Id.
53 Suchachi l
dmaychal l
engethedis
her
is
onbyinv
o k
ingArti
cle938o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de,
whi
chi
saspecialpr
ovi
sionregardi
ngthedis
her
iso
nofdescendan
ts.

176
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 177
Page
Las
tbu
tno
tleas
t,ado
normayo
rmayn
otev
enl
ydi
st
ri
but
ehi
spr
oper
tyamo
nghi
s
des
cen
dan
ts.Ift
hedo
nat
ion
shemadet
ohi
sdes
cen
dan
tsar
edi
ffer
enti
nval
ue,an
dhe
hasexp
res
slyi
ndi
cat
edi
nthep
art
it
iondo
cumen
tthathedi
dsodel
iber
atel
y,t
hent
he
des
cen
dan
twhohasr
ecei
veda do
nat
ions
mal
leri
nval
uet
hant
heo
ther
smayn
ot
54
chal
len
ge t
he p
art
it
ion
. If
,ho
wev
er,t
her
eisn
osu
ch i
ndi
cat
ioni
nthe p
art
it
ion
do
cumen
t,t
hedes
cen
dan
tmayap
plyf
ort
hecan
cel
lat
iono
fthep
art
it
iono
nco
ndi
ti
on
55
t
hathehass
uff
eredl
esi
ono
fmo
ret
hano
ne-
fou
rthp
art
.

Int
heco
ntextathan
d,t
her
eiss
aidt
obeanact
ion
abl
eles
ionwher
eades
cen
dan
thas
56
act
ual
lyr
ecei
vedl
esst
hant
hree-
fou
rtho
fwhathes
hou
ldhav
erecei
ved. Fo
rthe
p
urp
oseo
fes
tabl
is
hin
gwhet
hert
her
eisal
esi
on,t
hev
alu
ethep
rop
ert
yhado
ntheday
57
o
fthep
art
it
ionwi
llbeco
nsi
der
ed. Anact
ionf
ort
hecan
cel
lat
iono
fap
art
it
iono
nthe
gr
oun
dofl
esi
onwi
llbebar
redu
nles
siti
sbr
oughtwi
thi
ntwoy
ear
sfr
omt
hedeat
hof
58
t
hedo
noran
dteny
ear
satmo
stf
romt
hedat
eoft
hep
art
it
ion
.

3.6.3.As
signmentofRi
ght
stoaSucces
sion

Asdi
scu
ssedi
nthep
recedi
ngSu
b-Sect
ion
s,i
tisn
otl
awf
ulf
orap
oten
tialhei
ror
l
egat
eet
oen
teri
ntoaj
uri
dicalacti
nrel
ati
ont
oaf
utu
res
ucces
sio
n.Inp
art
icu
lar
,an
hei
rora l
egat
ee mayn
otacce
pt,r
eno
unce,o
ras
sign an
yri
ghtp
ert
ain
ingt
oa
59
s
ucces
sio
ninadv
ance. Su
chanacti
svo
idr
egar
dles
soft
hef
actt
hatt
hep
ers
on
60
who
ses
ucces
sio
nisco
ncer
nedhasagr
eedt
oit
.

Thatdo
esn
ots
eem t
obet
hecas
eon
cet
hep
ers
onbei
ngs
ucceededhasdi
edan
dhi
s
s
ucces
sio
nop
ened.Anhe
irmayv
ali
dlyas
signhi
sri
ght
stoas
ucces
sio
ninwho
leo
rin
61
p
artaf
tert
heo
pen
ingo
fthes
ucce
ssi
on. Ho
wev
er,anhei
rmayas
signhi
sri
ght
sona

54 See,gen
eral
ly,Ar
ti
cle1123o
ftheCi
vi
lCo
de.
55 Id.
56 Ar
ti
cle1123(
1),Id.
57 Ar
ti
cle1123(
2),Id.
58 Ar
ti
cle1123(
3),Id.
59 Ar
ti
cle1115(
1),Id.
60 Ar
ti
cle1115(
2),Id.
61 Ar
ti
cle1124(
1),Id.

177
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 178
Page
det
ermi
nat
eoras
peci
fi
cthi
ngp
ert
ain
ingt
othes
ucces
sio
non
lyaf
tert
het
hin
ghas
62
bee
nal
lot
tedt
ohi
m ashi
sown
.

Theco
-hei
rso
fanhei
rwhoi
nten
dst
oas
signhi
sri
ght
stot
hes
ucces
sio
nshal
lhav
ethe
r
ighto
flegalp
reemp
tio
n,s
avewher
etheas
sign
men
tismadei
nfav
oro
fon
eoft
heco
-
63
hei
rs
. Thatmean
s,i
ftheas
sign
men
tismadei
nfav
oro
fat
hir
dper
son
,theas
sign
or’
s
co
-hei
rsmayr
eco
urs
eagai
nstt
heas
sign
ee.Theco
-hei
rsmays
eekt
oreco
vert
he
as
sign
edr
ight
sfr
oms
uchas
sign
ee.No
net
hel
ess
,theas
sign
eemaydeman
dpay
men
tof
64
t
hev
alu
eoft
her
ight
swhi
chhav
ebeenas
sign
edt
ohi
m.

62 Art
icle1124( ,Id.
2)
63 Art
icle1125( ,Id.
1)
64 Thatiswhatisi
mpli
edbyArt
icl
e1125(2)oftheCivi
lCode,whichaut
hor
izesthe appl
icati
on
ofAr t
icl
es1386-1409o ft
hesameCodewhichgov
ern"Joi
ntowners
hip
,u s
ufr
uctan do therri si
ght n
rem"totherightofpr
eempt
ionoft
hecohei
rsi
ntheeventofassi
gnmentofri
ghtst
ot hesucces
sionbyan
heir
.

178
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 179
Page

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LAWS

 The1960Ci
vi
lCo
deo
fEt
hio
pia(
Art
s.826–1125)
.
 TheFDRECo
nst
it
uti
on(
Rel
evan
tpr
ovi
si
ons
).
 TheFDREFami
lyCo
de(
Rel
evan
tpr
ovi
si
ons
).
 TheAp
pli
cabl
eSt
ateCo
nst
it
uti
on(
Rel
evan
tpr
ovi
si
ons
).
 TheAp
pli
cabl
eSt
ateFami
lyCo
de(
Rel
evan
tpr
ovi
si
ons
).

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS

Pl
ani
ol,M.Tr
ait
eEl
emet
aredeDr
oitCi
vi
l.

Ren
del
l,Cat
her
ine
.( .Lawo
1997) fSucces
sion.Macmi
ll
anLawMas
ter
s:Macmi
ll
an.

ARTICLES

San
d,Pet
er.“
Aut
hen
ticat
ionan
dVal
idat
iono
fWi
ll
s”.Jo
urnalofEt
hiop
ianLaw.
(
Vol
.4,No.1)
.

Ti
lahu
nTes
home
.“TheDo
ctr
ineo
fEl
ect
ionan
dRi
ght
sofCr
edi
tor
sint
heEt
hio
pian
Lawo
fSu
cces
sio
ns.Jo
” urnalofEt
hiop
ianLaw.(
Vol
.17)
.

179
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 180
Page

SELECT CASES FROM THEJOURNAL

ETHIOPIAN OFLAW

 JELVo
l.2,No
.1,p
p.73–75.

 JELVo
l.2,No
.2,p
p.245–249.

 JELVo
l.3,No
.2,p
p.269-273.

 JELVo
l.7,No
.1,p
p.14–17.

 JELVo
l.7,No
.2,p
p.145–149.

 JELVo
l.8,No
.2,p
p.212–215.

 JELVo
l.9,No
.2,p
p.43–46.

180
LawofSu
cces
sio
ns 181
Page

Annexu
re
Read t
he f
oll
owi
ng excr
iptf
rom an Amhar
ic ar
ti
cleo
n wi
ll
s,whi
ch ap
pear
ed i
n
Hi
gawi
net
,Vol
ume2№ 3,1990(
1982E.
C.)
.

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