Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Department of Computer Engineering
(NBA Accredited)
Subject- Computer Organization & Architecture
Unit 1- Introduction
Dr. D. B. Kshirsagar, Professor & Head
E-mail : hodcompcoe@sanjivani.org.in
Contact No: 02434 – 222862 Ext :141, 9890472165
Architecture & Organization
• Architecture is those attributes which are visible to the programmer
• Architecture and working of functional units of computer system
• Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms,
addressing techniques … (Knowing about processor architecture)
• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Is there memory addressing mode ?
• Organization is how features are implemented
• Design and function of computer units : Processor, Memory, I/O, ALU, CU
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
• e.g. What algorithm is designed or how to design an algorithm for performing
signed multiplication ?
• e.g. How to design CU for a particular processor architecture?
14-09-2021 Computer Organization: Introduction 2
High Level n Low Level Abstraction
• High Level
c = a + b; a, b, c: memory variables
• Low Level
Read a ; Memory Read
Read b; Memory Read
Add a, b; ALU Operation
Store c; Memory Write
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 3
Computer Function and Structure
• Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
• Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
• All computer functions are:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 4
Structure - Top Level
Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection(Bus)
Input
Output
Communication
Lines (Bus)
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Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Logic Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection
Control
Unit
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Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
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Computer Components: Top Level View
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Typical Operating Steps
• Programs reside in the memory through input devices
• PC is set to point to the first instruction
• The contents of PC are transferred to MAR
• A Read signal is sent to the memory
• The first instruction is read out and loaded into MDR
• The contents of MDR are transferred to IR
• Fetch Cycle
• Decode and Execute the instruction
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Typical Operating Steps (Cont’)
• Get operands for ALU
General-purpose register
Memory (address to MAR – Read – MDR to ALU)
• Perform operation in ALU
• Store the result back
To general-purpose register
To memory (address to MAR, result to MDR – Write)
• During the execution, PC is incremented to the next instruction
• Execute Cycle
14-09-2021 Computer Organization: Introduction 10
Book References
• William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
performance, Pearson Education/ Prentice Hall of India, 10th Edition
• Zaky S, Hamacher, Computer Organization, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill
Publications, 5th Edition
• John P Hays, Computer Architecture and Organization, McGraw-Hill
Publication, 3rd Edition.
• A. Tannenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Prentice Hall of
India 4th Edition
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