String Functions or Methods:
Python supports so many functions or methods in String concept to handling the
String data. They are ,
1. capitalize():
This function converts first letter of first word in the given string into upper
case format.
>>> str1 = 'python developer'
>>> str1.capitalize() # 'Python developer'
2. title():
This function converts first character of each word in the given string into
upper case format.
>>> str1 = 'python developer'
>>> str1.title() # 'Python Developer'
3. islower():
This function checks whether the given string contains all lower case letters
or not. If all are lower case then it will return True else False.
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> str1.islower() # True
>>> str2="Python"
>>> str2.islower() # False
4. isupper():
This function checks whether the given string contains all upper case letters
or not. If all are upper case then it will return True else False.
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> str1.isupper() # False
>>> str3='PYTHON'
>>> str3.isupper() # True
5. lower():
This function converts all letters of given string into lower case.
>>> str3='PYTHON'
>>> str3.lower() 'python'
6. upper():
This function converts all letters of given string into upper case.
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> str1.upper() 'PYTHON DEVELOPER'
7. len():
This function counts the number of characters in the given string and returns
count value.
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> len(str1) 16
8. count(element, start_index_position, end_index_position):
This function counts number of occurrences of a specific character in the
given string and returns count value.
here start_index_position value is starts with 0 by default and
end_index_position ends with -1 by default.
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> str1.count('o') 2
>>> str1.count('o',5) 1
9. find(element, start_index_position, end_index_position):
Syntax : str.find(element , index_position)
This function finds the index position of specific character in the given string.
By default index position value is taking zero (0), means element searching
from 0 index place onwords.
If we specifiying any index value then searching starts from that index value
only.
If searching element not available in given string then it returns -1 value.
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> str1.find('o') 4 --->> for first occurrence of ‘o’
>>> str1.find('o', 5 ) 12 --->> for second occurrence of ‘o’
10. index(element, start_index_position, end_index_position):
The index() method finds the first occurrence of the specified value.
The index() method raises an exception if the value is not found.
The index() method is almost the same as the find() method, the only
difference is that the find() method returns -1 if the value is not found.
Syntax : string.index(element_value, start_index_value, end_index_value)
Parameter Description
value Required. The value to search for
start Optional. Where to start the search. Default is 0
end Optional. Where to end the search. Default is to the end of the
string
11. split():
This function splits the given string into multiple strings and returns in the
form of list of strings.
By default space is taken as splitting parameter.
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> str1.split() ['python', 'developer']
If you want to splitting the string by using any special parameter insted of
space then we use that special parameter using split().
>>> str1='python developer'
>>> str1.split('o') ['pyth', 'n devel', 'per']
12. splitlines()
By using this splitlines() method we can find total number of rows from a
given string and it returns in the form of list and every single line as a one
strings .
It is used \n as a separator.
>>> s1 = """Python is esay.
Python is more simple.
Python is a language
"""
>>> print(s1.splitlines())
['Python is esay.', 'Python is more simple.', 'Python is a language']
>>> print(len(s1.splitlines()))
3
13. swapcase():
This function swaps all lower case letters into upper case and swaps all upper
case letters into lower case letters.
>>> str1='PyThOn'
>>> str1.swapcase() 'pYtHoN'
14. reversed():
This function reverses the given string and returns reversed object only but
not values directly.
If you want to get the reversed string for given string then we use join()
method.
reversed() method is not done any changes in the given main string and
result will store into a separate variable.
>>> str='Python'
>>> print(str) Python
>>> str1=''.join(reversed(str))
>>> print(str1) nohtyP
>>> s
'Srinivas'
>>> reversed(s)
<reversed object at 0x0042D5D0>
# it prints reversed object only. It creates new object. use join() to get reverse
string.
>>> ''.join(reversed(s))
'savinirS'
15. sorted(obj) :
It will sorting the characters in assending order by default.
>>> st = 'Python'
>>> sorted(st)
['P', 'h', 'n', 'o', 't', 'y']
To get as a string format then use join() like below,
>>> ''.join(sorted(st))
'Phnoty'
Q ) How to display the given string in descending order?
>>> st="python"
>>> ''.join(reversed(sorted(st)))
'ytponh'
or
>>> ''.join(sorted(st,reverse=True))
'ytonhP'
Q ) How to display the given string with two dots between each character?
>>> s1='python'
>>> s10='..'.join(s1)
>>> s10
'p..y..t..h..o..n'
16. replace():
This function replaces an existing character(s) with new character(s).
syntax : str.replace(old_sub_string , new_sub_string)
>>> str1='python learner'
>>> print(str1) python learner
>>> str2=str1.replace('learner','developer')
>>> print(str2) python developer
>>> print(str1) python learner
Note: we can remove any character(s) with non-empty space.
>>> str1='Python'
>>> print(str1) Python
>>> type(str1) <class 'str'>
>>> str2 = str1.replace('thon','')
>>> print(str2) Py
>>> type(str2) <class 'str'>
del :
We can also remove string object by using "del" command, but we can not
delete string object elements(charecters) because string is immutable
object.
Example:
>>> str1="Python Srinivas"
>>> print(str1) Python Srinivas
>>> type(str1) <class 'str'>
>>> id(str1) 63806464
>>> del str1 #deleting str1
>>> print(str1) #after deleting
NameError: name 'str1' is not defined
Note:
>>> del str1[0]
TypeError: 'str' object doesn't support item deletion
17. format() :
The format() method formats the specified value(s) and insert them inside
the string's placeholder.
The placeholder is defined using curly brackets: {}.
The placeholders can be identified using named indexes {price}, numbered
indexes {0}, or even empty placeholders {}.
The format() method returns the formatted string.
Syntax : string.format(value1, value2...)
Example:
>>> txt1 = "My name is {fname}, My age is {age}".format(fname = "Srinivas", age =
30)
>>> txt1
"My name is Srinivas, My age is 30"
>>> a = "Employee name is {0} and age is {1}".format(20,'Kiran')
>>> a
'Employee name is 20 and age is Kiran'
>>> a = "Employee name is {1} and age is {0}".format(20,'Kiran')
>>> a
'Employee name is Kiran and age is 20'
>>> name = 'Ramu'
>>> age = 30
>>> a = "Employee name is {} and age is {}".format('Ravi',40)
>>> a
'Employee name is Ravi and age is 40'
When Errors Coming:
a = "Employee name is {name} and age is {age}".format(age,name)
Outpput : KeyError: 'name'
a = "Employee name is {0} and age is {1}".format(age=20,name='Kiran')
Output : IndexError: tuple index out of range
18. endswith():
The endswith() method returns True if the string ends with the specified
value, otherwise False.
syntax : string.endswith(value, start_index_value, end_index_value)
f’string concept’
=============
>>> ename="Virat"
>>> age =30
>>> f'Employee name is {ename} and age is {age}'
'Employee name is Virat and age is 30'
Q. Check if the string ends with a punctuation sign (.):
>>> txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
>>> x = txt.endswith(".")
>>> x
True
19. startswith() :
Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
>>> txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
>>> x = txt.startswith("wel", 7, 20)
>>> x
True
# use a dictionary with ascii codes to replace 83 (S) with 80 (P):
>>> mydict = {83: 80};
>>> txt = "Hello Sam!";
>>> print(txt.translate(mydict));
20. strip():
The strip() method removes any leading (spaces at the beginning) and trailing
(spaces at the end) characters (space is the default leading character to
remove)
>>> txt = " banana "
>>> x = txt.strip()
>>> print("of all fruits", x, "is my favorite")
of all fruits banana is my favorite
21. rstrip() : Returns a right trim version of the string
22. lstrip() : Returns a left trim version of the string
Questions:
