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Intro To Sampling Theorem - Engr Chris | PDF | Sampling (Signal Processing) | Electrical Engineering
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Intro To Sampling Theorem - Engr Chris

The document explains the process of sampling, which converts continuous-time analog signals into discrete-time digital signals by measuring the signal at specific intervals. It introduces the Sampling Theorem, which states that to accurately reproduce a signal, it must be sampled at a frequency greater than twice its maximum frequency, known as the Nyquist rate. Additionally, it discusses the phenomenon of aliasing that occurs when a signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, leading to distortion and the introduction of non-existent frequency components.

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8 views3 pages

Intro To Sampling Theorem - Engr Chris

The document explains the process of sampling, which converts continuous-time analog signals into discrete-time digital signals by measuring the signal at specific intervals. It introduces the Sampling Theorem, which states that to accurately reproduce a signal, it must be sampled at a frequency greater than twice its maximum frequency, known as the Nyquist rate. Additionally, it discusses the phenomenon of aliasing that occurs when a signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, leading to distortion and the introduction of non-existent frequency components.

Uploaded by

peterhabibadami
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Sampling & Sampling

Theorem
Introduction
The signals we use in the real world, such as our voices, are called "analog" signals. To process
these signals in computers, we need to convert the signals to "digital" form. While an analog
signal is continuous in both time and amplitude, a digital signal is discrete in both time and
amplitude. To convert a signal from continuous time to discrete time, a process called sampling
is used. The value of the signal is measured at certain intervals in time. Each measurement is
referred to as a sample.

What is Sampling in Signal processing?


The process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal is called sampling.
After sampling, the signal is defined at discrete-instants of time and the time interval between two
successive sampling instants is called the sampling period or interval.

Fig 1.0: Illustrating Sampling and Sampling Period

One way of obtaining a sampled or discrete-time signal from a given continuous-time signal, such
as x(t) in figure 1.1a, is by multiplying the that signal with an impulse train δ(t) of period Ts . The
output of the multiplier is a discrete signal also referred to as the sampled signal which is
represented with y(t) in the following fig 1.1d:

Introduction to Sampling Engr. Christopher A. Alabi


Fig 1.1a: Continuous-time signal x(t) Fig 1.1c: multiplier of x(t) with 𝛿(𝑡)

Fig 1.1b: impulse train 𝛿(𝑡)


Fig 1.1d: Resultant discrete-time (sampled)
signal 𝑦(𝑡)

Sampling Theorem and Nyquist Rate


If the signal contains high frequency components, we will need to sample at a higher rate to avoid
losing information that is in the signal. In general, to preserve the full information in the signal, it
is necessary to sample at twice the maximum frequency of the signal. This is known as the
Nyquist rate or the Nyquist frequency.

The Sampling Theorem also called Shannon’s Sampling Theorem states that a signal can be
exactly reproduced from it’s samples if it is sampled at a frequency fs, where fs is greater than
twice the maximum frequency component fmax of the signal.

𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝟐𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟐𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 is the Nyquist frequency

Signal Reconstruction and Aliasing Effect


The sampling theorem suggests that a process exists for reconstructing a continuous-time signal
from its samples.

What happens if we sample the signal at a frequency that is lower than the Nyquist rate? When
we seek to reconstruct the continuous time signal from such discrete samples, a phenomenon
known as aliasing occurs.

Introduction to Sampling Engr. Christopher A. Alabi


Aliasing is an undesirable effect in which the presence of frequency components which did not
exist in the original signal are introduced after reconstruction from its sampled form. Aliasing
results from sampling at a lower frequency than the nyquist frequency. Aliasing occurs because
signal frequencies can overlap if the sampling frequency is too low. Frequencies "fold" around
half the sampling frequency - which is why this frequency is often referred to as the folding
frequency.

Introduction to Sampling Engr. Christopher A. Alabi

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