Shell Script
1. Create the script:
vi filename.sh
2. Press i → Insert your shell code
3. Press Esc, then type :wq → Save and quit
4. Run the script:
sh filename.sh
C Program
1. Create the file:
vi filename.c
2. Press i → Insert your C code
3. Press Esc, then type :wq → Save and quit
4. Compile:
cc filename.c
5. Run:
./a.out
1) UNIX Commands and Shell Programming
a. Display date in dd/mm/yyyy format (10 marks)
date +"%d/%m/%Y"
b. Shell script to generate factorial of 5 numbers (40 marks)
#!/bin/bash
factorial() {
num=$1
fact=1
for (( i=1; i<=num; i++ ))
do
fact=$((fact * i))
done
echo "Factorial of $num is $fact"
}
for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))
do
factorial $i
done
c. Calculate average waiting and turnaround time using Priority CPU Scheduling (Table
given with processes, arrival time, burst time, priority) (50 marks)
#include <stdio.h>
struct P {
int id, at, bt, pr, ct, tat, wt, done;
};
int main() {
struct P p[10];
int n, t = 0, c = 0;
float twt = 0, ttat = 0;
printf("Enter number of processes: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
p[i].id = i;
printf("AT, BT, Priority for P%d: ", i);
scanf("%d%d%d", &p[i].at, &p[i].bt, &p[i].pr);
p[i].done = 0;
}
while (c < n) {
int idx = -1, pri = 9999;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
if (!p[i].done && p[i].at <= t && p[i].pr < pri) {
pri = p[i].pr;
idx = i;
}
if (idx != -1) {
t = (t < p[idx].at) ? p[idx].at : t;
p[idx].ct = t + p[idx].bt;
p[idx].tat = p[idx].ct - p[idx].at;
p[idx].wt = p[idx].tat - p[idx].bt;
twt += p[idx].wt;
ttat += p[idx].tat;
t = p[idx].ct;
p[idx].done = 1;
c++;
} else t++;
}
printf("\nP\tAT\tBT\tPR\tCT\tTAT\tWT\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("P%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",
p[i].id, p[i].at, p[i].bt, p[i].pr,
p[i].ct, p[i].tat, p[i].wt);
printf("\nAvg WT: %.2f\nAvg TAT: %.2f\n", twt / n, ttat / n);
return 0;
}
2) File Commands and Shell Programming
a. UNIX command to create and list file contents (10 marks)
Create a file named mydata.txt and add content:
echo "Welcome to UNIX file handling." > mydata.txt
List contents of the file:
cat mydata.txt
List file details:
ls -l mydata.txt
b. Shell program to find area of a square (40 marks)
Save this script as square_area_calculator.sh:
#!/bin/bash
# Script to calculate area of a square
echo "Enter the length of the side of the square:"
read side
area=$((side * side))
echo "Area of square with side $side = $area"
Run steps:
chmod +x square_area_calculator.sh
./square_area_calculator.sh
c. Implement Semaphore using C (50 marks)
Save this code in a file named simple_semaphore.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <unistd.h>
sem_t semaphore;
void* worker(void* arg) {
int thread_num = *(int*)arg;
printf("Thread %d is waiting to enter critical section...\n", thread_num);
sem_wait(&semaphore);
printf("Thread %d entered critical section.\n", thread_num);
sleep(2);
printf("Thread %d leaving critical section.\n", thread_num);
sem_post(&semaphore);
return NULL;
}
int main() {
pthread_t threads[3];
int thread_args[3];
sem_init(&semaphore, 0, 1);
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
thread_args[i] = i + 1;
pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, worker, &thread_args[i]);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
}
sem_destroy(&semaphore);
return 0;
}
Compile and run:
gcc simple_semaphore.c -pthread -o semaphore_demo
./semaphore_demo
3)System Calls and Advanced Shell Programming
a. Use getpid() system call (10 marks)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main() {
pid_t pid;
pid = getpid(); // Get current process ID
printf("Current process ID: %d\n", pid);
return 0;
}
How to run:
Save as getpid_example.c
Compile: cc getpid_example.c -o getpid_example
Run: ./getpid_example
d. Shell program to check if a number is perfect square (40 marks)
#!/bin/bash
# Script to check if a number is a perfect square
echo "Enter a number:"
read num
if [ $num -lt 0 ]; then
echo "Negative numbers cannot be perfect squares."
exit 1
fi
# Calculate square root using bc (scale=0 to get integer part)
sqrt=$(echo "scale=0; sqrt($num)" | bc)
# Square the integer root
square=$((sqrt * sqrt))
if [ $square -eq $num ]; then
echo "$num is a perfect square."
else
echo "$num is NOT a perfect square."
fi
How to run:
Save as perfect_square.sh
Make executable: chmod +x perfect_square.sh
Run: ./perfect_square.sh
e. Implement Banker’s Algorithm using C (50 marks)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#define P 5
#define R 3
int main() {
int i, j, k;
int available[R] = {3, 3, 2};
int max[P][R] = {
{7, 5, 3},
{3, 2, 2},
{9, 0, 2},
{2, 2, 2},
{4, 3, 3}
};
int allocation[P][R] = {
{0, 1, 0},
{2, 0, 0},
{3, 0, 2},
{2, 1, 1},
{0, 0, 2}
};
int need[P][R];
for(i=0; i<P; i++) {
for(j=0; j<R; j++) {
need[i][j] = max[i][j] - allocation[i][j];
}
}
bool finish[P] = {false};
int safeSeq[P];
int count = 0;
int work[R];
for(i=0; i<R; i++) {
work[i] = available[i];
}
while(count < P) {
bool found = false;
for(i=0; i<P; i++) {
if(!finish[i]) {
bool canAllocate = true;
for(j=0; j<R; j++) {
if(need[i][j] > work[j]) {
canAllocate = false;
break;
}
}
if(canAllocate) {
for(k=0; k<R; k++) {
work[k] += allocation[i][k];
}
safeSeq[count++] = i;
finish[i] = true;
found = true;
}
}
}
if(!found) {
printf("System is NOT in safe state.\n");
return 0;
}
}
printf("System is in safe state.\nSafe sequence is: ");
for(i=0; i<P; i++) {
printf("%d ", safeSeq[i]);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
How to run:
Save as bankers_algorithm.c
Compile: cc bankers_algorithm.c -o bankers_algorithm
Run: ./bankers_algorithm
4)Calendar, Prime Check, and Threading
a. Display calendar of a year using UNIX command (10 marks)
cal 2025
f. Shell script to check if a number is prime (40 marks)
#!/bin/bash
# Script to check if a number is prime
echo "Enter a positive integer:"
read num
if [ "$num" -le 1 ]; then
echo "$num is NOT a prime number."
exit 0
fi
for (( i=2; i*i<=num; i++ ))
do
if [ $((num % i)) -eq 0 ]; then
echo "$num is NOT a prime number."
exit 0
fi
done
echo "$num is a prime number."
To run:
chmod +x prime_check.sh
./prime_check.sh
g. Implement threading using C (50 marks)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void* thread_function(void* arg) {
char* message = (char*)arg;
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%s: iteration %d\n", message, i+1);
sleep(1);
}
return NULL;
}
int main() {
pthread_t thread1, thread2;
const char* msg1 = "Thread 1";
const char* msg2 = "Thread 2";
// Create threads
pthread_create(&thread1, NULL, thread_function, (void*)msg1);
pthread_create(&thread2, NULL, thread_function, (void*)msg2);
// Wait for threads to finish
pthread_join(thread1, NULL);
pthread_join(thread2, NULL);
printf("Both threads completed.\n");
return 0;
}
To compile and run:
cc threading_example.c -pthread -o threading_example
./threading_example
