International Journal of Computational and Experimental

Science and ENgineering

(IJCESEN)
Vol. 11-No.1 (2025) pp. 1370-1376
http://www.ijcesen.com
Copyright © IJCESEN ISSN: 2149-9144
Research Article

Design and Implementation of an IoT-Based Smart Grid Monitoring System for

Real-Time Energy Management
Vinod H. Patil1*, Sheela Hundekari2, Anurag Shrivastava3, Hassan M. Al-Jawahry4, Manish
Gupta5, Akhilesh Reddy6, Kanchan Yadav7
1
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune
* Corresponding Author Email: vhpatil@bvucoep.edu.in - ORCID: 0000-0002-3328-9248
2
School of Computer Applications, Pimpri, Chinchwad University, Pune
Email: sheelahundekari90@gmail.com - ORCID: 0000-0002-3328-9248
3
Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamilnadu
Email: anuragshri76@gmail.com - ORCID: 0000-0002-3328-9248
4
Department of Computers Techniques Engineering, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf,
Iraq
Email: hassanaljawahry@gmail.com - ORCID: 0000-0002-3328-9248
5
Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
Email: manish.gupta@lpu.ac.in - ORCID: 0000-0002-3328-9248
6
Department of CSE-AI&ML, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Email: r.akhilesh@mlrinstitutions.ac.in - ORCID: 0000-0002-3328-9248
7
Department of Electrical Engineering GLA University, Mathura
Email: kanchan.yadav@gla.ac.in - ORCID: 0000-0002-3328-9248

Article Info: Abstract:

DOI: 10.22399/ijcesen.854 This research project implements and designs an IoT-based smart grid and monitoring
Received: 16 December 2024 system. The main goal of this technology is energy efficiency. The system manages LCD
Accepted : 22 February 2025 panel output, voltage, and current sensor input using an Arduino Uno microcontroller
board as the main processing unit. The design uses a ZMPT101B voltage sensor and an
Keywords : ACS712 current sensor. Sensor data is shown on a 16 x 2-character LCD screen in real
time. When current and voltage thresholds are surpassed, MQTT messages are sent to the
Smart Grid, user's phone. The system is efficient since it can connect to the internet and communicate
IoT.,
Grid Monitoring,
with the MQTT broker. This is done using the NodeMCU Wi-Fi module. The suggested
System Design. technology reduces energy inefficiency and allows real-time energy monitoring. The
experimental findings show that the proposed energy management system works and has
several applications.

1. Introduction development of intelligent energy management

systems.
As both the population of the world and the energy In this study, we show an (IoT)-based smart grid and
demand continue to rise, there is an increasing need monitoring system that makes use of an Arduino
for the development of monitoring technologies that Uno, current and voltage sensors, an LCD, and the
make optimal use of energy. Developing intelligent MQTT protocol. In addition, we discuss the
power grids and monitoring systems that make the implications of these developments. More
most of today's cutting-edge technology has specifically, each current and voltage sensor detects
emerged as a primary focus for energy industry current and voltage differently. The system monitors
researchers and service providers. In this setting, the the electrical grid's current and voltage, displays
technology known as the (IoT) has made it possible real-time data on the LCD screen, and sends phone
to make use of newly available avenues for the notifications when those numbers surpass a
threshold. Our solution is practical and cost-effective
 Vinod H. Patil, Sheela Hundekari, Anurag Shrivastava, Hassan M. Al-Jawahry, Manish Gupta, Akhilesh Reddy, Kanchan Yadav / IJCESEN 11-1(2025)1370-1376

for decreasing energy waste and monitoring energy interface for energy efficiency in residential and
consumption in real-time. commercial buildings, promising further
Our system has two primary parts: current and development.
voltage monitoring. A monitoring area on the
Arduino Uno contains the current sensor coupled 2. Literature Review
with particular sensitivity and offset voltage settings.
The voltage sensor connects to the electricity Investigators and energy suppliers worldwide are
supplier's primary power source. Sensor data increasingly focusing on smart grid and surveillance
displays real-time voltage and current on a 16 x 2 technologies. Cutting-edge technology like IoT,
LCD panel. detectors, and data statistics are used to improve the
Users assess their system's performance and effectiveness and dependability of the power system.
compare it to literature-cited systems. The Research has explored the application of intelligent
technology efficiently tracks and reduces energy grids as well as tracking systems in different settings,
waste. The concluding debate emphasizes the such as households and industrial sectors.
significance of establishing sophisticated smart grids The research describes a smart grid and monitoring
and monitoring systems utilizing IoT technology. system that utilizes an Arduino Uno. It incorporates
We address future study topics in this discipline. current and voltage sensors, and an LCD screen, and
The user created a simple IoT-based smart grid operates using the MQTT protocol. The system
prototype and monitoring system. The system is monitors and displays real-time power grid
ideal for both households and businesses due to its information on a display with LCD technology. The
easy setup, operation, and maintenance. system sends notifications via text message when
certain values exceed a set threshold. Our developed
1.1 User-friendly interface system effectively tracks energy usage and
minimizes energy waste.
The prototype has a user-friendly interface that Zhang et al. (2019) created a smart grid monitoring
shows real-time current and voltage information on system that used wireless sensors and cloud
a 16 x 2 LCD screen. The display accurately shows computing to gather and analyze energy information
energy usage information. The system uses the text provided [1]. Please rewrite the user's text as a
MQTT protocol to send notifications to the user's summary. The system uses indicators to measure
phone when current and voltage levels exceed a set energy usage and identify irregularities in the energy
threshold, enabling convenient energy usage grid. The system developed by the authors can detect
monitoring and quick response. anomalies in real-time, which improves the
reliability of the electrical grid and reduces the risk
1.2. Simple installation process of power outages. IoT is used in different application
[2,3]. Kumar et al. (2020) proposed a smart grid
The installation process for the prototype is fast and monitoring system that utilizes machine learning to
can be finished in a few minutes. Prototype sensors predict and enhance energy consumption. Please
have been used due to minimal adjustment and provide more information or context for me to
calibration. Where (LCD) liquid crystal display rewrite the text into a summary [4]. The system
screen and Arduino Uno board which is known well utilized a neural network and sensors to predict
for its durability & reliability. It's long-lasting which energy usage patterns and measure temperature,
ensures minimal need for replacement. The humidity, and energy consumption. The authors
prototype of this smart grid and monitoring system demonstrated that their system could potentially
is intuitive, which is simple in process and it’s reduce energy consumption by up to 15% compared
minimal to have maintenance. It is suitable for to traditional monitoring systems. IoT has emerged
tracing energy which is useful for both residential as a new communication technology paradigm over
and commercial uses. The prototype can undergo the course of several decades. The philosophy of
further development and improvement. "anywhere, anytime, any media" inspired the
development of communication technology that
1.3 Low maintenance enables easy device connectivity in a network. The
rapid development of communication technologies
The prototype's sensors require minimal calibration, among equipment and the increased requirements
requiring low maintenance. The liquid crystal for system optimization are driving the desirability
display and Arduino Uno board are reliable and of IoT technology, according to B. Yuxin and M.
durable, requiring minimal replacements. IoT-based Yun's research. IoT enables the connection of
smart grid monitoring system prototype offers user- numerous devices to a network, allowing for
friendly installation, low maintenance, and intuitive innovative applications.
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sensors, tags, and actuators, is categorized under the

concept of "things-oriented." Being "Internet-
oriented" refers to something that is related to the
Internet network, encompassing the Internet
protocol and the Internet of things. The final idea for
the network that connects all IoT devices is a
"semantic-oriented" network. It is the best
technology to connect various devices to a network
system. It's an intelligent process & developing
technology.

Figure 1. IoT technology Diagram

The connection of all of its components to Internet

services is the primary idea behind the IoT [4], it
involves various elements connected by a common
protocol, such as Radio Frequency Identification
Devices (RFID), infrared sensors, global positioning
systems (GPS), laser scanners, and internet Figure 2. IoT Layers
networks. This makes information transmission and
communication between devices easy and effective, MQTT is a lightweight, portal and is popularly used
enabling system monitoring and position tracking. as one of the IoT applications for compact
IoT systems can range from small-scale internet communication protocol. It has interaction between
networks to big and complicated systems depending devices and low speed. It aims to minimize internet
on the purpose and intended usage. bandwidth & power consumption. Figure 1 is IoT
The author [4] has highlighted three crucial features technology diagram and figure 2 is IoT Layers.
of IoT systems.
3. Design Model
 (IoT) collects data from physical objects using
technologies like RFID, sensors, and two- 3.1 Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board
dimensional codes to provide comprehensive and
up-to-date information. The ability to create a
network of autonomous devices has the potential
to revolutionize various industries.
 Reliable transmission is crucial in the IoT as it
ensures accurate data is sent to provide real-time
information from objects. Telecommunications
networks and the internet are integrated to create
a reliable data transfer network.
 The IoT uses intelligent processing to manage
large amounts of data and information. Intelligent
computing technologies, such as cloud
computing and fuzzy identification, are examples
of advanced computing systems. The study
suggests that implementing intelligent control for
the item can improve effectiveness and
efficiency. IoT devices can enhance operations
and improve user experience through the use of
cognitive processing to identify data patterns and
trends.
The IoT is based on three key ideas: "things-
oriented," "internet-oriented," and "semantic-
oriented." All IoT-connected hardware, such as Figure 3. Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board
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The ATmega328P is universal is widely used in 3.3 LCD Screen

microcontrollers and is found popularly in Arduino
Uno, which features 16MHz quartz crystals, power The design model's LCD panel displays real-time
connections,14 digital input & output pins, and also data from sensors with a 16 x 2-character resolution.
in ICSP headers. Arduino board is highly compatible The Arduino Uno board is connected to the LCD
with this software and it's also excellent for self- screen using the Liquid Crystal library to display the
build projects and prototyping. The Arduino Uno data. The LCD panel displays real-time metrics such
board is responsible for processing sensor data and as voltage, current, power, and energy usage.
managing output to the LCD screen and MQTT
protocol. The design approach centres around 3.4 MQTT Protocol
utilizing the Arduino Uno board as the primary
processing unit.

3.2 Voltage and Current Sensors:

To measure the voltage & current values in the

power grid voltage & current sensors are utilized.
ZMPT101B sensor is used in this model.
It has an input range of 1—5v and it can measure
from 0 to 250v of AC voltage. The ACS712 sensor
has a voltage output of 2.5v and when it has no
current it can measure from -5 to +5 A. Arduino Uno
board has been connected to sensors to measure to Figure 6. MQTT Broker
see the inputs. These sensors are connected to the
power system sources. MQTT is commonly used in IoT applications for its
lightweight communication protocol. It is ideal for smart
grid monitoring systems due to its compatibility with
low-bandwidth, high-latency, or unreliable
networks. The design concept uses the MQTT
protocol to send alerts to the user's phone when the
current and voltage levels reach a specific threshold
value. The PubSubClient library is used to
implement the MQTT protocol.

3.4 NodeMCU Wi-Fi Module

Figure 4. Voltage and Current Sensors

Figure 7. NodeMCU

ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is by NodeMCU which is an

open-source kit. It's a cost-friendly & simple method
to connect a microcontroller to the internet and is
also used to connect the hardware to the internet and
to communicate with MQTT. The Arduino Uno
board and NodeMCU are connected through a serial
connection. Our system is effective in monitoring
energy and its consumption in a real lifetime. And
also reduces the wastage of energy and it provides an
alert system to high current & voltage level flows.
This research defines a paradiagram system which
Figure 5. LCD Display 16 x 2
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could be useful as a foundation for creating the same the attention of the monitoring system within the
kind of models in the future. smart grid. To accomplish this objective, it is crucial
to incorporate stringent safety and confidentiality
4. IoT-Based Smart Grid Monitoring (SGM) protocols that efficiently deter unauthorized entry.
System Challenges: The protection of critical data, such as energy usage
patterns, is a fundamental concern that necessitates
4.1 Prototype Design the attention of the monitoring system within the
smart grid. To accomplish this objective, it is crucial
The successful creation and deployment of a to incorporate stringent safety and confidentiality
functional prototype posed a notable challenge in the protocols that efficiently deter unauthorized entry.
course of developing the smart grid tracking system.
To meet the requirements of the project, it was 4.5 Cost Limitations
necessary to develop a prototype that was both cost-
effective and reliable, while also being user-friendly. The advancement of the smart grid monitoring
The design process encompassed the meticulous system encountered substantial economic
selection of compatible components and a limitations, impeding its progress. The increase in
comprehensive evaluation of the overall system's the overall cost of the system can be attributed to the
performance and functionality. The successful requirement for modified firmware and the
creation and testing of a working prototype have utilization of premium components. The design of
provided evidence of the feasibility studies of the the system involved the utilization of cost-effective
suggested technology, despite the encountered components and the development of tailored
challenges. firmware to effectively tackle the identified problem.
The cost of the structure remains a crucial factor to
4.2 Power Management consider, especially when implementing it on a large
scale.
In the development of the SGM system, the
challenges of maintaining a stable and disturbed 5. Results and Discussion
power & current supply couldn’t be overstrained
when considering the function & reliability of Where Arduino Uno uses a smart grid monitoring
various components of the system like sensors& system. Both current & voltage sensors are
micro-controllers, and interaction modules. The successfully attained in real–life usage of power
usage of the low power supply & effective monitoring. The system accurately measured voltage
components is coupled with power-saving systems. and current on the display screen and notified the
The subsequent creation and implementation of the user when a certain threshold had been exceeded. To
system will continue to rely heavily on the validate the precision of the device's data, an external
importance of power management. commercial energy monitor was employed. The
utilization of technology in different settings,
4.3 Communication Reliability including business, manufacturing, and residential
properties has been studied extensively to explore its
The issue of dependability when communicating potential to improve energy efficiency and mitigate
within the different parts of the smart grid's electrical hazards. In this study, current and voltage
monitoring system has been widely recognized and readings were systematically collected from a single
studied in research. In this study, various protocols grid at regular intervals of two seconds. The
including MQTT, Wi-Fi, and serial communications
were employed to establish connections between the Table 1. Current and Voltage Readings
microcontroller sensors, and communication Voltage in
Time In Sec Current in Amp
module. The design of the system incorporates Volts
02 sec 10.08 238.32
mechanisms to effectively address and mitigate
04 sec 8.88 236.08
hiccups and effectively recover from instances of
06 sec 9.31 238.13
communication breakdowns. Dependability 08 sec 8.73 236.48
continues to be a significant concern, especially in 10 sec 8.36 238.13
the context of massive constructions. 12 sec 7.62 235.88
14 sec 6.51 236.48
4.4 Data Security and Privacy 16 sec 9.12 240.13
18 sec 6.95 236.48
The protection of critical data, such as energy usage 20 sec 8.05 236.48
patterns, is a fundamental concern that necessitates
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presented data in the table represents the collected

information. The IoT-based smart grid and
monitoring system successfully tracked current and
voltage values from the supply and alerted the user
when these values exceeded certain criteria.
Threshold values of 1 Amp for current and 200 Volts
for voltage were chosen for demonstration purposes.
The system notified the user when the voltage
exceeded 200 volts and the current exceeded 1 amp.
The notice was delivered to the user's registered
device using the MQTT Protocol.
The system could log voltage and current values
over time to track trends and patterns. Table 1
Figure 9. Current Readings
presents the gathered information.
Graphs of voltage and current were created using the Table 3. MATLAB code for the current graph
collected data. Figure 3 shows the voltage graph, % Define x and y values
while figure 4 shows voltage and current sensors and x = [2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20];
figure 5 shows the current graph. The user used y= [10.08 8.88 9.31 8.73 8.36 7.62 6.51 9.12 6.95 8.5];
OCTAVE to plot two graphs. Table 2 is MATLAB
code for voltage graph. Table 3 is MATLAB code % Create a new figure and plot the graph
for the current graph. Figure 6 is MQTT broker and figure;
figure 7 is NodeMCU and also figure 8 shows plot(x, y,'-o');
voltage readings. Figure 9 displays the current
% Add title and axis labels
values entered an octave terminal. The hardware
title('Current Readings');
configuration for the IoT-based smart grid xlabel('Time in sec');
monitoring system includes a ylabel('Current in amp');

microcontroller unit (MCU), a Wi-Fi module, a

current sensor, and a voltage sensor. The MCU
collects data from the sensors and transmits it to the
cloud server via the Wi-Fi module. The hardware
configuration was developed and tested to ensure
accurate and reliable data collection for efficient
monitoring and control of smart grids. Figure 10
shows the current sensor simulation and Figure 11
shows the voltage sensor simulation. The IoT-based
smart grid monitoring system effectively monitored
supply voltage and current, notifying the user when
certain thresholds were exceeded. The system can be
improved by adding additional sensors to monitor
temperature and power factors.

Figure 8. Voltage Readings

Table 2. MATLAB code for voltage graph

% Define x and y values
x = [2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20];
y= [236.08 238.13 236.48 238.13 236.48 235.88 236.48
240.13 236.48 236.48];

% Create a new figure and plot the graph

figure;
plot(x, y,'-o');

% Add title and axis labels

title('Voltage ');
xlabel('Time in mins');
ylabel('Voltage Readings'); Figure 10. Current sensor simulation
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References
[1]Zhang, W., Wang, S., & Huang, H. (2019). Design of
smart grid monitoring system based on wireless
sensor network and cloud computing. IEEE Access,
7, 145625-145634. doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2943732
[2]P. Jagdish Kumar, & S. Neduncheliyan. (2024). A
novel optimized deep learning based intrusion
detection framework for an IoT networks.
International Journal of Computational and
Experimental Science and Engineering, 10(4).
https://doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.597
Figure 11. Voltage sensor simulation [3]Vutukuru, S. R., & Srinivasa Chakravarthi Lade.
(2025). CoralMatrix: A Scalable and Robust Secure
6. Conclusion Framework for Enhancing IoT Cybersecurity.
International Journal of Computational and
This research article discusses an IoT-based smart Experimental Science and Engineering, 11(1).
grid monitoring system that enables real-time https://doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.825
monitoring and reduction of energy use. The system [4]Kumar, M., Chauhan, N., & Gupta, N. (2020). A Smart
Grid Monitoring System using Internet of Things
utilizes an Arduino Uno, voltage and current sensors,
and Machine Learning Techniques. International
an LCD screen, MQTT protocol, and a NodeMCU Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
Wi-Fi module to accurately measure and display (IJEAT), 9(3), 3403-3409.
energy consumption data. It also notifies users when
certain threshold values are exceeded. The system is
a versatile solution for home and business
applications, as it can connect to the internet via Wi-
Fi and MQTT protocol, allowing for remote access
and control. The suggested smart grid monitoring
system has the potential for future development and
adoption due to the increasing need for sustainable
energy solutions and the potential benefits of
reducing energy waste.

Author Statements:

 Ethical approval: The conducted research is not

related to either human or animal use.
 Conflict of interest: The authors declare that
they have no known competing financial interests
or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this
paper
 Acknowledgement: The authors declare that
they have nobody or no company to
acknowledge.
 Author contributions: The authors declare that
they have equal rights on this paper.
 Funding information: The authors declare that
there is no funding to be acknowledged.
 Data availability statement: The data that
support the findings of this study are available on
request from the corresponding author. The data
are not publicly available due to privacy or
ethical restrictions.

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