7/2/23, 12:10 How to read AWR reports | Oracle 11g DBA

6th May 2013 How to read AWR reports

The output of the AWR report contains a wealth of information that you can use to tune your database. The output of
the AWR report can be divided into the following sections:

Report Header

This section is self explanatory which provides database name, id, instance if RAC , platform information and snap interval. (database
workload time duration in review).
This report is for instance number 2 of my RAC environment. So if you need to the analysis on RAC environment, you need to do
it separately of all the instances in the RAC to see if all the instances are balanced the way they should be.

DB Name DB Id Instance Inst num Startup Time Release RAC

TestRAC 3626203793 TestRac2 2 17-Aug-11 19:08 11.1.0.6.0 YES

Host Name Platform CPUs Cores Sockets Memory (GB)

TestRAC Linux 64-bit for AMD 8 8 2 31.44

Snap Id Snap Time Sessions Cursors/Session

Begin Snap: 28566 27-Sep-11 01:00:21 130 4.8
End Snap: 28567 27-Sep-11 02:00:43 135 4.5
Elapsed: 60.35 (mins)
DB Time: 15.07 (mins)

Begin End
Buffer Cache: 5,888M 5,888M Std Block Size: 8K
Shared Pool Size: 8,704M 8,704M Log Buffer: 138,328K

Load Profile
This section provides the snapshot of the database workload occurred during the snapshot interval.

Per Second Per Transaction Per Exec Per Call

DB Time(s): 0.3 0.1 0.00 0.00
DB CPU(s): 0.3 0.1 0.00 0.00
Redo size: 48,933.6 19,916.2
Logical reads: 1,124.4 457.7
Block changes: 195.9 79.7
Physical reads: 80.5 32.8
Physical writes: 4.3 1.8
User calls: 141.4 57.6
Parses: 123.2 50.2
Hard parses: 2.2 0.9

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W/A MB processed: 1,940,807.0 789,918.9
Logons: 4.3 1.7
Executes: 127.6 51.9
Rollbacks: 0.0 0.0
Transactions: 2.5

DB time(s):
Its the amount of time oracle has spent performing database user calls. Note it does not include background processes.
DB CPU(s):
Its the amount of CPU time spent on user calls. Same as DB time it does not include background process. The value is in microseconds
Redo size:
For example, the table below shows that an average transaction generates about 19,000 of redo data along with around 48,000 redo per
second.
Logical reads:
Consistent Gets+ DB blocks Gets = Logical reads
Block Changes:
The number of block modified during the sample interval
Physical reads:
No of block request causing I/O operation
Physical writes:
Number of physical writes performed
User calls:
Number of user queries generated
Parses:
The total of all parses; both hard and soft.
Hard Parses:
The parses requiring a completely new parse of the SQL statement. These consume both latches and shared pool area.
Soft Parses:
Soft parses are not listed but derived by subtracting the hard parses from parses. A soft parse reuses a previous hard parse; hence it consumes
far fewer resources.
Sorts:
No of sorts performed
Logons:
No of logons during the interval
Executes:
No of SQL Executes
Transactions:
No of transactions per second

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Load Profile
The load profile provides an at-a-glance look at some specific operational statistics. You can compare these statistics
with a baseline snapshot report to determine if database activity is different. Values for these statistics are presented in
two formats. The first is the value per second (for example, how much redo was generated per second) and the second
is the value per transaction (for example, 1,024 bytes of redo were generated per transaction).
Statistics presented in the load profile include such things as:
Redo size - An indication of the amount of DML activity the database is experiencing.

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Logical and physical reads - A measure of how many IO's (Physical and logical) that the database is performing.

User calls - Indicates how many user calls have occurred during the snapshot period. This value can give you
some indication if usage has increased.

Parses and hard parses - Provides an indication of the efficiency of SQL re-usage.

Sorts - This number gives you an indication of how much sorting is occurring in the database.

Logons - Indicates how many logons occurred during the snapshot period.

Executes - Indicates how many SQL statements were executed during the snapshot period.

Transactions - Indicates how many transactions occurred during the snapshot period.
Additionally, the load profile section provides the percentage of blocks that were changed per read, the percentage of
recursive calls that occurred, the percentage of transactions that were rolled back and the number of rows sorted per
sort operation.

Instance Efficiency Percentages (Target 100%)

These statistics include several buffer related ratios including the buffer hit percentage and the library hit percentage.
Also, shared pool memory usage statistics are included in this section.

Instance efficiency should be close to 100 %

Buffer Nowait %: 99.99 Redo NoWait %: 100.00

Buffer Hit %: 93.06 In-memory Sort %: 100.00
Library Hit %: 98.67 Soft Parse %: 98.20
Execute to Parse %: 3.40 Latch Hit %: 99.98
Parse CPU to Parse Elapsd %: 0.01 % Non-Parse CPU: 96.21

Execute to Parse % and Parse CPU to Parse Elapsd %:

If the the value are low like in the above case of 3.40 and 0.01 means that there could be a parsing problem. You may need to look
at bind variable issues or shared pool sizing issue.

Redo NoWait%:

Usually this stats is 99 or greater

In-memory Sort %:
This can tell you how efficient is you sort_area_size, hash_area_size or pga_aggrigate_target are. If you dont have adequate sizes of
sort,hash and pga parameters, then you in-memory sort per cent will go down

Soft parse %:
with 98.20 % for the soft parse meaning that about 1.72 % (100 -soft parse) is happening for hard parsing. You might want to look
at you bind variables issues.

Latch Hit %:
should be close to 100.

% Non-Parse CPU:
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Most of our statements were already parsed so we weren't doing a lot of re parsing. Re parsing is high on CPU and should be
avoided.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Shared Pool Statistics

Begin End
Memory Usage %: 73.86 75.42
% SQL with executions>1: 92.61 93.44
% Memory for SQL w/exec>1: 94.33 94.98

Memory Usage % is the shared pool usage. So here we have use 73.86 per cent of our shared pool and out of that almost 94 percent
is being re-used. if Memory Usage % is too large like 90 % it could mean that your shared pool is tool small and if the percent is in
50 for example then this could mean that you shared pool is too large

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Top 5 Timed Foreground Events

This section provides insight into what events the Oracle database is spending most of it's time on (see wait events).
Each wait event is listed, along with the number of waits, the time waited (in seconds), the average wait per event (in
microseconds) and the associated wait class

Event Waits Time(s) Avg wait (ms) % DB time Wait Class

DB CPU 1,019 112.73
log file sync 25,642 43 2 4.73 Commit
db file scattered read 3,064 40 13 4.43 User I/O
library cache pin 136,267 27 0 2.98 Concurrency
db file sequential read 7,608 24 3 2.71 User I/O

its critical to look into this section. If you turn off the statistic parameter, then the Time(s) wont appear. Wait analysis should be
done with respect to Time(s) as there could be million of waits but if that happens for a second or so then who cares. Therefore,
time is very important component.

So you have several different types of waits. So you may see the different waits on your AWR report. So lets discuss the most
common waits.

df file type waits:

db file sequential read:

Is the wait that comes from the physical side of the database. it related to memory starvation and non selective index
use. sequential read is an index read followed by table read because it is doing index lookups which tells exactly which block to go
to
db file scattered read:
caused due to full table scans may be because of insufficient indexes or un-avilablity of updated statistics

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direct Path writes:

You wont see them unless you are doing some appends or data loads
direct Path reads:
could happen if you are doing a lot of parallel query activity
db file parallel writes / read:
if you are doing a lot of partition activity then expect to see that wait even. it could be a table or index partition
db file single write:
if you see this event than probably you have a lot of data files in your database.
direct path read temp or direct path write temp:
this wait event shows Temp file activity (sort,hashes,temp tables, bitmap)
check pga parameter or sort area or hash area parameters. You might want to increase them

buffer type waits

so what's going on in your memory

latch: cache buffer chains:
check hot objects
free buffer waits:
insufficient buffers, process holding buffers too long or i/o subsystem is over loaded. Also check you db writes may be
getting clogged up.
buffer busy waits:
see what is causing them further along in report. most of the time its data block related.
gc buffer busy:
its in the RAC environment. caused may be because of not enough memory on your nodes,overloaded interconnect.
Also look RAC specific section of the report latch:
cache buffers lru chain – Freelist issues, hot blocks latch: cache buffer handles – Freelist issues, hot blocks
buffer busy - See what is causing them further along in report
no free buffers – Insufficient buffers, dbwr contention

Log Type Waits

log file parallel write – Look for log file contention

log buffer space – Look at increasing log buffer size
log file switch (checkpoint incomplete) – May indicate excessive db files or slow IO subsystem
log file switch (archiving needed) – Indicates archive files are written too slowly
log file switch completion – May need more log files per
log file sync – Could indicate excessive commits

GC Events

gccr multi block request – Full table or index scans

gc current multi block request – Full table or index scans
gccr block 2-way – Blocks are busy in another instance, check for block level contention or hot blocks
gccr block 3-way – Blocks are busy in another instance, check for block level contention or hot blocks
gccr block busy – Blocks are busy in another instance, check for block level contention or hot blocks
gccr block congested – cr block congestion, check for hot blocks or busy interconnect
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gccr block lost – Indicates interconnect issues and contention

gc current block 2-way – Blocks are busy in another instance, check for block level contention or hot blocks
gc current block 3-way – Blocks are busy in another instance, check for block level contention or hot blocks
gc current block busy – Block is already involved in GC operation, shows hot blocks or congestion
gc current block congested – current block congestion, check for hot blocks or busy interconnect
gc current block lost - Indicates interconnect issues and contention

Undo Events

undo segment extension – If excessive, tune undo

latch: In memory undo latch – If excessive could be bug, check for your version, may have to turn off in memory undo
wait for a undo record – Usually only during recovery of large transactions, look at turning off parallel undo recovery.

What Next?

Determine wait events of concern

Drill down to specific sections of report for deeper analysis
Use custom scripts, ADDM and Ash to investigate issues

======================================================================
======================================================================

RAC Statistics
If you are running on a RAC cluster, then the AWRRPT.SQL report will provide various RAC statistics including statistics
on the number of RAC instances, as well as global cache and enqueue related performance statistics. Here is an
example of the RAC statistics part of the report:

RAC Statistics DB/Inst: A109/a1092 Snaps: 2009-2010

Begin End
----- -----
Number of Instances: 2 2

Global Cache Load Profile

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Per Second Per Transactio
--------------- --------------
Global Cache blocks received: 0.11 0.5
Global Cache blocks served: 0.14 0.6
GCS/GES messages received: 0.88 4.2
GCS/GES messages sent: 0.85 4.1
DBWR Fusion writes: 0.01 0.0
Estd Interconnect traffic (KB) 2.31

Global Cache Efficiency Percentages (Target local+remote 100%)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Buffer access - local cache %: 99.47
Buffer access - remote cache %: 0.53
Buffer access - disk %: 0.00

Global Cache and Enqueue Services - Workload Characteristics

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Avg global enqueue get time (ms): 0.0

Avg global cache cr block receive time (ms): 0.2

Avg global cache current block receive time (ms): 0.3

Avg global cache cr block build time (ms): 0.0

Avg global cache cr block send time (ms): 0.0
Global cache log flushes for cr blocks served %: 1.8
Avg global cache cr block flush time (ms): 4.0

Avg global cache current block pin time (ms): 0.0

Avg global cache current block send time (ms): 0.1
Global cache log flushes for current blocks served %: 0.4
Avg global cache current block flush time (ms): 0.0

Global Cache and Enqueue Services - Messaging Statistics

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Avg message sent queue time (ms): ########
Avg message sent queue time on ksxp (ms): 0.1
Avg message received queue time (ms): 4.6
Avg GCS message process time (ms): 0.0
Avg GES message process time (ms): 0.0

% of direct sent messages: 45.26

% of indirect sent messages: 31.59
% of flow controlled messages: 23.15
-------------------------------------------------------------

Time Model Statistics

Oracle Database 10g time model related statistics are presented next. The time model allows you to see a summary of
where the database is spending it's time. The report will present the various time related statistic (such as DB CPU)
and how much total time was spent in the mode of operation represented by that statistic. Here is an example of the
time model statistic report where we see that we spent 36.2 seconds on DB CPU time, which was a total of 60.4% of
the total DB time. Note that this is a two node RAC system, so the total percentage of overall time available is 200%,
not 100%.

Time Model Statistics DB/Inst: A109/a1092 Snaps: 2009-2

-> Total time in database user-calls (DB Time): 5.5s
-> Statistics including the word "background" measure background process
time, and so do not contribute to the DB time statistic
-> Ordered by % or DB time desc, Statistic name

Statistic Name Time (s) % of DB Time

------------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------
sql execute elapsed time 4.5 82.8
DB CPU 3.5 64.4
connection management call elapsed time 0.1 1.6
parse time elapsed 0.1 1.3
PL/SQL execution elapsed time 0.0 .9
hard parse elapsed time 0.0 .3
sequence load elapsed time 0.0 .1
repeated bind elapsed time 0.0 .0
DB time 5.5 N/A
background elapsed time 33.0 N/A
background cpu time 9.7 N/A
-------------------------------------------------------------

W i l dW i E S i i
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Wait class and Wait Event Statistics

Closely associated with the time model section of the report are the wait class and wait event statistics sections. Within
Oracle, the duration of a large number of operations (e.g. Writing to disk or to the control file) is metered. These are
known as wait events, because each of these operations requires the system to wait for the event to complete. Thus,
the execution of some database operation (e.g. a SQL query) will have a number of wait events associated with it. We
can try to determine which wait events are causing us problems by looking at the wait classes and the wait event
reports generated from AWR.
Wait classes define "buckets" that allow for summation of various wait times. Each wait event is assigned to one of
these buckets (for example System I/O or User I/O). These buckets allow one to quickly determine which subsystem is
likely suspect in performance problems (e.g. the network, or the cluster). Here is an example of the wait class report
section:

Wait Class DB/Inst: A109/a1092 Snaps: 2009-

-> s - second
-> cs - centisecond - 100th of a second
-> ms - millisecond - 1000th of a second
-> us - microsecond - 1000000th of a second
-> ordered by wait time desc, waits desc

Avg
%Time Total Wait wait
Wait Class Waits -outs Time (s) (ms)
-------------------- ---------------- ------ ---------------- ------- ----
System I/O 8,142 .0 25 3
Other 439,596 99.6 3 0
User I/O 112 .0 0 3
Cluster 443 .0 0 0
Concurrency 216 .0 0 0
Commit 16 .0 0 2
Network 3,526 .0 0 0
Application 13 .0 0 0
-------------------------------------------------------------

In this report the system I/O wait class has the largest number of waits (total of 25 seconds) and an average wait of 3
milliseconds.
Wait events are normal occurrences, but if a particular sub-system is having a problem performing (e.g. the disk sub-
system) this fact will appear in the form of one or more wait events with an excessive duration. The wait event report
then provides some insight into the detailed wait events. Here is an example of the wait event report (we have
eliminated some of the bulk of this report, because it can get quite long). Note that this section is sorted by wait time
(listed in microseconds).

Avg
%Time Total Wait wait
Event Waits -outs Time (s) (ms)
---------------------------- -------------- ------ ----------- ------- ---
control file parallel write 1,220 .0 18 15
control file sequential read 6,508 .0 6 1
CGS wait for IPC msg 422,253 100.0 1 0
change tracking file synchro 60 .0 1 13
db file parallel write 291 .0 0 1
db file sequential read 90 .0 0 4
reliable message 136 .0 0 1
log file parallel write 106 .0 0 2
lms flush message acks 1 .0 0 60

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gc current block 2-way 200 .0 0 0
change tracking file synchro 59 .0 0 1

In this example our control file parallel write waits (which occurs during writes to the control file) are taking up 18
seconds total, with an average wait of 15 milliseconds per wait. Additionally we can see that we have 1.6 waits per
transaction (or 15ms * 1.6 per transaction = 24ms).

Operating System Statistics

This part of the report provides some basic insight into OS performance, and OS configuration too. This report may
vary depending on the OS platform that your database is running on. Here is an example from a Linux system:

Statistic Total
-------------------------------- --------------------
BUSY_TIME 128,749
IDLE_TIME 1,314,287
IOWAIT_TIME 18,394
NICE_TIME 54
SYS_TIME 31,633
USER_TIME 96,586
LOAD 0
RSRC_MGR_CPU_WAIT_TIME 0
PHYSICAL_MEMORY_BYTES 3,349,528
NUM_CPUS 4

In this example output, for example, we have 4 CPU's on the box.

SQL In Need of Tuning

Next in the report we find several different reports that present SQL statements that might be improved by tuning. There
are a number of different reports that sort offending SQL statements by the following criteria:
Elapsed time

CPU time

Buffer gets

Physical reads

Executions

Parse calls

Sharable memory

Version count

Cluster wait time

While these reports might not help tune specific application problems, they can help you find more systemic SQL
problems that you might not find when tuning a specific application module. Here is an example of the Buffer gets
report:

Gets CPU Elapsed

Buffer Gets Executions per Exec %Total Time (s) Time (s) SQL
-------------- ------------ ------------ ------ -------- --------- -------
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2,163 7 309.0 3.0 0.03 0.04 c7sn076
select smontabv.cnt, smontab.time_mp, smontab.scn, smontab.num_mappings, s
tab.tim_scn_map, smontab.orig_thread from smon_scn_time smontab, (sel
ect max(scn) scnmax, count(*)+sum(NVL2(TIM_SCN_MAP,NUM_MAPPINGS,
0)) cnt from smon_scn_time where thread=0) smontabv where smon

1,442 721 2.0 2.0 0.05 0.05 6ssrk2d

select job, nvl2(last_date, 1, 0) from sys.job$ where (((:1 <= next_date)
ext_date <= :2)) or ((last_date is null) and (next_date < :3))) and (field
= :4 or (field1 = 0 and 'Y' = :5)) and (this_date is null) order by next_d
ob

1,348 1 1,348.0 1.9 0.04 0.04 bv1djzz

Module: TOAD 9.0.0.160
Select table_name from DBA_TABLES where owner = 'CDOL2_01' order by 1

1,227 1 1,227.0 1.7 0.07 0.08 d92h3rj

begin prvt_hdm.auto_execute( :db_id, :inst_id, :end_snap ); end;

896 4 224.0 1.2 0.03 0.03 6hszmvz

Module: TOAD 9.0.0.160
Select distinct Cons.constraint_name, cons.status, cons.table_name, cons.c
int_type ,cons.last_change from sys.user_constraints cons where 1=1 a
nd cons.status='DISABLED'

In this report we find a SQL statement that seems to be churning through 309 buffers per execution. While the
execution times are not terrible we might want to look closer into the SQL statement and try to see if we could tune it (in
fact this is Oracle issued SQL that we would not tune anyway).

Instance Activity Stats

This section provides us with a number of various statistics (such as, how many DBWR Checkpoints occurred, or how
many consistent gets occurred during the snapshot). Here is a partial example of the report:

Statistic Total per Second per

-------------------------------- ------------------ -------------- -------
consistent changes 9 0.0
consistent gets 70,445 19.5
consistent gets - examination 8,728 2.4
consistent gets direct 0 0.0
consistent gets from cache 70,445 19.5
cursor authentications 2 0.0
data blocks consistent reads - u 5 0.0
db block changes 1,809 0.5
db block gets 2,197 0.6
db block gets direct 0 0.0
db block gets from cache 2,033 0.6

Tablespace and Data File IO Stats

The tablespace and data file IO stats report provides information on tablespace IO performance. From this report you
can determine if the tablespace datafiles are suffering from sub-standard performance in terms of IO response from the
disk sub-system. Here is a partial example of the tablespace report:

Tablespace
------------------------------
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Av Av Av Av Buffer Av
Reads Reads/s Rd(ms) Blks/Rd Writes Writes/s Waits Wt(
-------------- ------- ------ ------- ------------ -------- ---------- ---
SYSAUX
1 0 0.0 1.0 159 0 13
UNDOTBS2
1 0 10.0 1.0 98 0 0
SYSTEM
1 0 10.0 1.0 46 0 0
AUD
1 0 0.0 1.0 1 0 0
CDOL2_INDEX
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
CDOL_DATA
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
DBA_DEF
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
UNDOTBS1
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
USERS
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
USER_DEF
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0

If the tablespace IO report seems to indicate a tablespace has IO problems, we can then use the file IO stat report
allows us to drill into the datafiles of the tablespace in question and determine what the problem might be. Here is an
example of the File IO stat report:

Tablespace Filename
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------
Av Av Av Av Buffer Av
Reads Reads/s Rd(ms) Blks/Rd Writes Writes/s Waits Wt(
-------------- ------- ------ ------- ------------ -------- ---------- ---
AUD +ASM01/a109/datafile/aud.296.604081931
1 0 0.0 1.0 1 0 0
CDOL2_INDEX +ASM01/a109/datafile/cdol2_index_001.dbf
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
CDOL_DATA +ASM01/a109/datafile/cdol_data_001.dbf
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
DBA_DEF +ASM01/a109/datafile/dba_def.294.604081931
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
SYSAUX +ASM01/a109/datafile/sysaux.299.604081927
1 0 0.0 1.0 159 0 13
SYSTEM +ASM01/a109/datafile/system.301.604081919
1 0 10.0 1.0 46 0 0
UNDOTBS1 +ASM01/a109/datafile/undotbs1.300.604081925
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
UNDOTBS2 +ASM01/a109/datafile/undotbs2.292.604081931
1 0 10.0 1.0 98 0 0
USERS +ASM01/a109/datafile/users.303.604081933
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
USER_DEF +ASM01/a109/datafile/user_def.291.604081933
1 0 10.0 1.0 1 0 0
-------------------------------------------------------------

Buffer Pool Statistics

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The buffer pool statistics report follows. It provides a summary of the buffer pool configuration and usage statistics as
seen in this example:

Free Writ
Number of Pool Buffer Physical Physical Buff Comp
P Buffers Hit% Gets Reads Writes Wait Wait
--- ---------- ---- -------------- ------------ ----------- ---- ---- ----
D 64,548 100 72,465 0 355 0 0
-------------------------------------------------------------

In this case, we have a database where all the buffer pool requests came out of the buffer pool and no physical reads
were required. We also see a few (probably very insignificant in our case) buffer busy waits.

Instance Recovery Stats

The instance recovery stats report provides information related to instance recovery. By analyzing this report, you can
determine roughly how long your database would have required to perform crash recovery during the reporting period.
Here is an example of this report:

-> B: Begin snapshot, E: End snapshot

Targt Estd Log File Log Ckpt Log C

MTTR MTTR Recovery Actual Target Size Timeout Inter
(s) (s) Estd IOs Redo Blks Redo Blks Redo Blks Redo Blks Redo B
- ----- ----- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- --------- --------
B 0 19 196 575 183 92160 183
E 0 19 186 258 96 92160 96
-------------------------------------------------------------

Buffer Pool Advisory

The buffer pool advisory report answers the question, how big should you make your database buffer cache. It provides
an extrapolation of the benefit or detriment that would result if you added or removed memory from the database buffer
cache. These estimates are based on the current size of the buffer cache and the number of logical and physical IO's
encountered during the reporting point. This report can be very helpful in "rightsizing" your buffer cache. Here is an
example of the output of this report:

Est
Phys
Size for Size Buffers for Read Estimated
P Est (M) Factor Estimate Factor Physical Reads
--- -------- ------ ---------------- ------ ------------------
D 48 .1 5,868 4.9 803,496
D 96 .2 11,736 4.0 669,078
D 144 .3 17,604 3.3 550,831
D 192 .4 23,472 2.8 462,645
D 240 .5 29,340 2.3 379,106
D 288 .5 35,208 1.8 305,342
D 336 .6 41,076 1.4 238,729
D 384 .7 46,944 1.2 200,012
D 432 .8 52,812 1.1 183,694
D 480 .9 58,680 1.0 172,961
D 528 1.0 64,548 1.0 165,649
D 576 1.1 70,416 1.0 161,771
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D 624 1.2 76,284 1.0 159,728
D 672 1.3 82,152 1.0 158,502
D 720 1.4 88,020 1.0 157,723
D 768 1.5 93,888 0.9 157,124
D 816 1.5 99,756 0.9 156,874
D 864 1.6 105,624 0.9 156,525
D 912 1.7 111,492 0.9 156,393
D 960 1.8 117,360 0.9 155,388
-------------------------------------------------------------

In this example we currently have 528GB allocated to the SGA (represented by the size factor column with a value of
1.0. It appears that if we were to reduce the memory allocated to the SGA to half of the size of the current SGA (freeing
the memory to the OS for other processes) we would incur an increase of about 1.8 times the number of physical IO's
in the process.

PGA Reports
The PGA reports provide some insight into the health of the PGA. The PGA Aggr Target Stats report provides
information on the configuration of the PGA Aggregate Target parameter during the reporting period.
The PGA Aggregate Target Histogram report provides information on the size of various operations (e.g. sorts). It will
indicate if PGA sort operations occurred completely in memory, or if some of those operations were written out to disk.
Finally the PGA Memory Advisor, much like the buffer pool advisory report, provides some insight into how to properly
size your PGA via the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET database parameter. The PGA Memory Advisor report is shown
here:

Estd Extra Estd PGA Estd PGA

PGA Target Size W/A MB W/A MB Read/ Cache Overalloc
Est (MB) Factr Processed Written to Disk Hit % Count
---------- ------- ---------------- ---------------- -------- ----------
44 0.1 289,899.2 7,844.9 97.0 1,124
88 0.3 289,899.2 7,576.9 97.0 1,073
176 0.5 289,899.2 3.3 100.0 0
263 0.8 289,899.2 3.3 100.0 0
351 1.0 289,899.2 3.3 100.0 0
421 1.2 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
491 1.4 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
562 1.6 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
632 1.8 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
702 2.0 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
1,053 3.0 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
1,404 4.0 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
2,106 6.0 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
2,808 8.0 289,899.2 0.0 100.0 0
-------------------------------------------------------------

Shared Pool Advisory

The shared pool advisory report provides assistance in right sizing the Oracle shared pool. Much like the PGA Memory
Advisor or the Buffer Pool advisory report, it provides some insight into what would happen should you add or remove
memory from the shared pool. This can help you reclaim much needed memory if you have over allocated the shared
pool, and can significantly improve performance if you have not allocated enough memory to the shared pool. Here is
an example of the shared pool advisory report:

Est LC Est LC Est LC Est LC

Shared SP Est LC Time Time Load Load

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Pool Size Size Est LC Saved Saved Time Time
Size(M) Factr (M) Mem Obj (s) Factr (s) Factr Ob
---------- ----- -------- ------------ ------- ------ ------- ------ -----
192 .4 54 3,044 ####### .8 ####### 382.1 22,4
240 .5 92 5,495 ####### .9 ####### 223.7 22,5
288 .6 139 8,122 ####### .9 53,711 102.5 22,5
336 .7 186 12,988 ####### 1.0 17,597 33.6 22,5
384 .8 233 17,422 ####### 1.0 7,368 14.1 22,5
432 .9 280 23,906 ####### 1.0 3,553 6.8 22,5
480 1.0 327 28,605 ####### 1.0 524 1.0 22,5
528 1.1 374 35,282 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
576 1.2 421 40,835 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
624 1.3 468 46,682 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
672 1.4 515 52,252 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
720 1.5 562 58,181 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
768 1.6 609 64,380 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
816 1.7 656 69,832 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
864 1.8 703 75,168 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
912 1.9 750 78,993 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
960 2.0 797 82,209 ####### 1.0 1 .0 22,5
-------------------------------------------------------------

SGA Target Advisory

The SGA target advisory report is somewhat of a summation of all the advisory reports previously presented in the
AWR report. It helps you determine the impact of changing the settings of the SGA target size in terms of overall
database performance. The report uses a value called DB Time as a measure of the increase or decrease in
performance relative to the memory change made. Also the report will summarize an estimate of physical reads
associated with the listed setting for the SGA. Here is an example of the SGA target advisory report:

SGA Target SGA Size Est DB Est Physical

Size (M) Factor Time (s) Reads
---------- ---------- ------------ ----------------
528 0.5 25,595 769,539
792 0.8 20,053 443,095
1,056 1.0 18,443 165,649
1,320 1.3 18,354 150,476
1,584 1.5 18,345 148,819
1,848 1.8 18,345 148,819
2,112 2.0 18,345 148,819

In this example, our SGA Target size is currently set at 1056MB. We can see from this report that if we increased the
SGA target size to 2112MB, we would see almost no performance improvement (about a 98 second improvement
overall). In this case, we may determine that adding so much memory to the database is not cost effective, and that the
memory can be better used elsewhere.

Memory Advisory
Memory advisory reports for the streams pool and the java pool also appear in the report (assuming you are using the
streams pool). These reports take on the same general format as the other memory advisor reports.

Buffer Wait Statistics

The buffer wait statistics report helps you drill down on specific buffer wait events, and where the waits are occurring. In
the following report we find that the 13 buffer busy waits we saw in the buffer pool statistics report earlier are attributed

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to data block waits. We might then want to pursue tuning remedies to these waits if the waits are significant enough.
Here is an example of the buffer wait statistics report:

Class Waits Total Wait Time (s) Avg Time (ms)

------------------ ----------- ------------------- --------------
data block 13 0 1

Enqueue Activity
The Enqueue activity report provides information on enqueues (higher level Oracle locking) that occur. As with other
reports, if you see high levels of wait times in these reports, you might dig further into the nature of the enqueue and
determine the cause of the delays. Here is an example of this report section:

Enqueue Type (Request Reason)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Requests Succ Gets Failed Gets Waits Wt Time (s) Av Wt Time(
------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ------------ -----------
PS-PX Process Reservation
386 358 28 116 0
US-Undo Segment
276 276 0 228 0
TT-Tablespace
90 90 0 42 0
WF-AWR Flush
12 12 0 7 0 1
MW-MWIN Schedule
2 2 0 2 0 5
TA-Instance Undo
12 12 0 12 0
UL-User-defined
7 7 0 7 0
CF-Controlfile Transaction
5,737 5,737 0 5 0

Undo Segment Summary

The undo segment summary report provides basic information on the performance of undo tablespaces.

Latch Activity
The latch activity report provides information on Oracle's low level locking mechanism called a latch. From this report
you can determine if Oracle is suffering from latching problems, and if so, which latches are causing the greates
amount of contention on the system. Here is a partial example of the latch activity report (it is quite long):

Pct Avg Wait

Get Get Slps Time NoWait
Latch Name Requests Miss /Miss (s) Requests
------------------------ -------------- ------ ------ ------ ------------
ASM allocation 122 0.0 N/A 0 0
ASM map headers 60 0.0 N/A 0 0
ASM map load waiting lis 11 0.0 N/A 0 0
ASM map operation freeli 30 0.0 N/A 0 0
ASM map operation hash t 45,056 0.0 N/A 0 0
ASM network background l 1,653 0.0 N/A 0 0
AWR Alerted Metric Eleme 14,330 0.0 N/A 0 0
Consistent RBA 107 0.0 N/A 0 0

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FAL request queue 75 0.0 N/A 0 0
FAL subheap alocation 75 0.0 N/A 0 0
FIB s.o chain latch 14 0.0 N/A 0 0
FOB s.o list latch 93 0.0 N/A 0 0
JS broadcast add buf lat 826 0.0 N/A 0 0
JS broadcast drop buf la 826 0.0 N/A 0 0

In this example our database does not seem to be experiencing any major latch problems, as the wait times on the
latches are 0, and our get miss pct (Pct Get Miss) is 0 also.
There is also a latch sleep breakdown report which provides some additional detail if a latch is being constantly moved
into the sleep cycle, which can cause additional performance issues.
The latch miss sources report provides a list of latches that encountered sleep conditions. This report can be of further
assistance when trying to analyze which latches are causing problems with your database.

Segments by Logical Reads and Segments by Physical Reads

The segments by logical reads and segments by physical reads reports provide information on the database segments
(tables, indexes) that are receiving the largest number of logical or physical reads. These reports can help you find
objects that are "hot" objects in the database. You may want to review the objects and determine why they are hot, and
if there are any tuning opportunities available on those objects (e.g. partitioning), or on SQL accessing those objects.
For example, if an object is showing up on the physical reads report, it may be that an index is needed on that object.
Here is an example of the segments by logical reads report:

Segments by Logical Reads DB/Inst: A109/a1092 Snaps: 2009-2

-> Total Logical Reads: 72,642
-> Captured Segments account for 96.1% of Total

Tablespace Subobject Obj. Logical

Owner Name Object Name Name Type Reads
---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ----- ------------ -
SYS SYSAUX SYS_IOT_TOP_8813 INDEX 52,192
SYS SYSTEM SMON_SCN_TIME TABLE 4,704
SYS SYSTEM I_JOB_NEXT INDEX 2,432
SYS SYSTEM OBJ$ TABLE 1,344
SYS SYSTEM TAB$ TABLE 1,008
-------------------------------------------------------------

Additional Reports
Several segment related reports appear providing information on:
Segments with ITL waits

Segments with Row lock waits

Segments with buffer busy waits

Segments with global cache buffer waits

Segments with CR Blocks received

Segments with current blocks received

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These reports help provide more detailed information on specific segments that might be experiencing performance
problems.
The dictionary cache and library cache statistics reports provide performance information on the various areas in the
data dictionary cache and the library cache.
The process memory summary, SGA memory summary, and the SGA breakdown difference reports provide summary
information on how memory allocated to the database is allocated amongst the various components. Other memory
summary reports may occur if you have certain optional components installed (such as streams).
The database parameter summary report provides a summary of the setting of all the database parameters during the
snapshot report. If the database parameters changed during the period of the report, then the old and new parameters
will appear on the report.

Posted 6th May 2013 by Oracle

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