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Engineering Technology

applies scientific and mathematical principles to solve practical problems by focusing on the implementation, operation, and maintenance of existing technologies, rather than the theoretical design of new ones.

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birungigeoffrey16
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15 views20 pages

Engineering Technology

applies scientific and mathematical principles to solve practical problems by focusing on the implementation, operation, and maintenance of existing technologies, rather than the theoretical design of new ones.

Uploaded by

birungigeoffrey16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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ha - D NATIONS B BoAR! UGANDA BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL EXAM EXAMIN: OE _ = - DATE PAPER CODE PROGRAMME TUESDAY, LOMA IN CIVIL wee | eveneenc pou poysnay q x > ‘Bejs aoewny seq 8 ar ean aD - Se fst aoa puey se pasn sjeLayeyy E11'9 Jsjow SujwWos9q Uodn [Jas JOU Pinoys» aN J2HEW jnjuuzey soyRo 40 aEYdIns ajqonyes JaIEM wioy 3ayj 99 plnoyg & aiqeinp pue Suons oq pjnoyg ‘9409 puty poos & yo sonyend 71 1° 6 ‘vase 282] B 980 speo} tu1od puasds yy 0} punosd ay Woy aumysiows Jo Sur 5 as Supying ay BUI 3]qBI989A JO INLOI suaAaid ] Is B¥a10u09 oO punods seo O1 Yor Uodn aseq [9A9] e sapIACId a] i on nn eX (uonse Areyideo swuansid) quis: "827 3 Eg length=0.3m, width=0.3m Depth =0.0347m°/(0.3x0.3)m? Depth =0.386m Size of gauge box=(300x300x386) mm. imix it with 2pauge boxes of sand and 4 gauge boxes ni gauze box, pick | bag of cemen negates, 6.163 Functions of each ingredient in the concrete mix immediately after t of cement paste fom fluid 10 rigid state and takes place im me cme with wae whic hrdeningot come a stengh tino es nese over a period of time. + Water | . $ Allows cement to hydrate. (Hydration is a chemical reaction between cement and water allowing cement to set and harden). _ : ; Water also increases workability of concrete which in turn enables constituents to be mixed ~- : together and compacted easily. iii) Coarse aggregates ’ . \.' It provides bulkiness to the concrete mix and contributes to final strength oFconcrete. Mw ae * Reduces drying shrinkage in concrete oe 2 ea * Reduces the cost of concrete : 2 sec iv) Fine aggregate/sand * __Itfills spaces between coarse aggregates, making the concrete more dense and less porous produce grout that can produce smooth surface of Combines with cement and water to concrete when it hardens. %) — Admixture May improve the workability of concrete Delays or accelerates setting time of concrete [fore commencing on batching of concrete materials, a design team specifies the concrete grade to be used fora particular project. After specifying the grade of concret such concrete grade/strength, eto be used, the contractor will prepare a design mix to achieve 6.164 Some of the common concrete grades in common use are 2 * M25, this corresponds to a mix proportion of $ M20, thi corresponds toa mix proportion of |:1.5:3 MIS. this corresponds to a mix proportion of 1:24 { MIO, this corresponds toa mix proportion of 1:3:6 . M7.5, this corresponds 1 a mix proportion of [:4:8 MS, this corresponds to a mix proportion of 1:5-10 M- Stands for mix, 25 means : : 28 days or mix, 25 thal the compressive strength of the concrete is 25N/mm’ after a period ‘170 mixing of concrete There are basically two methox of mixing concrete, ie © Mixing by hand Mixing by machine 6.171 Mixing by hand The following procedure is undertaken when mixing concrete bry hand + Measure the required proportion of fine aggrepate ether By volume om co see re Mix it dey with the required proportion of cement ona clea, dy surface. r until sand grain is uniformly coated /mixed with cement ‘© Spread the mixture on the clean, dry and hard surface _ i Measure the required proportion of coarse aggregate by the similar method and spread the mixture of cement and sand. ; . tiably Pour the required amount of water in the mix control : | By use of hand hoes or shovels, turn the ingredients several times until a workable and * Nomogenous concrete is produced ready for transportation. 6.172 mixing by machine (mixer) ; a it i i been started. The mixer In this method, the batched ingredients are poured into the mixer which has rt will mix the concrete ingredients as it rotates. The concrete is discharged when properly mixed. There are two main categories of mixers, ie batch and continuous mixers . 1. Batch mixers ‘These types of mixers produce concrete one batch at a time. The concrete is emptied completely after cach mixing cycle and ingredients reloaded for the next batch. anh There are two main types of batch mixers, ie drum and pan batch mixers a) Drum batch mixers Drum mixers have a container /drum and the blade attached to inside part. It is the dram which j) Totates. And as it rotates the blade lift the concrete ingredients and drops back into the mixer in each | rotation of the drum. They are further categorized as tilting drum batch mixer, non-tilting drum batch * mixer and reversing drum batch mixer. f i) Tilting drum batch mixer angle of about 15° When the mixing is done the drum is further tilted to The drum is made to tilt at an discharge the concrete. ii) Non-tilting drum batch mixer Materials re loaded from one end and discharged from the other end. lil) Reversing drum batch mixer ‘The drum rotates in one direction for mixing and the other direction for discharging concrete. b) Pan batch mixer This type of batch mixer has one or two y f blades attached inside the tk blade which rotates inorder to mix the core a. i an. And it is the the bottom trap. ‘omix the concrete. To discharge the concrete pan is emptied at re Crt o2BY ara constant rate. The constitwen 2. Continuous mixer from the other end. ine duces eancret hich prod ni 's fresh concrete is dischare This is a type of m loaded from one end a rtation of concrete from the mixing plant to the construction site or to the place 10 be canted. fe fron portation to ensure that bleeding, segregation and drying out do oct 6.180 trans} This is a transfer of concret Care must be taken during. tran ‘occur in concrete. 6.181 methods of transporting concrete Mortar pan it level, eg this i crete i jed in small quantity that may be casted above ground level, ez inclu, bea coe reals great Toss of water especially during hot weather concreting due to in columns, beams, etc. | greater exposure of concrete surfaces ‘The pan should be clean and wet at the start of the work. ‘Wheel barrow This is used to transport concrete at ground level. It may lead to segregation of concrete duc to vibration especially if the ground is rough and the haul distance is long. It should therefore be provided with pneumatic wheel. Crane bucket and rope way This is used to transport concrete above ground level, it can move vertically, horizontally or in an inclined way. Its common called 2 or 3 dimensional transport. Chutes Iti used to transport concrete from ground level to levels below the ground. Transit mixer This is a mixer mounted on the truck that keeps on agitatir i t agitating at a speed of 2-6 revol i truck moves. A small pump is fixed on the truck for discharging ee tis Sermuaaea ote oncrete where the distance between the mixing plant and the sit is long. Belt conveyors ‘These are used for small horizontal distances ranging from 5-10 Metres where access is limited. is limi Pump and pipes Dumpers and trucks hese are ordinary o, — a. pen steel tiy Segregation due to jolting during wae lores wa for long haul in horizontal * weather condition Ne yl * size of construction we © topography x * location of mixing plant from the site F * type of construct 6.190 placing of concrete vo This isa technique where wet concrete is poured init final postion. Concrete aul Powe from a point which is as low as possible to prevent segregation where aggregates fall fist and settle down leaving cement and sand paste to fall last and settle on top. Before concrete is placed, the following must be taken into account; + Formwork must be properly erected to support wet concrete or to achieve the desired shape * Incase of reinforced concrete, reinforcement bars needs to be laid properly in position, with proper concrete cover. . * All service pipes where need be should be properly laid in their positions. , 6.200 compaction of concrete This @ process by which entrapped air from freshly placed concrete is expelled by compressing together the concrete ingredients in order to increase concrete density. However over compaction leads to segregation and bleeding of concrete. When water present in concrete is pushed upwards due ‘0 settlement of cement and aggregate it leads to bleeding. 6.210 purposes of concrete compaction To increase ultimate strength of concrete To enhance bond of concrete with reinforcement To increase abrasion resistance of concrete To increase durability of concrete by reducing void ration or porosity To force concrete to fill all corners and shape of the form 6.220 methods of compaction | There are basically two main methods of compaction, ie manual compaction and machine compaction — (" a) Manual compaction ee , This is carried out by rodding, ramming or tamping the concrete with steel rodsetc. ** b) Mechanical compaction (machine) i) Internal vibrator/ porker/needle It is inserted into the concrete and started to vibrate the concrete from inside ii) External vibrator It vibrates concrete from the external surface.eg it can be made to vibrate form work 6.300 curing of concrete Wiseaimated tha Ae attains S0% of js teenth won even within 3-7 days, 74%6 of ts callout hat cacrt tae 30% of en Mrength after 14 days and 80% of its by 28" day oF 310 rea ns for curing concrete When adequate amount of moisture is minint ne In developing strength, volume stability, resistanee fete is softening or melting of a material us a result of he «hydration reaction contin + thawing, abrasion and scaling, ing, 6.320 methods of curing 1) Water curing, i) Lmmersion method Concrete is immersed in the curing tank. Normally used to cure conerete cubes ii) Ponding method ‘Small rectangular or square ponds are created on the: Surface of the slab by clay sand or lean ‘mortar and then water is poured in the ponds. Commonly used to cure floor slabs i) Spraying Water is sprayed on the surface ofthe conerete continuously during curing period, iv) Dripping method A poniainer of waters hanged over the concrete to be cured, Water is made to drip through small hole erated on the container tothe concrete, Commonly used ta car: concrete columns. 2) Membrane curing Plastic sheeting made from polythene, 'sed to cover concrete after 1 or 2 days of casting to seal off evaporation of water from the concrete. 3) Steam curing Heat is applied with addition of moisture to thi yadoprag to accelerate hydration process and resulting in faster. ‘Strength development. It is common ly adopted in very cold climates, AB construction co Itd has been awarded a contrac Measuring 10mx6m with the foll a contract to construct a concrete round floor slab for a hall lowing. Specifications; Grade M15 concrete slab with mix Proportion of 1:2:4, thickness of 150mm. to used. Water cement ratio of 45% Sand blinding of Somm thick Hard core 200mm. thick Gauge 1200 Polyethylene sheet DPM. Assume 54% shrinkage (when ‘Water is added to the ) - Ve 10x6x0.15 9m" 1%, Ve 1.549! Add s Ve13.86M" Cement Considering the mix proportion specified, 1.98’ Volume of cement only 13.86x1/ (14244) Density of cement=1440kg/m* Mass of cement=VxD_ =1,98x1440=2851.2kes 1 bag of cement=50ks NOs. of bags needed=2851.2/5057.024 bags . Consider 57 bags of cement Water Considering water cement ratio of 45%, Quantity of water-0.45x28511-2kgs=1283.04kgs Consider 1283 litres of water Fine aggregate Volume of sand=13.86x2/(1+2+4)=3.96m" sity of sand ranges from 1450-1500kg/m" ass of sand =1450x3.96=5742kgs or 5.742 tons ‘Consider 6 tons of sand for mixing concrete Blinding Volume=10x6x0.05=3m* Mass=1450x3=4350kgs=4.35 ton Consider 5 tons of sand for blinding Coarse aggregates Volume of course aggregate =13.86x4/(1+2+4)=7.92m? Density of aggregate ranges from 1450-1550kg/m? Mass of aggregate needed=1450x7.92=1 1484kgs=I 1.484t0ns Consider 12 tons of coarse aggregates Nard core Volume of hard core =10x6x0.2= 12m? Den: Y of hard core ranges from 2100-2300kg/m* Mass of hard core needed= 12x2100=25200kgs~25.2tons DPM Numbers of DPM needed=10x6/(2x25)=1.2, We need 2 rolls of DPM size 0.3mmx2mx25m* References; Z Sidley, R. and Greeno R( 2006), Building ° Bhavikalli, SS, (2010), Basic civil Engineeri * Andrew J, Charlett and Craig Maybere-Thoy construction hand book ing New age intemational was Fundamental building technology 2 edition edition

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