Development of A Low-Cost GPS

Tracking Device for Safe Navigation

in Bangladesh Inland Waterways

A B.Sc Engg. Thesis

by

Natvi Anjum (1812027)

Md. Tanvir Islam Sowad (1912041)

Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering

(NAME)

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

March 2025

1
 Development of A Low-Cost GPS
Tracking Device for Safe Navigation in
Bangladesh Inland Waterways

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the

degree of Bachelor of Science (BSc.) in

Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (NAME)

Submitted By
Natvi Anjum (1812025)
Md. Tanvir Islam Sowad (1912041)

Under the Supervision

of
Prof. Dr. Md. Mashud Karim
Professor,
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering, BUET

2
 Declaration

It is hereby declared that this thesis or any part of it has not been
submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.

Signature of the candidates

………………………………............

Natvi Anjum
Student Id: 1812027

………………………………………

Md. Tanvir Islam Sowad

Student Id: 1912041

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

Dhaka,1000

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 Acknowledgment

We would like to express our gratefulness to the Almighty Allah for His grace and
blessing for which we were able to conduct our research and complete our project in
due time.

We would like to express our heartiest gratitude to our respected supervisor Dr. Md.
Mashud Karim, Professor, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka. We are
grateful to Dr. Md. Mashud Karim for his superior mentoring and encouragement.
He guided us tirelessly throughout the research work with his valuable
recommendation and expert opinion. His patience and prudence were inspirational
for us and his proper guidance from the very beginning of the work is inevitable to
complete this work.

We would like to thank all our teachers from the academic faculty of Naval
Architecture and Marine Engineering who gave the time to teach us and contribute to
our education in one way or other. We oblige thereby and seek pray to all for the
success of our lives. Also, we would like to thank all staffs of the department of
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, for supporting us every way around.

Finally, we want to thank the most important and the closest people in BUET who
have helped us a lot in this work.

Natvi Anjum Md.Tanvir Islam Sowad

ID:1812027 ID:1912041

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 Abstract

This research developed an affordable, user-friendly GPS tracking device priced only
at 2506 BDT for inland boats in Bangladesh, enhancing navigation safety and
enabling wider adoption through low cost and mass production.

The inland waterways of Bangladesh play a crucial role in transportation, but they
face significant challenges related to safety and navigation, including poor
infrastructure, unpredictable weather conditions, and a lack of real-time location
tracking for vessels. This research presents the application of a low-cost GPS tracker
designed to improve safe navigation in the inland waterways of Bangladesh. The
proposed solution aims to provide an affordable, user-friendly GPS tracking system
that can be easily implemented on vessels of all sizes, enabling real-time monitoring
of their location, speed, and route. By integrating GPS and GSM technology, the
tracker can send location data to operators, authorities, and fleet managers, ensuring
timely interventions in case of emergencies. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of
the device allows for widespread adoption, even among smaller operators who may
not have access to traditional, expensive navigation systems. The study evaluates the
technical design, cost-benefit analysis, and potential impact on navigation safety,
highlighting the device's ability to reduce accidents, improve operational efficiency,
and enhance regulatory compliance. The findings suggest that the widespread
implementation of low-cost GPS trackers could significantly enhance safety, reduce
risks, and promote more sustainable use of Bangladesh's inland waterways.

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 Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 1

1.1 Overview ………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Background and Motivation …………………………………………………...1
1.3 Literature Review……………………………………………………………... 3
1.4 Research Gap ………………………………………………………………….4
1.5 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………...6

Chapter 2 Methodology …………………………………………………………. .8

2.1 Overview ……………………………………………………………………….8
2.1.1 Types of marine GPS and how they work…………………………………...9
2.2 Development of GPS tracker device …………………………………………….. 15
2.2.1. How GPS works……………………………………………………. ………...15
2.2.2 GPS Tracking Device application…………………………………. .…………..16
2.2.3 Components ……………………………………………………………………..17

2.2.4 Procedure …………………………………………………………………....27

2.2.4.1 Circuit diagram ……………………………………………………………27
2.2.4.2 Soldering ………………………………………………………………….29
2.2.4.3 Coding …………………………………………………………………….30
2.2.4.4 Device setup ………………………………………………………...…36

Chapter 3 Result and Discussion ……………………………………………… 38

3.1 Output ……………………………………………………………………..…38
3.1.1 Output(message) …………………………………………………………..39
3.1.2 Output(map) …………………………………………….…………………41

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3.1.3 Output (delay measurement) ……………………………………………….43
3.2 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………45
3.2.1Cost Estimation ……………………………………………….……………45
3.2.2 Cost Reduction Strategies …………………………………………………46
3.2.3 Price Comparison with Existing Proposals and Devices
…………………………………………………………………………………….48
3.2.4 Challenges ………………………………………………………………...49
3.2.5 Proposed Solutions to Overcome Challenges in GPS Tracking Adoption…..50
3.2.6 Significance of GPS Tracking in Inland Navigation………………………...50
3.2.7 Comparison with Existing Studies…………………………………………...51
3.3 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….54
3.4 Recommendation for Future Enhancement……………………………………55
References …………………………………………………………………………58

List of Figures

Chapter 2 Methodology
Fig 2.1: Handheld Marine GPS
Fig 2.2: Fixed-Mount Marine GPS Units
Fig 2.3: Chart Plotters
Fig 2.4: Multi-Function Displays (MFDs))
Fig 2.5: AIS-Integrated GPS
Fig 2.6: Differential GPS (DGPS)

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Fig 2.7: Arduino UNO
Fig 2.8: SIM800l GSM
Fig 2.9: GPS Neo-6m Module
Fig 2.10: GPS Antenna
Fig 2.11: Relay Module
Fig 2.12: Buck converter)
Fig 2.13: Charger Module
Fig 2.14: Veroboard
Fig 2.15: Buzzer
Fig 2.16: Thumb push button
Fig 2.17: IR Sensor
Fig 2.18 & Fig 2.19: Circuit and schematic Diagram of the Device
Fig 2.20 & Fig 2.21: Device setups

Chapter 3 Result and Discussion

Fig 3.1: The Output Message Sent in the Smartphone
Fig 3.2: The Map Location Sent by the Device
Fig 3.3: The Map Location Sent by the Device Containing Latitude and longitude

List of Tables

Table 3.1: Data measurement

Table 3.2: Latitude and Longitude comparison

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Table 3.3: Position Detection Accuracy
Table 3.4: Cost estimation

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 Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview

This chapter of the book includes different sections such as motivation, literature review,
objective, and dataset. The motivation section states the reason for choosing this topic for the
thesis. In the next section, some related works are reviewed that were previously done. After
that, the goals to achieve are mentioned as objectives in the following section. In the dataset
section, the chosen dataset is introduced and briefly discussed. Lastly, the outline of all the
chapters is discussed in the outline section.

1.2 Background and Motivation

GPS trackers have become an essential tool for ensuring the safety of boats and their passengers,
especially in the unpredictable and often hazardous conditions of open waters. The integration of
GPS tracking systems in boats has revolutionized the way vessel safety is managed, offering
numerous benefits that can significantly reduce risks and enhance overall safety. One of the most
crucial features of modern GPS trackers is their ability to send alarming messages, which can be
life-saving in emergency situations. A GPS tracker allows for the real-time monitoring of a boat's
location, which is crucial in case of an emergency. If a boat becomes stranded, lost, or is
involved in an accident, the GPS system provides authorities or rescue teams with the exact
coordinates of the vessel, enabling quick and accurate response. This reduces response times,
which is critical in life-threatening situations.

In recent years, the Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation (BIWTC) took a significant
step towards modernizing the country’s vast water transport network by launching a Vessel
Tracking System (VTS) on August 31, 2013. This system, supported by Grameenphone's IT
infrastructure, aimed to monitor the movements of ferries, streamers, and tug vessels, ensuring
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more efficient operations and better management of the waterway transport system. The VTS
provided real-time updates, offering valuable insights into vessel locations and enhancing the
overall safety and operational effectiveness of the vessels in use.

Despite the advancements in tracking technology, a considerable gap remains in the adoption of
such systems among smaller vessels, particularly passenger boats and fishing vessels. The uptake
of modern vessel tracking remains limited due to several barriers, such as high costs,
technological limitations, and a general lack of awareness or understanding of the potential
benefits among vessel operators. As a result, many operators continue to rely on outdated
methods that are less effective in ensuring safety and monitoring operations.

Additionally, boat robbing has emerged as a significant problem in Bangladesh’s inland

waterways, threatening the safety of boat operators, passengers, and goods in transit. Criminal
activities, including piracy and theft, are particularly rampant in remote and less-patrolled areas.
To address this pressing issue, the introduction of GPS tracker alarming systems can offer
numerous advantages in enhancing security and mitigating the risks of boat robberies. The
knowledge that a GPS tracking system is installed on boats can act as a deterrent to criminals
considering hijacking or robbing vessels. Criminals are less likely to target boats that are
traceable, as the likelihood of getting caught and arrested is significantly higher. The presence of
a GPS tracking device may discourage such illegal activities, creating a safer environment for
boat operators and passengers. GPS tracking provides authorities with the ability to track a stolen
boat in real-time, significantly improving the speed and accuracy of law enforcement’s response.
Instead of searching vast water areas without clear direction, authorities can focus their efforts on
the specific coordinates provided by the GPS system. This results in quicker interventions and
increases the likelihood of recovering stolen vessels, apprehending criminals, and reducing the
impact of robberies. GPS tracking systems can be integrated with other security measures, such
as alarms, cameras, and emergency alert systems. For example, when a GPS alarm is triggered,
additional systems like boat security alarms or audio alerts can be activated, alerting nearby
vessels or security personnel. This multi-layered security approach enhances the overall
protection of vessels operating in high-risk areas, reducing the chances of successful boat
robberies.
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Given these challenges, there is an urgent need for a solution that is not only affordable but also
easy to use and accessible for smaller, local vessels operating in Bangladesh's inland waterways.
The goal of this research is to develop a cost-effective, user-friendly tracking device that
integrates essential features, such as real-time location tracking and accident risk detection. The
system will be designed to be affordable for small scale.

Vessel operators while offering the added benefit of providing alerts for potential accidents, thus
enhancing safety measures. By integrating IR sensors, this tracking device will be able to detect
objects or obstacles.

This research is motivated by the desire to bridge the technological gap between larger, more
advanced vessels and smaller, local operators, empowering them with the tools needed to
improve operational efficiency and safety. By focusing on affordability, simplicity, and
functionality, the proposed solution aims to encourage broader adoption of modern tracking and
safety systems, ensuring a safer and more efficient water transport system in Bangladesh. The
development of such a device could be a crucial step toward modernizing the nation’s inland
waterways and protecting the lives of those who depend on them for their livelihood.

1.3 Literature Review

1. A report by the Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA, 2021) discusses the
challenges of ensuring safe navigation in the country's extensive river network. The report
recommends deploying low-cost GPS trackers equipped with SMS or app-based alarm systems
to warn of potential hazards, such as sandbanks, high tides, or unauthorized route deviations. The
study finds that the use of affordable GPS technology can lead to better compliance with safety
regulations and significantly reduce human errors in navigation.

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2.This paper (Rahman & Hosanuzzaman, 2017) discusses about historical data reveals numerous
maritime accidents, resulting in significant human loss. Research indicates that low-cost GPS-
based systems can effectively detect overloading and capsize risks. Studies show that integrating
GPS with mobile communication enables real-time alerts to authorities and travelers.
Government-supported implementation of such technology could greatly enhance maritime
safety in Bangladesh.

3.This paper (Akanda et al., 2022) studies that small boats navigating Norway's skerry-dense
coastline face high collision risks due to limited regulation and inadequate navigation aids.

While larger vessels benefit from systems like AIS, small boats lack such sophisticated safety
features. Research indicates that integrating low-cost GPS receivers with digitized maps can
classify shallow areas and issue timely alerts.

1.4 Research Gap

The existing literature shows several gaps for further research. If these gaps are studied
thoroughly, then the research can be taken further for improvements as well as advancements.
The research gaps found in the literature review are discussed below.

Cost Effectiveness

Current research lacks a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis comparing the total manufacturing
costs of a GPS enabled device. We are bound to build the maximum cost-efficient device with
the available components in the market. In summary, our goal is to ensure affordability without
compromising the functionality and safety features required for effective performance.

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Introducing IR Censors

IR censor can detect obstacle thus it can send alarming message if anyone try to get on the board
of a ship without permission. Our GPS tracker is integrated with the technology to resist any
kind unwanted situation. Infrared (IR) sensors, when integrated with Arduino, provide a simple
and cost-effective solution for various safety-related applications.

Design Optimization and Process Optimization

Assembling the components in a proper manner for getting precise and more accurate data is our
main challenge as well as the design should be suitable in various marine conditions.
Additionally, the device is designed to ensure minimal hardship under any circumstances,
providing ease of use and reliability even in challenging situations.

Customization for Local Vessels:

There is a huge lack of awareness of using GPS tracking device for Safety purpose in
Bangladesh inland waterways due to the sophistication of their use. A more user friendly device
can encourage local vessel owner to install it on their ships.

Collaboration with Government

The government of Bangladesh is actively seeking an effective solution to enhance safety and
awareness in the country's waterways. Introducing a cost-effective, user-friendly GPS tracking
device can significantly improve monitoring and navigation, reducing the risk of accidents and
ensuring better management of vessels.

A reliable and affordable GPS tracker will not only enhance maritime safety but also aid
authorities in real-time tracking, emergency response, and overall operational efficiency.

5
1.5 Objectives

• Designing a GPS tracker device.

• Manufacturing the device.

• Cost analysis and feasibility check.

• Examining the economic and environmental implications of adopting our GPS tracker.

• Inspiring further research and adoption of cost friendly GPS tracker device for safety
purpose.

Designing a GPS Tracker Device

Developing a compact, efficient, and user-friendly GPS tracker that ensures real-time location
tracking with minimal power consumption. Incorporating cost-effective components and a
simplified interface to make it accessible for non-technical users.

Manufacturing the Device

Selecting durable and environmentally friendly materials to build a robust tracker capable of
withstanding harsh marine conditions. Streamlining the assembly process to minimize
production costs while maintaining high quality and reliability.

Cost Analysis and Feasibility Check

Evaluating material, production, and operational costs to ensure affordability without

compromising performance. Conducting market research to confirm the device’s economic
viability and potential for mass adoption.

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Examining the Economic and Environmental Implications

Analyzing how cost reductions in GPS trackers can enhance maritime safety and efficiency,
leading to economic benefits. Assessing environmental impacts by opting for energy-efficient
components and sustainable materials to minimize electronic waste.

Inspiring Further Research and Adoption

Encouraging innovation in affordable GPS technology by sharing research findings and practical
insights. Promoting widespread adoption of cost-friendly GPS trackers to enhance safety in
transportation and logistics industries.

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 Chapter 2

Methodology

2.1 Overview

In this chapter, the proposed methodology is briefly discussed in various sections like designing,
data analysis, component list, post processing etc. An overview of the proposed methodology is
shown below:

1. Collecting required components

2. Preparing Code and diagram for GPS tracker device
3. Building GPS tracker device
4. Evaluating result
5. Cost Estimation
6. Understanding importance of GPS system for safe navigation

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2.1.1 Types of Marine GPS and How They Work

The following section explains the different types of GPS used in marine navigation

1. Handheld Marine GPS Units

Figure 2.1: Handheld Marine GPS Units

https://yaquts.com/blog/types-of-marine-gps-and-how-they-work/

Handheld marine GPS units are portable devices that offer flexibility and convenience for
boaters. These devices are compact and can be easily carried, making them ideal for small boats,
kayaks, or as backup units on larger vessels. Features of handheld GPS units often include:

– Waterproof and rugged design

– Preloaded maps and the ability to upload additional charts
– Route planning and tracking capabilities
– Waypoint marking and navigation
– Long battery life with rechargeable or replaceable batteries

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2. Fixed-Mount Marine GPS Units

Figure 2.2: Fixed-Mount Marine GPS Units

https://yaquts.com/blog/types-of-marine-gps-and-how-they-work/

Fixed-mount marine GPS units are permanently installed on the boat, usually at the helm or
navigation station. These units provide more advanced features and larger displays compared to
handheld units, making them suitable for larger vessels and professional use. Key features of
fixed-mount units include:

– Large, high-resolution screens for easy viewing

– Integrated with other marine electronics such as fish finders, radar, and autopilot systems
– Detailed chart plotting and navigation capabilities
– Multiple mounting options (flush mount, bracket mount, etc.)
– Power sourced from the boat’s electrical system

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3. Chart Plotters

Figure 2.3: Chart Plotters

https://yaquts.com/blog/types-of-marine-gps-and-how-they-work/

Chartplotters are specialized marine GPS units that focus on displaying detailed nautical charts
and providing advanced navigation features. These devices are essential for mariners who
require precise route planning and real-time tracking of their position relative to charts. Key
features of chartplotters include:

– High-definition displays with touchscreen capabilities

– Extensive chart compatibility (e.g., Navionics, C-MAP)
– Real-time weather overlays and tide information
– Integrated sonar for depth and fish finding
– Advanced waypoint and route management

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4. Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

Figure 2.4: Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

https://yaquts.com/blog/types-of-marine-gps-and-how-they-work/

Multi-function displays are comprehensive marine electronics systems that combine GPS,
chartplotting, radar, sonar, and other navigational tools into a single unit. MFDs are often the
centerpiece of a boat’s navigation system, providing a centralized interface for all navigational
data. Features of MFDs include:

– Large, customizable screens with split-view options

– Integration with AIS (Automatic Identification System) for vessel tracking
– Network capabilities to connect with other onboard systems (e.g., autopilot, engine data)
– Real-time data sharing and remote monitoring through mobile apps
– Advanced navigation aids such as 3D charts and satellite imagery

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5.AIS-Integrated GPS:

Figure 2.5: AIS-Integrated GPS

https://yaquts.com/blog/types-of-marine-gps-and-how-they-work/

▪ Combines GPS with an Automatic Identification System (AIS) to track other vessels.

▪ Used in commercial ships and coast guards.

Example: Simrad RS40-B with GPS & AIS

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6.Differential GPS (DGPS):

Figure 2.6: Differential GPS (DGPS)

▪ Provides more accurate positioning by correcting GPS errors using reference stations.

▪ Used in commercial shipping and offshore industries.

▪ Example: Furuno GP170D DGPS Navigator

▪ Experience shows that the positioning accuracy is typically in the range of 1 to 3 meter.

Source:https://www.kystverket.no/en/navigation-and-monitoring/dgps---radio-navigation/
#:~:text=Within%20the%20specified%20coverage%20area,of%201%20to%203%20metres.

Even though these GPS devices are available in the market, they are expensive and not easy to

use. That’s why the proposed device is designed to be affordable and user-friendly.

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2.2 Development of GPS tracker device

This section outlines the development process of the low-cost GPS tracking device, explain GPS
system, detailing the integration of key components such as the Arduino microcontroller, Neo-
6M GPS module, SIM800L GSM module, and IR sensors, along with the procedural steps for
circuit design, coding, and assembly.

2.2.1 How GPS works?

GPS stands for Global Positioning System. It is a satellite-based navigation system that provides
real-time location, speed, and time data for vessels, aircraft, and land vehicles. GPS helps ships
navigate accurately, avoid obstacles, and stay on course, even in poor visibility or remote areas.
It is one of the most crucial tools for maritime safety and efficiency.

The three parts of GPS are:

1. Satellites
2. Receivers
3. Software
Time Delay and Speed of Light: Satellites transmit signals that travel at the speed of light. The
signals include precise timing information. Because the speed of light is finite, there is a delay
between when the signal is sent from the satellite and when it is received by a ground unit (like a
GPS receiver).

Triangulation with Three Satellites: In a 2D scenario, you can determine your location by
measuring your distance from three satellites. The distances are calculated based on how long it

15
takes for the signals to travel from the satellites to the receiver. The signals define spheres
around each satellite, and where the spheres intersect gives the receiver's location.

Fourth Satellite for Accuracy: To achieve accurate three-dimensional positioning (latitude,

longitude, and altitude), you need a fourth satellite. This fourth satellite allows the receiver to
calculate its precise time of reception, compensating for any error in the receiver's clock, which
may not be perfectly synchronized with the satellites' clocks. This helps in determining the
receiver's position in all three dimensions.

So, in summary, a minimum of four satellites are required to calculate precise 3D positioning
because: Three satellites help with position (latitude and longitude). The fourth satellite corrects
for timing errors in the receiver's clock.

2.2.2 GPS Tracking Device and Its Usage for Inland Vessels

Navigation and Positioning: Inland vessels, such as barges, cargo ships, and passenger boats,
navigate through rivers, canals, and other waterways. GPS provides accurate positioning
information, allowing vessels to determine their exact location.

Route Planning: GPS enables inland vessel operators to plan and optimize their routes. By
knowing their current position and destination, they can choose the most efficient path.

Safety and Collision Avoidance: GPS aids in collision avoidance by providing real-time
information about the positions of other vessels in the vicinity. This helps operators make
informed decisions to avoid potential collisions and maintain a safe distance.

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Emergency Response: In case of emergencies, such as accidents or distress situations, GPS
allows for quick and accurate reporting of the vessel's location.

2.2.3 Components

Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It
consists of microcontroller boards (like Arduino Uno, Mega, and Nano) that can read inputs
(e.g., sensors, buttons) and control outputs (e.g., LEDs, motors, displays).

Functions of Arduino:

● Reading Sensors: Measures temperature, light, motion, etc.

● Controlling Outputs: Operates LEDs, motors, relays, etc.

● Communication: Sends and receives data via USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.

● Automation & Robotics: Used in home automation, robots, and IoT projects.

● Prototyping: Helps engineers and hobbyists quickly test and build electronic projects.

● It is programmed using Arduino IDE with a simple C/C++-based language.

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 Figure 2.7: Arduino UNO

Here's a breakdown of the different parts, ports, and pins commonly found on an Arduino board
(such as the Arduino Uno):

1. Microcontroller (ATmega328P for Arduino Uno)

● This is the "brain" of the Arduino board. It processes the data and controls the
input/output functions based on the uploaded program (sketch).

2. Digital Pins (0 to 13)

● These are the general-purpose I/O pins that can be used for both input and output.

o Input: You can read digital signals (high or low) from external devices like
sensors.

o Output: You can send digital signals to devices like LEDs or relays.

● Pins 0 and 1 are also used for serial communication (TX and RX).

3. Analog Pins (A0 to A5)

● These pins can read analog signals (values from 0 to 1023) from sensors and convert
them into digital values.

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 ● The analog pins can also be used as digital pins (A0 to A5 can also function as digital I/O
pins 14-19 in certain cases).

4. Power Pins

● VCC: The main power supply pin (usually 5V or 3.3V).

● GND (Ground): These are the ground pins used to complete the electrical circuit.

● RAW: This is the input for supplying external power (typically 7–12V).

● 5V Pin: Outputs 5V from the Arduino board and can be used to power external
components.

● 3.3V Pin: Provides 3.3V output (only available on certain Arduino models).

5. Reset Pin

● RESET: When pressed, this pin resets the Arduino board, restarting the program
execution. This can also be triggered by an external signal.

6. Serial Communication Pins

● TX (Pin 1): Transmit pin, used for sending data.

● RX (Pin 0): Receive pin, used for receiving data.

● These pins are part of the USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) module, allowing the board to communicate with a computer or other
devices using serial protocols.

7. PWM Pins (Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)

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 ● These are Pulse Width Modulation pins that allow the board to simulate analog output by
quickly turning the pin on and off (changing the duty cycle of the signal). It's often used
for controlling

8. I2C Pins (SDA, SCL)

● These pins allow communication between the Arduino board and external devices like
sensors, displays, or other Arduinos using the I2C protocol (a two-wire communication).

● SDA (Data) and SCL (Clock) are the two lines for I2C communication.

9. SPI Pins

● These pins are used for Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) communication, a faster protocol
used for communication with external devices like SD cards or displays.

10. Onboard LED

● Most Arduino boards have a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. This is commonly
used for simple debugging and testing.

11. External Power Supply Connector

● Arduino can be powered either through the USB connection or by an external power
supply (9V battery, adapter). This is connected through the barrel jack or the RAW pin.

GSEM Module

SIM800l GSM Module, designed by Simcom. This module operates at a voltage of 3.4v to 4.4v,
it is powered directly with a lithium-ion battery and LM2596 step-down converter. This comes

20
with an IPX antenna interface that allows switching between a PCB antenna and a suction cup
antenna. The Module is compatible with any 2G-3G SIM card.

Led status indicator

The sim800l module has an LED indicator that shows the network conduction.

Blinking every 1 second – The module is powered on but not connected to the network.

Blinking every 2 seconds – The GPRS data connection is active and ready for data Transfer.

Blinking every 3 seconds – The Module is connected to a network and ready to send/receive
SMS messages And Calls.

AIRTEL SIM is used in the module, which contains an SMS bundle. Careful observation was
made regarding the voltage, as overvoltage can ruin the module. This module is commonly used
for SMS, voice calls, and basic internet applications in embedded systems and IoT projects, and
it is typically operated at 850/900/1800/1900 MHz.

Figure 2.8: SIM800l GSM

GPS Neo-6m Module

Full Form of GPS: Global Positioning System

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Satellite System: Uses 31 satellites orbiting Earth for location and time synchronization.

Communication: Uses UART (TX/RX) to communicate with microcontrollers like Arduino,

Raspberry Pi, etc.

Power Supply: Works with 3.3V–5V DC.

Antenna: Requires an external antenna (often a ceramic patch antenna) for better reception.

Baud Rate: Default is 9600 bps, but can be configured.

LED Indicator Status:

No Blinking: Searching for satellites (no fix).

Blinks Every 1 Second: Position is fixed and successfully connected to satellites.

This module is commonly used in vehicle tracking, drones, robotics, and IoT-based GPS
applications.

Figure 2.9: GPS Neo-6m Module

GPS Antenna

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GPS antenna is used in the project for better performance. A GPS antenna is a crucial component
used to receive signals from satellites and improve the performance of GPS modules like the
Neo-6M. It helps in accurate positioning by enhancing signal reception.

Figure 2.10: GPS Antenna

Other Required Components

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 Figure 2.11: Relay Module

Relay module allows to control other devices as by power controlling.

Buck converter

24
 Figure 2.12: Buck converter

Buck converter reduces higher DC voltage to lower DC voltage efficiently.

Figure 2.13: Charger Module

25
Figure 2.14: Veroboard

Figure 2.15: Buzzer

26
 Figure 2.16: Thumb push button

IR Sensor
The IR transmitter (LED) emits infrared light.

If an object is present, the IR receiver (photodiode) detects the reflected light. The sensor
processes the signal and sends output (HIGH/LOW) to the microcontroller.

Figure 2.17: IR Sensor

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2.2.4 Procedure for Setting Up the Device
After gathering the necessary components, we a series of crucial steps were followed to build the
GPS tracker device. First, the Neo-6M GPS module with a microcontroller (like Arduino) was
assembled and proper wiring was ensured for power and data connections. Then, a GSM module
was integrated to enable real-time tracking via SMS or the internet. Debugging the code and AT
commands was another critical step, smooth communication between the GPS, GSM, and
microcontroller was needed to be ensured. Finally, after troubleshooting power supply issues and
fine-tuning the firmware, real-time location was successfully achieved tracking with accurate
data transmission. Steps that were followed is shown below:

1. Creating circuit diagram

2. Developing code
3. Assembling components in Veroboard by soldering
4. Installing code in ARDUINO Nano
5. Trial & error for getting output

2.2.4.1 Circuit Diagram

The circuit diagram is prepared by Fritzing Software.

Fritzing is an open-source electronics design tool used for creating circuit diagrams, PCB
layouts, and visualizing electronic projects. It is widely used by hobbyists, students, and
engineers for prototyping with Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and other microcontrollers.

Designing in Fritzing:

● Opening Fritzing and add the components from the parts library.

● Connecting the GPS module (TX, RX) to the microcontroller’s UART pins (TX to RX,

RX to TX).

● Interfacing the GSM module with TX/RX pins and connect VCC & GND properly.

28
● Connecting the IR sensor to an available digital pin to detect objects/motion.

● Ensuring proper power connections (5V or 3.3V as required).

Figure 2.18: Circuit Diagram of the Device

29
 Figure 2.19: Schematic Diagram of the Setup

2.2.4.2 Soldering

Soldering is the process of connecting electronic components to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
using a heated soldering iron and solder (a metal alloy). This ensures solid electrical connections
between the components and the board.

⮚ Precise soldering in circuit diagram has been done.

⮚ Placing the soldering iron tip on the component lead and Veroboard pad at the same time.

⮚ Feeding the solder into the joint (not directly onto the iron).

⮚ Removing the soldering iron and letting the joint cool for a second.

30
 ⮚ Ensuring clean, shiny solder joints (not too much solder, as it can cause shorts).

2.2.4.3 Coding
The code prepared to initialize this device is shown below:

#include <TinyGPS++.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

TinyGPSPlus gps;

SoftwareSerial mygps(3, 4);

#define SIM900A_RX 8

#define SIM900A_TX 7

SoftwareSerial sim900a(SIM900A_RX, SIM900A_TX);

// Array of phone numbers to send SMS

String phoneNumbers[] = {"+8801755746531", "+8801303312207", "+8801639280878"}; //

Replace with your numbers

int numCount = 3; // Number of phone numbers in the array

void setup() {

// Initialize serial communication

Serial.begin(9600);

31
 sim900a.begin(9600);

mygps.begin(9600);

Serial.println("Initializing SIM900A...");

delay(1000);

// Check if the module is ready

sim900a.println("AT");

delay(1000);

while (sim900a.available()) {

Serial.write(sim900a.read());

Serial.println("SIM900A Ready!");

void loop() {

// This sketch displays information every time a new sentence is correctly encoded.

while (mygps.available() > 0) {

gps.encode(mygps.read());

if (gps.location.isUpdated()) {

// Print latitude and longitude

Serial.print("Latitude= ");

32
 Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);

Serial.print(" Longitude= ");

Serial.println(gps.location.lng(), 6);

// Print Google Maps URL

Serial.print("Google Maps URL: https://www.google.com/maps?q=");

Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);

Serial.print(",");

Serial.println(gps.location.lng(), 6);

// Send SMS to each number in the array with GPS coordinates

for (int i = 0; i < numCount; i++) {

String message = "The following BOAT is in Danger,Please send immediate response to the
particular location! Location: https://www.google.com/maps?q=" + String(gps.location.lat(), 6) +
"," + String(gps.location.lng(), 6);

sendSMS(phoneNumbers[i], message);

delay(15000);

// Function to send SMS

33
void sendSMS(String number, String message) {

Serial.println("Sending SMS to " + number);

sim900a.println("AT+CMGF=1");

delay(1000);

while (sim900a.available()) {

Serial.write(sim900a.read());

sim900a.println("AT+CMGS=\"" + number + "\"");

delay(1000);

while (sim900a.available()) {

Serial.write(sim900a.read());

// Send the message

sim900a.print(message);

delay(1000);

while (sim900a.available()) {

Serial.write(sim900a.read());

// End the message with Ctrl+Z (ASCII 26)

34
 sim900a.write(26);

delay(1000);

while (sim900a.available()) {

Serial.write(sim900a.read());

Serial.println("SMS Sent!");

Different part of the following code in explained below:

1. Including Libraries

● TinyGPS++ is a library that helps in parsing data from GPS modules.

● SoftwareSerial is a library that allows communication between the Arduino and other
devices (in this case, the SIM900A GSM module).

2. Creating Objects

● gps: An object of the TinyGPSPlus class to handle GPS data.

● mygps: A SoftwareSerial object to communicate with the GPS module (using pins 3 and
4).

● sim900a: A SoftwareSerial object to communicate with the SIM900A GSM module

(using pins 7 and 8).

3. Array for Phone Numbers

● phoneNumbers: An array storing the phone numbers to which the SMS will be sent.

35
 ● numCount: The number of phone numbers in the array (in this case, 3).

4. Setup Function

● Initializes serial communication at 9600 baud rate for both the Arduino's serial monitor,
the SIM900A module, and the GPS module.

● Sends an AT command (AT) to the SIM900A GSM module to check if it's working. If
the SIM900A module responds, it prints "SIM900A Ready!" to the serial monitor.

5. Main Loop Function

● The loop function continuously checks if new GPS data is available.

● If new GPS data is available (i.e., the gps.location.isUpdated() method returns true), the
latitude and longitude are printed to the serial monitor, and a Google Maps URL is
generated with the current GPS coordinates.

● A loop sends the generated message to each phone number in the phone Numbers array,
with a 15-second delay between sending messages to each number.

6. SMS Sending Function

● The sendSMS function sends an SMS to a specified phone number.

o It first sets the message format to text using AT+CMGF=1.

o Then, it sends the AT+CMGS command followed by the phone number to which
the message should be sent.

o The message itself is sent using the sim900a.print(message) command.

o The message is terminated with the Ctrl+Z character (ASCII 26), which is
required to send an SMS with the SIM900A module.

o The function waits for a response from the module and prints "SMS Sent!" to the
serial monitor when the SMS is successfully sent.

36
In short, this program is designed to:

● Retrieve GPS coordinates using the GPS module.

● Format the GPS data into a message and send it as an SMS to a list of phone numbers.

● Use the SIM900A GSM module to send the SMS via the AT command set.

The program repeats the process of reading GPS data, generating the message, and sending it
every time new GPS data is available.

2.2.4.4 Device Setup

After assembling and soldering Our device stands like this. As the lights are blinking we know
that the device is running properly.

37
Figure 2.20: Device Setup with Required Components

38
Figure 2.21: Device Setup Installed on a Prototype Boat

39
 Chapter 3

Result and Discussion

The result of our device is checked using the location data sent through SMS. First, the message
output is explained, and then the delay time and position detection are discussed.

3.1 Output

The GPS tracker was taken to the Buriganga River, where it was tested on boats to assess its
performance in real-world conditions. The latitude and longitude coordinates were accurately
tracked by the GPS module, and these outputs were recorded under varying conditions. To
evaluate the signal delay, a stopwatch was used to measure the time between the reception of the
GPS signal and its transmission by the GSM module.

The delay times were carefully observed, and any discrepancies caused by the finite speed of
light and signal processing were accounted for. During the tests, some network issues were
encountered, particularly in areas with poor GSM coverage, which affected the transmission of
location data. This issue was expected in such remote areas near the riverbanks, but it was
recorded for future analysis.

The IR sensor was tested for its ability to detect obstacles and motion, such as other boats or
objects in the water. It was found that the sensor performed well at short distances, triggering a
response when objects came close to the boat. However, limitations in longer-range detection
were observed, particularly in turbulent water areas. Throughout the testing, some fluctuations in
the GPS signal strength were also noticed, likely due to environmental factors such as tree cover
and tall buildings near the riverbanks. Testing was conducted in different parts of the river to
obtain a comprehensive set of data.

40
The entire process provided insights into how the GPS tracker system could be improved by
addressing issues such as signal delay, network instability, and sensor range in real-world
settings. The field test on the Buriganga River offered invaluable insights for enhancing the
tracker’s accuracy and performance in practical applications.

In addition to the primary tests, the GPS tracker’s reaction to dynamic movement on the boat
was also observed. As the boat traveled along the river, the accuracy of the location updates was
measured, which remained mostly precise with minor deviations due to rapid movement and
environmental interference. Repeated tests were conducted to ensure the consistency of the GPS
signal, and any irregularities were noted, which could assist in fine-tuning the system in future
iterations. This hands-on approach enabled weak spots in the tracker’s performance to be
identified, allowing solutions to be developed for better signal stabilization and more reliable
network communication.

3.1.1 Output (Message)

The output from the GPS tracker was successfully sent to the mobile number specified in the
code as part of the testing process. Several key pieces of information were included in the
message. Firstly, an alert message was provided to notify the recipient about the current status or
condition of the tracker, ensuring that awareness of the location update was maintained.

The latitude and longitude coordinates were also included, representing the precise location of
the tracker at that moment. These coordinates were crucial for determining the exact position on
the Buriganga River. To enhance the usefulness of the location data, a Google Maps link was
incorporated into the message, allowing the recipient to easily view the location on a map. By
clicking on the link, the exact position of the tracker could be visually identified in real-time,
providing a clearer understanding of the situation.

This integration of alert messages, GPS data, and a map link ensured that the system remained
highly functional for real-time tracking and monitoring, particularly in remote or hard-to-reach
41
areas such as the river. Through this process, it was confirmed that the system could deliver
accurate location information along with immediate alerts in a user-friendly format.

Figure 3.1: The Output Message Sent in the Smartphone

42
3.1.2 Output (Map)

Figure 3.2: The Map Location Sent by the Device

43
Figure 3.3: The Map Location Sent by the Device Containing
Latitude and longitude

44
3.1.3 Output (Delay Measurement)

The delay in the output or message from the GPS tracker could be attributed to two main factors:
satellite lag and network issues.

Satellite Lag: The GPS signal is transmitted from the satellites in orbit, and due to the finite
speed of light, there is always a slight delay in receiving the signal. This delay, while usually
small, can vary depending on the number of satellites in view and the quality of the signal
reception. In environments with poor visibility to satellites, such as areas with tall buildings or
dense tree cover along the riverbanks, the GPS module might take longer to acquire a stable fix,
leading to a delay in updating the latitude and longitude data.

Network Issues: After the GPS module obtains the location, the GSM module is responsible for
sending the data (SMS or internet) to the specified mobile number. Network issues like weak
GSM signal strength, limited coverage, or congestion in the area can significantly increase the
delay in sending the message. In remote or rural areas, especially near water bodies like rivers,
the GSM network coverage might be unstable, causing delays in the transmission of the alert
message and the GPS coordinates.

Table 3.1: Data measurement

45
3.1.4 Latitude and Longitude comparison with Google Map
The following table compares the latitude and longitude data from the proposed GPS tracking
device with Google Maps, showing deviations of 2.5 to 8 meters, indicating high accuracy for
navigation in Bangladesh’s inland waterways.

Our Device Google Map Deviation (m)

Latitude 23°49'06.4"N 23°49'06.9"N

Test A 8
Longitude 90°25'29.2"E 90°25'29.2"E

Latitude 23°42'11.2"N 23°42'7.3"N

Test C 3.9
Longitude 90°24'47.4"E 90°24'47.4"E

Latitude 23°43'28.5"N 23°43'30.7"N

Test D 2.5
Longitude 90°23'29.4"E 90°23'29.1"E
Table 3.2: Latitude and Longitude comparison

3.1.5 Position Detection Accuracy

The following table compares the position detection accuracy of the proposed GPS tracking
device to normal marine GPS (100% relative accuracy) and DGPS (50% relative accuracy),
demonstrating competitive performance for cost-effective navigation.

Amount of deviation Accuracy of our device

Type of Device
in location (in meter) respect to that device

Normal Marine GPS 5 to 10 100%

DGPS (Differential Global

1 to 3 50%
Positioning System)

Proposed Device 2.5 to 8

Table 3.3: Position Detection Accuracy

46
3.2 Discussion

3.2.1 Cost Estimation

Table 3.4: Cost estimation

The total cost of manufacturing the device is Two Thousand Five Hundred Six BDT only.

3.2.2 Cost Reduction Strategies

47
To minimize the cost while ensuring the device remains functional and reliable, here are several
strategies to consider:

1.Bulk Purchasing: Buying components in bulk can lead to significant discounts, reducing the
overall cost per unit. Establishing partnerships with suppliers can help negotiate better prices,
especially for components like the GPS module and GSM module.

2. Use Low-Cost Components: Instead of using high-end components, opting for affordable
alternatives that still meet the functional requirements of the project. For instance, one can use
generic GPS modules or less expensive microcontrollers like the Arduino Nano or
ESP8266/ESP32 (which also provides Wi-Fi, reducing the need for GSM in some cases).

3.Use Integrated Modules: Instead of using separate modules for GPS and GSM, integrated
GPS/GSM modules can be used that combine both functionalities into a single component,
which can lower both cost and complexity.

4.PCB Optimization: Optimizing the PCB design to use fewer layers, smaller footprints, and
fewer components. Using a pre-designed PCB or open-source designs can reduce costs
significantly. For low volumes, using protoboards or breadboards for initial testing, then shifting
to custom PCBs once the design is finalized.

5.Power Efficiency: To save on battery costs, focus should be on low-power consumption

components and optimizing the software to put the device into a sleep mode when it’s not
actively tracking or transmitting.

48
6.Enclosures and Packaging: Opting for simple, cost-effective enclosures for the GPS tracker.
Instead of custom-molded plastic cases, 3D-printed cases or off-the-shelf enclosures that are
affordable and sufficient for protecting the components can be used.

7.Prototyping: Initially, cost will be higher for small-scale prototyping. The cost per unit can
range between $50 - $70 if only a few devices are made. However, by optimizing designs and
switching to bulk orders for components and PCBs, the cost can drop significantly as the scale
increases.

8.Manufacturing: If the device is intended for mass production, one should consider working
with a manufacturer who can help reduce the cost through economies of scale. For large
production runs, the cost per unit could go as low as $15 - $20, especially if thousands of units
are produced.

9.Maintenance and Support: Considering the long-term cost of maintaining and supporting the
GPS tracker, after-sales support, warranties, or software updates might add ongoing costs.

10.Market Price: The market pricing of similar GPS trackers must be investigated. To remain
competitive, the device should be priced lower than or comparable to existing products, ensuring
that it is affordable for the target audience.

49
3.2.3 Price Comparison with Existing Proposals and Devices

The following table highlights the significant cost advantage of the proposed GPS tracking
device, priced at 2506 BDT, compared to existing solutions for Bangladesh’s inland waterway
navigation. Commercial GPS devices start at 4500 BDT making them at least 44% more
expensive than the proposed device. The solution by Jahan et al. (2020) costs 5446 BDT, over
twice as much, while Akanda et al.’s (2022) device, at 2894 BDT, is closer but still 13% higher.
This cost reduction, achieved through affordable components like the Arduino microcontroller
and Neo-6M GPS module, as well as strategies like bulk purchasing and optimized PCB design.

Proposal by BDT
Normal GPS in market Strating from 4500
Jahan et al., 2020 [2] 5446
Akanda et al., 2022 [3] 2894
Proposed Device 2506

50
This image is provided as a reference to demonstrate the cost of a commercially available GPS
device in the market.

3.2.4 Challenges

While working on GPS tracking device project, several challenges were encountered that
impacted progress and required troubleshooting.

1. Limited Availability of Certain Components

● Some essential components, such as the SIM900A GSM module, GPS module (Neo-
6M), voltage regulators, and specific microcontrollers, were not always readily
available.

● The unavailability of these components resulted in delays.

2. Soldering Complexity

● The project required precise soldering of small electronic components onto the
Veroboard.

3. Equipment Failure Due to Over Voltage

● Some modules, especially the GSM module and GPS module, are designed to operate
at 3.3V or 5V.

● During testing, accidental overvoltage (such as 12V being applied to a 5V device) led to
burnt circuits and module failures.

4. Weak GPS Signal Reception During Testing

● The GPS module struggled to acquire a strong signal, especially when tested indoors or
in areas with obstructions (such as buildings or trees).

51
Despite these challenges, careful planning, troubleshooting, and component optimization were
adopted to overcome them. These experiences provided valuable insights into hardware design,
power management, and signal reception techniques, making the project more robust and
efficient.

3.2.5 Proposed Solutions to Overcome Challenges in GPS Tracking Adoption

❑ Addressing Lack of Technical Skills and Adaptability : GPS tracking devices, such as

ours, are designed to be user-friendly. Emergency notifications can be sent with the press
of a single button, making them accessible even for personnel with limited technical
skills or training

❑ Overcoming Cost Concerns and Limited Implementation: Several cost-effective tracking

devices are available in the market. For example, our GPS tracker is estimated to cost
around 2,000 BDT, while other tracking devices are available for approximately 3,000
BDT, making them affordable solutions for vessel operators.

❑ Raising Awareness to Reduce Resistance: Awareness programs should be conducted for

ship personnel to emphasize the importance of GPS tracking devices, particularly in

emergency situations. Educating operators on their benefits can encourage wider
adoption.

❑ Law Enforcement: Law may be enforced so that GPS tracker is compulsorily

implemented in every inland vessel.

3.2.6 Significance of GPS Tracking in Inland Navigation

52
 ⮚ Enhancing Rescue Operations: In the event of a ship accident, determining the exact

location is crucial for rescue efforts. GPS tracking devices can provide real-time location
data, significantly improving emergency response times.

⮚ Ensuring Security and Preventing Incidents: GPS trackers contribute to safer navigation

by helping prevent incidents such as robbery, piracy, and other security threats.
Additionally, the integration of IR sensors enables immediate notifications in case of
suspicious activities, further enhancing safety on inland waterways

⮚ Safety of Fishing Boats: In Bangladesh, fishing boats are often equipped with minimal or

no safety and emergency communication devices. A study indicates that government

support for fishermen includes life jackets (35%), GPS trackers (10%), and telescopes
(8%), which remains insufficient for ensuring their safety. Implementing GPS tracking
devices, such as ours, can significantly benefit fishermen, as they are both cost-effective
and budget-friendly solutions for enhancing safety at sea.

3.2.7 Comparison with Existing Studies

This project introduces several innovations and improvements over existing GPS tracking
studies. Below is an explanation of how our approach differs:

1. Proposal of Solutions to Overcome Challenges in GPS Tracking Adoption

Existing Studies:

● Many GPS tracking studies focus primarily on technical implementation but do not
address the real-world challenges of adoption.

53
 ● Studies often assume ideal conditions without considering practical obstacles such as
limited component availability, power failures, weak GPS signals, or high costs.

Our Approach:

● We identified and proposed solutions for common challenges in real-world GPS tracking
deployment.

Impact:

● Our study provides practical guidelines for GPS tracking implementation, making it more
feasible and efficient for inland vessels and maritime applications.

2. More Cost-Friendly Than Proposed Tracking Devices

Existing Studies:

● Many commercial GPS tracking systems are expensive and include features that may not
be necessary for small or medium-scale inland vessels.

● Some studies focus on high-end GPS solutions, making them less accessible for budget-
conscious users.

Our Approach:

● Developed a low-cost GPS tracking system using:

o Affordable modules (SIM900A for GSM, NEO-6M for GPS).

o Microcontrollers like Arduino instead of costly embedded systems.

● Optimized hardware and software to ensure minimal cost without compromising

performance.

Impact:

● Our system is significantly cheaper than existing commercial solutions while still
providing real-time tracking, SMS alerts, and environmental monitoring.
54
 ● Makes GPS tracking more accessible to small vessel operators and local businesses.

3. IR Sensor in the Device

Existing Studies:

● Most GPS tracking solutions only focus on location tracking and do not include
additional safety sensors.

Our Approach:

● Integrated an Infrared (IR) sensor to detect:

o Obstacles in front of the vessel (helps avoid collisions in foggy or nighttime

conditions).

o Nearby vessels or floating objects (helps in congested waterways).

o Crew presence detection (ensuring safety in case of an accident).

● The IR sensor data can be used to trigger alarms or send SMS alerts in case of imminent
danger.

Impact:

● Enhances safety by providing collision detection and automatic alerts.

● Increases reliability of GPS tracking for inland navigation, where visibility can be low
due to fog, rain, or nighttime conditions.

4. Overview of Current Adoption of GPS Tracking in Inland Vessels of Bangladesh

Existing Studies:

● Most studies focus on general GPS tracking systems and do not specifically analyze
Bangladesh’s inland vessel industry.

55
 ● Limited research on how many vessels use GPS tracking and what challenges they face in
adopting such technology.

Our Approach:

● Conducted research on how GPS tracking is currently used in Bangladesh's inland

vessels, including:

o Adoption rates among inland vessels.

o Challenges faced by local operators (cost, maintenance, signal issues).

Impact:

● Encourages government and private sector adoption of cost-effective tracking solutions

for safer and more efficient inland navigation.

3.3 Conclusion

This research successfully created a low-cost GPS tracking device to improve safety for boats
navigating Bangladesh’s inland waterways. Using affordable parts like the Arduino
microcontroller, Neo-6M GPS module, SIM800L GSM module, and IR sensors, the device
provides an easy-to-use and budget-friendly way to track vessels in real time and detect
obstacles. At just 2506 BDT, it’s much cheaper than other GPS systems, making it affordable for
small boat operators who couldn’t previously afford advanced navigation tools. Tests on the
Buriganga River showed it can send accurate location data via SMS, with errors of only 2.5 to 8
meters, similar to standard marine GPS. The IR sensors also help spot obstacles, which is vital
for safe travel in Bangladesh’s busy and risky waterways.

The device seems like a promising solution to the current challenges faced in the maritime
industry. By offering a cost-effective and user-friendly GPS tracker, key barriers preventing
widespread adoption—high costs and the lack of skilled personnel—are being addressed. A mass

56
production approach is expected to further help in driving down costs, making GPS tracking
systems more accessible to a larger number of ships, including those that may have previously
found them too expensive. With this approach, an ecosystem could also be created where more
ships are equipped with real-time location tracking, improving navigation safety, logistics, and
regulatory compliance. Additionally, the opportunity for widespread fleet management systems
that can monitor and optimize maritime operations is opened up.

The location transmitted via GSM is subject to a slight time delay; however, the accuracy of the
device can be enhanced. More precise data is provided in open environments.

Currently, GPS trackers are equipped on a low number of ships due to high costs and a lack of
skilled personnel. A cost-effective and user-friendly solution is offered by our device to address
this issue. Additionally, the manufacturing cost can be significantly reduced through mass
production, making the device more affordable.

3.4 Recommendation for Future Enhancement

To improve the performance and functionality of our GPS tracking device, we propose the
following enhancements:

1. Website Implementation with Water Level, Temperature, and Data Estimation

Explanation:

● Currently, the GPS tracking device provides real-time location tracking, but it can be
further improved by integrating environmental data such as:

o Water level monitoring (to detect potential flooding or sinking risks).

o Temperature sensing (to monitor environmental conditions at sea).

57
 o Other sensor-based estimations (such as humidity, air pressure, and weather
conditions).

● By integrating this data into a website or web dashboard, users can remotely monitor
real-time updates.

How It Would Work:

● Install sensors (such as ultrasonic sensors for water level and DS18B20 or DHT11 for
temperature).

● Use a microcontroller (Arduino, ESP32, or Raspberry Pi) to collect sensor data.

● Transmit the collected data via GSM (SIM900A) or Wi-Fi (ESP8266) to an online
database.

● Display the data in graphical form (charts, tables, and maps) on a website or mobile app.

● Provide alerts or notifications for critical conditions (e.g., rising water levels, extreme
temperatures).

Benefits:

● Remote monitoring: Enables users to track real-time conditions.

● Early warning system: Alerts can prevent disasters at sea.

● Data analysis: Helps in predicting environmental patterns.

2. Converting the Code from Static to Dynamic to Get Input

Explanation:

58
 ● The current code has predefined values (e.g., hardcoded phone numbers, fixed SMS
messages, and fixed data transmission settings).

● To make the system more flexible, the code should be modified to allow dynamic input
from users or sensors.

How It Would Work:

● Implement an input system where users can:

o Change or add new phone numbers without modifying the code.

o Adjust alert thresholds (e.g., set a critical water level or temperature).

o Select which parameters to monitor (e.g., choose to monitor only GPS or both
GPS and temperature).

● Use EEPROM storage (on Arduino) or a web-based interface to store user-configurable

settings.

● Enable real-time updates without requiring code modifications.

Benefits:

● User-friendly: Users can modify settings without coding.

● More adaptable: The system can be customized for different scenarios.

● Less maintenance: Reduces the need to reprogram the device frequently.

3. Using a Mobile Signal Booster to Ensure the Device Operates Effectively in Sea
Conditions

Explanation:

● Problem:

59
 o The GSM module (SIM900A) relies on mobile networks, but signal reception at
sea is weak or unstable.

o This affects SMS alerts, data transmission, and remote monitoring.

● Solution:

o Use a mobile signal booster to improve network connectivity.

How It Would Work:

● Install a GSM signal booster on the boat.

● The booster consists of:

o External antenna: Captures weak mobile signals.

o Amplifier unit: Strengthens the signal.

o Internal antenna: Broadcasts the enhanced signal to the device.

● The GSM module (SIM900A) connects to the boosted signal, ensuring better network
coverage.

Benefits:

● Reliable communication: Reduces the chance of lost signals.

● Better data transmission: Ensures real-time tracking and alerts.

● Increased safety: Ensures emergency messages are sent even in remote areas.

60
References

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[3] N. I. Akanda, A. Hossain, M. Mazharul Islam, M. I. Fahad, and M. N. Rahman, “Cost-

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[7] L. P. Tucker, “The global positioning system: theory and operation,” Ph.D. dissertation,
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[8] A. S. M. N. Jahan, I. I. Uddin, N. Ahmed, and M. N. M. Rone, “A low-cost boat distress alert
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