Spring Semester

2024-2025

CS112
Programming Languages Lecture 9
Mahmoud Bassiouni, PhD
mbassiouni@eelu.edu.eg
Table of Contents
• 2D-Arrays
• Creation of 2D Arrays
• Accessing 2D Array Elements
• Initializing a 2D Array
• 2D Array Length
• Examples on 2D Arrays
• Methods
• Built-in Methods
• User-defined Methods
• Why Methods?
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 2D Arrays
• A one-dimensional array stores a list of elements.
• A two-dimensional array can be thought of as a table of elements, with rows and
columns

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 2D Arrays
• It can be seen as a table, with rows and columns.
• It is sometimes called Array, of arrays.

column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

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 Creation of 2D Arrays

double[][] scores = new double[3][4];

two dimensional array rows columns

column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3

row 0 scores[0][0] scores[0][1] scores[0][2] scores[0][3]

row 1 scores[1][0] scores[1][1] scores[1][2] scores[1][3]

row 2 scores[2][0] scores[2][1] scores[2][2] scores[2][3]

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 Accessing 2D Arrays Elements

• scores [2][1] = 95;

column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3

row 0 0 0 0 0

row 1 0 0 0 0

row 2 0 95 0 0

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 Initializing a 2D Array

• int [][] numbers = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};

column 0 column 1 column 2

row 0 1 2 3

row 1 4 5 6

row 2 7 8 9

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 2D Array Length

• int [][] numbers = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7},{9,10,11,12}};

• To get the number of rows in the 2D-Matrix we use numbers.length,
and to get the length of each row we use numbers[row].length

for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)

{
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[row].length; col++)
System.out.println(numbers[row][col]);
}

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Display a 2D Array

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Summing 2D Arrays

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Max / Min 2D Arrays

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Left Diagonal of 2D Arrays

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Right Diagonal of 2D Arrays

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Transpose 2D Arrays

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 Methods
• A method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an
operation.
– System.out.println() (println) is a method, that consists of many statements.
– Keyboard.nextInt() (nextInt()) is a method, that consists of several statements.

• Two types:
– Built-in
– User-defined

• Three parts:
– Input
– Output
– Processing
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 Methods
• To use a method:
– Know its name
– Know its input(s)
– Know its output
– Know what it does!

• Built-in methods:
– Mathematics
– Strings
– Other

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 Built-in Methods
• Let’s consider the following built-in method:
System.out.println (“HelloWorld”);
1- Method Name: println
2- Input: 1 input which is “HelloWorld”
3- Output: It does not return any output.
4- What is does: it takes the word “HelloWorld” and prints it
on the screen

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 Built-in Methods
• Let’s consider the following built-in method:
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in);
int x = keyboard.nextInt();
1- Method Name: nextInt();
2- Input: It does not take any input the parenthesis is empty
3- Output: It returns one output and it is in variable x.
4- What is does: It stores the value taken from the screen in
the variable x.

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 Built-in Math Methods
Method Description Example
abs( x ) absolute value of x (this method also has float, int and long versions) abs( 23.7 ) is 23.7
abs( 0.0 ) is 0.0
abs( -23.7 ) is 23.7
ceil( x ) rounds x to the smallest integer not less than x ceil( 9.2 ) is 10.0
ceil( -9.8 ) is -9.0
cos( x ) trigonometric cosine of x (x is in radians) cos( 0.0 ) is 1.0

floor( x ) rounds x to the largest integer not greater than x floor( 9.2 ) is 9.0
floor( -9.8 ) is -10.0
log( x ) natural logarithm of x (base e) log( Math.E ) is 1.0
log( Math.E * Math.E ) is 2.0
max( x, y ) larger value of x and y (this method also has float, int and long versions) max( 2.3, 12.7 ) is 12.7
max( -2.3, -12.7 ) is -2.3
min( x, y ) smaller value of x and y (this method also has float, int and long versions) min( 2.3, 12.7 ) is 2.3
min( -2.3, -12.7 ) is -12.7
pow( x, y ) x raised to the power y (xy) pow( 2.0, 7.0 ) is 128.0
pow( 9.0, 0.5 ) is 3.0
sin( x ) trigonometric sine of x (x is in radians) sin( 0.0 ) is 0.0

sqrt( x ) square root of x sqrt( 900.0 ) is 30.0

sqrt( 9.0 ) is 3.0
tan( x ) trigonometric tangent of x (x is in radians) tan( 0.0 ) is 0.0
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Built-in Math Methods

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 Using Built-In Method
• Calling/invoking a method
– Called method
– Calling method

• Math.abs() Example
• Methods called by the class name are called static methods.
• Methods called by the reference are called non-static methods.

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 User Defined Methods
• User defined methods should be written inside the class and not
inside other methods.
public int max(int N1 , int N2)
{
if (N1>N2)
return N1; Method Header
else 1. Name
Return N2; 2. Inputs
} 3. return type
4. Public static

Calling max: Method Body

Statements

int larger;
larger = max(30, 40);
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 User Defined Methods
• Return Statements:
– Returns a value to the calling method
– Ends a method

public static int sum(int num1, int num2)

{
int result; Return type
result = num1 + num2;
return result; The return statement
} causes the method to end
execution and it returns a
value back to the
This expression must be of the statement that called the
same data type as the return type method.
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 User defined Methods
public class Program {

public static void main (String [] args){

int x = 20, y = 40;
int total = sum (x, y);
System.out.print(“total is =“ + total);
}
20 40
public static int sum(int num1, int num2)
{
int result; • (int num1, int num2) are called parameters.
60 result = num1 + num2; • x, y are called arguments.
return result; • Passing the arguments to parameters is
} called pass by value or pass by copy
}
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 Why Methods?
• Methods are commonly used to break a problem down into small sub problems.
This is called divide and conquer.

• Methods simplify programs. If a specific task is performed in several places in the

program, a method can be written once to perform that task, and then be
executed anytime it is needed. This is known as code reuse.

• The process of breaking a problem down into smaller pieces is called functional
decomposition.

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