Development Studies

CLASS EXERCISES MARKING SCHEMES

MODULE 7: POLITICS & DEVELOPMENT
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
2(a) What is a monarchy?
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Monarch is a system in which the country is ruled by a King, Queen and
Module 7: Politics & Development Emperor.

Class Exercise 1: Marking Scheme (b) Describe three characteristics of a monarchy

1(a) Define government. - The characteristic of monarchy is that a king/Queen is the ruler/ The leader is a
king or queen
- Government is group of people who control a country/make decisions and - The position of King/Queen is hereditary in a monarchy
distribute country’s resources. - The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers
- The rulers are for life in a monarchy.
- Government is group of people who control a make decisions and distribute - The monarch is a ceremonial figure.
country’s resources. - In a constitutional monarchy, there is a Prime Minister who is the head of the
government.
- Government is all the departments/machinery which operate/execute the - The King or Queen makes laws in a monarchy
decisions made by the people who control the country - The ruler has absolute power in a monarchy

(b)Give three reasons why it is important to involve all the people in governing a 3(a) Define the term politics.
country.
- Politics involves decision making and distributing resources, it is about dealing
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is to get different ideas. with conflict and disagreements.

- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is ownership of (b) State three advantages of a monarchy.
projects since they had input/to ensure acceptance of what is happening.
- The advantage of a monarchy is that of maintaining tradition-that is, in a
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is accountability/ monarchy culture is maintained, kept and followed.
checks and balances.
- The advantage of a monarchy is that of creating an unchanging and stabilising
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is for influence.
transparency/encourages peace and harmony.
- Monarchy is not as easily corrupted as political Heads of States
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is to address needs of
the community/accurate/relevant needs identified and addressed.
4(a) Define the term state.
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is to empower
people/capacity building. - State is an organised political community controlled by one government

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(b) Describe three disadvantages of a monarchy form of government. - There are independent bodies set up to oversee the smooth running of elections,
for instance, to avoid rigging of elections or intimidation during election time.
- The disadvantage of a monarchy form of government is that been - There is free, fair and controlled election in multi-party democracy.
undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen

- The disadvantage of a monarchy form of government is possibility of getting an Section B

incompetent successor since it is hereditary
6. Study Fig. 1 which shows the 2016/17 budget allocation for various ministries
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made in a monarchy in Botswana.

- King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation

- The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power

- The disadvantage of a monarchy form of government is fights for succession

within the royal family/ succession disputes

5(a) What is ‘representative democracy’?

- Representative democracy is a system of government in which political

authority lies with people

(b) Give three characteristics of a multi-party democracy.

- The characteristic of a multi-party democracy is that people are free to form

different political parties and identify candidates of their choice for office.
- The multi-party democracy allow people to have freedom of speech and freedom
to discuss political choices.
- There is freedom of the press in multi-party democracy. Fig. 1
- There is freedom to campaign for different political parties.
(a)(i) Which named ministry has the largest share of the budget?
- The multi-party democracy allow all citizens who are 18 years or older have a
right to vote. This is called universal adult suffrage.
- Education and Skills Development
- There is a system of one person one vote. This means that everyone has a right to
vote once during the election time. (ii) What is the percentage share of the budget for the Ministry of Defence, Justice
- The elections are held at regular intervals. For instance in Botswana elections are and Security?
held every 5 years.
- There is a secret ballot voting system so that no one is afraid that other people - 9% - 12%
will find out who they voted for.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(b) Name two ministries which are included under “other ministries”. - The government borrows money from other countries both locally and overseas.
The international banks include the World Banks. This money is then used as part
- Ministry of Minerals Energy and Water Resources of the government revenue
- Ministry of lands and housing
- Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture - The government also raises money through state owned companies (parastatals)
- Ministry of Transport and Communications such as the railways, electricity and water supply networks.
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation - The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership which are
- Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism jointly owned companies such as De Beers and others.
- Ministry of Infrastructure, Science and Technology
- Ministry of Finance and Development Planning - The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign reserves
- Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs which generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of emergencies such
- Ministry of Trade and Industry as famine, drought and other incidents.

- The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through advertising

NEW MINISTRIES charges in state media, for example, Daily News and Botswana Television
- The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through privatisation
- Ministry of Agricultural Development and Food Security of parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations
- Ministry of Infrastructure and housing development - The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through foreign
- Ministry of Environment, natural resources, conservation and tourism investment
- Ministry of Finance and economic development
- Ministry of international affairs and co-operation (d) Describe three tasks that the government of Botswana does to promote
- Ministry of Employment, labour production and skills development
- Ministry of Land management, water and sanitation services
development.
- Ministry of Mineral resources, green technology and energy security
- Ministry of investment, trade and industry - The task government of Botswana promote development is to stimulate
- Ministry of Youth empowerment, sports and culture development economic growth through developing infrastructure such as roads, railways and
- Ministry of Nationality, immigration and gender affairs telecommunications.
- The government of Botswana promote development through provision of social
(c) Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana raises revenue to welfare services, for example, Government can give people access to health and
education, building health centres such as hospitals, clinics, building schools,
meet the budget. paying doctors, nurses, and teachers
- The government of Botswana promote development by keeping peace in the
- The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example, income tax country, for example, the government must avoid the use of force.
paid by employees to the government and Value Added Tax paid by consumers. - The government of Botswana promote development by planning for
development, for example, Government must try to draw up national
- Another way of raising revenue or income by the government is through development plans, usually for a period of 5 years.
licensing, for example, business and hunting licences. - The government is responsible for Nation Building, for example, Government
must try to create a feeling of national unity and belonging among all citizens
- The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through penalties - The role of government is to represent people abroad, for example,
which are paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put in the ambassadors, joining United Nations and SADC.
government revenue. For example, Offenders here include careless drivers, those - The role of government is caring for the environment through conservation.
who fail to pay for licences in time and many others. - The government role is to provide social justice, for example, magistrate courts
and high court.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (ii) Describe the benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that there is joint
decision making/good decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions
Module 7: Politics & Development - The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that people elect
representatives of their choice
Class Exercise 2: Marking Scheme - The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that there is
transparency regarding decision making as there is consultation/reduced
1 Study Fig. 5 which shows different type of governments corruption
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that generally there
is peace/stability which can lead to economic prosperity
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that people can
elect a different government if they are not satisfied with the current one
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that people are free
to form different political parties/stand for elections
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that there is
generally social justice/equity/equal sharing of resources as everyone is treated
equally.
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that the elected
represent the interests of the people/they are accountable to the people.
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that of minimal use
(a)(i) With the aid of Fig. 5, describe the characteristics of representative of force on people who the break law.
democracy. - The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that constitution is
upheld/no one is above the law
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that people are free to form - The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that of protection
different political parties/multi-partism of human rights
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is freedom/human
rights are guaranteed, for example, freedom of speech (b)(i) Describe the challenges faced by regional communities in the development
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is universal adult of their member states.
suffrage/people of age are allowed to vote
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that elections are held at - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their
regular intervals, for example, election are held every five years in Botswana member states is lack of common document, for example, passport.
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is secret ballot - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their
voting system member states is lack of common currency.
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is free and fair
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their
elections
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there are independent member states is lack of common development strategy.
bodies set up to oversee the smooth running of elections, for example, - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their
Independent Elections Commission (IEC) member states is diverse political paths/ideologies/bad foreign relations.
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that decision making is
consultative
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that of collective interest as
things are done for the good of people

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their (ii) Suggest ways in which regional communities can address these challenges.
member states is dominance by some member states
- The regional communities can address these challenge by members adopting a
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their policy to adopt a common currency for ease of trading between member states
member states is political instability in some countries or member states - The regional communities can address these challenge by members adopting a
policy to give priority to member states in trade/other activities/free flow of
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their goods/free trade between members
member states is overlap of production of goods and services, for example, Beef - The regional communities can address these challenge by student exchange
production by Botswana and Namibia programmes/research
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their - The regional communities can address these challenge when each member should
member states is huge external debts by member states have a voting right on every important issue affecting the region/levelling the
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their playing ground/reducing dominance by certain members
- The regional communities can address these challenge by serious monitoring of
member states is insufficient funds to carry out some projects
the implementation of agreed policies/agreements to avoid overlap of production.
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their - The regional communities can address these challenge by generating savings
member states is rapid growing populations of some member states from the region to avoid too much borrowing
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their - The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of a
member states is loss of human resources/brain drain to developed countries regional centre for diseases/diseases prevention unit for the region to monitor the
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their fights against the disease
member states is persistent drought/recurrence of drought - The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of
industries in less industrialised countries of the region
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their
- The regional communities can address these challenge by creating a common
member states is spread of communicable diseases, for example, covid-19 and storage facility for excess produce to help member states during times of need,
ebola for example, during droughts
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their - The regional communities can address these challenge by humanitarian/joint
member states is language barrier relief programmes
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their - The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of
member states is poor infrastructure in some areas, for example, roads and regional armed forces to restore peace/order/democracy within member states
- The regional communities can address these challenge by creating good foreign
telecommunication networks. relations
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their - The regional communities can address these challenge by adopting one common
member states is failure to enforce regional agreements. language
- The regional communities can address these challenge by collective funding of
infrastructure, for example, Kazungula Bridge
- The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of
common document, for example, passport

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Provincial/Regional government
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The function of provincial/regional government is to implement government
policies
Module 7: Politics & Development - The function of provincial/regional government is to carry out tasks allocated to
them by the national government, for example, run schools and hospitals
Class Exercise 3: Marking Scheme
- The function of provincial/regional government is to makes regional development
plans
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows levels of government and ways of decision- - The function of provincial/regional government is to pass suggestions from local
making in a democratic country. government to national government
- The function of provincial/regional government is to develop and maintain
infrastructure in the region/ public works

Local government

- The function of local government is to implement government policies

- The function of local government is to planning for local services
- The function of local government is to provision of local/social services
- The function of local government is to collect local taxes/rates
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national/regional government
- The function of local government is to support community-based
organisations/projects
- The function of local government is to consult the people/Needs assessment
Fig.1 - The function of local government is to pass suggestions of the community to
regional/national government
(a)(i) Describe two functions of each of the three levels of government shown in - The function of local government is to develop and maintain infrastructure
Fig.1.
(ii) Describe the ways by which the national government of Botswana generates
National government revenue.

- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through taxation, for

- The function of national government is to plan/ implement development of the
example, income tax paid by workers and value added tax paid by consumers
country/budgeting for the country
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through licensing, for
- The function of national government is to formulate government policies
example, business and drivers’ licenses.
- The function of national government is to make decisions in the national
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue by fines, for example,
interest/make priorities to benefit the country/nation building
traffic offenders such as over speeding and driving without licence.
- The function of national government is to make laws
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through production and
- The function of national government is to promote social justice/ reduces
sale of goods and services/ parastatals/ export of goods and services/ joint venture
inequalities between people
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through tourism fees,
- The function of national government is to provide social welfare services, for
for example, when entering a game reserve and parks.
example, schools and clinics
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through auctions, for
- The function of national government is to develop the infrastructure, for example,
example, selling of government property and goods no longer in use.
tarred roads and telecommunication networks

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 - The national government of Botswana generates revenue through advertising (ii) Describe the disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.
charges in state media, for example, Daily News and Botswana Television
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through privatisation - The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is that of been
of parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen.
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through foreign
investment - The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is possibility of getting an
incompetent successor since it is hereditary.
(b)(i) Describe the main features of the following forms of government.
- The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is that there is very little
Dictatorship consultation/ poor decisions are made.

- The main feature of dictatorship is that decisions are made by one person/the - The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is that King’s/Queen’s
ruler/a small group of people household becomes a financial burden to the nation.
- The main feature of dictatorship is that elections are ignored/ elections are
irregular - The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power.
- The main feature of dictatorship is that the leader is above the law
- The main feature of dictatorship is that force is used to silence opposition - The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is fights for succession
within the royal family/ succession disputes
Democracy

- The main feature of democracy is that elections are regular

- The main feature of democracy is that many political parties exist
- The main feature of democracy is that there is rule of law/ the law applies to
everyone
- The main feature of democracy is that people are consulted before decisions are
made/ there is consultation

Monarchy

- The main feature of a monarchy is that king/Queen is the ruler

- The main feature of a monarchy is that position of King/Queen is hereditary
- The main feature of a monarchy is that King/Queen is above the law/ rulers
thought have divine powers
- The main feature of a monarchy is that rulers are for life.

[RULE: 2 characteristics for each form of government at 1 mark each]

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2(a) Define the term democracy.

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - Democracy is a system of government where people elect representatives or

councillors to represent them in parliament.
Module 7: Politics & Development
(b) Describe three disadvantages of multi-party democracy.
Class Exercise 4: Marking Scheme
- There might be a problem of bureaucracy/ delay in decision making
1.(a) Define the term government.
- The multi-party democracy is very expensive to implement, that is, they are time
- Government is group of people who control a country and distribute country’s consuming and financially waste.
resources.
- The multi-party democracy can lead to tribal or religious conflicts as political
- Government is group of people who make decisions and distribute country’s parties may be formed along tribal or religious lines.
resources
- The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that some government officials
- Government is all the departments which execute the decisions made by the are corrupt, they accept bribes to make decisions that favours certain people
people who control the country .
- Government is administrative group of people with authority to rule a country - Sometimes government officials run unfair elections, and pretend they have won
within a clearly defined territory many votes when they actually lost the elections and this may lead to political
turmoil or crisis.
- Government is a system of controlling a country.
- The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that some people may abuse
(b) State three advantages of multi-party democracy. freedom of speech into character assassination and mud slugging.

- There is joint decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions.

- The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that consultation of people at
- The people elect representatives to represent them in parliament. grassroots level is a delay and a financial waste.

- There is transparency regarding decision making because everyone is involved or - The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that development projects become
consulted. election baits than genuine people wants.

- Generally there is peace and stability which can lead to economic prosperity.
3(a) Define the term state.
- The people can elect a different government into power if they are not satisfied
with the current one. - State is an organised political community controlled by one government

- The people are free to form different political parties.

- There is usually social justice and equity as everyone is treated equally.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 (b) State three characteristics of multi-party democracy / representative (b) Give three characteristics of a dictatorship.
democracy.

- The multi-party democracy is a system where political authority lies with the - The characteristic of dictatorship is that are normally set up by military leaders
people/government of the people by the people through a coup d’états.

- There is voting for parliamentary representatives in free elections / universal adult - The characteristic of dictatorship is that power is in the hands of a few
suffrage individuals.

- The political party with largest number of votes forms government. - The characteristic of dictatorship is that political parties are not allowed.

- The ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes. - The characteristic of dictatorship is that dictators make their own laws called
decrees and have them carried out as they wish.
- The parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the judiciary
- The characteristic of dictatorship is that dictators control courts of laws.

4(a) What is meant by one-party state? - The characteristic of dictatorship is that murders, asylums, exiles and mysterious
disappearances are common in such countries especially to people who pose as
- One-party state is when there is only single recognised political organisation in threats or who are seen an ‘enemies of the state’.
some countries. - The characteristic of dictatorship is that opposition is ruthlessly or brutally
suppressed or forbidden.
(b) Describe three advantages of one-party state.
- The characteristic of dictatorship is that elections are never held.
- There is less argument in the country.
- There is usually a resemblance of unity in the country
- One-party state leads to prevention of social class formation because parties are
believed to divide people into social classes.
- One-party state prevents tribal conflict because in countries where there are many
different tribes parties are formed along tribal lines.
- One-party state is cheap as costly elections are avoided.
- There is continuity as the ruling party can plan for longer period for it is
guaranteed a continuous reign or rule

5(a) What is a coup d’état?

- Coup d’états means to take over power by force and rule by an “iron fist”.

- Coup d’états means to overthrow government by force and rule by an “iron fist”.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (a)(i) What are the characteristics of representative democracy?

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The characteristic of representative democracy is that people can choose their
leaders
Module 7: Politics & Development - The characteristic of representative democracy is universal adult suffrage as all
citizens who are 18 years or older have a right to vote.
Class Exercise 5 - The characteristic of representative democracy is basic freedom, for example,
freedom of speech
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows a kgotla meeting in Botswana, and use it to answer - The characteristic of representative democracy is equality before the law
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that more than a single political
questions (a)(i) and (ii) party exist
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that regular elections held, for
example, Elections are held every five years in Botswana
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that party with the majority
forms government
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that consultation before
decisions are made
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that leaders are accountable to
the people

(ii) Describe the disadvantages of representative democracy.

- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that elections are costly because

a lot of money is used during campaigns and to prepare materials.
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that development projects
become election baits/use of natural resources to canvass for support
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that parties formed along tribal,
ethnic, religious, racial and other divisive tendencies
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that consultation of the people
at grassroots is time consuming/ little consultation at grassroots
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is the abuse of freedom of speech
into character assassination
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that majority can be
wrong/irresponsible leaders can be chosen looking at their riches
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is changing of governments
disrupts development plans
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is possibility of dominance by one
Fig.1 party/ give unfair advantage to the ruling party

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(b)(i) What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is technological development DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is employment creation
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is acquisition of skills. Module 7: Politics & Development
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is development of infrastructure
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is empowerment of local Class Exercise 6: Marking Scheme
entrepreneurs who own businesses.
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is the growth of 1. Study Fig.1, and answer question 1(a)
GDP/GNP/economic growth/GNP per capita
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is foreign exchange In a dictatorship, the people have no power over the government. The government simply
generation/exportation of goods tells the people what to do. Hastings Banda in Malawi was a dictator who even dictated
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is availability of Quality of goods
what clothes people should wear.
and services/variety of goods/ services are provided by locals
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is that government get revenue
from taxes Adapted from: Development Studies 1 by Mweti and Van Wyk
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is Social responsibility such as
sponsorship football and donates to orphans Fig. 1
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is attracting Foreign Direct
Investment [FDI]/ Multi-National Companies (a)(i) Describe the characteristics of a dictatorship.
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is to help with economic
diversification - The characteristics of a dictatorship is that of use of armed forces/secret police
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that of irregular elections/ elections
(ii) Why would the government take over some businesses? prohibited/illegal/ never held
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that leaders make laws alone/consultation
- The government take over some businesses for strategic reasons. is minimal/lack of consultation
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that leaders are above the law/ leaders lack
- The government take over some businesses to sustain non-profit making accountability
businesses thereby avoiding mass layoffs or retrenchments. - The characteristic of a dictatorship is that people can be imprisoned without trial
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that of opposition is prohibited/ group of
- The government take over some businesses for provision of affordable goods and few people/ individual rules
services.
(ii) Describe the disadvantages of a dictatorship form of government.
- The government take over some businesses for political reasons.
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that power is in the
- The government take over some businesses to generate income.
hands of one person/few people/people are powerless
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that government rules
without the mandate/ consent of the people
- The government take over some businesses compete against each other than - The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that of abuse of power
rather than working together. which is rife/rampant/ it is oppressive in nature/ there is no regard for the rule of
law
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that leaders claim
monopoly of wisdom

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 - The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that of irrelevant (ii) Describe common weaknesses of community based organisations in
development to the people/wrong decision making since there is lack of Botswana.
collective /consultative decision making.
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that corruption is - The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is
widespread due to lack of accountability and transparency/ leaders are self- shortage of funds.
seeking and generally greedy/ nepotism
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that the word of the - The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is lack of
leader is supreme/ opposition is silenced. support from people.
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that rulers can stay in
office indefinitely- no room for change of government - The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is lack of
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that dictatorship are skills.
usually sustained at the expense of human life
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that people are - The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is that
deprived of freedom/ the right to express their opinion/ freedom is curtailed, for sometimes CBOs are politicised.
example, freedom of worship, freedom of speech and freedom of association
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is political instability/ - The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is that
wars are common CBOs are usually personalised by leaders or founders.
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that of bad
international relations/ bad publicity/ sanctions/ low scores under human rights - The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is misuse
rating of funds by leadership.

- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is lack of

(b)(i) Describe three types of community based organisations. shelter for operation.

- Developmental community based organisations are those that focus on - The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is that
improving the infrastructure of the community/ promote the use of appropriate labour is provided by volunteers who may quit anytime.
technology.
- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is use of
- Conservationist/Environmental are those that focus on caring for the poor technology/lack of tool/ equipment
environment, for example, clean up campaigns or protecting nature resources.

- Welfarist /charities are those that focus on improving living conditions of

people such as giving food, shelter to the destitute/ orphans/ disaster victims

- Economic are those that focus on income generating activities for profit making.

- Educational are those that focus on disseminating information on various

societal issues.

RULE (Award 1 mark for type and 1 mark for description: award a mark even when type is
given without description or vice-versa: NB marks should be given for type of CBOs not their
names)

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - Top down approach decision making is when the central government makes all
the decisions, here decisions are made at the top and passed down to the people
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES who are expected to carry them out.
Module 7: Politics & Development
(b) Describe any three roles of the government of Botswana in the economy.
Class Exercise 7: Marking Scheme
- The government role is to stimulate economic growth through developing
1(a) What is meant by a dictatorship? infrastructure such as roads, railways and telecommunications.
- The government role in the economy is to provide social welfare services, for
- A dictatorship comes about when one person or small group of people control example, Government can give people access to health and education, building
the government health centres such as hospitals, clinics, building schools, paying doctors, nurses,
and teachers
- A dictatorship is a form of government which is even less democratic
- The role of the government is to keep peace in the country, for example, the
(b) Describe three ways in which dictatorship can be changed to democracy. government must avoid the use of force.
- The government role is to plan for development, for example, Government must
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by increasing number of political try to draw up national development plans, usually for a period of 5 years.
parties or offer money for new political parties to be formed or promote - The government is responsible for Nation Building, for example, Government
formation of political parties. must try to create a feeling of national unity and belonging among all citizens
- The role of government is to represent people abroad, for example,
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by consulting people or get ambassadors, joining United Nations and SADC.
people’s opinions before decisions are made. - The role of government is caring for the environment through conservation.
- The government role is to provide social justice, for example, magistrate courts
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by holding regular free and fair
and high court.
elections

- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by persuading people or negotiate 3(a) What is meant by bottom-up (Decentralisation) decision making process?
with people to comply on issues rather than apply force.
- Bottom-up decision making process means planning which involves sharing
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by respecting the rule of law and transfer of decision making power from the top to the middle and lowest
levels
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by upholding human rights or
giving people their freedoms, for example, freedom of speech

2(a) Define top down approach (Centralised) decision making.

- Top down approach decision making is when the national government makes
all the decisions, here decisions are made at the top and passed down to the
people who are expected to carry them out.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(b) Describe three ways in which the government of Botswana can raise revenue (b) Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people
for development. in rural areas to solve their problems.

- The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example, income tax - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to
paid by employees to the government and Value Added Tax paid by consumers. solve their problems by creating employment
- Non-Governmental Organisations help in the management and utilisation of a
country’s resources / encourage environmental conservation
- Another way of raising capital or income by the government is through licensing,
- The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to
for example, business and hunting licences. solve their problems by financing development/supplement/complement
government (Allow specific examples such as projects development)
- The government of Botswana can raise revenue for development through - The Non-Governmental Organisations identify themselves with the
penalties which are paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put disadvantaged/local communities
in the government revenue. For example, Offenders here include careless drivers, - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to
those who fail to pay for licences in time and many others. solve their problems by emphasising development of skills
- The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to
solve their problems by offering training to farmers
- The government of Botswana can borrow money from other countries both - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to
locally and overseas. The international banks include the World Banks. This solve their problems by introducing/offering extension services
money is then used as part of the government revenue. - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to
solve their problems by buying veld products from rural people / promoting
- The government of Botswana also raises money through state owned companies commercialisation of veld products
(parastatals) such as the railways, electricity and water supply networks.
5(a) What is meant by a Community Based Organisation?
- The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership which are - Community Based Organisation is a group of people that help to improve the
jointly owned companies such as De Beers and others. living standards of people in their area.

- The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign reserves (b) Describe three functions of Community Based Organisations.
which generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of emergencies such
as famine, drought and other incidents. - The functions of Community Based Organisations is that of promoting
community participation through cultural preservation, environmental education
and waste management
4 (a) What is a Non-Governmental Organization?
- The functions of Community Based Organisations is provision of Technical skill,
for example, bee keeping and brick laying
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of people/ institution - The functions of Community Based Organisations is administrative skill
helping in development without the aim of making profit dispensation, for example, keeping proper records, conducting meetings and time
management
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent institution helping in - The functions of Community Based Organisations is teaching and learning to
development without the aim of making profit resolve conflicts and solve problems together
- The functions of Community Based Organisations is provision of primary action
- Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent institution in community
- The functions of Community Based Organisations is improvement of standard of
living

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
country is communication, for example, television, radio and internet
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
country is water
Module 7: Politics & Development - The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
country is electricity
Class Exercise 8: Marking Scheme - The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
country is scholarships/bursaries among students
1. Study Fig. 4 which is an extra on politics. - The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
Politics is about making decisions and distributing resources. It is also about dealing with country is paid jobs in the government/civil service
conflict. We usually think that politics is the concern of only the government and the - The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
political parties. In fact, small scale political processes happen around us all the time in country is security services
families, school, churches, clubs and associations.
(ii) Suggest two political activities that are done by members of the following
Source: Development in Context Book 2 institutions:
Fig.1
(a)(i)Describe resources that the government of Botswana distributes among the The family
people in the country.
- The family members make decision/debate on how family income should be
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the used/ allocation to members
country is land for settlement or production. - The family members make decision on how family assets, for example, cars,
houses should be used
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the - The family members make decision on where to go for holidays
country is provision of health services/medication/Anti Retro Viral drugs - The family members make decisions on which school children should attend
(ARVs)/Clinics. The school

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the - The school is settling quarrels/disputes between parents, teachers,
country is education service/schools books/schools. children/students etc
- The school is involved in prefect selection/selection of class monitors/Student
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the Representative Council
country is service workers, for example, teachers, nurses, doctors, engineers. - The school is involved in choosing of various committees
- The school is involved in making decision of school menu
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the - The school is involved in making decision of school curriculum/subjects offered
country is animal control disease control medication. - The school is involved in making decision of number of students per class
The church
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
country is provision of Old age pensions. - The church makes decision on how money/offerings/tithes are used
- The church hold election of church officers
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the - The church makes decision on times for meetings
country is transport infrastructure, for example, tarred roads. - The church makes decision on how church assets, for example, cars, buildings
and other equipment are used
- The church is settling disputes between church members.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 (b)(i) Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
development in Botswana.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The action that government take to promote economic development in Botswana
is to keep peace and security Module 7: Politics & Development

- The government of Botswana promote economic development through provision Class Exercise 9: Marking Scheme
of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land
1. Study Fig.1 which shows social divisions among people in Botswana.
- The government of Botswana promote economic development through skills
development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills

- The government of Botswana promote economic development through provision

of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants, young farmer’s
grant

- The government of Botswana promote economic development by marketing of

locally made goods

- The government of Botswana promote economic development through

invitation of foreign investors

- The government of Botswana promote economic development through policies to

relax registration/licensing of businesses

- The government of Botswana promote economic development through relaxed

foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials.

(ii)Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve
social development.

- People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake

- People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life expectancy
through better health
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
- Increased self- reliance/ reduced dependency ratio
- Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced Death
Rate Fig.1
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy
rate/education

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(a)(i) Describe each social division shown in Fig.1. (b)(i) Describe the steps involved in each of the following processes in nation
building:
- Ethnicity is the situation where people of the same tribe or customs or traditions
are grouped together.
 Conflict resolution
- Profession /Trade is the situation where people of the qualification or training
separate themselves, for example, lawyers, teachers, accountants and engineers.
There is tension between high class and low class/ the high class promotes its
- Social status is the respect that people demand or are given based on their interests creating unhappiness for the low class, for example, religion and tribal
possessions /wealth, for example, people are divided into high status and low
status. The low class rebels against the high class through strikes/ other social upheavals

- Social class is the grouping that society allocates people based on their income or A resolution takes place to bring some equality among the people.
wealth.

(ii)Suggest how each of the following aspects of a person’s life may be related to The society is united
his or her social class.
 Consensus
- School attended: Children of people in high class attend expensive private
schools whilst people in low class can only afford cheap public schools. Society develop a set of shared values.

- Residential area: People in high class stay in high residential areas or suburbs In a traditional/primitive society, the group is more important than the individual
whereas people in low class stay in low cost residential areas/ high density areas/ so the common set of values is respected.
shanty towns.
In a complex society, division of labour promotes interdependence.
- Hospital attended: High class people go to expensive private hospitals whilst
low class people go to government or public hospitals when ill. The society is united.

Or
- Holiday: High class people go on expensive holidays, for example, Sun City, The ruling class imposes its rules on the rest of the society.
Durban but low class people rarely go on holiday because they cannot afford/
they just visit the village or cattle post. The low class and their children accept their position and the rules.

The society is united.

- Food consumption: High class people eat more food because they have money
to buy but low class people eat less food because they produce less/are many/they
lack money to buy food.

- Means of transport: High class people own private cars but low class people use
public transport/ walk very long distances

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(ii) Suggest ways by which the government helps to promote nation building in
Botswana. MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through adoption DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
of Setswana as an official or national language.
Module 7: Politics & Development
- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through
Class Exercise 10: Marking Scheme
introduction of the topic of Nation Building in the school’s curriculum
1. Study Fig. 1 which shows social structures among people of Botswana
- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through
promotion of the national flag, national colours and symbols.

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through

celebration of various cultures for understanding or cultural festivals such as
Domboshaba.

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through Nationa

Anthem is sung at important occasions

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through the use of
one currency

Fig. 1

(a)(i)Describe each of the social structures shown in Fig. 1.

- Status is the position one holds in the society/level of respect people within the
society give to an individual

- Profession/Trade is the division or classification according to job one is doing/

People who have been trained in the same field or area grouped together
according to their field.

- Class is the division of people according to their wealth or the amount of

property one has in his or her possession

- Ethnicity is the division or classification of people according to the tribes/ethnic

group they belong to

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 (ii) Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana can promote ethnic (b)(i) State problems faced by developing countries in promoting nation building.
tolerance (nation building).
- The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is lack
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by allocation of land of tolerance/many different ethnic groups or tribes involved
to anyone anywhere in the country - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is Influx
of migrants from other countries
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is past
encouraging/allowing inter-marriages amongst Batswana conflicts between tribes
- The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is
religious differences/internal conflicts/civil wars or strife
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by using indigenous - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is
languages in schools/mother tongue/national anthem/community radio stations corruption/nepotism/misappropriation of funds for nation building activities
- The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is
unbalanced development between regions in the country/people may be
- P The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by romoting/ uncooperative
celebrating indigenous cultures, for example, Domboshaba, - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is
Dithubaruba/attires/food/festivals increasing number of political parties/discrimination along party lines
- The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance through the use of failure to relinquish power by leaders
literature in schools written in indigenous languages - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is lack
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance through cultural of funds for initiatives
competitions during president’s day celebrations. - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is
Increasing population/high population involved- not easy to manage large
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by government numbers
officers posted anywhere in the country/ policies that all organizations post
(ii) Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to
officer anywhere
unite people in the country and build the nation.
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by students admitted
for studies across the country - The problem government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in
the country and build the nation is high population/ increasing population
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by teaching tolerance - The government of Botswana face problem of having many different tribes
through the media, for example, television/radio/newspapers/billboards involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of languages in trying to unite people and nation
building.
- The government of Botswana face problem of past conflicts between tribes in
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by infusion of trying to unite people and nation building
cultural studies in the school curriculum - The problem government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by removal of the country and build the nation is exploitation of ethnic differences, for example,
ethnic/tribal names, for example, tribal barricades such as Bangwato and formation of cultural groups
Bamalete - The problem government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in
the country and build the nation is unbalanced development between regions in
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by having all tribes the country/ people in the areas that are neglected feel betrayed by the
represented in parliament and house of chiefs government/ may be un cooperative

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (ii) Suggest problems that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of
power supply.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
Module 7: Politics & Development is lack of entertainment/most televisions and radios are off due power cuts.
Class Exercise 11: Marking Scheme - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
is failures to do house chores which need power/disruption of life, for example,
1 Study Fig. 1 which is an extract on provision of electricity by Botswana Power using washing machine.
Corporation (BPC)
- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
is poor security due to lack of lights.

- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
is lack of cell phone/telephone network/lack of communication.

- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
Fig.1 is that shopping is disrupted/most of shops are closed.

(a)(i) Give reasons why in most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
such as Botswana Power Corporation (BPC). is disruption of study by students.

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
Power Corporation is to avoid exploitation of consumers/to offer electricity at is that provision of health services is disrupted, for example, x-ray machines and
affordable price theatre for operations will not function without electricity.

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
Power Corporation is to ensure continuous supply is easy flow of traffic is disrupted/traffic lights stop working.

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
Power Corporation is to achieve economies of scale is damage to electrical appliances.

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply
Power Corporation is because electricity is strategic ,so it is better in the hands of is that production is disrupted/machines stop working.
the government than of individuals/ electricity is an essential service

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana

Power Corporation is because government has sufficient or enough funds to carry
out such a large scale service

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana

Power Corporation is to ensure provision of electricity to remote areas even when
it is uneconomic/to promote government policy of rural electrification

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(b)(i) Describe the activities of Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana, MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
which aim to improve people’s health.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by
providing clean environment Module 7: Politics & Development
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by Class Exercise 12: Marking Scheme
providing health education/print posters with health messages
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by 1 Study Fig. 1 which is an extract on Community Based Organisations (CBOs)
provision of food for poor, old people and orphans
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by
providing building better shelter for poor people and orphans, for example,
Habitat for Humanity
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by
digging boreholes to provide safe water Fig. 1
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by
carrying out immunisation campaigns (a)(i) Describe the activities of any one Community Based Organisation (CBO)
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by which you have studied.
providing provision of first aid at public events, for example, Red Cross
Village Development Committee
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by
- The Village Development Committee engages in fund raising activities to carry
providing caring for terminally-ill patients, for example, HIV and AIDS out projects
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by - The Village Development Committee is involved in conducting needs assessment
providing provision of testing of diseases and counselling - The Village Development Committee give feedback to government on
development matters
(ii) Suggest ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations differ from the - The Village Development Committee makes important announcements
government in their efforts to improve people’s standard of living. - The Village Development Committee represents people in official meetings/
speak on behalf of the people
- The Village Development Committee provides employment
- Non-Governmental Organisations initiate small scale projects whilst governments
- The Village Development Committee trains people in various skills/capacity
usually support large scale projects
building
- The Village Development Committee provide accommodation
- Non-Governmental Organisations involve the community people in running the
Neighbourhood watch
projects but governments sends government employees to manage projects.
- Non-Governmental Organisations listen to the people (bottom-up approach) but - The Neighbourhood watch controls crime
government usually gives instructions to the people (top-down approach). - The Neighbourhood watch conducts needs assessment
- The Neighbourhood watch give feedback to government on development matters
- Non-Governmental Organisations get funding from membership fees and - The Neighbourhood watch makes important announcements
donations whilst governments usually government revenue such as taxes and - The Neighbourhood watch represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf
income from parastatals. of the people
- Non-Governmental Organisations are selective in location but the government - The Neighbourhood watch provides employment
covers the whole country. - The Neighbourhood watch trains people in various skills/capacity building
- The Neighbourhood watch is involved in fund raising activities

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
Home Based Care (ii) Describe the challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as
they work to improve people’s lives in the community.
- The Home Based Care provide medicines for terminally ill patients
- The Home Based Care cleans up the terminally ill patients - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
- The Home Based Care provide counselling to patients/family members improve people’s lives in the community is lack of buildings for operations
- The Home Based Care provides health education to people
- The Home Based Care provides food baskets for patients/prepare meals/grow - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
vegetables improve people’s lives in the community is shortage of funds for activities
- The Home Based Care provides protective materials to care givers, for example,
gloves - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
- The Home Based Care helps with Community Based Natural Resource improve people’s lives in the community is shortage of skills for smooth and
Management (CBNRM) effective running/management skills

Conservation of natural resources - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
improve people’s lives in the community is that CBOs are easily politicised
- The Conservation of natural resources deals with harvesting of natural resources
- The Conservation of natural resources provides environmental education - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
- The Conservation of natural resources helps with domestication of veld products improve people’s lives in the community is that they may be dominated by some
- The Conservation of natural resources helps with setting up crafts projects groups, for example, old/elite people
- The Conservation of natural resources helps with sourcing funds for community
projects on natural resources - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
- The Conservation of natural resources helps with provision of scholarship for improve people’s lives in the community is misuse of funds by leadership
people in the community
- The Conservation of natural resources helps to create employment - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
improve people’s lives in the community is that they are looked down upon by
Burial Society people/lack of support

- The Burial Society provides transportation during funerals - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
- The Burial Society provides food during funerals improve people’s lives in the community is dependence on volunteers (unreliable
- The Burial Society provides airtime during funerals labour)
- The Burial Society provides labour during funerals, for example, cooking
- The Burial Society provides equipment during funerals, for example, plates and (b)(i) Describe the characteristics of a monarchy form of government.
pots
- The Burial Society provides coffins during funerals - It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen
- The Burial Society provide counselling and prayers during funerals - Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made
[Rule: Accept any suitable CBO and its activities. Award 1mark for naming and 5 - King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation
points at 1 mark each] - The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
- Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 (ii) Suggest ways which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
government.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of
government.is by increasing political parties or offer money for new political Module 7: Politics & Development
parties to be formed or promote formation of political parties.
Class Exercise 13: Marking Scheme
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of
government.is by consulting people or get people’s opinions before decisions are 1(a)(i) What is the importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the
made. development of Botswana?

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development

- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of
of Botswana is dealing with social problems such as drought relief, HIV and
government.is by holding regular free and fair elections
AIDS /poverty
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of - The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development
government.is by persuading people or negotiate with people to comply on issues of Botswana is promoting environmental conservation, for example, Kalahari
rather than apply force. Conservation Society
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of - The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development
government.is by respecting the rule of law of Botswana is promoting proper disposal of obsolete pesticides/ used oils, for
example, Somarelang Tikologo
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of
government.is by upholding human rights or give people their freedoms, for - The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development
example, freedom of speech of Botswana is help market local products, for example, Thusano Lefatsheng
market devil’s claw

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development

of Botswana is funding development projects, for example, construction of dams/
infrastructural development

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development

of Botswana is promoting good governance

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development

of Botswana is encouraging the use of appropriate technology

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development

of Botswana is improving the status of women by economically empowering
them

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development

of Botswana is protecting women’s rights and discouraging violence against

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 them/ equality in power sharing and decision making, for example, Emang (b) (i) Describe the activities carried out by Community Based Organisations
Basadi (CBOs) within the community.
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
of Botswana is engaging women in education and training , for example, community is encouraging local communities to come up with their needs and
Botswana Council of Women wants (Bottom-up)/ identification of community needs

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
of Botswana is helping improve living standards of marginalised people, for community is that locals are given chance to plan and monitor their development
example, The First People of Kalahari and disabled people projects/capacity building

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
of Botswana is capacity building in communities/ leadership development community is engaging in income generating activities to alleviate poverty, for
example, Growing of vegetables, keeping poultry, oil processing to ensure food
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development security
of Botswana is provision of employment
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
(ii) Describe the problems or challenges faced by Non-Governmental community is carrying out activities to enhance awareness in HIV/Aids/health
Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana. issues

- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
is leadership problems whereby NGO staff usually resent strong leadership community is information dissemination/ announcements
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana
is irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders which leads to NGO collapse/ - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
personalized community is opening up market centres for local produce
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana
is that NGOs often criticize each other which foster isolationism/ lack of - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
coordination community is crime prevention/ neighbourhood watch
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana
is that sometimes there is inter staff rivalry between local and foreigners
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana
community is infrastructure development
is sometimes projects benefit the easiest to reach rather than the most deserving
people
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
is that usually the local elite dominate decision making community is utilization of local resources
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana
is limited innovativeness/ resistant to change or new ideas - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana community is skills development
is limited funds to cover activities
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
is duplication of activities community is creation of employment
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana
is high staff turnover leading to poor continuity/ retaining workers very difficult

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
(ii) Suggest ways by which the challenges faced by Community Based MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
Organisations (CBOs) can be addressed.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Limited funds to cover all projects/needs/ financial support from government and
other others/ private sector Module 7: Politics & Development

- People lack of interest on community mobilization- community to be mobilized Class Exercise 14: Marking Scheme
through training, workshops and kgotla meetings
1(a) Define the term private sector.
- Lack of training- skills development should be carried out on COBs staff by
- Private sector refers to businesses that are owned by individuals and by a group
stakeholders
of individuals.
- Lack of co-ordination of CBOs- CBOs should have a mother body and work
together etc (b) State three benefits of having the private sector in Botswana.

- Dominance by the elderly should be discouraged by quota systems which creates - The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is technological
room for youth development
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is employment creation
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is acquisition of skills
- Alignment to political parties should be discouraged by the government or - The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is development of
stakeholders. For example, through workshops. infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is empowerment of local
entrepreneurs who own businesses
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is growth of
GDP/GNP/economic growth/GNP per capita
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is earning of foreign
exchange through exportation of goods
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is availability of quality of
goods and services/variety of goods/ services are provided by locals
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is that government get
revenue from taxes
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is social responsibility such
as sponsorship of football and donates to orphans.
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is that of attracting Foreign
Direct Investment [FDI]/ Multi-National Companies
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is helping with economic
diversification

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
2(a) What are multi-national companies? 3(a) Define sole trader.

- Multi-National Companies are enterprises that operate in several countries - Sole proprietor is a person who owns and runs a business
- Sole proprietor is an individual who owns and runs a business
- Multi-National companies are businesses with branches all over the world
(b) Give three advantage of a sole trader.
- Multi-National Companies are businesses that operate in several countries
- This type of ownership is advantageous because the owner is usually self-
(b) Give three problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana. motivated and has every reason to make the business become as efficient as
possible.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is - The individual owner is in full charge and can devote as much of his time and
retrenchments/loss of jobs energy to the business as he or she wishes.
- The owner has no need to consult or involve anyone when making a new policy
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is provision of for the business. This allows the owner to put decisions into effect without having
irrelevant services to convince others.
- Sole trader or sole proprietors are usually small and this allows the owner to have
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is exploitation more closer and personal contact with both the employees and customers.
of human labour / pay low wages - In most cases, it requires small amount of capital to start.
- Sole trader pays tax for development of the country.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is depletion of - Sole trader creates jobs.
natural resources because of fashion/competition

- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is that of been 4(a) Define the term partnership.
profit driven than socially inclined
- Partnership is a relationship that exists between two to twenty people who have
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is that they come together with the view of making profit.
may bring foreign expertise than hiring locals
- Partnership is a relationship that exists between two to twenty people who have
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is Pollution / come together with the intention of making profit.
harm to the environment
- Partnership is a relationship between two or more people who have put their
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is greed by resources together to make money
big investors
(b) State three characteristics of partnership.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is that of
Multi-National Corporations profit repatriation/Multi-National Companies taking - Partnership is owned by many people between 2 and 20 people.
profit back to their countries of origin
- Partnership is controlled by partners.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is brain drain
from government to private companies - Partnership has unlimited liabilities.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is closing
down of private companies / liquidation of companies

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
5(a) Define co-operatives.

- Co-operatives are enterprises formed by people with a common goal who bring
together some of their resources such as money, tools, labour and equipment in MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
order to reduce production costs.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
(b) Describe three benefits of being a member of co-operatives. Module 7: Politics & Development

Class Exercise 15: Marking Scheme

- The benefit of being a member of a farming co-operative is that of skills sharing/
members learn new skills 1. Study Fig. 1, which shows types of enterprises in the private sector.
- The farming co-operative makes it easy for members to raise a high amount of
capital/group investment
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative creates opportunity for
division of labour/sharing of tasks
- The members of a farming co-operative share ideas
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of collective
decision making/ good decisions are made
- The farming co-operative improves marketing of products
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of easy access to
financial assistance from financial institutions
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of sharing of a
common market to reduced competition
- The members of a farming co-operative benefit from collective saving which
gives them opportunity for bigger interest rates
Fig.1
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of cost sharing, for
example, transport is shared so the cost is shared (a)(i) State the differences between a sole trader and a private limited company.
- The members of farming co-operative benefit from bulk buying of raw materials
which inputs makes them cheaper - Sole trader is owned by one person whilst a private limited company is owned by
- The benefit of being a member farming co-operative is that of poverty alleviation many individuals/ shareholders
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of employment
creation - In a sole trader funding is provided by one person(owner) whilst in a private
limited company funding is provided by shareholders

- A sole trader operates on a small scale whilst a private limited company operates
on large scale

- In a sole trader the owner manages the business whereas in a private limited
company shareholders choose a board of governors to manage the business

- In a sole trader, all profit belongs to the owner whereas in a private limited
business, profit is shared by shareholders.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 - The sole trader has limited liability whist private limited company has unlimited
liability

(ii) Describe the importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana. (b)(i) Describe the sources of government revenue in Botswana.
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is - The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example, income tax
employment creation paid by employees to the government and Value Added Tax paid by consumers.
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is skills - Another way of raising capital or income by the government is through licensing,
development through provision of training to employee. for example, business and hunting licences.
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is - Penalties are paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put in the
technological advancement, for example, private sector bring advanced government revenue. For example, Offenders here include careless drivers, those
technology to a country. who fail to pay for licences in time and many others.
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is helps - The government borrows money from other countries both locally and overseas.
with infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads The international banks include the World Banks. This money is then used as part
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is by of the government revenue
ensuring quality production - The government also raises money through state owned companies (parastatals)
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is by such as the railways, electricity and water supply networks.
sponsorship of community activities, for example, sports and social responsibility - The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership which are
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is to relieve jointly owned companies such as De Beers and others.
government of burdens of running the economy - The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign reserves
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is fast which generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of emergencies such
decision making as famine, drought and other incidents.
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is
empowerment of the local entrepreneur (ii) Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is boosting unite people in the country and build the nation.
foreign exchange/ foreign direct investment
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is paying - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and
tax/ improve government revenue nation building is having high population/ increasing population
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is quick - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and
response to the demands of the market nation building is having many different tribes involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is languages
availability of goods and services - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is nation building is having past conflicts between tribes
diversification of the economy - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and
nation building is exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of
cultural groups
- The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and
nation building is having unbalanced development between regions in the
country/ people in the areas that are neglected feel betrayed by the government/
may be un-cooperative
- The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and
nation building is having HIV and AIDS scourge depleting funds which are

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7
 required to carry out nation building activities, for example, national celebrations

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Schemes Module 7