P. R.

Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati

Department of CSE and AI&DS

6ETC04: Open Elective II

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Unit I:
Introduction to Wireless Communication:

Q 1: Explain in brief Basic Cell Fundamentals in wireless communication. (IMP)

1. The early mobile radio systems achieved a large coverage area by using a single,
high-powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower.
2. This approach achieved very good coverage, but it was impossible to reuse the
frequencies.
3. The cellular concept offered very high capacity in a limited spectrum by reusing
frequencies.
4. In cellular system the coverage area is divided into (conceptually hexagonal) cells.
A low power transmitter provides coverage to a cell. The actual radio coverage of a
cell is known as the footprint and is amorphous in nature.
5. Each base station is allocated a portion of the total number of channels available to
the entire system. Nearby base stations are assigned different groups of channels to
reduce interference. All the available channels areassigned to a small number (called
cluster size) of neighboring base stations.
6. The channel groups may be reused as many times as necessary, as long as the
interference between co-channel stations is kept below acceptable levels.
7. As the demand for service increases (i.e., as more channels are needed within a
particular market), the number of base stations may be increased(along with a
corresponding decrease in transmitter power to avoid added interference), thereby
providing additional radio capacity without additional radio spectrum.
Any regular polygon, such as an equilateral triangle, a square or a hexagon can
beusedfor cell design.
Criteria for shape of a cell: -
 Area without overlap
 Geometric shape and
 Area of cell
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

The hexagon is used for two reasons:

• First a hexagonal layout requires fewer cells and therefore, fewer transmitter sites and
• Second a hexagonal cell layout is less expensive compared to square and
triangular cells.
Q 2: Explain the following terms used in wireless communication
• Mobile Station (MS): A mobile station or simply mobile is a radio terminal that
may be attached to a high speed mobile platform (e.g. a cell phone in a fast moving
vehicle). It is also called User Equipment (UE).
• Subscriber: A mobile or a portable user. the user of mobile station

• Cell: The area of coverage is divided into cells. Each cell has a base
station usually located at its center or at the edge.
• Control Channel: Radio channels used for transmission of call setup, call request
and call initiation. Control channels intended to carry signaling and
synchronization data between base station and mobile user.
• Forward Channel (downlink): Radio channel used for transmission of
information from the base station to the mobile.
• Reverse Channel (uplink): Radio channel used for transmission of
information from the mobile to the base station.
• Base Station
A base station is a common term used in telecommunications for a radio receiver
with one or more antennae. While the base station has many other applications, it’s
often used for mobile telephony, wireless communications, and even wireless computer
networking.

A base station works as the main communication point for one or more wireless mobile
devices. It is a fixed transceiver capable of sending and receiving wireless signals via
the radio frequency (RF) base station antennas to transmit RF signalsto other devices.
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

• Page: Page is a brief message that is broadcast over the entire service areaby many
base stations at the same time primarily to locate where the mobile stationis.
• Transceiver: A device capable of transmitting and receiving radio signals.
• Forward Voice Channel (FVC): Used for voice transmission from BS to MS.
• Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): Used for voice transmission from MS to BS.

• Mobile Switching Center(MSC): The MSC is used to provide route to all the calls
in large cervice area.
It is the base of cellular communication system as it manage or control all the serviceswithin the
system
Functions:
1. Switching of calls between subscriber
2. Switching sms between subscriber
3. Tracking of BSC location of subscriber
4. Subscriber authentication and info.
5. Billing management of each subscriber
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

Q 3: Describe the operation of basic cellular system with neat sketch. (IMP)
1. In a cellular system, the entire region is divided into regular hexagonal patterns called as
cells. The area covered by the cell is called Cell Size and there is no standard fixed value
defined for this. It varies from service provider to serviceprovider. The cell size ranges from
10 Km to 50 Km based on the population in that area. Figure 1 shows the basic structure
and elements of a cellular system.

Figure 1: Basic Architecture of a cellular system

2. Elements Of a Cellular system

i. A cellular system consists of three important elements. They are: Mobile Stations
(MS), Base Stations (BS) and Mobile Switching Centre (MSC).
ii. Mobile Station commonly called as cell phone is a transmitting/receiving portable
station in the cellular Radio service used for communication. Mobile stations may be
hand held (portable units) or installed in vehicles (mobiles).
iii. A base Station/Cell site refers to a fixed station used for radio communication with
mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center or edge of the cell. It consists
of transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on a tower and some circuitry to
process the mobile signals.
iv. Initially the cell sites were designed to cover a radius of 10 miles (16 Kms) or more.
The transmitted signal power and height of the antenna determines the final cell size.
v. Mobile Switching Centre/ Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MSC/MTSO): In
a cellular radio system, MSC is very important element which connects the cellular Base
Stations and the mobiles to the Public Switched TelephoneNetwork (PSTN). MSC
coordinates the routing of calls in a large service area and does very important functions such
as finding frequency channels, provides billing information etc.
3. Control and Voice Channels
i. The BS, MSC and PSTN communicate with each other using wired connectivity.
The wireless connection is only between the Base Station and Mobile Station. A full
Duplex communication exists between these two entities.
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

Both are connected to each other by a pair of voice channels or controlchannels.

ii. Control Channels refer to the radio channels used for transmission or reception of
call set up, call requests, call initiation and other beacon or control purposes.
iii. Voice Channels are radio channels used for transmission or reception of actual
information from subscriber (user).
iv. Bandwidths of these channels vary from technology to technology. For example,
1G technology AMPS uses 30 KHz as each channel’s bandwidth. 2G technology
GSM uses 200 KHz as each channel’s bandwidth.
v. The channels used for transmission from Base station to the mobile are called
Forward Channels or Downlink Channels. The channels used for transmission from
Mobile station to the Base Station are called Reverse Channels or Uplink Channels.
4. The forward channel frequency is always higher than the Reverse channel
frequency by 45 MHz.
This is due to the reason that higher frequencies require higher processing power. The
mobile station side which is portable has to work on limited power levels. Hence the lower
spectrum out of the two bands isassigned for the mobile station transmission. Also,
Duplexers available in those days could separate out the transmitted and received
frequencies with minimum interference only if both were at a minimum frequency
separation of 45 MHz Channel connectivity between MS and BS is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Channel connectivity between M.S and B.S

 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

5. There are four channels using which a mobile can communicate with the Base
station. They are namely, FCC, RCC, FVC, RVC. The Reverse Control Channel
carries signaling information like call requests or call termination from Mobile Station
to Base station.
6. The Forward Control channel carries signaling information like Power control,
information of channels etc. from Base station to Mobile station.
7. The Forward and Reverse Voice Channels carry the desired voice signals between
MS and BS.
Advantages of cellular system:
1. Higher capacity-Smaller the size of the cell more the number of concurrent users
i.e. huge cells do not allow for more concurrent users.
2. Less transmission power-Huge cells require a greater transmission powerthan small
cells.
3. Local interference only-For huge cells there are a number of interfering
signals, while for small cells there is limited interference only.
4. Robustness-As cellular systems are decentralized, they are more robustagainst the
failure of single components.

Q 4: Explain in brief Evolution of Mobile Communication. (IMP)

Mobile communications standards had to evolve to support more users.

1. First Generation (1G)

⚫ In 1979, the Japanese telecommunications provider Nippon Telephone and

Telegraph Company (NTT) deployed the first generation of wireless
communication, known today as 1G.
⚫ In this technology voice call get modulated to higher frequency of about 150
MHz .
⚫ Because 1G network used analog signals, the technology was severely limited. Rather than
encoding voice calls into digital signals, the audio was modulated to a higher
frequency that degraded the quality of the signal over time and space.
⚫ In 1G technology voice channel is transmitted with FM modulation
⚫ Access method of 1G technology is FDMA(Frequency division multiple access)
⚫ It allows users to make voice calls only
⚫ This technology commercially introduced in US in1980s as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
Service).

Key Features of 1G

 Bandwidth: 10MHz
 Speed: 2.4Kbps
 Frequency: 800MHz, 900MHz
 Channel capacity: 30KHz
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

Disadvantages of 1G

 Unable to interoperate between countries

 Unreliable handoff
 Signal interference issues
 Little protection against hackers
 Poor voice quality, poor battery life
 Large phone size
 No security

2. Second Generation (2G)

⚫ The second generation in the evolution of wireless communication introduced a new

digital technology known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM),
which became the standard in future generations of wireless communication.
⚫ This technology is fully digital.
⚫ GSM technology enabled digital voice and data to be sent across the network, rather
than relying on analog radio signals, in the early 1990s.
⚫ 2G technology uses TDMA and few uses CDMA

Key Features of 2G

 Bandwidth: 30–200KHz
 Speed: Up to 64Kbps
 SMS and MMS messaging
 Roaming
 Billing based on services used, e.g., long-distance calls

Disadvantages of 2G

 Low data rate

 Few features on mobile phones and devices
 Limited number of users
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

2.5G and 2.75G

 Between the year 2000 and 2003, an upgrade in technologies introduced the
packet network which provided high speed data transfer and internet and
became known as 2.5G and 2.75G.

 The standards included GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and

EDGE(enhanced Data Rates in GSM).

 GPRS supports flexible data transmission rates and provides continuous connection
with the network. It also allows for the service provider to charge forthe amount of
data that is sent rather than their connection time.

3. Third Generation (3G)

 2G network were built mainly for voice calls, sms, data and slow transmission.
But due to rapid changes in user expectation they do not meet today's wireless
need.
 3G network provides the ability to transfer voice data and non voice data over the
same network simultaneously.
 The introduction of UMTS (Universal Mobil Telecommunication Systems) launched
the third generation of wireless communications, which couldtransmitmore significant
amounts of data at higher speeds.
 3G mobile communication enabled the global popularity of smartphones.
Specific applications were developed to utilize newer capabilities, such as
multimedia chat, email, video calling, social media and mobile games.
 The access method Uses W-CDMA.

Key Features of 3G

 Bandwidth: 15–20 MHz

 Speed: Up to 14Mbps
 Higher data rate
 Video calling
 Mobile app support
 Multimedia message support
 Location tracking
 Improved web browsing
 TV streaming
Disadvantages of 3G

 Costly infrastructure, equipment and implementation

 Expensive mobile devices
 Higher bandwidth requirements to enable faster data transmission
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

4. Fourth Generation (4G)

 The 4G network is an enhanced version of 3G networks, developed by the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to provide even higher data
rates while handling more advanced multimedia features.
 In addition, 4G networks also use a cutting-edge technology known as Long-Term
Evolution (LTE) while remaining compatible with previous generations of mobile
communication for easier deployment.
 4G is a very different technology as compared to 3G and was made possible practically only
because of the advancements in the technology in the last 10 years.
 Its purpose is to provide high speed , high quality and high capacity to users while
improving security

Key Features of 4G

 Bandwidth: 15–20 MHz

 Speed: Up to 1Gbps
 Interactive multimedia, voice and video calling
 High definition video streaming and gaming
 Enhanced security and mobility
 Reduced latency

Disadvantages of 4G

 Costly infrastructure, hardware

 Expensive mobile devices compatible with 4G required
 Time-consuming deployment and upgrade

5. Fifth Generation (5G)

 As the latest stage in the evolution of mobile communication, 5G addresses one of the
biggest challenges of wireless technology: latency, or the time it takes for an amount of
data to be transmitted from one point to another.
 5G technologies allows for high-speed data transmission to support the Internet of
Things (IoT), which describes physical objects that use sensors, processing ability,
software and other technologies to connect with other devices and exchange data.
 It enables a new kind of network design to connect virtually everyone and everything
together including machines, object and devices.

Key Features of 5G
 Speed: 1–10Gbps (in lab conditions)
 Interactive multimedia, voice and video calling
 High-definition video streaming and gaming
 Enhanced security and mobility
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

 Reduced latency in milliseconds

Disadvantages of 5G

 Costly infrastructure, hardware

 Expensive mobile devices compatible with 4G required
 Time-consuming deployment and upgrade

Uses of 5G
 Industrial automation,
 Doctors using robots to perform surgery remotely,
 Smart TVs that need a very high amount of data,
 Internet of Things,
 Autonomous vehicles

Q 5: Compare 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G of cellular mobile system (IMP)

 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

Q 6: Explain
i) Fixed channel assignment strategy.
ii) Dynamic channel assignment strategy
An optimum Frequency Reuse scheme helps in increasing Capacity and reducing
interference. The Radio Spectrum has to be efficiently utilized. To meet these objectives, a
number of channel assignment strategies have been suggested. Theyare: Fixed Channel and
Dynamic Channel assignment strategies.
1. Fixed Channel Assignment Strategies:
● In the fixed channel assignment method, each cell is assigned apredetermined set of
voice channels.
● Any call attempt can only be served by the unused channels within the same cell.
● If all the channels in the cell are occupied, the call is blocked and the
subscriber does not receive any service.
● However, in a particular version of fixed channel assignment strategy, called as the
borrowing strategy, a cell is allowed to borrow channels from its neighboring cells in
case of scarcity of the channels.
● The MSC supervises such borrowing procedures and ensures that this procedure
does not interfere with any of the calls in progress.
2. Dynamic Channel Assignment Strategies:
● In this strategy, permanent allocations of voice channels to individual cellsare not
done.
The entire pool of channels is in the MSC’s control.
● Whenever there is a call request, the base station requests a channel fromthe MSC.
● A channel is allotted after monitoring the following:
- Likelihood of future blocking within the cell.
- The reuse distance of the channel
- Rate at which the channel is being allotted and other cost functions.
● The MSC only allocates a given frequency if that frequency is not presentlyin use in
the cell or any other cell which falls within the minimum restricted distance of
frequency reuse to avoid co-channel interference.
● Thus, this channel assignment strategy reduces the likelihood of blocking.
● Dynamic channel assignment strategies require the MSC to collect real-time data on
channel occupancy, traffic distribution, and Radio Signal Strength Indications (RSSI) of
all channels on a continuous basis. As number of subscriber’s increases, the storage
and computational load on the system also increases. However, it provides the
advantage of increased channe utilization and decreased probability of a blocked call.
Most of the 1G cellular operators, opt for a static channel assignment scheme with
channelborrowing provisions.
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

Comparison between FCA and DCA channel assignment strategies

Q 7: Difference between Simplex, Half duplex and Full Duplex Transmission Modes

S.
Parameters Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex
No.

Simplex mode is Half Duplex Full Duplex

a uni-directional mode is a two- mode is a two-
communication. way directional way directional
The direction of communication communication
1. communication but one at a simultaneously.
time.

Sender and In simplex In Half Duplex In Full Duplex

2. Receiver mode, Sender mode, Sender mode, Sender
can send the can send the can send the
data but that data and also data and also
sender can’t can receive the can receive
receive the data but one at the data
data. a time. simultaneous.
 P. R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati
Department of CSE and AI&DS

Usage of one Usage of one Usage of two

channel for channel for the channels for
3. the transmission of the
Channel usage
transmission data. transmission
of data. of data.

The simplex Full Duplex

mode provides
provides less The Half better
performance Duplex mode performance
than half provides less than simplex
4. Performance
duplex and performance and half
full duplex. than full duplex mode.
duplex.

Simplex The Half The Full-

utilizes the Duplex Duplex
maximum of a involves lesser doubles the
single utilization of utilization of
bandwidth. single transmission
Bandwidth
5. bandwidth at bandwidth.
Utilization
the time of
transmission.

It is suitable It is suitable It is suitable

for those for those for those
transmissions transmissions transmissions
when there is when there is when there is
requirement requirement of requirement of
of full sending data in sending and
bandwidth for both directions, receiving data
6. delivering but not at the simultaneousl
Suitable for
data. same time. y in both
directions.

Example of Example of Example of

simplex mode half duplex full duplex
7. Examples is: Keyboard mode is: mode is:
and monitor. Walkie- Telephone.
Talkies.