L.D.

College of Engineering
Automobile Departmrnt
Subject :- Heat Transfer (3151909)
Tutorial
Tutorial 1 Conduction

1 Define the conduction, convection and radiation modes of heat transfer with
suitable example
2 Describe the thermal conductivity and explain its significance in heat
transfer.
3 Write the most general equation in Cartesian co-ordinates for heat transfer by
conduction. Deduce above equation for the following cases with suitable
assumptions; (i) Laplace equation, (ii) Poisson equation, and (iii) Fourier
equation.

4 Derive general heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates

5 With neat sketch explain the heat conduction through a plan wall with and
without heat generation.
6 List the good characteristics of thermal insulating material?
7 Write a short note of critical radius of insulation.
8 A furnace wall is made up of two layers of thickness 250 mm,
100 mm with thermal conductivity of 1.65 and 9.2 W/m oC
respectively .The inside is exposed to gases at 1250oC with a
convection coefficient of 25 W/m2oC and the inside surface is at
1100 oC, the outside surface is exposed to air at 25 oC with
convection coefficient of 12 W/m2oC.The overall heat transfer
coefficient.
9 Steam at 350 oC flowing in a pipe (k=80 W/mK) 5 cm i.d., 5.6 cm o.d.
is covered with 3 cm thick insulation (k=0.05 W/mK). Heat is lost to
the surroundings at 5 oC by natural convection and radiation with
combined h=20 W/m2K and hi=60 W/m2K. Find: (i) the rate of heat
loss from the pipe per unit length (ii) the temperature drops across the
pipe and the insulation.
10 A standard cast iron pipe ID = 50mm and OD =55mm is insulated with 85%
Magnesium insulation (k = 0.02W/m-K). Temperature at the interface between
the pipe and insulation is 300oC. The allowable heat loss through the pipe is 600
W per meter length of pipe and the safety, The temperature of the outside surface
of insulation must not exceed 1000C.
Determine :
1) Minimum thickness of insulation required
2) The temperature of inside surface of the pipe assuming its thermal
conductivity 20 W/m-K.

11 A roof of the electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8 m wide and

0.25 m thick and is made of a concrete layer whose thermal
conductivity is 1.0 W/m-k. The temperature of the inner and the
outer surfaces of the roof are measured to be 30 0C and 15 0C
respectively for a period of 12 hours. Assume steady state
condition for the mentioned period of 12 hours.
Determine:
1. The rate of heat loss through the roof and
2. The cost of heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity
is Rs 0.5/kWh.

Tutorial 2. Heat transfer from extended surface

1 A steel fin (k = 54 W/mK) with a cross section of an equilateral triangle, 5

mm in side and 80 mm long. It is attached to a plane wall maintained at
400°C. The ambient air temperature is 50°C and convective heat transfer
coefficient at surface is 90 W/m2K. Calculate the heat dissipation rate from
the rod.
2 Define fin efficiency and fin effectiveness.
3 Determine the amount of heat transferred through a pin fin made of
aluminum, length 50 mm, width 100 mm and thickness of 5 mm. The
temperature at the base of the fin is 80 C. Take thermal conductivity k = 210
W/mC and heat transfer coefficient h=42 W/m2K. Also determine the
temperature at tip of the fin, if the atmospheric temperature is 30 C.
4 In a thermal power plant heat loss is to be minimized in a 240 mm steam
main which is 210 meter long and is covered with two insulation materials.
First 50 07 2 mm of high temperature insulation (k=0.092 W/mC) and 40
mm of low temperature insulation (k=0.062 W/mC). The inner and outer
surface temperatures as measured are 390 C and 40 C respectively.
 Neglecting heat conduction through pipe material Determine: 1. The total
heat loss per hour. 2. The temperature between two layers of insulation.
5 State the difference between the fin effectiveness and fin efficiency,
and setup the relation between their performance parameters.
6 Which of the following arrangement of pin fins will give higher heat transfer rate
from a hot surface? (i) 6 fins of 10 cm length (ii) 12 fins of 5 cm length. The
base temperature of the fin is maintained at 200 oC and the fin is exposed to a
convection environment at 15 oC with h=25 W/m2C. Each fin has cross sectional
area 2.5 cm2, perimeter 5 cm and is made of a material having thermal
conductivity 250 W/mC. Neglect the heat loss from the tip of fin.

7 “Generally fin is provided to increase the heat transfer rate but by providing fin
heat transfer may decrease” Justify the statement analytically.

8 The handle of a saucepan, 30 cm long and 2 cm in diameter is partially

immersed in boiling water at 100°C. The average unit conductance over the
handle surface is 7.35 W/m2K in the kitchen air at 24°C. The cook is likely
to grasp the last 10 cm of the handle and hence, the temperature of this
portion should not exceed 32°C. What should be the material conductivity of
handle? The handle may be treated as a fin of insulated tip.
A motor body is 360 mm in diameter (outside) and 240 mm long. Its surface
temperature should not exceed 55 oC when dissipating 340 W. Longitudinal
fins of 15 mm thickness and 40 mm height are proposed. The convection
coefficient is 40W/m2 oC. Determine the number of fins required.
Atmospheric temperature is 30oC. Take thermal conductivity = 40 W/moC.

Tutorial 3. Transient heat conduction

1 Give eight examples related to heat transfer from the routine life.
2 Define Boit number. What is the physical significance of it? The Biot number
during a heat transfer process between sphere and it surrounding is 0.02.
Would you use lumped system analysis for determining the centre
temperature of the sphere? Why?
3 A potato having mean diameter of 50 mm and initially at 25 C is placed in
boiling water for 4 minutes and found to be boiled to the desired level. For
how long should a similar potato should be boiled in the same environment
 and for the same level when taken from the cold storage at 10 C. Take the
following properties for potato K=10 W/m C,  = 1200 kg/m3 , c = 2000
J/kg C, h = 100 W/m2 C and Use Lump Theory.
4 Discuss lumped parameter analysis and state its assumptions

Tutorial 4. Convection

1 Define Grashof number. Explain its significance in natural convection heat

transfer
2 Differentiate between: 1) Nusselt number and Reynolds number. 2) Free
convection and forced convection.
3 Describe mean film temperature and bulk mean temperature.
4 Explain the concept of thermal boundary layers.
5 A horizontal fluorescent tube which is 3.8 cm in diameter and 120 cm long
stands in still air at 1 bar and 20 oC. If the surface temperature is 40 oC and
radiation is neglected, calculate heat transfer rate by convection.
Use Nu = 0.53 (Gr.Pr)0.25
From Air Table (Properties of Air) at Tmf
ν =15.06 X 10-6 m2/sec
Pr=0.701
K= 2.673 X 10-2 W/mK
6 Explain and differentiate natural and forced convection
7 What is the limitation of Rayleigh’s method of dimensional analysis? Which
method is preferred in such case and how repeating variables are selected?
8 Prove with the usual notations that the Reynolds number for flow in a
circular tube of diameter (d) can be expressed as Re=4m/πdµ.
Calculate the rate of heat loss from human body which may be
considered as a vertical cylinder 300mm in diameter and 175mm
high in still air at 15 oC. The skin temperature is 35 oC and
emissivity at the skin surface is 0.4. Neglect sweating and effect
of clothing. The thermo physical properties of air at mean film
temperature are: K = 0.0263 w/m oC
ν = 15.53 x 10-6 m2/s pr = 0.7
for turbulent flow use Nu = 0.13( Gr x Pr)0.33c
9 Show physical significance of Following non-dimensional
numbers: Nu (Nusselt Number), Gr (Grashof Number)
10 Show by dimensional analysis that for formed convection Nussle
number is the function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number.
11 What is meant by thermal boundary layer? State the relation between
thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness.
12 Using Buckingham – π theorem show that Nusselt number for free
convection is a function of Grashof Number and Prandtl number.
13 A horizontal fluorescent tube which is 3.8 cm in diameter and 120 cm
long stands in still air at 1 bar and 20 oC. If the surface temperature is 40
oC and radiation is neglected, calculate heat transfer rate by convection.

14 Define thermal boundary layer and hydrodynamic boundary layer. Draw them
for very low Prandtl number fluid.

15 Prove with the usual notations that the Reynolds number for flow in a
circular tube of diameter (d) can be expressed as Re=4m/πdμ.

Tutorial 5. Radiation

1 Define absorptivity, emissivity and monochromatic emissive power.

2 Describe shape factor. Discuss salient features of shape factor
3 Define total emissive power (Eb) and intensity of radiation (Ib). Show that
Eb = π×Ib
4 It is desirable to wear white clothes instead of black during the summer
season. Give reason.
5 Draw temperature variation for condenser and evaporator of thermal power
plant.
6 Two large parallel plates with Є = 0.4 each are maintained at different
temperatures and are exchanging heat only by radiation. Two equally large
radiation shields with surface emissivity 0.04 are introduced in parallel to the
plates. Find the percentage reduction in net radiation heat transfer
7 Justify that a good absorber is also a good emitter for radiation heat transfer
8 What do you understand by absorptivity? How can it be improved for an
opaque body?
9 Derive the Stefan-Boltzmann law from the Plank’s law of thermal radiation.
What is the value of Stefan-Boltzmann constant?
10 Explain geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity
with example
11 Prove that for black body λmax T = Constant. Where λmax =
wavelength at which spectral emissive power is maximum and T
= absolute temperature of body.
12 The sun emits maximum radiation at λ = 0.52 μm. Assuming sun
to be a black body, calculate the surface temperature of sun and
the total emissive power of the sun’s surface at that temperature.
13 Making use of Plank’s law of distribution, establish the relation for the Wien’s
displacement law.
Define radiation shield. Prove that if radiation shield of the emissivity same as
the emissivity of two parallel plate is inserted between two parallel plates net
heat transfer rate due to radiation is reduced to half as compared to without
shield.
14 State and prove Kirchhoff’s law.

Tutorial 6 Heat exchanger

1 Give broad classification of heat exchangers.

2 Derive the equation of LMTD for counter-flow heat exchangers.
3 Draw the sketch of variation of temperature along the length for parallel and
counter flow heat exchangers and write their comparisons.
4 What is a compact heat exchanger? Write their key areas of applications.
5 What do you understand by TEMA charts? How are they useful in the design
of multi-pass heat exchangers.
6 What do you understand by NTU method in case of heat transfer? Derive its
expression following the usual notations for parallel flow heat exchanger.
7 A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool oil of specific
heat Cp=2.45 KJ/KgoC with mass flow rate of 0.55 Kg/sec from
115oC to 40 oC by water. The inlet and outlet temperature of
cooling water are 15 oC and 75 oC respectively. The overall heat
transfer co-efficient is 1450W/m2 oC. Using NTU method,
calculate: (i) The mass flow rate of water (ii) The effectiveness of
heat exchanger (iii) The surface area required.
8 Water (Cp=4.187 kJ/kg K) is heated at the rate of 1.4 kg/s from 40 oC to 70
oC by an oil (Cp=1.9 kJ/kg K) entering at 110 oC and leaving at 60 oC in a
counter flow heat exchanger. If Uo=350 W/m2K, calculate the surface area
required.
Using the same entering fluid temperature and the same oil flow rate,
calculate the exit temperature of oil and water and the rate of heat transfer,
when the water flow rate is halved.
9

10 Steam enters a counter flow heat exchanger dry saturated at 10 bar and leaves
at 350 0C. The mass flow of steam is 800 kg/min. the gas enters
the heat exchanger at 650 0C and mass flow rate is 1350 kg/min. if
the tubes are 30mm diameter and 3m long. Determine the number
of tubes required.
Neglect the resistance offered by metallic tubes.
Use following data :
Tsat = 180 0C ( At 10 bar)
Cps =2.71 kJ/kg-K
Cpg =1 kJ/kg-K
Heat transfer co-efficient steam side = 600 W/m2-K
Heat transfer co-efficient gas side = 250 W/m2-K
11 What do you understand by NTU method in case of heat transfer? Derive its
expression following the usual notations for parallel flow heat exchanger.
12 In a chemical plant, a chemical solution is heated from -15oC to
-8.5oC in tube in tube parallel flow heat exchanger by a fluid
entering at 40oC and leaving at 25.5oC at the rate of 10 kg/min.
Determine the heat exchanger area for an overall heat transfer
coefficient of 850W/m2K. For fluid CP = 4186J/kgK.

Tutorial 7 Two-phase heat transfer:

1 Define fouling factor in case of heat exchanger? List the causes of fouling
2 Discuss the various regimes of boiling.
3 Define condensation? Explain film-wise condensation and drop-wise
condensation.
4 State the regimes of pool boiling and define process of condensation.
Draw boiling curve for water at 1 atm. Pressure and
Represent different regimes on that.