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This document contains SQL notes in Hindi, covering basic to advanced topics of Structured Query Language. It explains SQL commands, queries, and important database concepts with examples. These notes are especially useful for students, beginners, and anyone preparing for exams who prefer learning in Hindi. The content makes it easy to understand SQL in a simple and clear way."
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views17 pagesSQL
This document contains SQL notes in Hindi, covering basic to advanced topics of Structured Query Language. It explains SQL commands, queries, and important database concepts with examples. These notes are especially useful for students, beginners, and anyone preparing for exams who prefer learning in Hindi. The content makes it easy to understand SQL in a simple and clear way."
Uploaded by
rj6196532Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 17
Technical Education & Social Welfare Society
(Run Under CG Society Act.Reg.No.122201950672)
SQL Hindi
Note
Head Office: VIP Road Fundhar Raipur CG All rights reserved ehindistudy.com
Ques - SQL #7 2?
SQL #1 aH Fraferfad feigat arare oe area A aH HT 2:
1- SQL #1 Yt ATH structured query language @!
2- SQL #1 avedfeh ATT SEQUEL @ fort BH Structured English query Language *et
zl
3- SQL at aH Seta FT access Ft AA ZI
SQL ¥ at 4 Baraat F AT records # insert Ht AHA ZI
SQL ¥ SI eH Seraa A Scr AT delete Ht AHA ZI
6- SQL gia aH Saraa F feara data FT update Ft AHA ZI
ae WH ansi(American national standard Institute) language @1
8- 7 Oracle, MS-Access, DB2 TT MS SQL Server # AT aT F AAT STAT ZI
SQL Data types ®1 2?
SQL # data types fraferfara ware & rea al atest wa eed PAeae TA ZI
Exact numeric types
SQL # fraferfacd w41z % exact numeric data types 217 21
1. Int:- int #1 ahat(range) -2,147,483,648 4 Aazt +2,147,483,648 aH ard a1 SAAT 4
bytes 4T storage #t araganat rat 21
2. Bigint:- Bigint 4t * -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 4 ArT
+9,223,372,036,854,775,808 Ztdt #1 zat 8 bytes 41 storage Ft aagaear atet ZI
3. Smallint:- <4 7 -32,768 F THT +32,768 TH Aidt Zl TA 2 bytes FT storage
At saga att a1
4. Tinyint:- Sa4t St OF HT 255 TH att Sl SAAT 1 bytes * storage At aragaHaT
art 2 5. Bit:- bit Set zrey Ft tr 0 A aT 1 aH Att Zi SAAT 1 bytes FT storage Ft
HATHA ST
6. Money:- &4 Set 2tet At Tt -922,337,203,685,477.5808 & aT
+922,337,203,685,477.5808 7 Zidt 21 ZaaT 8 bytes At atest AT HaHa Stat AI
7. Smallmoney:- 4 data type #T range -214,748.3648 4 art +214,748.3648 a
didi &1 saat 4 bytes At araganat Ate ZI
8. Decimal:- Zt TH -10438-+1 F THT 41043841 TH ATT ZI
9. Numeric:- Sat St Hi -10438+1 F THe +1043841 TH ate I
Datetime type
SQL # frafafad vax % datetime data types a ZI
1. Date:- 4 Set eet ara, HET, TAT fea Ft eq BT RATT HAT SI TAHT 3 bytes Ft
area Ft araernat art 21
2. time:- Te Set ater Aer, fre, Tar Aavs AT Ary HT VIE HAT ZI
3. Smalldatetime:- 24 Szt eTaq 41 8 bytes Ht tea Ft aragasaT tet ZI
Character data type
SQL # fraferfra ware & character S21 21e4 Sa ZI
1. Char
2. Varchar
3. Varchar(max)
4. Text
Unicode character type
Unicode character frafefad waz % ard 21
1. nchar
2. nvarchar
3. nvarchar(max)
4. ntext Binary data type
SQL # ateat Ser aren Prafetaa wart ® ara 21
1. Binary
2. Varbinary
3. Varbinary(max)
4. Image
Boolean data type
Boolean data type #t fh at aeq Ztc true aT false.
Ques:- SQL table #1 #4 create Ta @?
SQL & 24 TABLE ai fraferfara a 4 create FU ZI
SYNTAX:-
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name! data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
)
HA FH APT TATECM HF ATT SAY TATA TAA TET
a Jarecr # SAT Student * ATA a table aware 2 frag ATE columns @! column
aT# Last Name, First Name, Address TT Roll number 21
CREATE TABLE Student
(
Last Name varchar,
First Name varchar,
Address varchar,
Roll number int,
)
afe gua column % afaay Hest FH specify HAT ZT a-
CREATE TABLE Student
( Last Name varchar(30),
First Name varchar,
Address varchar,
Roll number int(5),
)
Ques: - SQL # table 4 drop ai alter HA Hea F?
DROP TABLE:- Table #1 e174 @ea *% fem fraferfad syntax ar TatT Pat STAT &;
SYNTAX:-
[DROP TABLE table_name]
ALTER TABLE:- Alter table @2¥2 #1 Tan Zac H column #1 add ait drop Ft
fere ear sat 21
SYNTAX:-
[ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD to column_name datatype
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name]
Ques:- SQL # built in functions #1 2?
SQL #1 built-in-functions az 4 Sarat powerful FATS ZI Built-in-functions 4 ZT
aft tasks oT ft areata eet He AH Vl Safes FH eT built-in-functions ¥ are +
rat ee ST re 2
1. SUM:- SUM Hert HT TanT TAH HATA F total sum FT select Hea * fora Frat
STAT ZI
easy syntax fet z
[SELECT SUM (column) FROM table)
sage fer: lable name: students
LAST NAME FIRSTNAME AGE
Joshi Yugal = 21
Bhatt Kamal 23
Sharma Piya 20
ae tae students ATH A Zl = table Ft tery F THT ages Ft SS fear STAT ZI
[SELECT SUM (age) FROM students]
Sq Jae FT answer= 64.
2-AVG:- AVG Haar, FAH Ft Alaa eq FT return FLAT Sl SAAT syntax Frew 2:-
[SELECT AVG (column) FROM table)
See: Se Fa Ft table F:-
[SELECT AVG (age) FROM students]
Sa Sze FT answer=21.33
3-MAX:- MAX Haart HierH H ATA TA(highest) Aq 1 return FAT 21 SAT syntax
fre @:-
[SELECT MAX (column) FROM table)
SEE: Se At eat
[SELECT AVG (age) FROM students]
Za Seq FT answer= 23
4- MIN:- MIN 94 4 TaTT column At faa (lowest) 4eq FT return Hea * fers Far
AAT BI
Saat syntax frat:
[SELECT MIN (column) FROM table)
SeE:- Hae At Sat
[SELECT MIN (age) FROM students]
=a Jase FT answer= 20
5- COUNT:- COUNT aor HT WANT WH Seva Saet H rows Ft Hear HY FTAA(count)
a feat Prat oat #1
zat syntax Fre 2:
[SELECT COUNT (column) FROM table}
6-SQRT:- ea Hata HT WaT fav gu daz % aT Ha(square root) Ht aa FA FT
frat STAT 21
7-RAND:- 24 G42 FT TART random numbers #1 generate Het *% fere Fra STAT 8-Numeric Function:- 34 42s FT TANT ATA AAT manipulation FA
fora frat STAT @1 Fe numeric functions fw z:-
ASIN, ABS, FLOAT, INT, INTEGER, LN, COT, COS, DOUBLE, LOG10
9-String functions:- string functions #1 T4™T string manipulation * fara fear sat
@| %@ string functions fra @:-
CHAR, CONCAT, GRAPHIC, DIGITS, LCASE, LEFT, LENGTH, LOCATE, LOWER,
DIFFERENCE
Ques — SQL # indexes #aT 21a 2?
Ser at aft gar afrtarget we a ea(find) fare index Ht tact F create #2 ZI
INDEX ® ater 24 data #1 fat TF table Tz Ash F de THT ZI
Saraa Ft index Sa Ae AAA Stet Z ra ace Peet Prava * Are index eet 21 Prava
aa Paelt topic At asa 7 Feet index FI Fae z FH ae topic Pra Tet aes fee sa TT
H ara 21
Indexes #T existing table # create wea @ Frevat FH EA rows FT Ast & Ta ahraryT
TAF F locate FX AHF Zl GT users Za = at indexes FI Fa Tet AHA z 4 ATF speed
up queries #1 TART FLA ZI
Indexes #1 Fret table At wa aT TAA SaTaT columns # create He AHA SF TAT TAH
index 4 UH ATH = AAT ZI
Unique index:- afm 3344 Sa Zsa F Hea @ Pras ST rows % Wat FATA index
aq at art 21
Unique index #1 create For *% feru frafafad syntax er sat Pear STAT &:-
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)
column_name =a column #1 specify #zdt # frat SAT indexed FAT ZT
Simple index:- af UNIQUE keyword #1 Tart vet fat aTaT @ aT duplicate Aq FT
permit far aT art ZI
SaaT syntax rer =
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name) composite index:- a1 41 saa afas table + Ta index FT create HUF Z TT FS
composite index *eaTaT €| SAT syntax fra 2:-
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1,column2);
implicit index:- implicit index 4 indexes Zt Ht Sava server AMT ATT AT
create @1 siTdt @ Wa alestFz( object) create TAT ZI
DROP INDEX:- Index 41 drop #24 ® fara Frafeta syntax ar yar Pear TAT 2:-
Drop index_name index_name
Ques - SQL # view aT 2?
VIEW Ta virtual tact atct @ afer ae Pet areata tact Ft TE rows siz columns
Tl contain #aT ZI
wa WH tae create St f ae SAH Set FT insert Frat Arar Sl TAH user HT TA SAT AT
access Het % fet permission At Arasarat eat S TI Sx Feet st Sas7 permission
aat St ort & raat Set FT security at tact Z Ta data Hr gare At wet ferar STAT =
fSrta Set redundant #ft at Zar 21
View #1é ff record aét Taal AE Haat Fat FI definition Taat & aa zat F Beat
fetch #<% show aT Zl
CREATE VIEW:- View #1 create #74 & fore fra syntax eT TANT FAT STAT @:-
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE conditions;
Wet Wt aH view Ft oe At ara STH ZI
DROP VIEW:- view #1 drop #2 *% fem ftw syntax aT FATT PAT TAT e:-
DROP VIEW view_name;
UPDATE VIEW:- view #1 ate Her * fore fra syntax HT TAT Pear TTT 2:-
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT columns FROM table
WHERE conditions;
view #T Tar data manipulation * fere sft feat stat @ TAT view ftw condition
THAT HLA ST:-
1:- view fate 2ae A TATA WAT STI
2:- af Aar record insert HAT ATeaT ZT aT view # primary key TAT AF not null
column #1 include ft 7
3:-view #1 update Tat delete #4 ¥ fey view # 4 primary key TT not null
column fT exclude(fereat) far Wat et
Ques - PL/SQL # procedure #1 @at &?
Procedure T# stored WHITH Za @ ras A ZA parameters pass # AH ZI
procedures #1 3a UH specific task #1 perform Her % fora Feat aa 2 Te TA
Tait atast % procedure #t ave # similar gat 21
PROCEDURE 21A(function) 4t azz Zt HF Feat f TT function # return value
vee a fratite adi & safe procedure # tar at fear strat 21 function 1 call #TAT
Ta procedure 1 call HAT aeaaT-aert faferat Z1 Function call Heat TAT SAT AT
at at frei variable # ft src 2 aT output 4 print wet set 21 Taf PROCEDURE
aT direct call fat AraT @ TAT AaLaH parameters pass #t fat ATA Z1 PROCEDURE
ff FUNCTION 4t az oracle database # store tad @ fra aragaHat & AqATe user
call Ft THAT ZI
TYPES OF PARAMETERS IN PL/SQL PROCEDURE:-
1.1N :- IN Trex procedure FI UH APT pass HAT FAT Zl AE WH read-only tat
Zl Procedure * az, IN Saftex Constant #t ave HM FEAT ZI
2.0UT:- TH OUT tAtez calling program *t 4 return FLAT Zl Procedure % Azz,
OUT 4zrfiex variable Ft ace HPT FAT ZI
3.IN OUT:- IN OUT ‘erfizz procedure #1 UH initial A] pass FATE AX caller #T
wh updated 4 return FAT 2
SQL object Fa Sat 2? SQL OBJECT 4st % Bret define fea St 21 SQL AAT HE THIEF object FATA HTT F
31:-table, view, synonym da series SaTfal Objects HI Aaa H fre He rules Zaz
ot frre @:-
1:-Object #1 aT afer 30 characters #T Zt AHA zl
2:-Object #1 4TH case sensitive Tt ZlaT ZI ZA upper TAT lower case H ferat ST
aA #1 object #1 ATA alphabet 4 Te Zar ZI
3:-object # ava #"" ar’ ' HT use At Prat STAT 21
4:-object # aT F digit alphabets, $, # gaTfe ar vat Hat ST THAT el Database FT
ava 8 seri A afer vet Seat ariel
SQL # cursor #2 &?
SQL teeta FT aa HA fer oracle wH AAMT TAA create FLAT z, Fr context
ufar fi el AAT ZI
Cursor 2a Aart war & few aigex Frat z az cursor ® are SA FAMA(context)
wftar ar fare Pear sat 2
cursor 41 size 4% Set F ATA flexible Za 21 Oracle cursor #T open #*ea * fer
main memory # % space predefined waar @ Tafeae cursor Ff size limited ect 21
oa aft TE query run eat % A cursor Tt FLAT Zl
Cursor at 9-1e Ft Etat @:-
1:-Implicit cursor
2:-Explicit cursor
1:-Implicit cursor:- 44 ff SQL eH execute Bra Z, Oracle * aT implicit cursor
T automatically create Ft far STAT @ Ha Reete * fora FTE explicit cursor Tet
art zi)
“star implicit cursor tar saa Saesa aaa at aa aah He aH ZI” Oracle art internal processing * fer Sit cursor open fat STAT FA implicit
cursor ea @ |
2:- Explicit cursor:- Explicit cursor $t¢-fSarg= Zar 21 Explicit cursor ge SA
FATA (context) TRA H Saran ream aT HT ZI
wa Preft caret peg Pats aT PL/SQL code block # watT Peat STAT TF cursor FT
Tan FRAT TAT Zl SA cursor #1 declare *ea * fem SQL queries #1 TAT FRAT STAT
al
e
=a Sat THI ® cursor # AT common attributes Za @, st fafeafaa 2:-
1:-%isopen:-4fz cursor open @ a true AAA false TY return FLAT Zl
2:-%found:-af record THAATTAy fetch Fra WT z AT true a7aT false 7 return
TT zl
3:-%notfound:-af2 record successfully fetch at FRI 7T ZT aT true wat false Toy
return @
BEGIN
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception1 THEN
exception1-handling-statements
WHEN exception2 THEN
exception2-handling-statements
WHEN exception3 THEN
exception3-handling-statements
WHEN others THEN
exception3-handling-statements
END;
wet ear FA areft ara Az Z WHEN others THEN #1 WATT act exception
handling block % sa # Prat sat @. 2a ate Pret at exception #1 handle +ét Frat
THT,
System Defined Exceptions in Hindi
% WATT PL/SQL H Feet F Zt define Za g Ax Eee Ta execute frat wat # HT
database * frat fart rule #1 violate (Seer) frat sTaT @. =z pre-defined
exceptions 1 #21 STAT Z. system defined exceptions # Ht a1 WHTe eld :-
1. Named system exceptions.
2. Unnamed system exceptions
Named system exceptions - fen % att SAHT ATA Tact A Tt define erat & tat FH
— ACCESS_INTO_NULL, DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX, LOGIN_DENIED arfa.
Unnamed system exceptions - 4 exceptions fir system % art are ft ATH eT
feat STAT See unnamed system exceptions Fad @. F exceptions AMATI het
at Sa &. STH AT parts Za Sf Tea code six FAT message. SA WHE H VFA FT
handle #24 % fer zrtT Pragma EXCEPTION_INIT 1 SANT FH ATA assign Frat
Oat @.
ZaqsT syntax —
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(exception_name, -error_number) ;
User-defined Exceptions in Hindi
=a Tate % exceptions #1 user % aI Ga create Fear stat @. Aare aa ara
ATA exceptions FH create HX THA Z att TE handle Fe AHA Z. User-define
exception #1 74a Tet declare HAT AALTH SAT Z AT TAH ATS Tes raise Frat sat
@. Be RAISE eat sit DBMS_STANDARD.RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR @t srfaear %
art raise FRAT STAT z.
zat declare #4 *T syntax Frater é-
DECLARE
my-exception EXCEPTION;
« SQL aT 2?
+ SQL Data Type in H
Raising Exceptios — Ufataa HT raise FCAT
wa oft aft aia database error Z1at @ ai database server * IT exceptions aT
automatically (474-217) raise #< far HAT & TT exceptions FT RAISE command
% art ¥f raise Prat ST apAT z.
Uw exception 41 raise HC FT syntax frafafad &-
DECLARE
exception_name EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
IF condition THEN RAISE exception_name;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception_name THEN
statement;
END;
Exception Handling #1 example
ist aaa STUDENT table #1 create frat 2.
SELECT* FROM STUDENT;
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS ROLL No
1 Yugal 26 Delhi 111111
2 Kamal 27 Dehradun 222222
3 Pankaj 22 Nainital 333333
4 Vishal 23 Kanpur 4444ag
5 Deepak 24 Mumbai 555555
6 Vinay 25 Haridwar 666666
=a Table #1 program —
DECLARE
s_id student.id%type := 9;
s_name student.name%type;
s_addr student.address%type;
BEGIN
SELECT name, address INTO s_name, s_addr
FROM student
WHERE id = s_id;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Name: ‘|| s_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Address: ' || s_addr);
EXCEPTION
WHEN no_data_found THEN
dbms_output.put_line('No such student! ');
WHEN others THEN
dbms_output.put_line( ‘Error! *);
END; RAR ASETE —
No such student
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
sux feu Ty program F student #1 ATH at address arseqe F area ATAU. TeeT SAT
aet id 9 frat z ax table F id 9 wet g Eahaw TTF run-time exception —
NO_DATA_FOUND raise #
