CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Web development refers to building, creating, and maintaining websites. It includes

aspects such as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management.
It is the creation of an application that works over the internet, i.e., websites.
Creating a website using web technology involves the application of various tools,
languages, and protocols to construct and maintain a functional online presence. The
fundamental building blocks of web development are typically categorized into front-end and
back-end technologies.

WEB TECHNOLOGY

1.2 HISTORY OF WEB TECHNOLOGY

Early 1990s: Birth of the Web
• Invention of core web technologies and first graphical browsers
• Technologies & Concepts: HTML, HTTP, URL, Mosaic
Mid to Late 1990s: Interactivity and Dynamic Content
• Client-side interactivity and styling introduced
• Dynamic sites emerge; browser wars between Netscape and Internet Explorer
• Technologies & Concepts: JavaScript, CSS, PHP, ASP

Early to Mid-2000s: Web 2.0 and Richer Applications

• AJAX enables partial page updates for smoother experiences
• Social media and user-generated content rise
• Technologies & Concepts: AJAX, Google Maps, Gmail, Social Media Platforms

Late 2000s to Early 2010s: Mobile Revolution & JavaScript Growth

• Shift toward mobile-first development after iPhone launch
• Server-side JavaScript adoption grows
• Technologies & Concepts: iPhone, Responsive Design, Node.js, jQuery

Mid 2010s to Present: Modern Frameworks & Advanced Web

Capabilities
• Single Page Applications (SPAs) become standard
• Emergence of PWAs, WebAssembly, serverless computing, and AI integration
• Technologies & Concepts: React, Angular, Vue, PWAs, WebAssembly, Serverless, A

1.3 COMPANY PROFILE

CodeBind Technologies is a certified (ISO 9001:2015), IAF, DAC, which is
accredited in the software development, industrial seminars, technical training-oriented
programs. We are extending the relationship with our clients and make familiar in the world
around your customers through the digital marketing sectors. Our support is also providing
in the optimizing your website in popular search engines that we are certified by the “Google”.
CodeBind Technologies is one of the development infrastructures in various platforms.
We are striving to stand the superior position in competitive world. In which, we mainly
focusing our infrastructure in the platforms of Website development, Mobile application
development and Digital marketing requirements for all business enterprises on globally.
 We believe on teamwork among our clients to make a tremendous success that
associated with different fields of clients in the development sectors like as banking,
educational, automation, production, manufacturing fields. Especially, we are collaborating
with 180+ clients and 2000+ projects on across the world like Japan, Singapore, China, and
Germany

MISSION
As per Business standards, our presence in the techy world to provide some valuable
services with high quality solutions like Website Design and Development, Graphics design,
Mobile application development, E-Commerce, SEO, Embedded Systems, Electronics
Solutions etc., We deliver with great satisfaction and make a growth in the market to our clients
around the global.

VISION
We are providing best quality of services to our clients with innovative ideas and cost
effective in the competitive global market to navigate the growth of your business standard in
worldwide

SERVICES
1. Web Designing and Development
2. Mobile Application Development
3. Embedded Systems
4. Internet of Things (IOT)
5. SEO, SEM, SMM, SMO
6. Digital Marketing
7. Open source Customization
8. Software Testing & QA
9. CMS
10. E-commerce
 CHAPTER 2
2.1 BASICS OF WEB DEVELOPMENT
There are two major areas: Frontend and Backend which forms the backbone of web
development each plays a crucial role in creating seamless, functional web experiences.

FRONTEND DEVELOPMENT
In this module, we explore the core technologies that run in the user’s browser—the client
side—including how web pages are structured, styled, and made interactive, building
everything users see and interact with.
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language): HTML is the language used to create the basic
structure and content of web pages. It uses elements, tags, and attributes to organize text,
images, and links.
• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS is used to style the HTML content. It controls
colors, fonts, layouts, and how the page looks on different devices` More importantly,
CSS enables you to do this independent of the HTML that makes up each web page.
• JS (JavaScript): JavaScript adds life to web pages by making them interactive. It handles
things like buttons, animations, and form checks.
BACKEND DEVELOPMENT
In this module, we will explore the technologies that work behind the scenes on the
server to handle data, run the website, and store information.
Server-Side Programming Languages
In Backend Development, Server-side programming languages are used to write
code that runs on the server, not in the user’s browser. This server-side scripting handles
tasks like processing data, managing databases, and controlling how the website works
behind the scenes

Below are some popular languages used to build the back end of web applications:
• JavaScript/Node.js: JavaScript is a popular programming language mainly used to add
interactivity on the client side (in browsers). With Node.js, JavaScript can also run on the
server side. Node.js is an open-source environment that allows JavaScript to build fast,
scalable back-end services like APIs. Many big companies like PayPal, Uber, and Netflix
use Node.js for their server-side code.
• PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development.
Since PHP code executed on the server-side, so it is called a server-side scripting
language.
• Python: Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate
systems more efficiently.
• Ruby: An object-oriented programming language designed to be simple and natural to
use. Ruby helps developers write clean and readable code.
• Java: Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming languages and
platforms. It is highly scalable. Java components are easily available.
• Golang (Go): Golang is a procedural and statically typed programming language having
the syntax similar to C programming language. Sometimes it is termed as Go
Programming Language.
• C#: A modern, object-oriented language often used to build web applications on
Microsoft platforms.

2.2 DATABASES
A database is where a website’s data like user's data, product's data are stored and
organized. It is part of the backend (server side) that manages and keeps this information
safe. Websites use databases to save and access information like user details, content, and
transactions. Some databases organize data in tables (called relational databases, like
MySQL), while others store data in flexible formats (called NoSQL databases, like
MongoDB).

There are basically two types of databases:

1. SQL/Relational Database
A relational database stores data in tables, similar to a spreadsheet, where each table has
rows and columns. The rows hold individual records, and the columns define the data
attributes. Tables can be linked to each other through special keys, allowing related data to
be connected.
• MySQL: MySQL is an open-source relational database management system that uses
SQL for managing structured data. It’s known for its reliability, ease of use, and
performance, widely used in web applications.
• Postgre SQL: PostgreSQL is a powerful, open-source relational database that supports
advanced SQL features and complex queries. It handles structured data, ensures ACID
compliance, and is known for its reliability and extensibility.
• MariaDB: MariaDB is an open-source relational database that evolved from MySQL,
offering improved performance, security, and features. It supports SQL queries, ACID
compliance, and is highly compatible with MySQL.

SQL COMMANDS
SQL commands are fundamental building blocks for communicating with a database
management system (DBMS) used to interact with database with some operations. It is also
used to perform specific tasks, functions and queries of data. SQL can perform various tasks
like creating a table, adding data to tables, dropping the table, modifying the table, set
permission for users.
1. DDL - Data Definition Language
DDL (Data Definition Language) actually consists of SQL commands that can be
used for defining, altering and deleting database structures such as tables, indexes and
schemas. It simply deals with descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and
modify the structure of database objects in the database
Common DDL Commands

Command Description Syntax

Create database or its objects CREATE TABLE table_name

CREATE (table, index, function, views, (column1 data_type, column2
store procedure and triggers) data_type, ...);

DROP Delete objects from the database DROP TABLE table_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name

Alter the structure of the
ALTER ADD COLUMN column_name
database
data_type;

Remove all records from a table,

TRUNCATE TABLE
TRUNCATE including all spaces allocated
table_name;
for the records are removed

Add comments to the data COMMENT ON TABLE

COMMENT
dictionary table_name IS 'comment_text';
Command Description Syntax

RENAME TABLE
Rename an object existing in the
RENAME old_table_name TO
database
new_table_name;

2. DQL - Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch data from the database. The main command is SELECT, which
retrieves records based on the query. The output is returned as a result set (a temporary table)
that can be viewed or used in applications.

Command Description Syntax

It is used to retrieve data from SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM

SELECT
the database table_name WHERE condition;

Indicates the table(s) from SELECT column1

FROM
which to retrieve data. FROM table_name;

SELECT column1
Filters rows before any
WHERE FROM table_name
grouping or aggregation
WHERE condition;

SELECT column1,
GROUP Groups rows that have the same AVG_FUNCTION(column2)
BY values in specified columns. FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1;

Filters the results of GROUP SELECT column1,

HAVING
BY AVG_FUNCTION(column2)
Command Description Syntax

FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1
HAVING condition;

SELECT DISTINCT column1,

Removes duplicate rows from
DISTINCT column2, ...
the result set
FROM table_name;

SELECT column1
ORDER Sorts the result set by one or
FROM table_name
BY more columns
ORDER BY column1 [ASC | DESC];

By default, it sorts
SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT
LIMIT in ascending order unless
number;
specified as DESC

3. DML - Data Manipulation Language

DML commands are used to manipulate the data stored in database tables. With DML,
you can insert new records, update existing ones, delete unwanted data or retrieve
information.

Command Description Syntax

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,

INSERT Insert data into a table
...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

Update existing data UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1,

UPDATE
within a table column2 = value2 WHERE condition;
Command Description Syntax

Delete records from a DELETE FROM table_name WHERE

DELETE
database table condition;

4. DCL - Data Control Language

DCL (Data Control Language) includes commands such as GRANT and REVOKE
which mainly deal with the rights, permissions and other controls of the database
system. These commands are used to control access to data in the database by granting or
revoking permissions.

Command Description Syntax

Assigns new privileges to a GRANT privilege_type

user account, allowing access [(column_list)] ON [object_type]
GRANT
to specific database objects, object_name TO user [WITH
actions or functions. GRANT OPTION];

Removes previously granted REVOKE [GRANT OPTION

privileges from a user account, FOR] privilege_type
REVOKE taking away their access to [(column_list)] ON [object_type]
certain database objects or object_name FROM user
actions. [CASCADE];

5. TCL - Transaction Control Language

Transactions group a set of tasks into a single execution unit. Each transaction begins
with a specific task and ends when all the tasks in the group are successfully completed. If
any of the tasks fail, transaction fails. Therefore, a transaction has only two results: success
or failure.
Command Description Syntax

BEGIN BEGIN TRANSACTION

Starts a new transaction
TRANSACTION [transaction_name];

Saves all changes made

COMMIT COMMIT;
during the transaction

Undoes all changes made

ROLLBACK ROLLBACK;
during the transaction

Creates a savepoint within

SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
the current transaction

2. NoSQL Databases
A NoSQL database stores data in a flexible, non-tabular format, unlike traditional
relational databases. Instead of using tables with rows and columns, NoSQL databases might
use documents, key-value pairs, wide-columns, or graphs to store data. This allows them to
handle large amounts of unstructured or semi-structured data efficiently. They are designed
to scale easily and manage big data applications.
• Mongodb: MongoDB is a NoSQL database storing data in JSON-like documents. It
handles unstructured data, supports powerful queries, and scales easily across servers,
making it popular for flexible, scalable applications.
• Cassandra: Apache Cassandra is an open-source NoSQL database that is used for
handling big data. It has the capability to handle structure, semi-structured, and
unstructured data.
• Redis: Redis is an in-memory NoSQL database known for its speed. It supports various
data structures like strings, hashes, and lists, making it ideal for caching, real-time
analytics, and messaging.
Types of NoSQL Database
NoSQL databases can be classified into four main types, based on their data storage and
retrieval methods:
1. Document-based databases
2. Key-value stores
3. Column-oriented databases
4. Graph-based databases
Each type has unique advantages and use cases, making NoSQL a preferred choice for big
data applications, real-time analytics, cloud computing and distributed systems.

1. Document-Based Database
The document-based database is a nonrelational database. Instead of storing the data
in rows and columns (tables), it uses the documents to store the data in the database. A
document database stores data in JSON, BSON or XML documents.
Documents can be stored and retrieved in a form that is much closer to the data objects
used in applications which means less translation is required to use these data in the
applications. In the Document database, the particular elements can be accessed by using the
index value that is assigned for faster querying.
 Collections are the group of documents that store documents that have similar
contents. Not all the documents are in any collection as they require a similar schema because
document databases have a flexible schema.
Key features of document database:
• Flexible schema: Documents in the database has a flexible schema. It means the
documents in the database need not be the same schema.
• Faster creation and maintenance: the creation of documents is easy and minimal
maintenance is required once we create the document.
• No foreign keys: There is no dynamic relationship between two documents so
documents can be independent of one another. So, there is no requirement for a foreign
key in a document database.
• Open formats: To build a document we use XML, JSON, and others.
Popular Document Databases & Use Cases

Database Use Case

MongoDB Content management, product catalogs, user profiles

CouchDB Offline applications, mobile synchronization

Firebase Firestore Real-time apps, chat applications

2. Key-Value Stores
A key-value store is a nonrelational database. The simplest form of a NoSQL database
is a key-value store. Every data element in the database is stored in key-value pairs. The data
can be retrieved by using a unique key allotted to each element in the database. The values
can be simple data types like strings, numbers or complex objects. A key-value store is like
a relational database with only two columns which is the key and the value.
Key features of the key-value store:
• Simplicity: Data retrieval is extremely fast due to direct key access.
• Scalability: Designed for horizontal scaling and distributed storage.
• Speed: Ideal for caching and real-time applications.
Popular Key-Value Databases & Use Cases

Database Use Case

Redis Caching, real-time leaderboards, session storage

Memcached High-speed in-memory caching

Amazon DynamoDB Cloud-based scalable applications

3. Column Oriented Databases

A column-oriented database is a non-relational database that stores the data in
columns instead of rows. That means when we want to run analytics on a small number of
columns, we can read those columns directly without consuming memory with the unwanted
data. Columnar databases are designed to read data more efficiently and retrieve the data with
greater speed. A columnar database is used to store a large amount of data.
Key features of Columnar Oriented Database
• High Scalability: Supports distributed data processing.
• Compression: Columnar storage enables efficient data compression.
• Faster Query Performance: Best for analytical queries.
Popular Column-Oriented Databases & Use Cases

Database Use Case

Apache Cassandra Real-time analytics, IoT applications

Google Bigtable Large-scale machine learning, time-series data

HBase Hadoop ecosystem, distributed storage

4. Graph-Based Databases
Graph-based databases focus on the relationship between the elements. It stores the data
in the form of nodes in the database. The connections between the nodes are called links or
relationships, making them ideal for complex relationship-based queries.
• Data is represented as nodes (objects) and edges (connections).
• Fast graph traversal algorithms help retrieve relationships quickly.
• Used in scenarios where relationships are as important as the data itself.
Key features of Graph Database
• Relationship-Centric Storage: Perfect for social networks, fraud detection,
recommendation engines.
• Real-Time Query Processing: Queries return results almost instantly.
• Schema Flexibility: Easily adapts to evolving relationship structures
Popular Graph Databases & Use Cases

Database Use Case

Neo4j Fraud detection, social networks

Amazon Neptune Knowledge graphs, AI recommendations

ArangoDB Multi-model database, cybersecurity

2.3 TERMINOLOGIES OF WEB DEVELOPMENT

Understanding the core terminologies of web development is essential before starting

with full stack development. Concepts like API, JSON, XML, and HTML form the
foundation of how data is transferred, structured, and displayed in modern web applications.
Whether you are building interfaces, handling data between frontend and backend or
integrating third-party services, these technologies play a central role. Here are the important
terminologies every aspiring full stack developer should understand before getting started:
What is an API?
An API (Application Programming Interface) is like a middleman between two software
systems. It allows them to talk to each other and exchange data in a structured way. It is like
an Invisible Connector that makes Apps work and connects your frontend and backend.
Imagine you are using a food delivery app. You enter your address, choose your food and
place the order.
• The app sends your order details to the restaurant using an API.
• The restaurant confirms and updates delivery status — again, through the API.
• You get real-time updates — thanks to APIs working in the background.

Why APIs Are Essential for Full Stack Developers

• Fetch Live Data in the Frontend: Use JavaScript to call APIs and bring in real-time
data like user profiles, product listings or order status directly into your web app.
• Build Powerful Backend APIs: As a full stack developer, you will create your own APIs
that handle business logic, interact with databases, and send responses to the frontend.
• Integrate External Services: Want to enable payments, maps, or social logins? You will
connect with third-party APIs like Stripe, Google Maps, Firebase, or Auth0 to power
your app with advanced functionality
Real world Example
Let’s say you are ordering food using a delivery app like Zomato or Swiggy. Here is how
APIs work behind the scenes to make the experience smooth:
1. Browse Restaurants: You open the app and see a list of restaurants near you. The app
sends your location to the server through an API, and the server returns a list of nearby
restaurants.
2. Place an Order: You select your favorite meal and tap “Order.” An API request sends
your order details to the restaurant’s system.
3. Track Order Status: The restaurant starts preparing your food and updates the order
status. That status is updated in the app through another API, showing “Preparing,” “Out
for Delivery,” etc.
4. Live Delivery Tracking: You watch your delivery partner approach in real time. The app
uses the Google Maps API to fetch and display the live location.

What is JSON?
JSON is the universal language for web data. Whenever your app talks to an API, the
data sent and received needs to be in a format that both the frontend and backend understands.
That format is usually JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) or we can say it the standard
format for web data exchange. JSON is a lightweight, human-readable way to structure data.

Example:
{
"name": "Sara",
"email": "sara@example.com",
"isPremiumUser": true
}
• Each piece of data is a key-value pair
• Text values are inside quotes " "
• Booleans (true/false) and numbers don’t need quotes
• Arrays and nested objects are also supported.
How You will Use JSON in Full Stack Projects
As a full stack developer, JSON will be everywhere. Here is how:
• Receive Data from APIs: Get user profiles, product lists, orders, etc., all in JSON
format.
• Send Data to the Backend: Forms, login info, and checkout details are often submitted
as JSON.
• Store Data in Frontend Apps: Keep session info, cart data, or UI settings in JSON inside
local storage or state.
Difference between HTML and XML
Both HTML and XML look similar, but they serve very different purposes. Both use
tags like <this>, but their roles in web development are completely different. Given below
are the key differences between XML and HTML:

XML HTML

XML stands for Extensible Markup HTML stands for HyperText Markup
Language. Language.

Used to store and transport data. Used to display data in a web browser.
 XML HTML

Predefined tags
User-defined tags (e.g., <book>, <price>).
(e.g., <h1>, <p>, <div>).

Not case-sensitive
Case-sensitive — <Name> ≠ <name>.
— <TITLE> = <title>.

Requires strict syntax — every tag must be Flexible syntax — missing tags are often
closed properly. tolerated.

Does not display content visually. Designed for visual presentation.

Tags are used to describe data. Tags are used to display data.

No predefined structure — very flexible. Follows a fixed structure for rendering.

CHAPTER 3
What is the Future of the Web Development ?
The future of web development is brimming with exciting possibilities,
driven by evolving user expectations, technological advancements, and
the quest for ever-faster, more engaging experiences. Here are some key
trends shaping the landscape:
• Decentralization and Openness: Blockchain and decentralized
protocols are gaining traction, potentially reshaping web ownership and
data governance, empowering both users and developers with open-
source platforms.
• Immersive Experiences: VR, AR, and mixed reality are rising,
creating interactive websites for deeper engagement and personalized
experiences.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: AI takes a central role,
driving smart automation, personalized content recommendations, and
AI-driven website builders.
• Voice-First Development: With widespread voice assistants, websites
optimize for voice search and conversational interfaces, opening new
avenues for user interaction.
• The Edge Computing Era: Data processing moves closer to the
network's edge, enabling faster responses and improved local
performance, especially for real-time applications and dispersed users.
• Security and Privacy Concerns: Increasing data breaches and
privacy concerns highlight the need for robust security measures and
user data protection, where blockchain and decentralized solutions
may play a role.
• User-Centric Design: Emphasis on user-centric design prioritizes
inclusivity, accessibility, and personalized experiences tailored to
individual needs.
• Continuous Learning and Adaptability: Rapid technological
advancements require continuous learning and adaptation to new tools
and methodologies to stay ahead.
• Sustainability and Green Web Development: Growing environmental
consciousness calls for eco-friendly practices, including optimized
code, server efficiency, and renewable energy solutions for data
centers.
• The Rise of Niche Developers: Technology specialization deepens,
leading to a rise in niche developers focusing on specific areas like VR
development, AI integration, or security solutions.