CODING

FOR

BEGINNERS

BY: IROEGBU GODWIN

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Table of Content

1. Explain Coding
a. What is coding
b. Advantages of coding
c. How to start coding
2. Coding Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
a. What is IDE
b. Types of IDE
c. Key Features of IDE
3. CREATING A FOLDER ON YOUR DESKTOP SCREEN
a. Saving in a folder you created
b. HTML Tags and Attributes
4. Writing your first HTML Code
a. How to display “Hello World”
b. How to display your name
5. Listing on HTML
a. Order Listing
b. Unordered Listing
6. Image Display

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 a. How to display images in HTML
b. How to resize images with width and height attribute
7. Implementing HTML tags
a. Bold tag
b. Paragraph tag
c. Italic tag
d. Header tag
e. Underline tag
8. Implementing html attributes
a. Width Attribute
b. Height Attribute
c. Alt Attribute
d. Style Attribute
e. Class Attribute
f. ID Attribute
9. Tables in HTML
a. Table Header
b. Table Caption
10. How to Link in HTML
a. How to link text

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 b. How to link Images
c. How to link emails
11. Creating forms in html
a. What is HTML Form
b. Examples of HTML forms

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MODULE 1: EXPLAIN CODING

a. What is coding

Coding is the process of writing instructions that a computer can

understand and follow. These instructions are written in special languages
called programming languages. Coding allows you to create websites,
games, and apps by telling the computer what to do step by step. It’s like
giving a recipe to a chef—clear directions lead to a finished dish!

b. Advantages of coding

 Problem-Solving Skills: Coding teaches you how to break down

complex problems into smaller parts and find solutions.
 Creativity: You can create games, websites, and apps, allowing you to
express your ideas in fun ways.

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 Job Opportunities: Many careers now require coding skills, making it
a valuable asset for future jobs.
 Logical Thinking: Coding enhances your ability to think logically and
analytically, which helps in all subjects.
 Persistence: It encourages you to keep trying and learn from mistakes,
building resilience.
 Collaboration: Many coding projects involve teamwork, helping you
learn how to work well with others.
 Confidence: Completing a coding project boosts your confidence and
shows you what you can achieve.
 Math Skills: Coding often uses math concepts, reinforcing what you
learn in class.
 Digital Literacy: Understanding coding helps you navigate technology
better and be a more informed user.
 Fun and Engaging: Coding can be a fun way to learn, making it
exciting to see your ideas come to life!

c. How to start coding

 Choose a Programming Language: Start with a beginner-friendly

language like Python or Scratch. These are great for learning the basics.

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 Use Online Resources: Websites like Code cademy, Khan Academy,
or free Code Camp offer interactive tutorials and courses.
 Download a Text Editor: Use a simple text editor like Notepad
(Windows) or TextEdit (Mac) to write your code. For more features, try
IDEs like Visual Studio Code.
 Start with Basics: Learn fundamental concepts like variables, loops,
and functions. Practice writing simple programs to reinforce your
understanding.
 Work on Projects: Create small projects, like a basic website or a
simple game, to apply what you’ve learned.
 Join a Community: Participate in coding communities or forums, like
Stack Overflow or coding clubs at school, to ask questions and share
ideas.
 Practice Regularly: The more you code, the better you’ll get! Set aside
time each week to practice and experiment.
 Don’t Be Afraid to Make Mistakes: Errors are part of learning.
Debugging helps you understand how to fix issues in your code.
 Explore Resources: Check out YouTube channels, coding podcasts,
and books tailored for beginners to enhance your learning.
 Have Fun: Enjoy the process! Coding can be a fun and rewarding way
to create and learn.

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 Weekly Assessment

1. What is coding?

______________________________________________________
______________

2. List three advantages of learning to code.

______________________________________________________
______________

3. Which programming languages are recommended for beginners?

______________________________________________________
______________

4. Name two online resources where you can learn coding.

______________________________________________________
______________

5. What should you focus on when starting to code?

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 ______________________________________________________
______________

6. Why is it important to practice coding regularly?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

7. How can coding help develop logical thinking?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

8. What should you do when you encounter errors in your code?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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 MODULE 2: CODING INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT (IDE)

a. What is IDE

An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software application

that helps you write and manage code more easily. It includes features like:

 Code Editor: Where you write your code.

 Debugging Tools: Helps find and fix errors.
 Compiler/Interpreter: Converts your code into a language the
computer can understand.
 Project Management: Organizes your files and projects.

b. Types of IDE
 Text-Based IDEs:

 Examples: Visual Studio Code.

 Use: Good for coding with helpful features.

 Full-Featured IDEs:

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  Examples: Eclipse, PyCharm.
 Use: All-in-one tools for coding and debugging.

 Web-Based IDEs:

 Examples: Replit.
 Use: Code online without installing anything.

 Visual Programming IDEs:

 Examples: Scratch.
 Use: Drag-and-drop coding, great for beginners.

 Mobile IDEs:

 Examples: AIDE.
 Use: Code on mobile devices.

c. Key features on IDE

 Code Editor: A place to write and edit your code, often with helpful
tools like syntax highlighting.
 Debugger: A tool to find and fix errors in your code by allowing you to
run it step-by-step.

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 Compiler/Interpreter: Converts your code into a language the
computer can understand and execute.
 Project Management: Organizes your files and folders related to your
coding projects.
 Auto-Completion: Suggests code as you type, making it faster to write.
 Integrated Terminal: Allows you to run commands without leaving
the IDE.
 Version Control: Helps track changes to your code and collaborate
with others.

Weekly Assessment

1. What does IDE stand for?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

2. What is the main job of an IDE?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. Name one thing you can do in the Code Editor of an IDE.

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 _________________________________________________________
_______________

4. What is a Debugger used for?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

5. Give an example of a Text-Based IDE.

_________________________________________________________
_______________

6. What is special about a Web-Based IDE?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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MODULE 3: CREATING A FOLDER ON YOUR DESKTOP
SCREEN

a. Saving In A Folder You Created

 Create a Folder:

 On your computer, right-click on your desktop or in a location

where you want the folder, then select New > Folder. Name it
something like “My Coding Projects.”

 Open Your IDE:

 Start your IDE (like Visual Studio Code or PyCharm).

 Create a New File:

 In the IDE, go to File > New File to create a new code file.

 Write Your Code:

 Type your code in the new file.

 Save the File:

 Go to File > Save As.

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  Navigate to the folder you created.
 Name your file (e.g., my_project.py for Python) and click Save.

 Organize Your Files:

 You can create subfolders for different projects or types of code to

keep everything organized.

By saving your work in a specific folder, you’ll easily find your

projects later!

b. Html Tags & Attributes

HTML Tags: These are the building blocks of HTML. Tags are used to
create elements on a webpage. Most tags come in pairs: an opening tag and
a closing tag.

 Example:
o <h1>This is a heading</h1>
o <p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Common HTML Tags:

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<html>: The root element of an HTML page.

<head>: Contains meta-information about the document (like the title).

<title>: Sets the title of the webpage (shown in the browser tab).

<body>: Contains the content of the webpage.

<h1> to <h6>: Heading tags, with <h1> being the largest and <h6> the
smallest.

<p>: Defines a paragraph.

<a>: Creates a hyperlink.

<img>: Embeds an image.

HTML Attributes: Attributes provide additional information about HTML

elements. They are always specified in the opening tag and usually come in
name/value pairs.

 Example:
o <a href="https://www.example.com">Click here</a>
o Here, href is the attribute that specifies the URL of the link.

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Common Attributes:

1. href: Used in <a> tags to specify the link's destination.

2. src: Used in <img> tags to specify the image source.
3. alt: Provides alternative text for images.
4. class: Assigns a class name for CSS styling.
5. id: Assigns a unique identifier to an element.

These tags and attributes help structure and define the content of
a webpage!

Weekly assessment

1. What is a folder, and why do we create one

_________________________________________________________
_______________

2. How do you create a folder on your computer

_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. What is an HTML Tag?

_________________________________________________________
_______________
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4. What is an attribute in HTML?
_________________________________________________________
_______________
5. After writing your code, what should you do to save it?

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MODULE 4: WRITING YOUR FIRST CODE

a. How to display “Hello Word!”

To display "Hello World!" on a webpage using HTML, you can use the
following code:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Hello World Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

1. <!DOCTYPE html>: Declares that this document is an HTML5

document.
2. <html>: The root element of the HTML document.
3. <head>: Contains meta-information about the page, like the title.
4. <title>: Sets the title shown in the browser tab.
5. <body>: Contains the content of the webpage.
6. <h1>: Displays "Hello World!" as a large heading.

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You should see "Hello World!" displayed on the page!

b. How to display your name

To display your name on a webpage using HTML, you can use the
following code:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title> VOKS INSTITUTE </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1> Your Name </h1>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Steps:

1. Replace "Your Name": Change Your Name to your actual name

(e.g., John Doe).
2. Open a Text Editor: Use a program like Notepad or any code
editor.
3. Copy the Code: Paste the modified code into the editor.
4. Save the File: Save it as myname.html.
5. Open in a Web Browser: Double-click the file to open it in a web
browser (like Chrome or Firefox).

You should see your name displayed as a large heading on the webpage!

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Weekly Assessment

1. What does the <h1> tag do in HTML?

2. Why do you need to save the file as .html?
3. How do you display "Hello World!" on a webpage using HTML?
4. What is the purpose of the <body> tag in HTML?
5. What is the <title> tag for?

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MODULE 5: LISTING ON HTML

a. Ordered Listing

An ordered list is used to create a list of items where the order matters,
and each item is numbered automatically.

How to Create an Ordered List

Here’s a simple example of how to create an ordered list in HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Ordered List Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>My Favorite Fruits</h2>

<ol>

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 <li>Apple</li>

<li>Banana</li>

<li>Cherry</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <ol>: This tag starts the ordered list.

 <li>: This tag defines each item in the list. Each item will be
numbered automatically.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the code above.
3. Save the file as ordered_list.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see a numbered list of your favorite fruits!

b. Unordered Listing

An unordered list is used to create a list of items where the order doesn’t
matter. Each item is typically marked with a bullet point.

How to Create an Unordered List

Here’s a simple example of how to create an unordered list in

HTML:

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<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Unordered List Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>My Hobbies</h2>

<ul>

<li>Reading</li>

<li>Gaming</li>

<li>Cycling</li>

</ul>

</body>

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</html>

Output:

Explanation:

 <ul>: This tag starts the unordered list.

 <li>: This tag defines each item in the list. Each item will have a
bullet point.
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Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the code above.
3. Save the file as unordered_list.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see a bulleted list of your hobbies!

Weekly Assessment

1. What is an ordered list?

2. How do you make an ordered list in HTML?
3. What does the <li> tag do in an ordered list?
4. What happens when you open an ordered list in a web browser?
5. How can you see your list of items on a webpage?

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MODULE 6: IMAGE DISPLAY

a. How to Display Images in HTML

To display an image on a webpage, you can use the <img> tag. Here’s a
simple example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Image Display Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>My Favorite Image</h2>

<img src="image-url.jpg" alt="Description of

Image" width="300" height="200">

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <img>: The tag used to display images.

 src: This attribute specifies the URL or path to the image file.
 alt: Provides alternative text if the image cannot be displayed
(important for accessibility).
 width and height: Optional attributes to set the size of the image.

Steps to View It:

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 1. Replace image-url.jpg: Change it to the actual URL or path of
your image file (e.g., myphoto.jpg).
2. Open a text editor.
3. Copy and paste the modified code.
4. Save the file as display_image.html.
5. Open the file in a web browser.

You should see the image displayed on the webpage!

b. How to Resize images with width & height attributes

You can use the width and height attributes in the <img> tag to resize
images. Here’s an example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Resize Image Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Resized Image</h2>

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<img src="image-url.jpg" alt="Description of
Image" width="300" height="200">

</body>

</html>

Output:

Explanation:

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  <img>: Tag used to display images.
 src: The URL or path to the image file.
 alt: Text description of the image.
 width: Sets the width of the image (in pixels).
 height: Sets the height of the image (in pixels).

Steps to View It:

1. Replace image-url.jpg: Change it to the actual URL or path of

your image file (e.g., myphoto.jpg).
2. Open a text editor.
3. Copy and paste the code.
4. Save the file as resize_image.html.
5. Open the file in a web browser.

The image will be displayed at the specified width and height! You can
adjust the numbers to resize the image as needed.

Weekly Assessment

1. How do you display an image on a webpage?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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2. What does the "src" attribute do in the `<img>` tag?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. What does the "alt" attribute do?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

4. How can you change the size of an image on a webpage?

_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

5. What do you need to do after writing the code to see your image on a
webpage?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

6. Why is it important to add "alt" text to your image?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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MODULE 6: IMPLEMENTING HTML TAGS

a. Bold Tag

To make text bold in HTML, you can use the <strong> or <b> tag. Here’s
how to use them:

Example with <strong>:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Bold Text Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Using the Strong Tag</h2>

<p>This is <strong>important</strong> text.</p>

</body>

</html>

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Output:

Example with <b>:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Bold Text Example</title>

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</head>

<body>

<h2>Using the B Tag</h2> <p>This is <b>bold</b>

text.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <strong>: Indicates that the text is important and typically makes it

bold. It also conveys meaning (for accessibility).
 <b>: Simply makes the text bold but does not add any extra
importance.

Steps to View It:

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 1. Open a text editor.
2. Copy and paste one of the examples above.
3. Save the file as bold_text.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the specified text displayed in bold!

b. Paragraph Tag

The paragraph tag in HTML is used to create a paragraph of text. It is

represented by the <p> tag.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Paragraph Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>My Favorite Quote</h2>

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<p>This is a paragraph that contains a quote. It
explains something interesting about life. </p>

<p>Here's another paragraph that adds more

information or context to the topic. </p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Explanation:

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  <p>: This tag starts a new paragraph. Browsers automatically add
space before and after paragraphs to separate them.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as paragraph_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the text displayed as separate paragraphs!

c. Italics Tag

To make text italic in HTML, you can use the <em> or <i> tag. Here’s how
to use them:

Example with <em>:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Italics Example</title>

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</head>

<body>

<h2>Using the Emphasis Tag</h2>

<p>This is an <em>important</em> message.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Example with <i>:

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<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Italics Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Using the I Tag</h2>

<p>This is <i>italic</i> text.</p>

</body>

</html>

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Output

Explanation:

 <em>: Indicates that the text is emphasized and usually displays it

in italics. It conveys meaning for accessibility.
 <i>: Simply makes the text italic without adding extra emphasis.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste one of the examples above.
3. Save the file as italics_example.html.
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 4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the specified text displayed in italics!

d. Header Tag

The header tags in HTML are used to define headings. There are six levels
of header tags, from <h1> (largest) to <h6> (smallest).

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Header Tag Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a Heading 1</h1>

<h2>This is a Heading 2</h2>

<h3>This is a Heading 3</h3>

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<h4>This is a Heading 4</h4>

<h5>This is a Heading 5</h5>

<h6>This is a Heading 6</h6>

<p>Headings are used to organize content and

improve readability.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <h1> to <h6>: Define headings of different levels. <h1> is the most

important and is usually used for the main title, while <h6> is the
least important.
 SEO and Accessibility: Proper use of header tags helps with search
engine optimization (SEO) and makes content easier to understand
for screen readers.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as header_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the headings displayed in different sizes!

e. Underline Tag

To underline text in HTML, you can use the <u> tag. This tag is used to
indicate that the text should be underlined.

Example:

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<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Underline Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Using the Underline Tag</h2>

<p>This is an <u>underlined</u> text.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <u>: This tag underlines the text within it. It is typically used for
stylistic purposes.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as underline_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the specified text displayed with an underline!

Weekly Assessment

1. How do you make text bold in HTML?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

2. What’s the difference between the `<strong>` and `<b>` tag?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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3. What tag do you use to create a paragraph in HTML?
4. How do you make text italic in HTML?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

5. What’s the difference between the `<em>` and `<i>` tag?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

6. How do you create a big heading on a webpage?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

7. What’s the smallest heading you can use in HTML?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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MODULE 7: IMPLEMENTING HTML ATTRIBUTES

a. Width Attributes

The width attribute can be used in various HTML elements to control their
size. Here’s how to use it in different contexts:

Width in Images

You can specify the width of an image using the width attribute in the
<img> tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Image Width Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Resized Image</h2>

<img src="image-url.jpg" alt="Description of

Image" width="300">

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</body>

</html>

Width in Tables

You can also set the width of a table using the width attribute in the <table>
tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Table Width Example</title>

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</head>

<body>

<h2>Table Example</h2>

<table width="500" border="1">

<tr>

<th>Name</th>

<th>Age</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>John</td>

<td>25</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

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Output:

Width in CSS

For more control, it’s common to use CSS to set the width of elements:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Div Width Example</title>

<style>

.box {

width: 300px;
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 border: 1px solid black;

padding: 10px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Styled Div</h2>

<div class="box">This div has a width of 300

pixels.</div>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 Width in <img>: Sets the width of the image in pixels.

 Width in <table>: Defines the overall width of the table.
 CSS Width: Provides more flexibility and can be used with various
elements to set widths in pixels, percentages, etc.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste any of the example codes.
3. Save the file as width_example.html.

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 4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the effects of the width attribute in different contexts!

b. Height Attributes

The height attribute can be used to specify the height of various HTML
elements, such as images, tables, and divs. Here’s how to use it:

Height in Images

You can set the height of an image using the height attribute in the <img>
tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Image Height Example</title>

</head>

<body>

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 <h2>Resized Image</h2>

<img src="image-url.jpg" alt="Description of

Image" height="200">

</body>

</html>

Output:

Height in Tables

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You can also define the height of a table row using the height attribute in
the <tr> tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Table Height Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Table Example</h2>

<table border="1">

<tr height="50">

<th>Name</th>

<th>Age</th>

</tr>

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 <tr>

<td>John</td>

<td>25</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Height in CSS

For more control, it’s often better to use CSS to set the height of elements:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Div Height Example</title>

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 <style>

.box {

height: 150px;

border: 1px solid black;

padding: 10px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Styled Div</h2>

<div class="box">This div has a height of 150

pixels.</div>

</body>

</html>

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Output:

Explanation:

 Height in <img>: Sets the height of the image in pixels.

 Height in <tr>: Defines the height of a table row.
 CSS Height: Provides flexibility to set heights in pixels,
percentages, or other units.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste any of the example codes.
3. Save the file as height_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the effects of the height attribute in different contexts!

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c. Alt Attributes

The alt (alternative text) attribute is used in the <img> tag to provide a text
description of an image. This is important for accessibility and helps users
who cannot see the image.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Alt Attribute Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Image with Alt Text</h2>

<img src="image-url.jpg" alt="A description of

the image" width="300" height="200">

</body>

</html>

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Output:

Explanation:

 alt: The attribute provides a description of the image. If the image

cannot be displayed, this text will be shown instead. It also helps
screen readers describe the image to visually impaired users.

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  Importance: Using the alt attribute improves accessibility and can
enhance SEO by providing context for search engines.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Replace image-url.jpg with a real image URL or path.
4. Save the file as alt_attribute_example.html.
5. Open the file in a web browser.

If the image fails to load, you’ll see the alt text displayed!

d. Style Attributes

The style attribute is used to apply inline CSS styles directly to an HTML
element. It allows you to control the appearance of that specific element.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

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<title>Style Attribute Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2 style="color: blue; text-align:

center;">This is a Styled Heading</h2>

<p style="font-size: 18px; color: green;">This

paragraph is styled with a larger font size and
green color.</p>

<div style="border: 2px solid black; padding:

10px; background-color: lightgray;">

This div has a border, padding, and a

light gray background.

</div>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 style: This attribute contains CSS properties and values, separated

by semicolons.
 Common Properties: You can set various CSS properties like
color, font-size, text-align, background-color, border, etc.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as style_attribute_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the text and elements styled according to the specified styles!

e. Class Attributes

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The class attribute is used to assign one or more class names to an HTML
element. This allows you to apply CSS styles to multiple elements easily.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Class Attribute Example</title>

<style>

.highlight {

background-color: yellow;

font-weight: bold;

.large-text {

font-size: 20px;

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 }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2 class="highlight">This is a Highlighted

Heading</h2>

<p class="large-text">This paragraph has

larger text.</p>

<p class="highlight large-text">This paragraph

is both highlighted and larger!</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 class: This attribute can take one or more class names, which are
defined in the CSS.
 CSS Classes: In the example, .highlight gives a yellow background
and bold text, while .large-text increases the font size.
 Multiple Classes: You can assign multiple classes to an element by
separating them with spaces (e.g., class="highlight large-text").

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as class_attribute_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the effects of the class attribute applied to the elements!

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f. Id Attributes

The id attribute is used to assign a unique identifier to an HTML element.

Each ID must be unique within the document, allowing for specific styling
or manipulation using CSS and JavaScript.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>ID Attribute Example</title>

<style>

#main-heading {

color: blue;

text-align: center;

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 #special-paragraph {

font-size: 18px;

font-style: italic;

border: 1px solid black;

padding: 10px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1 id="main-heading">This is a Unique

Heading</h1>

<p id="special-paragraph">This paragraph has a

special ID and unique styles applied to it.</p>

</body>

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</html>

Output:

Explanation:

 id: This attribute is assigned a unique name (like main-heading or

special-paragraph).
 CSS Styles: In the example, the styles for each ID are defined using
the # symbol (e.g., #main-heading).
 Uniqueness: Each ID should be unique to avoid conflicts and
ensure proper functionality, especially in JavaScript.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as id_attribute_example.html.

This book remains the property of VOKS Technologies Page 75

 4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the unique styles applied to the elements with the specified IDs!

Weekly Assessment

1. What does the width attribute do in HTML?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

2. How can you change the height of an image in HTML?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. What’s the alt attribute used for in an image tag?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

4. What does the style attribute do in HTML?

_________________________________________________________
_______________
5. Why would you use the class attribute?

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 _________________________________________________________
_______________

6. How is the id attribute different from the class attribute?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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MODULE 8: TABLES IN HTML

a. Tables Header

The table header is defined using the <th> tag, which is used to create
headings for columns in a table. Table headers are typically displayed in
bold and centered by default.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Table Header Example</title>

<style>

table {

width: 100%;

border-collapse: collapse;

th, td {
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 border: 1px solid black;

padding: 10px;

text-align: left;

th {

background-color: #f2f2f2; }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Employee Table</h2>

<table>

<tr>

<th>Name</th>

<th>Age</th>

<th>Department</th>

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 </tr>

<tr>

<td>John Doe</td>

<td>30</td>

<td>Marketing</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Jane Smith</td>

<td>25</td>

<td>Engineering</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <th>: This tag defines a table header cell.

 <tr>: This tag defines a table row. The first row typically contains
the headers.
 Styling: In the example, table headers have a light gray
background, and the table is styled with borders and padding.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as table_header_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the table with headers displayed at the top!

b. Table Caption

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The table caption is defined using the <caption> tag, which provides a title
or description for the table. It appears at the top of the table and helps
convey the purpose of the data presented.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Table Caption Example</title>

<style>

table {

width: 100%;

border-collapse: collapse;

th, td {

border: 1px solid black;

padding: 10px;

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 text-align: left;

caption {

font-weight: bold;

margin-bottom: 10px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Data Table</h2>

<table>

<caption>Employee Information</caption>

<tr>

<th>Name</th>

<th>Age</th>

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 <th>Department</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>John Doe</td>

<td>30</td>

<td>Marketing</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Jane Smith</td>

<td>25</td>

<td>Engineering</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

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Output:

Explanation:

 <caption>: This tag defines the caption for the table. It should be
placed immediately after the opening <table> tag.
 Styling: In the example, the caption is styled to be bold and has
some margin below it for spacing.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as table_caption_example.html.
This book remains the property of VOKS Technologies Page 85
 4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the table with a caption displayed at the top!

Weekly Assessment

1. What is the purpose of the `<th>` tag in a table?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

2. How are table headers typically displayed?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. What does the `<caption>` tag do in a table?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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MODULE 9: HOW TO LINK IN HTML

a. How to link text

To create a hyperlink (link) in HTML, you use the <a> (anchor) tag. This
tag allows you to link to other web pages, files, or locations within the
same page.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Link Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Learn More</h2>

<p>Click here to visit <a

href="https://www.example.com"
target="_blank">Example Website</a>.</p>

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</body>

</html>

Output:

Explanation:

 <a>: This tag defines a hyperlink.

 href: The attribute that specifies the URL of the page the link goes
to. In this example, it links to "https://www.example.com".

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  target="_blank": This optional attribute opens the link in a new
tab or window.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as link_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the text "Example Website" as a clickable link that directs you
to the specified URL!

b. How to link images

To create a hyperlink from an image, you can wrap the <img> tag with the
<a> (anchor) tag. This allows users to click the image to navigate to
another webpage.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

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<head>

<title>Linking an Image Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Click the Image to Visit Example</h2>

<a href="https://www.example.com"
target="_blank">

<img src="image-url.jpg" alt="Description

of Image" width="300" height="200">

</a>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <a>: This tag creates a hyperlink.

 href: The attribute specifies the URL you want to link to.
 <img>: The image is wrapped in the anchor tag, so clicking the
image will take the user to the specified URL.
 target="_blank": This optional attribute opens the link in a new
tab or window.

This book remains the property of VOKS Technologies Page 91

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Replace image-url.jpg with a real image URL or path.
4. Save the file as link_image_example.html.
5. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the image displayed, and clicking it will navigate to the
specified link!

c. How to link emails

To create a link that opens the user's email client to send an email, you use
the mailto: protocol in the href attribute of the <a> tag.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Email Link Example</title>

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</head>

<body>

<h2>Contact Us</h2>

<p>If you have any questions, feel free to <a

href="mailto:example@example.com">send us an
email</a>.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <a>: This tag creates a hyperlink.

 href="mailto:example@example.com": The mailto: protocol
indicates that clicking the link will open the default email client to
send an email to the specified address.
 Link Text: The text "send us an email" will be displayed as a
clickable link.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Replace example@example.com with a real email address.
4. Save the file as link_email_example.html.
5. Open the file in a web browser.

Clicking the link will prompt the user's email client to open with a new
email addressed to the specified email!

Weekly Assessment

1. How do you create a hyperlink using the `<a>` tag?

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 _________________________________________________________
_______________

2. What happens when you click on a hyperlink that uses

`target="_blank"`?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. How can you link an image to a webpage?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

4. What does the `mailto:` protocol do in a link?

MODULE 10: CREATING FORMS IN HTML

a. What is HTML form

An HTML form is a structured way to collect user input on a webpage.

Forms are essential for interactive web applications, allowing users to
submit data, such as feedback, registrations, and login information.

Key Features of HTML Forms:

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  Input Fields: Forms can contain various types of input fields, like
text boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, and dropdowns.
 Labels: Labels help users understand what information is required
for each input field.
 Buttons: Forms typically include buttons, such as a submit button,
to send the data to a server for processing.
 Action and Method Attributes: The action attribute specifies
where the data should be sent, while the method attribute defines
how it should be sent (e.g., GET or POST).

Example Structure of an HTML Form:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Example of Form Structure</title>

</head>

<body>

<form action="submit.php" method="post">

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 <label for="name">Name:</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name"

required>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Why Use HTML Forms?

 User Interaction: Forms enable users to interact with websites,

such as signing up for newsletters or submitting queries.
 Data Collection: They allow websites to collect necessary data for
various functions, from simple feedback to complex transactions.
 Customizable: HTML forms can be styled and customized to fit
the design of a website.

Overall, HTML forms are crucial for creating dynamic and user-friendly
web experiences!

b. Example of HTML form

An HTML form is used to collect user input. It can include various types of
input fields, buttons, and labels. The form data can be sent to a server for
processing.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

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 <title>Simple HTML Form</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Contact Form</h2>

<form action="submit_form.php" method="post">

<label for="name">Name:</label>

<br>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name"

required>

<br><br>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

<br>

<input type="email" id="email"

name="email" required>

<br><br>

<label for="message">Message:</label>

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<br>

<textarea id="message" name="message"

rows="4" required></textarea>

<br><br>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output:

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Explanation:

 <form>: This tag defines the form. The action attribute specifies
the URL where the form data will be sent, and the method attribute
specifies how to send the data (usually GET or POST).
 <label>: This tag defines a label for each input field, improving
accessibility.
 <input>: This tag creates various input fields. In this example:
o type="text" for a text input.
o type="email" for an email input, which validates the format.
 <textarea>: This tag creates a larger text input area for messages.

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  <input type="submit">: This button submits the form.

Steps to View It:

1. Open a text editor.

2. Copy and paste the example code.
3. Save the file as form_example.html.
4. Open the file in a web browser.

You’ll see the form displayed, and you can fill it out and submit it!

c. HTML Form attributes

HTML forms have several attributes that define their behavior and
structure. Here are some of the most important attributes:

action

 Description: Specifies the URL where the form data should be sent
when the form is submitted.
 Example: action="submit.php"

method

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  Description: Defines how the form data should be sent. Common
methods are:
o GET: Appends data to the URL (not secure for sensitive
data).
o POST: Sends data in the request body (more secure and
suitable for sensitive information).
 Example: method="post"

enctype

 Description: Specifies how the form data should be encoded when

submitted. Common values include:
o application/x-www-form-urlencoded (default): Encodes data
as key-value pairs.
o multipart/form-data: Used for forms that include file
uploads.
o text/plain: Sends data as plain text.
 Example: enctype="multipart/form-data"

name

 Description: Assigns a name to the form, which can be used to

reference the form in scripts.

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  Example: name="contactForm"

id

 Description: Provides a unique identifier for the form, useful for

styling or targeting with JavaScript.
 Example: id="myForm"

target

 Description: Specifies where to display the response after

submitting the form. Common values:
o _self: Default, opens in the same frame.
o _blank: Opens in a new tab or window.
o _parent: Opens in the parent frame.
o _top: Opens in the full body of the window.
 Example: target="_blank"

AUTOCOMPLETE

 Description: Indicates whether the browser should automatically

complete the input fields based on previous entries. Values can be
on or off.
 Example: autocomplete="on"

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Example of an HTML Form with Attributes:

<form action="submit.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"

id="contactForm" name="contactForm" target="_blank"
autocomplete="on">

<label for="name">Name:</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

Summary

These attributes help define how a form operates, how data is transmitted,
and how users interact with it, making HTML forms a powerful tool for
web development

Weekly Assessment

1. What is an HTML form?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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2. What are some common types of input fields you can find in an HTML
form?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. Why are labels important in forms?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

4. What does the `<form>` tag do?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

5. What are the two common methods for sending form data?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

6. How do you make a button to submit a form?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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7. What is the purpose of the `action` attribute in a form?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

MODULE 11: CREATING NAVIGATION BAR IN HTML

a. What is Navigation Bar

A navigation bar (often referred to as a "navbar") is a user interface

element that helps users navigate through a website. It typically contains
links to the most important sections or pages of the site, making it easier for
visitors to find the content they need.

Key Features of a Navigation Bar:

1. Links: The navbar includes links to various pages, such as Home,

About, Services, Contact, etc.
2. Structure: It can be horizontal (across the top) or vertical (on the
side), depending on the website design.
3. Dropdown Menus: Many navigation bars include dropdown menus
to organize links into subcategories, helping to reduce clutter.

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 4. Responsive Design: A good navbar adjusts its layout and design to
work well on different screen sizes, such as desktops, tablets, and
smartphones.
5. Highlighting Active Links: Often, the current page is highlighted
to help users know where they are within the site.

Example of a Simple Navigation Bar:

Here’s a basic example of a horizontal navigation bar using HTML and

CSS:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Navigation Bar Example</title>

<style>

.navbar {

background-color: #333;

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 overflow: hidden;

.navbar a {

float: left;

display: block;

color: white;

text-align: center;

padding: 14px 16px;

text-decoration: none;

.navbar a:hover {

background-color: #ddd;

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 color: black;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="navbar">

<a href="#home">Home</a>

<a href="#about">About</a>

<a href="#services">Services</a>

<a href="#contact">Contact</a>

</div>

<h2>Welcome to Our Website!</h2>

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 <p>This is the main content area.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Explanation:

 HTML Structure: The <div> element with the class navbar

contains several <a> tags for navigation links.
 CSS Styling: Basic styles are applied to create a dark background,
white text, and hover effects.

b. Importance of Navigation Bars:

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  User Experience: They improve user experience by providing a
clear path for navigating the site.
 Organization: A well-structured navbar helps organize content,
making it easier for users to find what they need.
 Accessibility: Effective navigation is crucial for accessibility,
helping all users, including those with disabilities, to navigate the
site efficiently.

In summary, a navigation bar is a vital component of web design,

enhancing usability and improving the overall visitor experience!

c. Navigation Bar Attributes

When creating navigation elements in HTML, certain attributes enhance

functionality and accessibility. While there isn't a specific "navigation
attribute," several attributes and elements are commonly used to build
effective navigation menus. Here are some key ones:

href

 Description: Specifies the URL of the page the link goes to.
 Example: <a href="about.html">About</a>

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target

 Description: Determines where the linked document will open.

Common values include:
o _self: Opens in the same tab (default).
o _blank: Opens in a new tab or window.
 Example: <a href="https://www.example.com"
target="_blank">External Link</a>

rel

 Description: Provides relationship information about the linked

document, especially for links to external sites. Common values
include:
o noopener: Prevents the new page from being able to access
the window.opener property.
o noreferrer: Prevents the browser from sending the referring
page's address.
 Example: <a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank"
rel="noopener">Secure Link</a>

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aria-label

 Description: Provides an accessible label for screen readers,

describing the purpose of the link.
 Example: <a href="services.html" aria-label="View our
services">Services</a>

role

 Description: Defines the type of navigation element for assistive

technologies.
 Example: <nav role="navigation">...</nav>

class and id

 Description: Used for styling and JavaScript targeting. They help

apply CSS styles or manipulate elements with scripts.
 Example: <nav class="main-nav" id="top-nav">...</nav>

Example of a Navigation Bar with Attributes:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

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<head>

<title>Navigation Example</title>

<style>

.navbar {

background-color: #333;

overflow: hidden;

.navbar a {

float: left;

display: block;

color: white;

padding: 14px 16px;

text-decoration: none;

.navbar a:hover {

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 background-color: #ddd;

color: black;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<nav class="navbar" role="navigation">

<a href="home.html" aria-label="Go to

Home">Home</a>

<a href="about.html" aria-label="Learn more about

us">About</a>

<a href="services.html" aria-label="See our

services">Services</a>

<a href="contact.html" aria-label="Get in touch

with us">Contact</a>

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<a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank"
rel="noopener" aria-label="Visit external
site">External</a>

</nav>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Using these attributes effectively in navigation elements enhances usability,

accessibility, and security on your website, creating a better experience for
all users!

Weekly Assessments

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1. What is a navigation bar (navbar)?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

2. What types of links can you find in a navigation bar?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

3. How can a navigation bar be organized?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

4. What are dropdown menus in a navigation bar?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

5. Why is responsive design important for navigation bars?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

6. How do you highlight the current page in a navigation bar?

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 _________________________________________________________
_______________
7. What does the `<nav>` tag do?
_________________________________________________________
_______________
8. What is the purpose of the `href` attribute in a link?
_________________________________________________________
_______________

9. What happens if you use `target="_blank"` in a link?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

10. Why is the `aria-label` attribute useful in navigation?

_________________________________________________________
_______________

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SUMMARY

In this booklet, we explored the foundational elements of HTML, focusing

on key concepts that are essential for building web pages. Here’s a recap of
what we covered:

1. Coding and Programming: We defined coding as the process of

writing instructions for computers, with programming
encompassing a broader range of activities, including designing and
developing software.
2. HTML Basics: We discussed HTML as the standard markup
language for creating web pages. It uses tags to structure content.
3. Advantages of Coding: We highlighted benefits such as problem-
solving skills, career opportunities, and creativity.
4. Getting Started with Coding: We provided guidance on how to
begin coding, including choosing languages and using Integrated
Development Environments (IDEs).
5. HTML Tags and Attributes: We covered essential HTML tags
like headings, paragraphs, images, links, lists, and forms, along with
attributes that enhance their functionality.

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 6. Navigation Bars: We explained the importance of navigation bars
for user experience and outlined key attributes that improve
accessibility and usability.
7. Forms: We examined HTML forms, their structure, and attributes
for collecting user input effectively.

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CONCLUSION

Understanding HTML and its components is crucial for anyone interested

in web development. From structuring content with tags to creating
interactive forms and navigation systems, mastering these elements allows
you to build functional and user-friendly websites.

This booklet serves as an introductory guide, and as you continue to

practice and explore HTML, you will gain the skills necessary to create
engaging web experiences. Remember, coding is a valuable skill that
fosters creativity and opens doors to numerous opportunities in the digital
world. Keep experimenting, and happy coding!

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