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Introduction To Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a machine learning approach where an agent learns to make decisions by interacting with an environment to maximize cumulative rewards. Key components include states, actions, rewards, policies, and value functions, with various types such as model-free and model-based learning. Applications of RL span across game playing, robotics, self-driving cars, and more.

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19 views3 pages

Introduction To Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a machine learning approach where an agent learns to make decisions by interacting with an environment to maximize cumulative rewards. Key components include states, actions, rewards, policies, and value functions, with various types such as model-free and model-based learning. Applications of RL span across game playing, robotics, self-driving cars, and more.

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Introduction to Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make
decisions by interacting with an environment. The goal is to learn a strategy (or policy) that
maximizes some notion of cumulative reward over time.

🔁 1. Key Concepts in Reinforcement Learning


🧠 Agent

The learner or decision-maker (e.g., a robot, software, or algorithm).

🌍 Environment

Everything the agent interacts with. It provides feedback to the agent's actions in the form of
rewards and new states.

🏁 Goal

To learn an optimal policy that maximizes the total reward over time.

🔑 2. Core Components
Component Description
State (s) A representation of the current situation.
Action (a) A decision the agent makes.
Reward (r) A scalar value given by the environment after an action.
Policy (π) The strategy that the agent uses to choose actions.
Value Function (V(s)) Predicts expected future rewards from a state.
Q-Function (Q(s,a)) Predicts expected future rewards from a state-action pair.
Model (optional) Predicts the next state and reward; used in model-based RL.

🔄 3. The RL Loop
1. Agent observes the current state sss.
2. Agent chooses an action aaa using its policy π\piπ.
3. Environment responds:
o Returns a reward rrr,
o Provides the next state s′s's′.
4. Agent updates its knowledge/policy using this experience.
5. Repeat.

🧪 4. Types of Reinforcement Learning


Type Description
Model-Free Learns directly from interaction (e.g., Q-learning, Policy Gradient).
Model-Based Learns a model of the environment to plan ahead.
On-Policy Learns from actions taken by the current policy (e.g., SARSA).
Off-Policy Learns from actions outside the current policy (e.g., Q-learning).

📘 5. Popular Algorithms
 Q-Learning
 SARSA (State-Action-Reward-State-Action)
 Deep Q-Networks (DQN)
 Policy Gradient Methods
 Actor-Critic Methods
 Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)
 Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG)

🎮 6. Example: RL in Games
In a video game:

 The agent is the player.


 The state is the current screen or situation.
 The action is a move (e.g., jump, shoot).
 The reward is points scored.
 The goal is to maximize the score.

📈 7. Challenges in RL
 Exploration vs. Exploitation: Trying new things vs. using known good actions.
 Credit Assignment: Determining which actions led to success/failure.
 High-dimensional spaces: RL can struggle with complex environments.
 Sample Efficiency: Learning may require many interactions.
📚 8. Applications
 Game playing (e.g., AlphaGo, OpenAI Five)
 Robotics
 Self-driving cars
 Resource management
 Finance and trading
 Recommendation systems

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