Module 1 : Introduction to
Embedded Systems
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Define embedded systems and distinguish them from
general-purpose systems.
2. Describe key characteristics and applications of
embedded systems.
3. Classify embedded systems by application domain.
4. Explain hardware-software trade-offs.
5. Identify emerging trends.
Definition
• An embedded system is a computer system that
combines hardware and software to perform a
dedicated function, often as part of a larger system.
Unlike general-purpose computers that can run many
applications, embedded systems are highly specialized,
resource-efficient, and optimized for reliability and
performance in specific applications (Heath, 2003).
Components
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware
Characteristics
1. Dedicated Functionality
• Embedded systems are designed for one
primary task.
• Example: A digital camera is only designed for
capturing, processing, and storing images.
Characteristics
2. Real-Time Operation
• Embedded systems must respond to inputs
instantly .
• Example: An airbag control system must
deploy within milliseconds during a crash.
Characteristics
3. Resource-Constrained
• They have limited processing power,
memory, and energy
• Example: IoT sensors use microcontrollers
with just a few KB of RAM.
Characteristics
4. Reliability & Stability
• Must function continuously, sometimes for
years.
• Example: A pacemaker must work without
failure for the patient’s lifetime.
Characteristics
5. Low Power Consumption
• Especially critical in battery-powered
devices.
• Example: Smartwatches optimize battery to
last days.
Marwedel, P. (2018). Embedded System Design: Embedded Systems Foundations of Cyber-Physical Systems. Springer.
Applications
1. Internet of Things (IoT)
• Smart home devices (thermostats, security
cameras).
• Wearable health monitors (Fitbit,
smartwatches).
• Industrial IoT (predictive maintenance,
automation).
Gubbi, J., et al. (2013). "Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions." Future Generation
Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645–1660.
Applications
2. Automotive Systems
• Engine Control Units (ECUs).
• Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS).
• Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
(ADAS).
Berger, H. (2019). Automotive Software Engineering. SAE International.
Applications
3. Medical Devices
• Pacemakers, insulin pumps.
• MRI machines, portable diagnostic tools.
Webster, J. G. (2014). Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design. Wiley.
Applications
4. Consumer Electronics
• Smartphones, digital cameras.
• Gaming consoles, smart TVs.
Noergaard, T. (2012). Embedded Systems Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide for Engineers and Programmers. Newnes
Differences Between General-Purpose and
Embedded Systems
General-Purpose
Feature Embedded Systems
Systems
Purpose Multi-functional Single-purpose
Performance Needs High-speed processing Optimized for efficiency
Resources High memory, storage Limited resources
Power Consumption High (plugged-in) Low (battery-operated)
User Interaction GUI, keyboard, mouse Minimal (buttons, sensors)
Valvano, J. W. (2014). Embedded Systems: Real-Time Interfacing to ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers. TM4C123.
Hardware vs. Software Trade-Offs
A. Hardware Considerations:
• Microcontroller (MCU) vs. Microprocessor (MPU):
• MCUs (e.g., ARM Cortex-M) are common in low-power
systems.
• MPUs (e.g., Raspberry Pi) offer higher performance but
consume more power.
• Peripherals: ADCs, PWM, UART for interfacing
sensors/actuators.
• Cost & Power: ASICs vs. FPGAs for custom logic.
Lee, E. A., & Seshia, S. A. (2016). Introduction to Embedded Systems: A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach. MIT Press.
Hardware vs. Software Trade-Offs
B. Software Considerations:
• Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS): FreeRTOS,
Zephyr for task scheduling.
• Firmware Optimization: Code size and speed
trade-offs (C/C++ vs. Python).
• Security: Secure boot, encryption for IoT
devices.
Lee, E. A., & Seshia, S. A. (2016). Introduction to Embedded Systems: A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach. MIT Press.
Emerging Trends in Embedded Systems
1. AI at the Edge
TinyML: AI on microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, ESP32).
Use Cases: Voice control, predictive maintenance.
2. RISC-V Revolution
Open-source, customizable CPU architecture (alternative to ARM).
Used in IoT, space tech (e.g., SpaceX Starlink).
3. Energy-Efficient Designs
Ultra-low-power MCUs (ARM Cortex-M0+).
Energy harvesting (solar, vibration-powered sensors).
Emerging Trends in Embedded Systems
4. Enhanced Security
Secure boot, hardware encryption (TPM).
Protection against IoT botnets (e.g., Mirai malware).
5. 5G & Real-Time Connectivity
Enables smart cities, autonomous vehicles, remote surgery.
6. Edge Computing
Faster processing, reduced cloud dependency.
Example: Real-time factory automation.
