MANUAL

For

CAE Laboratory

B.E Mechanical & Production

Mechanical Engineering Department

Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology
Banajra Hills, Road No.3, Hyderabad-500034

PREPARED BY

Mr. S. Irfan Sadaq

Assistant professor, MED, MJCET

Dr. Ishrat M. M
Professor, MED, MJCET
ME 433

CAE LAB

Instruction 3 Periods per week

Duration of University Examination 3 Hours
University Examination 50 Marks
Sessional 25 Marks

1. Analysis of Plane Truss & Spatial Truss with various cross sections and materials
to determine member forces, member strains & stresses, joint deflections under
static, thermal and combined loading.
2. 2D & 3D beam analysis with different sections, different materials for different
loads (forces and moments) with different end supports.
3. Static analysis of plate with a hole to determine the deformations, the Stresses to
study the failure behavior and SCF.
4. Plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric loading on the in plane members with in
plane loading to study the stresses and strains.
5. Static analysis of connecting rod with tetrahedron and brick elements.
6. Static Analysis of flat and curved shell due to internal pressure and moments to
estimate the strains, stresses and reactions forces and moments with different
boundary conditions.
7. Buckling analysis of plates, shells and beams to estimate BF and modes.
8. Modal analysis of beams, plates and shells for natural frequencies and mode shapes.
9. Harmonic analysis of a Shaft subjected to periodic force and transient analysis of
plate subjected to stepped and ramped loading with varying time.
10. Steady state heat transfer Analysis Cross section of chimney and transient heat
transfer analysis of solidification of castings.
11. Non linear analysis of cantilever beam with non-linear materials at tip moment and
post buckling analysis of shells for critical loads.
12. Coupled field analysis.
13. Flow analysis of pipe with different fluids/gasses/air for velocity and pressure
gradients.
14. CFD analysis of aerofoil design.
15. CFD analysis of ducts/impeller/fan.
16. Use of MATLAB for finding B matrix, stiffness matrix and loading matrices of
beam/in plane/solid elements and interfacing with CAE software’s

Note: 1. Any of FEA software ANSYS/ABAQUS/NASTRAN/NISA/CAEFEM/ADINA

may be used

2. Any 12 experiments to be conducted

 COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Analysis of Plane Truss & Spatial Truss with various cross sections and
materials to determine member forces, member strains & stresses, joint
deflections under static, thermal and combined loading.
2. 2D & 3D beam analysis with different sections, different materials for
different loads (forces and moments) with different end supports.
3. Static analysis of plate with a hole to determine the deformations, the Stresses
to study the failure behavior and SCF.
4. Plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric loading on the in plane members
with in plane loading to study the stresses and strains.
5. Static analysis of connecting rod with tetrahedron and brick elements.
6. Static Analysis of flat and curved shell due to internal pressure and moments
to estimate the strains, stresses and reactions forces and moments with
different boundary conditions.
7. Buckling analysis of plates, shells and beams to estimate BF and modes.
8. Modal analysis of beams, plates and shells for natural frequencies and mode
shapes.
9. Harmonic analysis of a Shaft subjected to periodic force and transient
analysis of plate subjected to stepped and ramped loading with varying time.
10. Steady state heat transfer Analysis Cross section of chimney and transient
heat transfer analysis of solidification of castings.
11. Non linear analysis of cantilever beam with non-linear materials at tip
moment and post buckling analysis of shells for critical loads.
12. CFD analysis of aerofoil design.

1
 CONTENTS

Ex. PG.
Title of the exercise
No. NO.

1. Introduction to Computer Aided Engineering

2. Analysis of Plane Truss

3. 2D & 3D beam analysis

4. Static analysis of plate with a hole

5. Static analysis of connecting rod

6. Buckling analysis of plates, shells and beams

7. Modal analysis

8. Harmonic analysis

9 Steady state heat transfer Analysis

10 CFD analysis of aerofoil design

2
 INTRODUCTION
(Computer Aided Engineering)

This module aims to give students an introduction to CAE to enable them to tackle a range
of problems using appropriate software. An introduction to some numerical techniques is
provided, the use of software is developed and critical appraisal of results is emphasized.
For stress, thermal and many other types of analysis, only the simplest of configurations can
be solved by exact analytic methods. For the vast majority of engineering components some
alternative method is needed and the usual approach involves a method of approximation
requiring some numerical techniques to solve, which in turn requires the use of a digital
computer.

NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES

Stress, vibration and thermal analysis.

There are 3 main methods of numerical approximation:

 Finite difference (FD) method

 Finite element analysis (FEA)
 Boundary element method (BEM)

These methods all have some advantages and disadvantages. FEA is a variant of some
classical approximation methods, whereas the FD method is an older procedure that has
been used in one form or another almost since the inception of differential calculus. FEA
was first adapted for stress analysis problem solving by Southwell. Ever since FEA were
first used, there have been arguments about their relative merits versus the longer
established FD method.

FEA

FEA involves mathematical approximations associated with the displacement function of a

particular element and geometric approximations to the component shape. An advantage of
FEA is that it can be used to analyze virtually any structural problem in a routine manner -
hence non homogeneous material can be accommodated as the assembly of elements with
different properties is straightforward.

FD Method

The FD method uses a finite difference approximation to the (partial) differential equations
that describe the behavior of the system. A significant difficulty in solving the equations is

3
that with fine meshes, needed for adequate accuracy, there may be instability in determining
the solution. Discontinuous interfaces, such as abrupt changes in material properties or
geometry require special treatment. FD tends to be used more for Fluids problems than for
Mechanics problems.

BEM

The BEM method reduces the dimensionality of the problem by 1, so the overall size of the
computation the smaller than in FEA or FD, but the matrices produced are assymetric and
densely packed and may require just as much computational effort to solve as when using
FEA or FD. The method is particularly suited to problems with high stress gradients such as
fracture mechanics. Boundaries that are nominally at 'infinity' may readily by handled
whereas such boundaries increase the size of FEA and FD problems. The underlying
mathematics is however more complex than the other two methods.

ANSYS
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computer simulation technique used in engineering

analysis it uses a numerical technique called the finite element method (FEA). There are
many finite element software packages, both free and proprietary development of the finite
element method in structural mechanics is usually based on an energy principle such as the
virtual work principle or the minimum total potential energy principle.

In general, there are three phases in any computer-aided engineering task:

 Pre-processing- Defining the finite element model and environmental factors to be

applied to it.
 Analysis solver- Solution of finite element model.
 Post-processing of results using visualization tools.

PRE-PROCESSING

The first step in using FEA, pre-processing, is constructing a finite element model of the
structure to be analyzed. The input of a topological description of he structure’s geometric
features is required in most FEA packages. This can be in either 1D, 2D or 3D form,
modeled by line, shape, or surface representation, respectively, although nowadays 3D
models are predominantly used. The primary objective of the model is to realistically
replicate the important parameters and features of the real model. The simplest mechanism
to achieve modeling similarity in structural analysis is to utilize pre-existing digital
blueprints, design files, CAD models, and/or data by importing that into an FEA
4
environment. Once the finite element geometric model has been created, a meshing
procedure is used to define and break-up the model into small elements. In general, a finite
element model is defined by a mesh network, which is made up of the geometric
arrangement of elements and nodes.

Nodes represent points at which features such as displacements are calculated. FEA
packages use node numbers to serve as an identification tool in viewing solutions in
structures such as deflections. Elements are bounded by sets of nodes, and define localized
mass and stiffness properties of the model. Elements are also defined by mesh numbers,
which allow references to be made to corresponding deflections or stresses at specific model
locations.

ANALYSIS (COMPUTATION OF SOLUTION)

The next stage of FEA process is analysis. The FEM conducts a series of computational
procedures involving applied forces, and the properties of the elements which produce a
model solution. Such a structural analysis allows the determination of effects such as
deformations, strains, and stresses which are caused by applied structural loads such as
force, pressure and gravity.

POST-PROCESSING (VISUALIZATION)

These results can then be studied using visualization tools within the FEA environment to
view and to fully identify implications of the analysis. Numerical and graphical tools allow
the precise location of data such as stresses and deflections to be identified.

5
 INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS
Ansys is a general purpose finite element modeling package for numerically solving a wide
variety of mechanical, electrical problems.

These problems include:

Static/Dynamic structural analysis (Both linear and nonlinear)

1. Fluid analysis
laminar flow
turbulent flow
2. Acoustic analysis
3. Electromagnetic analysis
4. Model analysis
5. Thermal analysis
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
6. Transient thermal analysis
7. Buckling analysis
8. Spectrum analysis
9. Harmonic analysis

Static analysis: In this type of problem we determine the elastic data deflections and
stresses at critical points due to a system to external forces acting on structure nodal.
Modal analysis: In this type of problem we determine the vibration characteristics.
Harmonic analysis: We will determine the response of structure to harmonically time
varying loads.
Buckling analysis: We determine the buckling loa ds and also buckling shape.
Thermal analysis: In this we determine low thermal stresses are there in given structure.
Fluid analysis: In this we can see how a comprehensive got that fluid flows through a given
number under given condition.
Structural Static Analysis
A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a structure, while
ignoring inertia and damping effects, such as those caused by time-var ying loads. A static
analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads (such as gravity and rotational velocity),
and time-varying loads that can be approximated as static equivalent loads (such as the static
equivalent wind and seismic loads commonly defined in many building codes).

Static analysis determines the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in structures or
components caused by loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping effects.
Steady loading and response conditions are assumed; that is, the loads and the structure's
response are assumed to vary slowly with respect to time.

6
The types of loading that can be applied in a static analysis include:
 Externally applied forces and pressures
 Steady-state inertial forces (such as gravity or rotational velocity)
 Imposed (nonzero) displacements
 Temperatures (for thermal strain)
 Fluences (for nuclear swelling)

Modal Analysis

Use modal analysis to determine the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode
shapes) of a structure or a machine component while it is being designed. It can also serve as
a starting point for another, more detailed, dynamic analysis, such as a transient dynamic
analysis, a harmonic response analysis, or a spectrum analysis.

You use modal analysis to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure.
The
Natural frequencies and mode shapes are important parameters in the design of a structure
for dynamic loading conditions. They are also required if you want to do a spectrum analysis
or a mode superposition harmonic or transient analysis. You can do modal analysis on a
prestressed structure, such as a spinning turbine blade. Another useful feature is modal
cyclic symmetry, which allows you to review the mode shapes of a cyclically symmetric
structure by modeling just a sector of it. Modal analysis in the ANSYS family of products is
a linear analysis. Any nonlinearity, such as plasticity and contact (gap) elements, are ignored
even if they are defined. You can choose from several mode extractions methods: Block
Lanczos, Supernode, PCG Lanczos, reduced, asymmetric, damped, and QR damped.

The damped and QR damped methods allow you to include damping in the structure. The
QR Damped method also allows for unsymmetrical damping and stiffness matrices.

Harmonic Response Analysis

Any sustained cyclic load will produce a sustained cyclic response (a harmonic response) in
a Structural system. Harmonic response analysis gives you the ability to predict the
sustained dynamic behavior of your structures, thus enabling you to verify whether or not
your designs will successfully overcome resonance, fatigue, and other harmful effects of
forced vibrations.

Harmonic response analysis is a technique used to determine the steady-state response of a

linear
Structure to loads that vary sinusoidally (harmonically) with time. The idea is to calculate
the structure's response at several frequencies and obtain a graph of some response quantity
(usually displacements) versus frequency.

"Peak" responses are then identified on the graph and stresses reviewed at those peak
frequencies. This analysis technique calculates only the steady-state, forced vibrations of a

7
structure. The transient vibrations, which occur at the beginning of the excitation, are not
accounted for in a harmonic response analysis.

Buckling Analysis

Buckling analysis is a technique used to determine buckling loads (critical loads at which a
structure becomes unstable) and buckled mode shapes (the characteristic shape associated
with a structure's buckled response).

Two techniques are available in the ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS
Structural, and ANSYS Professional programs for predicting the buckling load and buckling
mode shape of a structure: Nonlinear buckling analysis, and Eigenvalue (or linear)
buckling analysis. Because the two methods can yield dramatically different results, it is
necessary to first understand the differences between them.

 Nonlinear buckling analysis is usually the more accurate approach and is therefore
recommended for design or evaluation of actual structures. This technique employs a
nonlinear static analysis with gradually increasing loads to seek the load level at which
your structure becomes unstable.

Using the nonlinear technique, your model can include features such as initial
imperfections, plastic behavior, gaps, and large-deflection response. In addition, using
deflection-controlled loading, you can even track the post-buckled performance of your
structure (which can be useful in cases where the structure buckles into a stable
configuration, such as "snap-through" buckling of a shallow dome).

 Eigenvalue buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength (the bifurcation
point) of an ideal linear elastic structure. This method corresponds to the textbook
approach to elastic buckling analysis: for instance, an eigenvalue buckling analysis of a
column will match the classical Euler solution.

However, imperfections and nonlinearities prevent most real-world structures from

achieving their theoretical elastic buckling strength. Thus, eigenvalue buckling analysis
often yields unconservative results, and should generally not be used in actual day-to-
day engineering analyses.

8
 1. Main Window

Within the Main Window there are following 5 divisions:

Utility Menu: The Utility Menu contains functions that are available throughout the
ANSYS session, such as file controls, selections, graphic controls and parameters.

Input line: The Input Line shows program prompt messages and allows you to type in
commands directly.

Toolbar: The Toolbar contains push buttons that execute commonly used ANSYS
commands. More push buttons can be added if desired.

Main Menu: The Main Menu contains the primary ANSYS functions, organized by
preprocessor, solution, general postprocessor, design optimizer. It is from this menu that the
vast majority of modeling commands are issued. This is where you will note the greatest
change between previous versions of ANSYS and version 11.0. However, while the versions
appear different, the menu structure has not changed.

Graphics Window: The Graphic Window is where graphics are shown and graphical
picking can be made. It is here where you will graphically view the model in its various
stages of construction and the ensuing results from the analysis.

Output Window: Output Window displays text output from the program, such as listing of
data, etc. It is usually positioned behind the Graphics Window and can be put to the front if
necessary.

9
 D

Steps involved in problem:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Give a Title (such as 'Bridge Truss Tutorial').

In the Utility menu bar select File > Change Title:

The following window will appear:

Enter the title and click 'OK'. This title will appear in the bottom left corner of the 'Graphics'
Window once you begin. Note: to get the title to appear immediately, select Utility Menu >
Plot > Replot.

2. Enter Keypoints

The overall geometry is defined in ANSYS using keypoints which specify various
principal coordinates to define the body.

10
From the 'ANSYS Main Menu' select:

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS

The following window will then appear:

To define the first keypoint which has the coordinates x = 0 and y = 0:

Enter keypoint number 1 in the appropriate box, and enter the x, y coordinates: 0, 0 in their
appropriate boxes (as shown above).

Click 'Apply' to accept what you have typed.

11
Enter the remaining keypoints using the same method.

Note: When entering the final data point, click on 'OK' to indicate that you are finished
entering keypoints. If you first press 'Apply' and then 'OK' for the final keypoint, you will
have defined it twice! If you did press 'Apply' for the final point, simply press 'Cancel' to
close this dialog box.

Units

Note the units of measure (i.e. mm) were not specified. It is the responsibility of the user to
ensure that a consistent set of units are used for the problem; thus making any conversions
where necessary.

Correcting Mistakes

When defining keypoints, lines, areas, volumes, elements, constraints and loads you are
bound to make mistakes. Fortunately these are easily corrected so that you don't need to
begin from scratch every time an error is made! Every 'Create' menu for generating these
various entities also has a corresponding 'Delete' menu for fixing things up.

3. Form Lines

The keypoints must now be connected. We will use the mouse to select the keypoints to
form the lines.

In the main menu select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active
Coordinates. The following window will then appear:

Use the mouse to pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow
box.

Now move the mouse toward keypoint #2. A line will now show on the screen joining these
two points. Left click and a permanent line will appear.

Connect the remaining keypoints using the same method.

When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Lines in Active Coordinates window, minimize the
'Lines' menu and the 'Create' menu. Your ANSYS Graphics window should look similar to
the following:

12
FOR EXAMPLE:

13
Disappearing Lines

Please note that any lines you have created may 'disappear' throughout your analysis.
However, they have most likely NOT been deleted. If this occurs at any time from the
Utility Menu select: Plot > Lines

4. Define the Type of Element:

It is now necessary to create elements. This is called 'meshing'. ANSYS first needs to know
what kind of elements to use for our problem:

From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. The following
window will then appear.

Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear:

For this example, we will use the 2D spar element as selected in the above figure.Select the
element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 LINK1' in the 'Element Types'
window.

Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box.

5. Define Geometric Properties

We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements:

In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete.

Click Add... and select 'Type 1 LINK1' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'. The
following window will appear:

14
As shown in the window above, enter the cross-sectional area (4350mm):

Click on 'OK'.

'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window.

6. Element Material Properties:

You then need to specify material properties:

In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models

15
Double click on Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic

We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following field:

EX = 200000

16
1. Define Analysis Type
First you must tell ANSYS how you want it to solve this problem:

From the Solution Menu, select Analysis Type > New Analysis.

Ensure that 'Static' is selected; i.e. you are going to do a static analysis on the truss as
opposed to a dynamic analysis, for example.

Click 'OK'.

2. Apply Constraints
It is necessary to apply constraints to the model otherwise the model is not tied down or
grounded and a singular solution will result. In mechanical structures, these constraints will
typically be fixed, pinned and roller-type connections. As shown above, the left end of the
truss bridge is pinned while the right end has a roller connection.

In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On
Keypoints

17
Select the left end of the bridge (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and
click on 'OK'

This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom
(DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and click 'OK'. You
will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints.

3. Apply Loads
As shown in the diagram, there are four downward loads of 280kN, 210kN, 280kN, and
360kN at keypoints 1, 3, 5, and 7 respectively.

Select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on Keypoints.

18
Select FY in the 'Direction of force/mm'. This indicate that we will be applying the load in
the 'y' direction

Enter a value of -280000 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'. Note that we are
using units of N here; this is consistent with the previous values input.

The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow. Apply the remaining loads in
the same manner. The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below

4. Solving the System:

We now tell ANSYS to find the solution:

In the 'Solution' menu select Solve > Current LS. This indicates that we desire the solution
under the current Load Step (LS).

19
The above windows will appear. Ensure that your solution options are the same as shown
above and click 'OK'.

Once the solution is done the following window will pop up. Click 'Close' and close the
/STATUS Command Window.

Deformation

In the General Postproc menu, select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. The following
window will appear.

Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed
object.

20
You should obtain the following.

The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List
Results > Nodal Solution select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List
Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all
degrees of freedom from the solution.

21
Axial Stress
For line elements (ie links, beams, spars, and pipes) you will often need to use the Element
Table to gain access to derived data (ie stresses, strains). For this example we should obtain
axial stress The Element Table is different for each element, therefore, using the item 'LS,1'.

From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table. Click on 'Add'

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls> Style > Contours

22
BARS
Start  Programs  Ansys  Run interactive  Ok
 File  Clear & Start new  Do not read file  Ok
 File  Change job name  Bar1  Ok
 File  Change title  Structural Analysis  Ok
 Preferences  Structural and h-method  Ok
 Preprocessor  Real Constant  Add  Link1  Ok  Cross section area
and initial strain  Ok
 Preprocessor  Material Properties  Isotropic1 Ok  Young’s modulus
and Poisson ratio  Ok
 Preprocessor  Create  Key points  Inactive CS  Pick all  Ok
 Preprocessor  Size controls  All lines/Picked lines  No of element
division  Ok
 Preprocessor  Mesh lines  Pick all  Ok
 Plot controls  Numbering  Node numbers on  Ok
 Solution  Apply  Displacement  On nodes  Select node  Ok
 Solution  Apply  Force  On nodes  Ok
Solution  Solve  Current LS  Ok
 General postprocessor  Element table  Define table  Add  By sequence
num  SMISC 1 2 3 4  Apply  NMISC 2 4 8 12  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  SMISC2
SMISC8  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  SMISC6
SMISC12  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  NMISC1
NMISC3  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  NMISC2
NMISC4  Ok
 General postprocessor  List results  Nodal solution  All DOF  Ok
 Standard tool bar  File  Save as save database to filename. jpeg  Ok
 Standard tool bar  Exit  Quit-no save  Ok

23
TRUSSES

 Start  Programs  Ansys  Run interactive  Ok

 File  Clear & Start new  Do not read file  Ok
 File  Change job name  truss1  Ok
 File  Change title  Structural analysis  Ok
 Preferences  Structural and h-method  Ok
 Preprocessor  Real constants  Add  Link1  Ok  Cross-sectional area and
initial strain  Ok
 Preprocessor  Material properties  Isotropic1  Ok  Young’s modulus and
Poisson ratio  Ok
 Preprocessor  Create  Key points  Inactive CS  Give co-ordinate  Apply
and for last point  Ok
 Preprocessor  Create  Lines  Inactive CS  Pick all  Ok
 Preprocessor  Size controls  All lines/Picked lines  No of element division 
Ok
 Preprocessor  Mesh lines  Pick all  Ok
 Plot Controls  Numbering  Node numbers on  Ok
 Solution  Apply  Displacement  On Nodes  Select node  Ok
 Solution  Apply  Force  On nodes  Ok
 Solution  Solve  Current Ls  Ok
 General postprocessor  Element table  Define Table  Add  By
sequence num  SMISC 1 2 3 4  Apply  NMISC 2 4 8 12  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  SMISC2
SMISC8  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  SMISC6
SMISC12  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  NMISC1
NMISC3  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  NMISC2
NMISC4  Ok

24
  General postprocessor  List results  Nodal solution  All DOF  Ok
 Standard tool bar  File  Save as save database to filename. jpeg  Ok
 Standard tool bar  Exit  Quit-no save  Ok

BEAMS

 Start  Programs  Ansys  Run interactive  Ok

 File  Clear & Start new  Do not read file  Ok
 File  Change job name  truss1  Ok
 File  Change title  Structural analysis  Ok
 Preferences  Structural and h-method  Ok
 Preprocessor  Real Constant  Add  Link1  Ok
 Preprocessor  Material Properties  Isotropic1 Ok  Young’s modulus and
Poisson ratio  Ok
 Preprocessor  Create  Areas  Rectangle  By 2 corners  Width: Height: 
Ok
 Preprocessor  Size controls  All lines/Picked lines  No of element division 
Ok
 Preprocessor  Mesh lines  Pick all  Ok
 Plot controls  Numbering  Node numbers on  Ok
 Solution  Apply  Displacement  On nodes  Select node  Ok
 Solution  Apply  Force  On nodes  Ok
 Solution  Solve  Current LS  Ok
 General postprocessor  Element table  Define table  Add  By sequence num
 SMISC 1 2 3 4  Apply  NMISC 2 4 8 12  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  SMISC2
SMISC8  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  SMISC6
SMISC12  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  NMISC1
NMISC3  Ok
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  General postprocessor  Plot element table  Item to be plotted  NMISC2
NMISC4  Ok
 General postprocessor  List results  Nodal solution  All DOF  Ok
 Standard tool bar  File  Save as save database to filename. jpeg  Ok
 Standard tool bar  Exit  Quit-no save  Ok

THERMAL

 Start  Programs  Ansys  Run interactive  Ok

 File  Clear & Start new  Do not read file  Ok
 File  Change job name  truss1  Ok
 File  Change title  Structural analysis  Ok
 Preferences  Thermal and h-method  Ok

 Preprocessor  Element type  Add  Solid  Thermal mass  Ok

 Preprocessor  Material Properties  Thermal conductivity  Isotropic1 Ok 
Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio  Ok
 Preprocessor  Create  Areas  Rectangle  By 2 corners  Width: Height: 
Ok
 Preprocessor  Size controls  Manual size  Areas  All areas  Edge length
 Ok
 Preprocessor  Mesh  Areas  Mapped  3 or 4 sided  Select area  Ok
 Plot controls  Numbering  Node numbers on  Ok
 Solution  Apply  Thermal  Temperature  On nodes  Pick lines  Ok 
Temp:  Ok
 Solution  Solve  Current LS  Ok
 General postprocessor  Plot results  Contour Plot  Nodal solution  All DOF
 Ok
 General postprocessor  List results  Nodal solution  Thermal gradient vector
sum  Ok
 General postprocessor  List results  Nodal solution  Thermal flux  Thermal
flux sum  Ok

26
 Standard tool bar  File  Save as save database to filename. jpeg  Ok
 Standard tool bar  Exit  Quit-no save  Ok

27
 EXERCISE-1

Problem 1: Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system
shown below

28
29
30
Solution
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.23570E-01 0.11785E-01 0.0000 0.26352E-01
3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.16351 -0.17492 0.0000 0.23945

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 4 4 0 4
VALUE 0.16351 -0.17492 0.0000 0.23945

***** POST1 ELEMENT TABLE LISTING *****

STAT CURRENT CURRENT

ELEM LS1 LEPE1
1 707.11 0.35355E-03
2 -235.70 -0.11785E-03
3 745.36 0.37268E-03
4 -1490.7 -0.74536E-03

MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM 4 4
VALUE -1490.7 -0.74536E-03

MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM 3 3
VALUE 745.36 0.37268E-03

***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0

THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z SOLUTIONS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

SYSTEM

NODE FX FY
1 -500.00 -500.00
3 500.00 1500.0

TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 0.11369E-12 1000.0

ELEM SMIS1
1 707.11
31
 2 -235.70
3 745.36
4 -1490.7

MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM 4
VALUE -1490.7 MAXIMUM VALUES ELEM 3 VALUE 745.36

32
Problem 2: Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system
shown below

33
34
35
Solution

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL

COORDINATE SYSTEM

NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.42667E-01 0.13200 0.0000 0.13872
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 3 3 0 3
VALUE 0.42667E-01 0.13200 0.0000 0.13872

***** POST1 ELEMENT TABLE LISTING *****

STAT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT

ELEM LS1 LEPE1 SMIS1
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 6400.0 0.32000E-03 41280.
3 -10667. -0.53333E-03 -68800.
4 8533.3 0.42667E-03 55040.

MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM 3 3 3
VALUE -10667. -0.53333E-03 -68800.

MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM 4 4 4
VALUE 8533.3 0.42667E-03 55040.

THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z SOLUTIONS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

SYSTEM

NODE FX FY FZ
1 55040. 41280.
2 -41280.
4 -55040. 0.0000

TOTAL VALUES
VALUE -0.72760E-11-0.29104E-10 0.0000

36
Problem 3: Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system
shown below

37
Solution
***** POST1 ELEMENT TABLE LISTING *****

STAT CURRENT
ELEM LEPE1
1 0.28274E-05
2 0.43277E-04
3 -0.69190E-04
4 0.18277E-04
5 -0.56981E-05
6 0.21577E-04
7 -0.14965E-04
8 0.24319E-04
9 -0.22975E-04
10 0.16308E-04

MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM 3
VALUE -0.69190E-04

MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM 2

38
VALUE 0.43277E-04

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL

COORDINATE SYSTEM

NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.25446E-02-0.41229E-01 0.0000 0.41307E-01
3 0.41494E-01-0.53638E-01 0.0000 0.67814E-01
4 0.35869E-01-0.11591 0.0000 0.12133
5 0.19420E-01-0.46357E-01 0.0000 0.50260E-01
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 3 4 0 4
VALUE 0.41494E-01-0.11591 0.0000 0.12133

***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0

THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z SOLUTIONS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

SYSTEM

NODE FX FY
1 10000. 19048.
6 -0.10000E+06 30952.

TOTAL VALUES
VALUE -90000. 50000.

39
 EXERCISE-2
Problem 1: A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a
solid steel beam with a rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below.
The cross-section of the beam is 10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity
of the steel is 200GPa.

40
41
Solution
***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL

COORDINATE SYSTEM

NODE UX UY UZ USUM
38 0.0000 -0.19783E-01 0.0000 0.19783E-01
39 0.0000 -0.13268E-01 0.0000 0.13268E-01
40 0.0000 -0.66584E-02 0.0000 0.66584E-02
41 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 0 21 0 21
VALUE 0.0000 -0.83333E-01 0.0000 0.83333E-01

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL

COORDINATE SYSTEM

NODE ROTZ
38 0.64529E-03
39 0.65700E-03
40 0.66421E-03
41 0.66667E-03

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 1
VALUE -0.66667E-03

42
Problem 2: A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a
solid steel beam with a rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below.
The cross-section of the beam is 10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity
of the steel is 200GPa.

43
44
45
Solution
MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES
NODE 4
VALUE -0.61798

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 15
VALUE 1.1851

MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM 22 10 22 10
VALUE -7000.0 -0.13956E+07 -7000.0 -0.13376E+07

MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM 6 3 6 2
VALUE 3129.5 0.35634E+06 3640.8 0.35634E+06

MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM 22 10 22 10
VALUE -7000.0 -0.13956E+07 -7000.0 -0.13376E+07

MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM 6 3 6 2
VALUE 3129.5 0.35634E+06 3640.8 0.35634E+06

46
 EXERCISE-3
Problem 1: A rectangular plate with two circular holes, subjected to a uniform tensile
stress of 200N/cm2 as shown in figure. Thickness of plate is 0.5cm, E=2 x 10 7 N/cm2
poissons ratio v=0.3.perform the static analysis and calculate the deformations.

47
Solution

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 2 2 0 2
VALUE -0.84066E-04-0.15510E-03 0.0000 0.17642E-03

MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 125 134 150 572 572
VALUE 0.0000 -55.062 -200.56 9.7952 8.4946

MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 126 552 1 126 126
VALUE 661.98 113.43 0.0000 661.98 659.65

48
Problem 2: A long cylindrical pressure vessel of mean diameter d and wall thickness t
has closed ends and is subjected to an internal pressure P. Determine the axial stress σy and
the hoop stress σz in the vessel at the mid thickness of the wall.

49
50
Solution

'
LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1
TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0
NODAL RESULTS ARE FOR MATERIAL 1
THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z VALUES ARE IN GLOBAL COORDINATES
NODE SX SY SZ SXY SYZ SXZ
1084 -0.35231 0.86158 2.0846 0.14558E-02 0.0000 0.0000
1085 -0.35234 0.86163 2.0841 -0.27677E-03 0.0000 0.0000
1086 -0.35194 0.86157 2.0848 -0.20478E-02 0.0000 0.0000
1087 0.58123 0.74798 0.54742 -0.16055 0.0000 0.0000
MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 193 290 5 6 1 1
VALUE -2.2292 -1.8952 -1.7886 -2.7841 0.0000 0.0000
MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 6 6 255 7 1 1
VALUE 3.4745 4.2738 2.7522 2.6033 0.0000 0.0000

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0
NODAL RESULTS ARE FOR MATERIAL 1
THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z VALUES ARE IN GLOBAL COORDINATES
NODE SX SY SZ SXY SYZ SXZ
1084 -0.35231 0.86158 2.0846 0.14558E-02 0.0000 0.0000
1085 -0.35234 0.86163 2.0841 -0.27677E-03 0.0000 0.0000
1086 -0.35194 0.86157 2.0848 -0.20478E-02 0.0000 0.0000
1087 0.58123 0.74798 0.54742 -0.16055 0.0000 0.0000
MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 193 290 5 6 1 1
VALUE -2.2292 -1.8952 -1.7886 -2.7841 0.0000 0.0000
MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 6 6 255 7 1 1
VALUE 3.4745 4.2738 2.7522 2.6033 0.0000 0.0000

51
Problem 3: A long cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure (plane strain
condition). E=2.1 x 107 N/cm2, 1/m=0.3.calculate the max deflection and radial stresses
induced in the pressure vessel

52
53
Solution

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL

COORDINATE SYSTEM

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 86 66 0 88
VALUE 0.45396E-02 0.45396E-02 0.0000 0.45398E-02

MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 86 66 66 102 1 1
VALUE -9956.7 -9956.7 1992.6 -13357. 0.0000 0.0000

MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 66 86 84 1 1 1
VALUE 16599. 16599. 2005.1 -0.13221 0.0000 0.0000

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0
NODAL RESULTS ARE FOR MATERIAL 1

MINIMUM VALUES
54
NODE 86 66 66 102 1 1
VALUE -9956.7 -9956.7 1992.6 -13357. 0.0000 0.0000

MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 66 86 84 1 1 1
VALUE 16599. 16599. 2005.1 -0.13221 0.0000 0.0000

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0
NODAL RESULTS ARE FOR MATERIAL 1

NODE S1 S2 S3 SINT SEQV

1403 6983.0 2000.0 -316.31 7299.3 6460.5
1405 7003.8 2000.0 -337.07 7340.8 6495.7

MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 1 66 88 1 1
VALUE 6664.9 1992.6 -10037. 6663.1 5922.4

MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 88 84 2 88 88
VALUE 16704. 2005.1 1.8681 26740. 23196.

55
 EXERCISE-4
Problem 1: Buckling analysis of open cylindrical shell.

56
57
58
Solution

***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE *****

SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE

1 0.66591E+06 1 1 1

2 0.66591E+06 1 2 2

3 0.11254E+07 1 3 3

4 0.11254E+07 1 4 4

59
Problem 2: Harmonic Analysis of a rectangular plate

60
61
Solution

***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE *****

SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE

1 0.66591E+06 1 1 1

2 0.66591E+06 1 2 2

3 0.11254E+07 1 3 3

4 0.11254E+07 1 4 4

62
 EXERCISE-5
Problem 1: Modal analysis of Beam

63
64
Solution

***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE *****

SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE

1 8.3244 1 1 1
2 82.000 1 2 1
3 1416.7 1 3 1

65
Problem 2: Harmonic analysis of a Beam

66
67