C-Sharp Interview Questions

1. What’s the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over

System.String? StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of
manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it’s being
operated on, a new instance is created.
2. Can you store multiple data types in System.Array? No.
3. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and
System.Array.Clone()? The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the
second one is shallow.
4. How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order? By calling
Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
5. What’s the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key?
HashTable.
6. What’s class SortedList underneath? A sorted HashTable.
7. Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred? Yes.
8. What’s the C# equivalent of C++ catch (…), which was a catch-all statement
for any possible exception? A catch block that catches the exception of type
System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type in this case and
just write catch {}.
9. Can multiple catch blocks be executed? No, once the proper catch code fires
off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and then
whatever follows the finally block.
10. Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions? Well, if at that point you
know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle
that error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing
your own exceptions signifies some design flaws in the project.
11. What’s a delegate? A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In
C++ they were referred to as function pointers.
12. What’s a multicast delegate? It’s a delegate that points to and eventually fires
off several methods.
13. How’s the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET? Assembly versioning allows the
application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available
under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.
14. What are the ways to deploy an assembly? An MSI installer, a CAB archive,
and XCOPY command.
15. What’s a satellite assembly? When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural
application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from
the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application
are called satellite assemblies.
16. What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?
System.Globalization, System.Resources.
17. What’s the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and ///
comments? Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.
18. How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly
with a command-line compiler? Compile it with a /doc switch.
19. What’s the difference between and XML documentation tag? Single line code
example and multiple-line code example.
20. Is XML case-sensitive? Yes, so and are different elements.
21. What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK? CorDBG – command-line
debugger, and DbgCLR – graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the
DbgCLR. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug
switch.
22. What does the This window show in the debugger? It points to the object
that’s pointed to by this reference. Object’s instance data is shown.
23. What does assert() do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean
condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The
program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.
24. What’s the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace
class for both debug and release builds.
25. Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher? The
tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly
running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there.
Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing
activities.
26. Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected? To the Console
or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
27. How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application? Attach the aspnet_wp.exe
process to the DbgClr debugger.
28. What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive
test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing
data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught
properly).
29. Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
30. Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI),
business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources).
31. What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data
provider classes in ADO.NET? SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed
and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-
DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft
Access and Informix, but it’s a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so not the fastest
thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward
compatibility to ODBC engines.
32. What’s the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections? It returns
a read-only dataset from the data source when the command is executed.
33. What is the wildcard character in SQL? Let’s say you want to query
database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The
wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’.
34. Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions. Transaction must be Atomic (it is
one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions),
Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no “in-between” case where
something has been updated and something hasn’t), Isolated (no transaction
sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values
persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).
35. What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support? Windows
Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via
Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords).
36. Which one is trusted and which one is untrusted? Windows Authentication is
trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active
Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the
only verifier participating in the transaction.
37. Why would you use untrusted verificaion? Web Services might use it, as well
as non-Windows applications.
38. What does the parameter Initial Catalog define inside Connection String?
The database name to connect to.
39. What’s the data provider name to connect to Access database?
Microsoft.Access.
40. What does Dispose method do with the connection object? Deletes it from
the memory.
41. What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling? Multiple processes must
agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the
same, including the security settings.
42. Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code? - No.
43. Is it possible to have different access modifiers on the get/set methods of a
property? - No. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set
accessors. What you need to do if you want them to be different is make the
 property read-only (by only providing a get accessor) and create a
private/internal set method that is separate from the property.
44. Is it possible to have a static indexer in C#? - No. Static indexers are not
allowed in C#.
45. If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run? -
Yes. The code in the finally always runs. If you return out of the try block, or even
if you do a “goto” out of the try, the finally block always runs:

using System;

class main
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine(\"In Try block\");
return;
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine(\"In Finally block\");
}
}
}

Both “In Try block” and “In Finally block” will be displayed. Whether the return is
in the try block or after the try-finally block, performance is not affected either
way. The compiler treats it as if the return were outside the try block anyway. If
it’s a return without an expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical
whether the return is inside or outside of the try. If the return has an expression,
there’s an extra store/load of the value of the expression (since it has to be
computed within the try block).
46. I was trying to use an “out int” parameter in one of my functions. How
should I declare the variable that I am passing to it? - You should declare the
variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as ‘out’, like the
following: int i; foo(out i); where foo is declared as follows: [return-type] foo(out int
o) { }
47. How does one compare strings in C#? - In the past, you had to call .ToString()
on the strings when using the == or != operators to compare the strings’ values.
That will still work, but the C# compiler now automatically compares the values
instead of the references when the == or != operators are used on string types. If
you actually do want to compare references, it can be done as follows: if ((object)
str1 == (object) str2) { … } Here’s an example showing how string compares
work:

using System;
public class StringTest
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Object nullObj = null; Object realObj = new StringTest();
int i = 10;
Console.WriteLine(\"Null Object is [\" + nullObj + \"]\n\"
+ \"Real Object is [\" + realObj + \"]\n\"
+ \"i is [\" + i + \"]\n\");
// Show string equality operators
string str1 = \"foo\";
string str2 = \"bar\";
string str3 = \"bar\";
Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str1, str2, str1 == str2 );
Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str2, str3, str2 == str3 );
}
}

Output:
 Null Object is []
Real Object is [StringTest]
i is [10]
foo == bar ? False
bar == bar ? True

48. How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather than
for a class)? - Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses
and before the first type or namespace declarations. An example of this is as
follows:

using System;
[assembly : MyAttributeClass] class X {}

Note that in an IDE-created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in

AssemblyInfo.cs.

49. How do you mark a method obsolete? -

[Obsolete] public int Foo() {...}

or

[Obsolete(\"This is a message describing why this method is obsolete\")] public int Foo() {...}

Note: The O in Obsolete is always capitalized.

50. How do you implement thread synchronization (Object.Wait, Notify,and

CriticalSection) in C#? - You want the lock statement, which is the same as
Monitor Enter/Exit:

lock(obj) { // code }

translates to

try {
CriticalSection.Enter(obj);
 // code
}
finally
{
CriticalSection.Exit(obj);
}

51. How do you directly call a native function exported from a DLL? - Here’s a
quick example of the DllImport attribute in action:

using System.Runtime.InteropServices; \
class C
{
[DllImport(\"user32.dll\")]
public static extern int MessageBoxA(int h, string m, string c, int type);
public static int Main()
{
return MessageBoxA(0, \"Hello World!\", \"Caption\", 0);
}
}

This example shows the minimum requirements for declaring a C# method that is
implemented in a native DLL. The method C.MessageBoxA() is declared with the
static and external modifiers, and has the DllImport attribute, which tells the
compiler that the implementation comes from the user32.dll, using the default
name of MessageBoxA. For more information, look at the Platform Invoke tutorial
in the documentation.

52. How do I simulate optional parameters to COM calls? - You must use the
Missing class and pass Missing.Value (in System.Reflection) for any values that
have optional parameters.

53. Are private class-level variables inherited? - Yes, but they are not accessible,
so looking at it you can honestly say that they are not inherited. But they are.
54. Why does DllImport not work for me? - All methods marked with the DllImport
attribute must be marked as public static extern.
55. Why does my Windows application pop up a console window every time I
run it? - Make sure that the target type set in the project properties setting is set
to Windows Application, and not Console Application. If you’re using the
command line, compile with /target:winexe, not /target:exe.
56. Why do I get an error (CS1006) when trying to declare a method without
specifying a return type? - If you leave off the return type on a method
declaration, the compiler thinks you are trying to declare a constructor. So if you
are trying to declare a method that returns nothing, use void. The following is an
example: // This results in a CS1006 error public static staticMethod (mainStatic
obj) // This will work as wanted public static void staticMethod (mainStatic obj)
57. Why do I get a syntax error when trying to declare a variable called
checked? - The word checked is a keyword in C#.
58. Why do I get a security exception when I try to run my C# app? - Some
security exceptions are thrown if you are working on a network share. There are
some parts of the frameworks that will not run if being run off a share (roaming
profile, mapped drives, etc.). To see if this is what’s happening, just move the
executable over to your local drive and see if it runs without the exceptions. One
of the common exceptions thrown under these conditions is
System.Security.SecurityException. To get around this, you can change your
security policy for the intranet zone, code group 1.2, (the zone that running off
shared folders falls into) by using the caspol.exe tool.
59. Why do I get a CS5001: does not have an entry point defined error when
compiling? - The most common problem is that you used a lowercase ‘m’ when
defining the Main method. The correct way to implement the entry point is as
follows: class test { static void Main(string[] args) {} }
60. What optimizations does the C# compiler perform when you use the
/optimize+ compiler option? - The following is a response from a developer on
the C# compiler team: We get rid of unused locals (i.e., locals that are never
read, even if assigned). We get rid of unreachable code. We get rid of try-catch
 with an empty try. We get rid of try-finally with an empty try. We get rid of try-
finally with an empty finally. We optimize branches over branches: gotoif A, lab1
goto lab2: lab1: turns into: gotoif !A, lab2 lab1: We optimize branches to ret,
branches to next instruction, and branches to branches.
61. What is the syntax for calling an overloaded constructor within a
constructor (this() and constructorname() does not compile)? - The syntax
for calling another constructor is as follows: class B { B(int i) { } } class C : B
{ C() : base(5) // call base constructor B(5) { } C(int i) : this() // call C() { } public
static void Main() {} }
62. What is the equivalent to regsvr32 and regsvr32 /u a file in .NET
development? - Try using RegAsm.exe. Search MSDN on Assembly
Registration Tool.
63. What is the difference between a struct and a class in C#? - From language
spec: The list of similarities between classes and structs is as follows.
Longstructs can implement interfaces and can have the same kinds of members
as classes. Structs differ from classes in several important ways; however,
structs are value types rather than reference types, and inheritance is not
supported for structs. Struct values are stored on the stack or in-line. Careful
programmers can sometimes enhance performance through judicious use of
structs. For example, the use of a struct rather than a class for a Point can make
a large difference in the number of memory allocations performed at runtime. The
program below creates and initializes an array of 100 points. With Point
implemented as a class, 101 separate objects are instantiated-one for the array
and one each for the 100 elements.
64. My switch statement works differently than in C++! Why? - C# does not
support an explicit fall through for case blocks. The following code is not legal
and will not compile in C#:

switch(x)
{
case 0: // do something
case 1: // do something as continuation of case 0
 default: // do something in common with
//0, 1 and everything else
break;
}

To achieve the same effect in C#, the code must be modified as shown below
(notice how the control flows are explicit):

class Test
{
public static void Main() {
int x = 3;
switch(x)
{
case 0: // do something
goto case 1;
case 1: // do something in common with 0
goto default;
default: // do something in common with 0, 1, and anything else
break;
}
}
}

65. Is there regular expression (regex) support available to C# developers? -

Yes. The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions. Look at
the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace.
66. Is there any sample C# code for simple threading? - Yes:

using System;
using System.Threading;
class ThreadTest
{
public void runme()
{
Console.WriteLine(\"Runme Called\");
}
 public static void Main(String[] args)
{
ThreadTest b = new ThreadTest();
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(b.runme));
t.Start();
}
}

67. Is there an equivalent of exit() for quitting a C# .NET application? - Yes, you
can use System.Environment.Exit(int exitCode) to exit the application or
Application.Exit() if it’s a Windows Forms app.
68. Is there a way to force garbage collection? - Yes. Set all references to null
and then call System.GC.Collect(). If you need to have some objects destructed,
and System.GC.Collect() doesn’t seem to be doing it for you, you can force
finalizers to be run by setting all the references to the object to null and then
calling System.GC.RunFinalizers().
69. Is there a way of specifying which block or loop to break out of when
working with nested loops? - The easiest way is to use goto:

using System;
class BreakExample
{
public static void Main(String[] args) {
for(int i=0; i<3; j="0" j ="=">

70. Is it possible to restrict the scope of a field/method of a class to the classes

in the same namespace? - There is no way to restrict to a namespace.
Namespaces are never units of protection. But if you’re using assemblies, you
can use the ‘internal’ access modifier to restrict access to only within the
assembly.
71. What’s the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class’
set method? Value, and it’s datatype depends on whatever variable we’re
changing.
72. How do you inherit from a class in C#? Place a colon and then the name of
the base class.
73. Does C# support multiple inheritance? No, use interfaces instead.
74. When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to?
Classes in the same namespace.
75. Are private class-level variables inherited? Yes, but they are not accessible,
so looking at it you can honestly say that they are not inherited. But they are.
76. Describe the accessibility modifier protected internal. It’s available to derived
classes and classes within the same Assembly (and naturally from the base
class it’s declared in).
77. C# provides a default constructor for me. I write a constructor that takes a
string as a parameter, but want to keep the no parameter one. How many
constructors should I write? Two. Once you write at least one constructor, C#
cancels the freebie constructor, and now you have to write one yourself, even if
there’s no implementation in it.
78. What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from? System.Object.
79. How’s method overriding different from overloading? When overriding, you
change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves
having a method with the same name within the class.
80. What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition? The method
can be over-ridden. C Sharp problems and important technical interview questions
asked in reputed it companies placement papers.
81. Can you declare the override method static while the original method is
non-static? No, you can’t, the signature of the virtual method must remain the
same, only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override.
82. Can you override private virtual methods? No, moreover, you cannot access
private methods in inherited classes, have to be protected in the base class to
allow any sort of access.
83. Can you prevent your class from being inherited and becoming a base
class for some other classes? Yes, that’s what keyword sealed in the class
definition is for. The developer trying to derive from your class will get a
 message: cannot inherit from Sealed class WhateverBaseClassName. It’s the
same concept as final class in Java.
84. Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being
over-ridden? Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed.
85. What’s an abstract class? A class that cannot be instantiated. A concept in C+
+ known as pure virtual method. A class that must be inherited and have the
methods over-ridden. Essentially, it’s a blueprint for a class without any
implementation.
86. When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract (as opposed to
free-willed educated choice or decision based on UML diagram)? When at
least one of the methods in the class is abstract. When the class itself is inherited
from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been over-ridden.
87. What’s an interface class? It’s an abstract class with public abstract methods
all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes.
88. Why can’t you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the
interface? They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the
false impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to
specify any accessibility, it’s public by default.
89. Can you inherit multiple interfaces? Yes, why not.
90. And if they have conflicting method names? It’s up to you to implement the
method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to you. This
might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from
different interfaces expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you’re
okay.
91. What’s the difference between an interface and abstract class? In the
interface all methods must be abstract, in the abstract class some methods can
be concrete. In the interface no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in
abstract classes.
92. How can you overload a method? Different parameter data types, different
number of parameters, different order of parameters.
93. If a base class has a bunch of overloaded constructors, and an inherited
class has another bunch of overloaded constructors, can you enforce a call
from an inherited constructor to an arbitrary base constructor? Yes, just
place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate
constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class.
94. What’s the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder
classes? System.String is immutable, System.StringBuilder was designed with
the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be
performed.
95. Is it namespace class or class namespace? The .NET class library is
organized into namespaces. Each namespace contains a functionally related
group of classes so natural namespace comes first.
96. How big is the datatype int in .NET? 32 bits.
97. How big is the char? 16 bits (Unicode).
98. How do you initiate a string without escaping each backslash? Put an @
sign in front of the double-quoted string.
99. What are valid signatures for the Main function?
1. public static void Main()
2. public static int Main()
3. public static void Main( string[] args )
4. public static int Main(string[] args )
100. Does Main() always have to be public? No.
101. How do you initialize a two-dimensional array that you don’t know
the dimensions of?
1. int [, ] myArray; //declaration
2. myArray= new int [5, 8]; //actual initialization
102. What’s the access level of the visibility type internal? Current
assembly.
103. What’s the difference between struct and class in C#?
1. Structs cannot be inherited.
2. Structs are passed by value, not by reference.
 3. Struct is stored on the stack, not the heap.
104. Explain encapsulation. The implementation is hidden, the interface is
exposed.
105. What data type should you use if you want an 8-bit value that’s
signed? sbyte.
106. Speaking of Boolean data types, what’s different between C# and
C/C++? There’s no conversion between 0 and false, as well as any other number
and true, like in C/C++.
107. Where are the value-type variables allocated in the computer RAM?
Stack.
108. Where do the reference-type variables go in the RAM? The references
go on the stack, while the objects themselves go on the heap. However, in reality
things are more elaborate.
109. What is the difference between the value-type variables and
reference-type variables in terms of garbage collection? The value-type
variables are not garbage-collected, they just fall off the stack when they fall out
of scope, the reference-type objects are picked up by GC when their references
go null.
110. How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?
Int32.Parse(string), Convert.ToInt32()
111. How do you box a primitive data type variable? Initialize an object with
its value, pass an object, cast it to an object
112. Why do you need to box a primitive variable? To pass it by reference
or apply a method that an object supports, but primitive doesn’t.
113. What’s the difference between Java and .NET garbage collectors?
Sun left the implementation of a specific garbage collector up to the JRE
developer, so their performance varies widely, depending on whose JRE you’re
using. Microsoft standardized on their garbage collection.
114. How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET? System.GC.Collect();
115. Can you declare a C++ type destructor in C# like ~MyClass()? Yes,
but what’s the point, since it will call Finalize(), and Finalize() has no guarantees
 when the memory will be cleaned up, plus, it introduces additional load on the
garbage collector. The only time the finalizer should be implemented, is when
you’re dealing with unmanaged code.
116. What’s different about namespace declaration when comparing that
to package declaration in Java? No semicolon. Package declarations also
have to be the first thing within the file, can’t be nested, and affect all classes
within the file.
117. What’s the difference between const and readonly? You can initialize
readonly variables to some runtime values. Let’s say your program uses current
date and time as one of the values that won’t change. This way you declare

public readonly string DateT = new DateTime().ToString().

118. Can you create enumerated data types in C#? Yes.

119. What’s different about switch statements in C# as compared to C++?
No fall-throughs allowed.
120. What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the
for loop? The code for the rest of the loop is ignored, the control is transferred
back to the beginning of the loop.
121. Is goto statement supported in C#? How about Java? Gotos are
supported in C#to the fullest. In Java goto is a reserved keyword that provides
absolutely no functionality.
122. Describe the compilation process for .NET code? Source code is
compiled and run in the .NET Framework using a two-stage process. First,
source code is compiled to Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code using
a .NET Framework-compatible compiler, such as that for Visual Basic .NET or
Visual C#. Second, MSIL code is compiled to native code.
123. Name any 2 of the 4 .NET authentification methods. ASP.NET, in
conjunction with Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS), can authenticate
user credentials such as names and passwords using any of the following
authentication methods:
 1. Windows: Basic, digest, or Integrated Windows Authentication (NTLM or
Kerberos).
2. Microsoft Passport authentication
3. Forms authentication
4. Client Certificate authentication
124. How do you turn off SessionState in the web.config file? In the
system.web section of web.config, you should locate the httpmodule tag and you
simply disable session by doing a remove tag with attribute name set to session.

125. What is main difference between Global.asax and Web.Config?

ASP.NET uses the global.asax to establish any global objects that your Web
application uses. The .asax extension denotes an application file rather
than .aspx for a page file. Each ASP.NET application can contain at most one
global.asax file. The file is compiled on the first page hit to your Web application.
ASP.NET is also configured so that any attempts to browse to the global.asax
page directly are rejected. However, you can specify application-wide settings in
the web.config file. The web.config is an XML-formatted text file that resides in
the Web site’s root directory. Through Web.config you can specify settings like
custom 404 error pages, authentication and authorization settings for the Web
site, compilation options for the ASP.NET Web pages, if tracing should be
enabled, etc.
126. Write one code example for compile time binding and one for run
time binding? What is early/late binding?
An object is early bound when it is assigned to a variable declared to be of a
specific object type. Early bound objects allow the compiler to allocate memory
and perform other optimizations before an application executes.
' Create a variable to hold a new object.
Dim FS As FileStream
 ' Assign a new object to the variable.
FS = New FileStream("C:\tmp.txt", FileMode.Open)
By contrast, an object is late bound when it is assigned to a variable declared to
be of type Object. Objects of this type can hold references to any object, but lack
many of the advantages of early-bound objects.
Dim xlApp As Object
xlApp = CreateObject("Excel.Application")
127. 2.Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you
might use it?
3.How can you write a class to restrict that only one object of this class can
be created (Singleton class)?

(Access specifiers)
4.What are the access-specifiers available in c#?
Private, Protected, Public, Internal, Protected Internal.
128. 5.Explain about Protected and protected internal, ?internal? access-
specifier?
protected - Access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the
containing class.
internal - Access is limited to the current assembly.
protected internal - Access is limited to the current assembly or types derived
from the containing class.

(Constructor / Destructor)
6.Difference between type constructor and instance constructor? What is
static constructor, when it will be fired? And what is its use?
(Class constructor method is also known as type constructor or type initializer)
Instance constructor is executed when a new instance of type is created and the
class constructor is executed after the type is loaded and before any one of the
type members is accessed. (It will get executed only 1st time, when we call any
static methods/fields in the same class.) Class constructors are used for static
 field initialization. Only one class constructor per type is permitted, and it cannot
use the vararg (variable argument) calling convention.
A static constructor is used to initialize a class. It is called automatically to
initialize the class before the first instance is created or any static members are
referenced.
129. 7.What is Private Constructor? and it?s use? Can you create
instance of a class which has Private Constructor?
A: When a class declares only private instance constructors, it is not possible for
classes outside the program to derive from the class or to directly create
instances of it. (Except Nested classes)
Make a constructor private if:
- You want it to be available only to the class itself. For example, you might have
a special constructor used only in the implementation of your class' Clone
method.
- You do not want instances of your component to be created. For example, you
may have a class containing nothing but Shared utility functions, and no instance
data. Creating instances ofthe class would waste memory.
130. 8.I have 3 overloaded constructors in my class. In order to avoid
making instance of the class do I need to make all constructors to private?
(yes)
131. 9.Overloaded constructor will call default constructor internally?
(no)
132. 10.What are virtual destructors?
Destructor and finalize
Generally in C++ the destructor is called when objects gets destroyed. And one
can explicitly call the destructors in C++. And also the objects are destroyed in
reverse order that they are created in. So in C++ you have control over the
destructors.
In C# you can never call them, the reason is one cannot destroy an object. So
who has the control over the destructor (in C#)? it's the .Net frameworks Garbage
Collector (GC). GC destroys the objects only when necessary. Some situations
 of necessity are memory is exhausted or user explicitly calls System.GC.Collect()
method.
Points to remember:
1. Destructors are invoked automatically, and cannot be invoked explicitly.
2. Destructors cannot be overloaded. Thus, a class can have, at most, one
destructor.
3. Destructors are not inherited. Thus, a class has no destructors other than the
one, which may be declared in it.
4. Destructors cannot be used with structs. They are only used with classes.
5. An instance becomes eligible for destruction when it is no longer possible for
any code to use the instance.
6. Execution of the destructor for the instance may occur at any time after the
instance becomes eligible for destruction.
7. When an instance is destructed, the destructors in its inheritance chain are
called, in order, from most derived to least derived.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/cpguide/html/
cpconfinalizemethodscdestructors.asp
133. 11.What is the difference between Finalize and Dispose (Garbage
collection)
Class instances often encapsulate control over resources that are not managed
by the runtime, such as window handles (HWND), database connections, and so
on. Therefore, you should provide both an explicit and an implicit way to free
those resources. Provide implicit control by implementing the protected Finalize
Method on an object (destructor syntax in C# and the Managed Extensions for
C++). The garbage collector calls this method at some point after there are no
longer any valid references to the object.
In some cases, you might want to provide programmers using an object with the
ability to explicitly release these external resources before the garbage collector
frees the object. If an external resource is scarce or expensive, better
performance can be achieved if the programmer explicitly releases resources
when they are no longer being used. To provide explicit control, implement the
 Dispose method provided by the IDisposable Interface. The consumer of the
object should call this method when it is done using the object. Dispose can be
called even if other references to the object are alive.
Note that even when you provide explicit control by way of Dispose, you should
provide implicit cleanup using the Finalize method. Finalize provides a backup to
prevent resources from permanently leaking if the programmer fails to call
Dispose.
134. 12.What is close method? How its different from Finalize & Dispose?

**
13.What is boxing & unboxing?
14.What is check/uncheck?
15.What is the use of base keyword? Tell me a practical example for base
keyword?s usage?
16.What are the different .net tools which u used in projects?
try
{
...
}
catch
{
...//exception occurred here. What'll happen?
}
finally
{
..
}
Ans : It will throw exception.
135. 17.What will do to avoid prior case?
Ans:
try
{
try
{
...
}
catch
{
...
//exception occurred here.
}
finally
{
...
}
}
catch
{
...
}
finally
{
...
}

try
{
...
}
catch
{
 ...
}
finally
{
..
}
136. 18.Will it go to finally block if there is no exception happened?
Ans: Yes. The finally block is useful for cleaning up any resources allocated in
the try block. Control is always passed to the finally block regardless of how the
try block exits.
137. 19.Is goto statement supported in C#? How about Java?
Gotos are supported in C#to the fullest. In Java goto is a reserved keyword that
provides absolutely no functionality.
138. 20.What?s different about switch statements in C#?
No fall-throughs allowed. Unlike the C++ switch statement, C# does not support
an explicit fall through from one case label to another. If you want, you can use
goto a switch-case, or goto default.
case 1:
cost += 25;
break;
case 2:
cost += 25;
goto case 1;
139. .What are the OOPS concepts?
1) Encapsulation: It is the mechanism that binds together code and data in
manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. In short
it isolates a particular code and data from all other codes and data. A well-
defined interface controls the access to that particular code and data.
2) Inheritance: It is the process by which one object acquires the properties of
another object. This supports the hierarchical classification. Without the use of
hierarchies, each object would need to define all its characteristics explicitly.
 However, by use of inheritance, an object need only define those qualities that
make it unique within its class. It can inherit its general attributes from its parent.
A new sub-class inherits all of the attributes of all of its ancestors.
3) Polymorphism: It is a feature that allows one interface to be used for general
class of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the
situation. In general polymorphism means "one interface, multiple methods", This
means that it is possible to design a generic interface to a group of related
activities. This helps reduce complexity by allowing the same interface to be used
to specify a general class of action. It is the compiler's job to select the specific
action (that is, method) as it applies to each situation.
140. 2.What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?
The struct type is suitable for representing lightweight objects such as Point,
Rectangle, and Color. Although it is possible to represent a point as a class, a
struct is more efficient in some scenarios. For example, if you declare an array of
1000 Point objects, you will allocate additional memory for referencing each
object. In this case, the struct is less expensive.
When you create a struct object using the new operator, it gets created and the
appropriate constructor is called. Unlike classes, structs can be instantiated
without using the new operator. If you do not use new, the fields will remain
unassigned and the object cannot be used until all of the fields are initialized.
It is an error to declare a default (parameterless) constructor for a struct. A
default constructor is always provided to initialize the struct members to their
default values.
It is an error to initialize an instance field in a struct.
There is no inheritance for structs as there is for classes. A struct cannot inherit
from another struct or class, and it cannot be the base of a class. Structs,
however, inherit from the base class Object. A struct can implement interfaces,
and it does that exactly as classes do.
A struct is a value type, while a class is a reference type.
141. 3.Value type & reference types difference? Example from .NET.
Integer & struct are value types or reference types in .NET?
 Most programming languages provide built-in data types, such as integers and
floating-point numbers, that are copied when they are passed as arguments (that
is, they are passed by value). In the .NET Framework, these are called value
types. The runtime supports two kinds of value types:
Built-in value types
The .NET Framework defines built-in value types, such as System.Int32 and
System.Boolean, which correspond and are identical to primitive data types used
by programming languages.
User-defined value types
Your language will provide ways to define your own value types, which derive
from System.ValueType. If you want to define a type representing a value that is
small, such as a complex number (using two floating-point numbers), you might
choose to define it as a value type because you can pass the value type
efficiently by value. If the type you are defining would be more efficiently passed
by reference, you should define it as a class instead.
Variables of reference types, referred to as objects, store references to the actual
data. This following are the reference types:
class
interface
delegate
This following are the built-in reference types:
object
string
142. 4.What is Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance, Shared and Repeatable
Inheritance?
**
5.What is Method overloading?
Method overloading occurs when a class contains two methods with the same
name, but different signatures.
6.What is Method Overriding? How to override a function in C#?
Use the override modifier to modify a method, a property, an indexer, or an
 event. An override method provides a new implementation of a member inherited
from a base class. The method overridden by an override declaration is known
as the overridden base method. The overridden base method must have the
same signature as the override method.
You cannot override a non-virtual or static method. The overridden base method
must be virtual, abstract, or override.
143. 7.Can we call a base class method without creating instance?
Its possible If its a static method.
Its possible by inheriting from that class also.
Its possible from derived classes using base keyword.
144. 8.You have one base class virtual function how will call that function
from derived class?
Ans:

class a
{
public virtual int m()
{
return 1;
}
}
class b:a
{
public int j()
{
return m();
}
}
145. 9.In which cases you use override and new base?
Use the new modifier to explicitly hide a member inherited from a base class. To
 hide an inherited member, declare it in the derived class using the same name,
and modify it with the new modifier.

C# Language features
10.What are Sealed Classes in C#?
The sealed modifier is used to prevent derivation from a class. A compile-time
error occurs if a sealed class is specified as the base class of another class. (A
sealed class cannot also be an abstract class)
146. 11.What is Polymorphism? How does VB.NET/C# achieve
polymorphism?
**

12.class Token
{
public string Display()
{
//Implementation goes here
return "base";
}
}
class IdentifierToken:Token
{
public new string Display() //What is the use of new keyword
{
//Implementation goes here
return "derive";
}
}
static void Method(Token t)
{
Console.Write(t.Display());
}
public static void Main()
{
IdentifierToken Variable=new IdentifierToken();
Method(Variable); //Which Class Method is called here
Console.ReadLine();
}
For the above code What is the "new" keyword and Which Class Method is
called here

A: it will call base class Display method

13.class Token
{
public virtual string Display()
{
//Implementation goes here
return "base";
}
}
class IdentifierToken:Token
{
public override string Display() //What is the use of new keyword
{
//Implementation goes here
return "derive";
}
}
static void Method(Token t)
{
Console.Write(t.Display());
 }
public static void Main()
{
IdentifierToken Variable=new IdentifierToken();
Method(Variable); //Which Class Method is called here
Console.ReadLine();
}
A: Derive
147.