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Communication Systems
Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani
Department of Telecommunication, Room # 215
Institute of Information & Communication Technologies (IICT),
Mehran UET, Jamshoro
https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/fau/cs
Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Propagation characteristics
 Whenever a signal propagates over a communication
medium it loses strength along the way i.e. it
attenuates
 Similar to how a ball loses energy when you throw it
 “pathloss”
 So, after a while the signal does not have enough
strength
 Information signal power is almost equal to noise power
 Information signal is corrupted

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 Examples-1

Communication
Transmitter Receiver
medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal 4
 Examples-2

Communication
Transmitter Receiver
medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal 5
 Examples-3

Communication
Transmitter Receiver
medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal 6
 Examples-4

Communication
Transmitter Receiver
medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal 7
Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Information and Carrier Signals

 Information signal
 Message signal
 User data
 Is usually a low power signal
 Carrier signal
 As the name suggests it is used to “carry” the information
signal
 Can be easily generated according to user requirements
• It has adjustable amplitude, frequency and phase

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Modulation
 In the process of modulation, some characteristic of
a high frequency sine wave (i.e., carrier) is varied in
accordance with the information or modulating
signal.

 The signal may be an audio waveform, a digital pulse

train, television picture or any other form of
information. The important consideration is that it is
transferred to a higher frequency for efficient
transmission.

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Why modulate?-1
 Enable long distance communication
 Information signal has a limited power
You can shout to increase the strength of your
voice but it won’t get you far
 What to do?
Superimpose the information signal on a high
power carrier signal
Also higher frequency because an antenna
radiates greater power at higher frequencies

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Why modulate?-2
 Make design of wireless communication
systems simpler
 Suppose you want to transmit your voice
signal over radio
You convert the mechanical wave voice signal into
an electrical signal using a transducer such as a
microphone
Now, a pair of antennae is required

The antennae need to have a length of 2
• Calculate the length of the antennae
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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Why modulate – 3?
 f min  300 Hz
3 108
  m  1 million meters!
300

 Antennae length   half a million meters!
2
 f max  3400 Hz
3 108
  m  88235 meters
3400

 Antennae length   44118 meters!
2
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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Why modulate?-4
 Let us now take GSM transmission where the
signal is transmitter at 900 MHz
 f min  900 MHz  900 million Hertz
3 108
  m  0.33 meters
900 10 6


 Antennae length   0.15 meters
2
Calculate antennae length required for an audio signal with fmax = 22 KHz
and a WiFi signal with fmax = 2.4 GHz

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Why modulate?-5
 Enabling simultaneous multiuser communication
Multiple users can communication with minimal or no
interference at the same time
 Voice frequencies typically lie between 300-3400
Hz
For the sake of convenience, let us take it as 0-4000 Hz
 If two or more people want to talk, they will
interfere with each other
Interference will feel like noise

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Why modulate?-6 mag

User 1

Information for users 1, 2 and freq

mag
3 without modulation.
User 2
Everyone transmits in the band
0-4000 Hz freq
mag

User 3
freq
mag
Simultaneous transmission
results in corrupted of information Corrupted
freq
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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Why modulate?-7
mag
User 1 transmits in the
band 0-4000 Hz User 1

User 1 after modulation freq

User 2 transmits in the mag
band 5000-9000 Hz
User 2
User 2 after modulation freq
mag
User 3 transmits in the
band 10000-14000 Hz User 3
User 3 after modulation freq
mag
No interference when
they transmit User 1 User 2 User 3
simultaneously
Simultaneous transmission freq
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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Taxonomy of modulation schemes-1

 Taxonomy = arrange
 Analogue modulation schemes
Input signal is analogue

 Digital modulation schemes

Input signal is digital

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Taxonomy of modulation schemes-2

Modulation
Schemes

Analog – Analog Analog – Digital Digital – Digital Digital – Analog

Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation
Schemes Schemes Schemes Schemes

Amplitude Delta Line Coding Amplitude Shift

Modulation (AM) Modulation (DM) Schemes Keying (ASK)

Pulse Code
Frequency Frequency Shift
Modulation
Modulation (FM) Keying (FSK)
(PCM)

Pulse Width
Phase Phase Shift
Modulation
Modulation (PM) Keying (PSK)
(PWM)

Pulse Position
Modulation
(PPM)

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Analogue Modulation Schemes

 Since three characteristics of sine wave carriers can be
varied, it follows that there are three types of modulation.
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

 However, in practice it is very difficult to distinguish

between phase and frequency modulation. Therefore,
these two types of modulation are grouped together under
the title of Angle Modulation. Thus, two basic types of
modulation are:
 Amplitude Modulation
 Angle Modulation

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Digital Modulation Schemes

 Digital to analogue
 A digital information signal changes the amplitude,
frequency or phase of a carrier signal

 Depending on which property is affected, we have

four basic kinds of digital modulation schemes
 Amplitude Shift Keying
 Frequency Shift Keying
 Phase Shift Keying

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 Information signal
Amplitude (volts)
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
AM modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)

21
 Information
Information signal
(volts)
signal
Amplitude(volts)
1
1

0
Amplitude

-1
-1 0
0 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1
1 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4 1.6
1.6 1.8
1.8 2
2
Time
Time (seconds)
(seconds)
Carrier
Carrier signal
(volts)

signal
Amplitude(volts)

1
1

0
Amplitude

-1
-1 0
0 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1
1 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4 1.6
1.6 1.8
1.8 2
2
Time
Time (seconds)
(seconds)
FM
FM modulated
modulated signal
(volts)

signal
Amplitude(volts)

20
20

0
Amplitude

-20
-20 0
0 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1
1 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4 1.6
1.6 1.8
1.8 2
2
Time (seconds)
Time (seconds)
22
 Information signal
Amplitude (volts) 1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
PM modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

20

-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)

23
Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Amplitude Modulation

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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

 In amplitude modulation the carrier’s amplitude is varied in
accordance with the amplitude of modulating signal.

 Amplitude modulated waves can take several forms such

as:
 Large Carrier AM (LCAM)
 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier AM (DSBSC)
 Single Side Band (SSB) AM, and
 Vestigial Side Band (VSB) AM.

 An imaginary line called the envelope connects the positive

and negative peaks of the carrier waveform.

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AM Waveform
Information signal
Message signal,
Modulating Signal

AM signal

NONLINEAR
DEVICE
Carrier signal

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AM Waveform

Figure : The modulated carrier.

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Modulation Factor (Percent of Modulation)

 It is simply the degree of modulation normally expressed as a percentage
from 0 to 100. however, it is also known as the modulating factor, which
varies from 0 to 1.
 An un-modulated carrier has 0% modulation.
𝑉𝑚 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚= = × 100
𝑉𝑐 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
Where Vm is the modulating signal voltage and Vc is the carrier signal voltage.
 This index is also known as the modulating factor or coefficient, or the
degree of modulation.
 Multiplying the modulation index by 100 gives the percentage of
modulation.
 In AM, it is particularly important that the peak value of the modulating
signal be less than the peak value of the carrier.
Vm < Vc
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Over-modulation
 While it is good to keep the modulation factor high, over-modulation
should be avoided. Over-modulation occurs when the amplitude of
modulating signal is too high compared to that of un-modulated carrier.

 If the modulating signal is too high, it will cause the carrier to cut off for a
portion of each cycle. As a result, a part of the envelope will be distorted.

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Modulation Index and Percentage of Modulation

Figure: AM wave showing peaks (Vmax) and troughs (Vmin).

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Frequency spectrum of the AM

 Consider the AM wave in which Vc is the carrier
voltage and Vm is the modulating voltage given by:
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑣𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡

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Frequency spectrum of the AM

 Figure also shows that something unusual (distortion) will
occur if Vm is greater than Vc.
 From figure and above equation we can write:
𝐴 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑚𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑉𝑐 1 + 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡

 The instantaneous voltages of the resulting amplitude-

modulated wave is:
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 1 + 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡

 Using trigonometric relation

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦
2

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Frequency spectrum of the AM

 Therefore,
Carrier
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑉𝑐
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 LSB USB
2
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 − 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2 2
v = Carrier + Lower sideband – Upper sideband
fc-fm fc fc+fm
 Hence, the resulting AM consists of three components. The very important
conclusion to be made here is that the bandwidth required for AM is twice
the frequency of the modulating signal.

BWAM = 2fm

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Bandwidth in AM
 The bandwidth of an AM signal extends from the
lowest sideband frequency to the highest
sideband frequency. Therefore, the bandwidth is
always twice the highest modulating frequency.
BWAM = 2fm
 Thus, if the highest modulating frequency is 15
kHz, then the bandwidth will be 30 kHz. In the
case of square wave, the bandwidth is twice the
highest harmonic contained in the wave.
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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Sidebands
 We know any complex wave can be broken down into
its component sine waves. The same is true for an
amplitude-modulated waveform.
 An AM Modulated waveform contains
 Carrier = fc
 Upper sideband = fc + fm
 Lower sideband = fc – fm
 Where fc = carrier frequency and fm is the modulating
frequency.
 Sidebands are generated as part of the modulation
process and occur in the frequency spectrum directly
above and below the carrier frequency.

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Sidebands and the Frequency Domain

Frequency-Domain Representation of AM
 Example:
A standard AM broadcast station is allowed to transmit
modulating frequencies up to 5 kHz. If the AM station is
transmitting on a frequency of 980 kHz, what are
sideband frequencies and total bandwidth?
fUSB = 980 + 5 = 985 kHz
fLSB = 980 – 5 = 975 kHz
BW = fUSB – fLSB = 985 – 975 = 10 kHz
BW = 2 (5 kHz) = 10 kHz

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Power of the AM signal

PT  PC  PLSB  PUSB
VC 2 (m Vc/2) 2 (mVc/2) 2
PT   
R R R
VC 2 m 2 Vc 2 m 2 Vc 2
PT   
R 4R 4R
Since power in the upper and lower side bands are equal
m 2Vc2 m 2 Pc
PLSB  PUSB  
8R 4
VC 2 m 2 Vc 2
PT  
R 2R
VC 2  m2 
PT  1  
R  2 
 m2 
PT  PC 1  
 2 

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Example
 A carrier signal with a peak voltage of 2 V and
carrier frequency of 10 Hz is amplitude
modulated with a 1 Hz sine wave which has an
effective voltage value of 750 mV.
 Compute the following
The percent modulation index
The instantaneous voltage of the positive and
negative envelop when sine wave completed 0.5 s of
its cycle.
 Sketch the AM waveform in time-domain and
frequency-domain

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Example
 An AM broadcast station’s peak carrier voltage
of 2kV has been amplitude modulated to an
index of 75% with a 2kHz test tone. The
station’s broadcast frequency is 810kHz.
Compute the following
The lower and upper sideband frequencies
The peak modulation voltage i-e Vm
The peak lower and upper sideband voltages
The maximum signal amplitude i- e Vmax

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Example
 A spectrum analyzer with an input impedance of 50Ωs
is used to measure the power spectrum of an AM
signal at the output of a preamplifier circuit. The AM
signal has been modulated with a sine wave. The
effective carrier power, Pc is 750mW, and each
sideband Plsb and Pusb is 120mW. Compute the
following:
 The total effective power, PT
 The peak carrier voltage, Vc
 The modulation index and percent modulation index
 The modulation voltage, Vm
 The lower and upper sideband voltage, VLSB, VUSB

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Double sideband suppressed carrier

(DSB-SC) AM
 In amplitude modulation, two-thirds of
the transmitted power is in the carrier,
which conveys no information. Carrier

 Signal information is contained within

the sidebands. LSB USB
 In DSB-SC the carrier is suppressed
leaving the two sidebands.
 This technique can save from 50 to 90% fc-fm fc fc+fm
of the total power.
 The bandwidth of DSB-SC and normal
AM is same.

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Single-Sideband AM
 Single-sideband (SSB) is a form of AM where the
carrier is suppressed and one sideband is
eliminated.
 One sideband is all that is necessary to convey
information in a signal.
 A low power, pilot carrier is sometimes
transmitted along with sidebands in order to
more easily recover the signal at the receiver.
 Single and double-sideband are not widely used
because the signals are difficult to recover (i.e.
demodulate) at the receiver.
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Advantages of SSB
 SSB signals offer following major benefits:
Spectrum space is conserved and allows more signals
to be transmitted in the same frequency range.

All power is channeled into a single sideband. This

produces a stronger signal that will carry farther and
will be more reliably received at greater distances.

Occupied bandwidth space is narrower and noise in

the signal is reduced.

There is less selective fading over long distances.

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Achieving AM Modulation
 Suppose, we have a 1 Hz information signal which
needs to be superimposed on a 10 Hz carrier signal
These frequencies have been chosen for the sake of
convenience
 Option1: Sum up the two signals
m(t )  sin(2 1 t )
c(t )  sin(2 10  t )
s(t )  sin(2 10  t )  sin(2 1 t )
An op-amp based summing amplifier can be used for the
purpose
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Achieving AM Modulation

A summing op-amp used to add the information signal and the

carrier signal does not result in an AM modulated signal

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Achieving AM modulation -3
 Simply summing up the two signals does not
result in modulation
The signals will overlap in time-domain graphs
which might give the impression of modulation
From frequency-domain graphs, it becomes clear
that the modulation never occurs

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 Achieving AM modulation -4
Frequency-domain plot
15 1

0.9
10
0.8

0.7
5
Amplitude (volts)

0.6

Magntude
0 0.5

0.4
-5
0.3

0.2
-10
0.1

-15 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 5 10 15
Time (seconds) Frequency (Hertz)
 Achieving AM modulation -5

Frequency-domain plot
15 1

0.9
10
0.8

0.7
5
Amplitude (volts)

0.6

Magntude
0 0.5

0.4
-5
0.3

0.2
-10
0.1

-15 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 5 10 15
Time (seconds) Frequency (Hertz)

48
Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Achieving AM modulation -6
Frequency-domain plot
15 1

0.9
10
0.8

0.7
5
Amplitude (volts)

0.6

Magntude
0 0.5

0.4
-5
0.3

0.2
-10
0.1

-15 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 5 10 15
Time (seconds) Frequency (Hertz)

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Achieving AM modulation -6

15 15

10 10

5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10

-15 -15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

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Achieving AM modulation -7
 In order to achieve Amplitude Modulation,
we need a multiplier not an adder
The product of the carrier and modulating signal
can be generated by applying both signals to a
nonlinear component such as a diode.
 A square-law function is one that varies in
proportion to the square of the input signals.
A diode gives a good approximation of a square-
law response
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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Digression…
 Square law function
Voltage changes in proportion to current or vice
versa
• One physical property varies in proportion to the other

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 Achieving AM modulation -8

The use of diode along with the resistor clip the negative half of the composite
signal (information + carrier signal).

We get a pulsating DC with several higher order harmonics (potentially infinite

bandwidth?)

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Achieving AM modulation -9
 Diodes and transistors whose function is not a
perfect square-law function produce higher-
order harmonics
Called inter-modulation products
 Problems
The resultant signal will have the information
signal, the carrier signal, the AM signal sidebands
and various harmonics

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Achieving AM modulation -10

 Inter-modulation products are easy to filter
out
Tuned circuits
 Tuned circuits filter out the modulating signal
and carrier harmonics, leaving only carrier and
sidebands
The AM signal

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Achieving AM modulation -11

The tuned circuits are frequency selective filters with an

damped sinusoidal impulse response i.e. an exponentially
decaying sinusoidal impulse response

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Achieving AM modulation -12

If the tuned circuit filters out the unwanted signals leaving behind the carrier
signal and the AM signal (sidebands)

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Achieving AM modulation -13

Frequency-domain plot
10 6

8
5
6

4
4
Amplitude (volts)

Magntude
0 3

-2
2
-4

-6
1
-8

-10 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (seconds) Frequency (Hertz)

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Analyses of the AM waveform -1

m(t )  Vm sin( 2f mt )  f m  1 Hz  Vm sin( 2 1 t )
c(t )  sin( 2f c t )  f c  10 Hz  sin( 2 10  t )
s AM (t )  c(t )  m(t )
s AM (t )  sin( 2f c t )  Vm sin( 2f mt )
 sin( )  sin(  )  cos     cos   
1
2
 s AM (t ) 
Vm
cos2f ct  2f mt   cos2f ct  2f mt 
2

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Analyses of the AM waveform -8

Frequency-domain plot
10 6
X: 9 X: 11
8 Y: 4.999 Y: 5.001
5
6

4
4
Amplitude (volts)

Magntude
0 3

-2
2
-4

-6
1
-8

-10 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (seconds) Frequency (Hertz)

Note that the AM signal generated previously did not possess a “carrier
signal” It only had sidebands

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Analyses of the AM waveform -8

 s AM (t )  Vc sin(2f ct ) 
Vm
cos2f mt  2f ct   cos2f mt  2f ct 
2

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Types of demodulation
 There are two basic types of demodulation
Coherent
Non-coherent
 Coherent demodulation
Receiver recreates the carrier signal
 Non-coherent
Receiver does not recreate the carrier signal
Receiver does not need any information about it
either
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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Coherent Demodulation -1
 Also called synchronous demodulation
Synchronous because the receiver is synchronized
with the transmitter
Recovered
Amplitude
Information
modulated signal
^
signal
Low Pass
s AM (t ) Filter
m(t )

c(t )
Carrier
signal

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 Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Coherent Demodulation -2
Amplitude
modulated Recovered
signal Information
Information
signal
signal s AM (t ) ^
Low Pass
m(t ) Filter
m(t )

c(t ) c(t )
Carrier Carrier
signal signal

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Communication Systems By Dr. Fahim Aziz Umrani

Coherent Demodulation -3
 The amplitude modulated signal is given as,
s AM (t )  m(t )  c(t )  c(t )
s AM (t )  1  m(t ) c(t )
s AM (t )  1  m(t )Vc sinct 

 where
m(t )  Vm sin mt 
c(t )  Vc sinct 

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Coherent Demodulation -4
 The signal after multiplication by the carrier
signal at the receiver end is given as,
s(t )  1  m(t )Vc sinct  c(t )
s(t )  1  m(t )Vc sin ct 
2 Note: at the receiver we don’t
need carrier to be at the same
power as used at the
s(t )  1  m(t ) 1  cos2ct 
Vc transmitter
2
 where

sin ct   1  cos2ct 

2 1
2
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Coherent Demodulation -5
 The last equation can be simplified to yield

 cos2ct   m(t ) cos2ct   m(t )

Vc Vc Vc Vc
s(t ) 
2 2 2 2

 cos2  2 f c  t   m(t ) cos2  2 f c  t   m(t )

Vc Vc Vc Vc
s(t ) 
2 2 2 2
DC Twice the carrier freq. Twice the carrier freq. Our information

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Coherent Demodulation -6
 The higher frequency components can be
removed using a low pass filter

 Issues
What if there is an error in the frequency of the
carrier signal generated at the receiver?
What if there is an error in the phase?

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Non-coherent Demodulation -1
 Also called asynchronous demodulation
No need to re-generate the carrier signal at the
receiver
 An envelope detector can be used
To detect the envelope

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Non-coherent Demodulation -2
This is what we want to extract

eve  Vc  Vm sin(2f mt )

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Non-coherent Demodulation -3
 The diode clips off the negative valued
components of the AM signal
 The RC circuit generates the envelope
Smooth the fluctuations

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Non-coherent Demodulation -4
 Non-coherent demodulation does not work if
envelope shape is distorted
Happens when we over modulate

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Comparison Coherent Modulation &

Non-Coherent Modulation -1
Coherent Modulation Non-Coherent Modulation
 Optimal  Sub-optimal
 Carrier information is  Carrier information is
required at the receiver not required
 Will work even if the AM
signal is over modulated  Will not work for over-
 i.e. m>1
modulated AM signals
 Relatively expensive to  Relatively cheap to
implement implement

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Reference
 Principles of Electronic Communication
Systems Third Edition, Louis E. Frenzel, Jr.
 Engr. Zafi Shah (TL Deptt)

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