Design Patterns

Day 1 - History, Bene ts, Classi cation

Manimaran / Aug 30, 2025

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References
📖 Books

• Head First Design Patterns by Eric Freeman & Elisabeth

Robson

• Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented

Software
by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John
Vlissides (Gang of Four)

🌐 Online Resource

• https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns
(Excellent beginner-friendly explanations with diagrams and
code samples in multiple languages)
 History of Design Patterns

• Christopher Alexander (architecture → software)

• GoF (Gang of Four) - Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable

Object-Oriented Software, 1994 book → 23 core patterns

• In uence on modern frameworks

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Why Use Patterns?

• Avoid reinventing the wheel

• Reusable, proven solutions

• Common vocabulary among developers

• Some Criticisms
Metrics for Good Design

• Low coupling

• High cohesion

• Reusability, Extensibility, Maintainability

Classi cation of Patterns

• Creational – object creation

• Structural – object composition

• Behavioral – object interaction

• Application – architectural styles (MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVI,

VIPER, Microservices)
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Catalog Introduction
Creational Patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
Application Patterns

• MVC (Model-View-Controller)

• MVP (Model-View-Presenter)

• MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel)

• MVI (Model-View-Intent)

• VIPER (View-Interactor-Presenter-Entity-Router)

• Microservices Patterns (API Gateway, Circuit Breaker, CQRS)

Intro to Creational Patterns

• Encapsulate object creation → exibility, maintainability

• Creational design patterns provide various object creation

mechanisms, which increase exibility and reuse of existing
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 Factory Method
• De ne a common interface for creating objects.

• Let subclasses (or a factory class) decide which concrete

class to instantiate.

• Helps avoid spreading new keyword + if/else everywhere.

• Real World: Hiring factory (developer, tester)

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Abstract Factory

• Create families of related objects

• Real World: GUI toolkit → Light & Dark theme components

• Code Demo → FurnitureFactory

Builder
• Step-by-step object construction

• Real World: House Builder

• House h = new House(2, true, true, false, "marble", "sloped");

Quiz
Q: You need di erent payment methods (Card, UPI, Wallet). Which
Creational Pattern ts?

Ans: Factory Method

Q: Which pattern helps you switch between Light and Dark UI themes
easily?

Ans: Abstract Factory

Q: You need di erent Laptop con gurations (RAM, SSD, GPU). Which
pattern?

Ans: Builder
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Prototype
• Clone existing object → save creation cost

• Real World: Shapes

Singleton
• Only one instance → global access point

• Real World: Database connection, Logger

Quiz
Q: In a game, you duplicate enemies with same properties. Which
pattern?

Ans: Prototype

Q: Which pattern ensures a single instance across the app?

Ans: Singleton
Review
• Factory Method
Creates one object at a time - Hire Developer or Tester

• Abstract Factory
Creates a family of objects - Modern furniture set (Chair + Sofa)

• Builder
Builds objects step by step - Build a House ( oors, garage, garden)

• Prototype
Clone an existing object - Copy shapes in a drawing app

• Singleton
Only one instance in the system - Logger or Database connection
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 Problem 1: Vehicle Factory
You are building a transport booking system. The system should
support Car, Bike, and Bus as di erent vehicle types.

• Each vehicle must implement a drive() method.

• You should use a Factory Method to create the correct

vehicle at runtime based on input.

Task:

1. De ne a Vehicle interface with drive().

2. Implement Car, Bike, and Bus.

3. Implement a VehicleFactory class that returns the correct object.

4. In main(), take input "car", "bike", "bus" → return and call drive().
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Problem 2: Pizza Builder
You need to design a Pizza ordering system.

• A Pizza can have dough, sauce, and toppings.

• You should allow exible combinations (e.g., thin crust +

tomato sauce + cheese).

• Implement the Pizza creation using the Builder Pattern.

Task:

1. Create a Pizza class with attributes: dough, sauce, toppings.

2. Implement a PizzaBuilder class with setDough(), setSauce(),

addTopping() methods.

3. Build a custom pizza in main() and print the details.

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Intro to Structural Patterns

• Object composition → exibility, reusability

• Structural design patterns explain how to assemble objects

and classes into larger structures, while keeping these
structures exible and e cient.
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Adapter

• Convert one interface into another

• Real World: Power plug adapter, legacy payment API

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Bridge
• Decouple abstraction from implementation

• Real World: Shape + Color combinations

Composite
• Hierarchical structures (tree) / object tree

• Real World: File system (Folders + Files), Org Chart

Decorator
• Add responsibilities dynamically / Wrapper

• Real World: Noti er example (SMS, Email, Slack)

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Quiz
Q: TV remote controlling di erent TV brands. Which pattern?

Ans: Bridge

Q: Windows Explorer tree is example of?

Ans: Composite

Q: Using a USB-to-HDMI connector is an example of?

Ans: Adapter
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Facade
• Simplify complex subsystem

• Real World: Home Theater system → one remote

Flyweight
• Share data across objects → memory optimization, also
known as: Cache

• Real World: Characters in a text editor

Proxy
• Substitute object to control access

• Types of Proxy:

◦ Virtual → delay heavy object creation

◦ Protection → control access (permissions)

◦ Remote → represent object in another system/network

◦ Smart → add caching, logging, security

• Real World: Virtual proxy for image loading, Credit card proxy
to bank
Quiz
Q: Which pattern optimizes memory in large-scale apps?

Ans: Flyweight

Q: Net ix button to play movie (instead of multiple service calls). Which

pattern?

Ans: Facade

Q: Which pattern delays loading heavy objects until needed?

Ans: Proxy
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 Problem 3: Media Player Adapter
You are building a media player that should play both MP3 and MP4 les.

• The existing MP3Player can play only MP3.

• A new MP4Player is available but has a di erent interface (playMp4()).

• Use an Adapter Pattern to integrate MP4 into your MediaPlayer

interface.

Task:

1. De ne MediaPlayer interface with play(filename).

2. Implement MP3Player normally.

3. Wrap MP4Player using MediaAdapter so it can be used as MediaPlayer.

4. Test with both MP3 and MP4 les.

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Problem 4: Co ee Decorator
You need to design a Co ee ordering system.

• Base product: SimpleCoffee.

• Add-ons: Milk, Sugar, Whipped Cream .

• Customers can order co ee with multiple add-ons.

Task:

1. Create a Coffee interface with getDescription() and getCost().

2. Implement SimpleCoffee.

3. Implement decorators (MilkDecorator, SugarDecorator, etc.).

4. In main(), build co ee with di erent combinations and print

description + cost.
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Prep Assignment
📝 Recall from Today

• Pick 1 Creational + 1 Structural pattern.

• Write a real-world analogy for each.

🔮 Look Ahead

• Find a situation where:

◦ One change a ects many others.

◦ You switch approach depending on context.

◦ A button triggers an action .

🌐 Mini Research

• Identify one design pattern used in:

◦ Java libraries / Android / React / any framework.

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