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SAT Math Basics Comprehensive Overview

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9 views7 pages

SAT Math Basics Comprehensive Overview

SAT Math Basics Comprehensive Overview

Uploaded by

aimanbhutto313
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIVERSITY Generic University

NAME:
SUBJECT: Mathematics
TITLE: SAT Math Basics:
Comprehensive
Overview

SAT Math Basics (In-Depth)


1. Algebra
1.1. Linear Equations

 Definition: A linear equation is an equation that makes a straight


line when graphed. It is written in the form of "ax + b = c," where
"a" and "b" are constants, and "x" is the variable you need to solve
for.

 How to Solve:

o Combine like terms on both sides of the equation.

o Use inverse operations to isolate the variable (subtract or add,


then multiply or divide).

o Example: For the equation "2x + 5 = 13":

 First, subtract 5 from both sides to get "2x = 8."

 Next, divide both sides by 2 to solve for "x," giving you


"x = 4."

 Graphing: To graph a linear equation, find two points that satisfy


the equation and plot them on a coordinate grid. Draw a line
through these points. The line represents all possible solutions to
the equation.

o Example: For the equation "y = 2x + 3":

 When "x" is 0, "y" is 3 (y-intercept).

 When "y" is 0, solve "0 = 2x + 3" to find "x" as -1.5 (x-


intercept).

 Plot these points and draw the line.


1.2. Systems of Linear Equations

 Definition: Systems of linear equations consist of two or more


equations with the same variables. The solution is where the lines
intersect (if at all).

 Methods:

o Substitution:

 Solve one equation for one variable.

 Substitute this value into the other equation.

 Solve for the remaining variable.

 Example: For the system:

 x + y = 10

 x-y=4

 Solve "x" from the first equation: x = 10 - y

 Substitute into the second equation: (10 - y) - y =


4, giving "y" as 3 and "x" as 7.

o Elimination:

 Align the equations and add or subtract to eliminate one


variable.

 Solve the resulting equation.

 Example: For the system:

 2x + 3y = 12

 x-y=2

 Multiply the second equation by 3: 3x - 3y = 6

 Add to the first equation: (2x + 3y) + (3x - 3y) =


12 + 6, giving "x" as 3.6 and "y" as 1.6.
1.3. Quadratic Equations

 Definition: Quadratic equations have the form "ax^2 + bx + c =


0," where the highest power of the variable is 2.

 Quadratic Formula: This formula is used to find the roots of a


quadratic equation when factoring is difficult. It is written as "x = (-b
± √(b^2 - 4ac)) / 2a."

o The term "b^2 - 4ac" is known as the discriminant.

 If it is positive, there are two real roots.

 If it is zero, there is one real root.

 If it is negative, there are no real roots.

o Example: For the equation "x^2 - 4x - 5 = 0":

 Calculate the discriminant: (-4)^2 - 4 * 1 * (-5) = 16 +


20 = 36.

 Apply the formula to get the roots: x = (4 ± √36) / 2 =


(4 ± 6) / 2, resulting in "x = 5" and "x = -1."
2. Geometry
2.1. Triangles

 Types:

o Equilateral Triangle:

 All sides and angles are the same. Each angle is 60


degrees.

 The height and other special segments are also equal.

 Example: For an equilateral triangle with side length 6,


the area can be calculated as approximately "9√3."

o Isosceles Triangle:

 Two sides are equal, and the angles opposite these sides
are equal.

 Example: For an isosceles triangle with side lengths 5


and a base of 6, use the Pythagorean Theorem to find
the height.

o Scalene Triangle:

 All sides and angles are different.

 Use the Law of Sines or Law of Cosines to solve it.

2.2. Circles

 Arc Length:

o The distance along the curved part of the circle.

o Formula: (Angle in degrees / 360) × (2 × π × Radius)

o Example: For a circle with radius 5 and an angle of 60


degrees, the arc length is approximately "5π/3."

 Sector Area:

o The area enclosed by two radii and the arc.

o Formula: (Angle in degrees / 360) × (π × Radius^2)


o Example: For a circle with radius 7 and an angle of 90
degrees, the sector area is approximately "12.25π."

2.3. Angles in Geometry

 Sum of Interior Angles in Polygons:

o Formula: (Number of sides - 2) × 180 degrees

o Example: For a pentagon (5 sides), the sum of the interior


angles is "540 degrees."

 Regular Polygon:

o Interior Angle: (Sum of Interior Angles) / Number of Sides

o Exterior Angle: 360 degrees / Number of Sides


3. Data Analysis
3.1. Mean

 Definition: The average value of a dataset.

 Calculation:

o Add all the values together.

o Divide by the number of values.

o Example: For the values 2, 4, 6, 8, and 100, the mean is 24.

3.2. Median

 Definition: The middle value in an ordered dataset.

 Finding:

o Arrange the values in ascending order.

o Identify the middle value if there is an odd number of values


or average the two middle values if there is an even number.

o Example: For the values 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14, the median is 7.5.

3.3. Mode

 Definition: The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

 Finding:

o Identify which value appears the most often.

o Example: For the values 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, the mode is 3.

3.4. Range

 Definition: The difference between the highest and lowest values.

 Calculation:

o Subtract the smallest value from the largest value.

o Example: For the values 15, 20, 35, and 50, the range is 35.

3.5. Standard Deviation


 Definition: Measures the amount of variation in a dataset.

 Calculation:

o Find the mean of the dataset.

o Calculate the squared differences from the mean.

o Find the average of these squared differences (variance).

o Take the square root of the variance.

o Example: For the dataset 2, 4, 6, and 8, the standard deviation


is approximately 2.24.

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